ADW: Pomacea canaliculata: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Pomacea canaliculata: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pomacea_canaliculata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pomacea_canaliculata/" /> <meta content="Pomacea canaliculata" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/jack_burch/25.rjb2/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Pomacea canaliculata" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Pomacea canaliculata on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/jack_burch/25.rjb2/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="400" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="541" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pomacea_canaliculata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Pomacea canaliculata&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Pomacea_canaliculata/pictures/collections/contributors/jack_burch/25.rjb2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/jack_burch/25.rjb2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Pomacea_canaliculata/pictures/collections/contributors/jack_burch/24.rjb2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/jack_burch/24.rjb2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Erin Holswade and Ananya Kondapalli</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snail</span> is native from Argentina to the Amazon basin. This species was also introduced to most of southern, eastern, and southeast Asia and the southern part of the United States. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145428">introduced</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001348">oriental</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145428">introduced</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915000403">neotropical</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145571">oceanic islands</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145428">introduced</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snail</span> is found in a variety of different habitats, including the subtropics and tropics in the Amazon Interior Basin and Plata Basin. This species is found in a variety of freshwater areas such as lakes, water courses, wetlands and agricultural areas. Temperature preferences for <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">P. canaliculata</span> range from 18 to 25 degrees C. Temperatures below 18 degrees or above 32 degrees C drastically increases the snail's mortality rate. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>; <a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145598">tropical</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145747">freshwater</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <span>lakes and ponds</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Wetlands</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145363">marsh</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145679">swamp</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The shell of this snail is globular, from 40-60 mm high and 45-75 mm wide, but can reach 150 mm in length. These numbers vary depending on environmental conditions; the shell grows mostly in the spring and summer but growth slows in the fall and winter. The shell can be yellow, green or brown and has five to six whorls separated by a deep indented suture which gives it the “channeled” name. The aperture is large and oval shaped with males having a rounder aperture than females. However, females in the adult stage are overall larger than males. The operculum is moderately thick, corneous, concentric and light to dark brown in color. The operculum is retractable at the shell opening. The body of the snail can vary in color from yellow to brown and almost black. The siphon has yellow spots and its tentacles are curled under the shell when it is resting. The snail is closely related to other species in the <em>canaliculata</em> group, however, distinctions can be made by looking at the color of the eggs, shell size, angle of indented sutures and shell opening. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>; <a href="#AC01C13A-6B6E-437C-86AE-C95136D5ABEE" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005b</a>; <a href="#80D8CC10-6943-4DBF-8C39-742C41F572DB" class="citation">Tamburi and Martín, 2009</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916125902">heterothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>40 to 60 mm</dd> <dd class="english">1.57 to 2.36 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> becomes sexually mature when 2.5 cm in diameter. Reproduction rates depend on environmental conditions and food availability. Reproduction is highest in the spring and summer and lowest in the fall and winter. Average clutch size is 200-600 eggs, laid every few weeks. Eggs are reddish in color and loosely attached to each other, and are attached to an object above surface. Eggs incubate from one to two weeks and after hatching, become juveniles in 15-25 days. The snails are sexually mature adults 45-59 days later. The reproductive period lasts from 2 months to 3 years; this period can decrease with latitude and environmental changes. Life cycles are shorter during good conditions when the snails remain reproductively active throughout the year. Life cycles are longer during tough conditions. When not reproducing because of harsh environmental conditions the <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snails</span> bury themselves in mud and decrease their metabolism while waiting for conditions to improve. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#C4867587-CBA4-4A95-9C8C-8CEB190A2C44" class="citation">Ferguson, 2005</a>; <a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020912103539">indeterminate growth</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Unlike most other snails, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">P. canaliculata</span> is not hermaphroditic. A male and a female reproduce and if water conditions are optimal and food supply is adequate, they may mate. Due to the sexual dimorphism, these snails typically copulate in pairs. Copulation and spawning tend to be time-consuming activities. Intercourse can last 10-20 hours (and males fast during this time) while the egg-laying process can take up to five hours. In addition, males tend to choose larger females in order to produce more and healthier offspring. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#50AAA073-7592-4DAD-92EE-7DCC225E7D1B" class="citation">Martin, 2002</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> becomes sexually mature when it reaches 2.5 cm in diameter. Reproductive rates depend on environmental conditions and food availability. Reproduction is highest in the spring and summer and lowest in the fall and winter. Average clutch size is 200-600 eggs, laid every few weeks (egg clutch sizes are 2.2-3.5 mm in diameter). The reproductive period lasts from 2 months to 3 years; this period can decrease with latitude and environmental changes. Life cycles are shorter during good conditions when the snails remain reproductively active throughout the year. Cycles are longer during tougher conditions. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#C4867587-CBA4-4A95-9C8C-8CEB190A2C44" class="citation">Ferguson, 2005</a>; <a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145554">iteroparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145698">year-round breeding</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Channeled apple snails breed more frequently in the spring and summer every few weeks and less frequently in the fall and winter.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>These snails breed all year but more in the summer and spring.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average number of offspring</dt> <dd>200-600</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average gestation period</dt> <dd>1-2 weeks</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range time to independence</dt> <dd>15 to 25 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>45 to 59 days</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>45 to 59 days</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There is no parental care by adult <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snails</span> after eggs are laid. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#5340E311-E09F-4636-A7A2-EC468ADF6B5F" class="citation">Yusa, 2006</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> lives around four years, but will live longer at cooler temperatures. However, they cannot survive at temperatures less than 20 degrees C. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#9432B4DB-8EF2-4044-9FC9-5B705A5D76A8" class="citation">"Apple snails", 2011</a>; <a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average lifespan<br /><span>Status: captivity</span></dt> <dd>4 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> is an amphibious animal. The snail leaves the water for land in search of fresh vegetation at night, and remains hidden near the surface of water during the day. While this species prefers higher temperatures around 25 degrees C, it is the more resistant to lower temperatures than other species in the genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Pomacea/">Pomacea</a>. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Very little is known about communication between snails in this species, but it is thought that they release a chemical agent. Other snail species will communicate through chemical means. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> eats microscopic vegetation, floating or submerged higher plants, detritus and dead insects. The <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snail</span> is also known for eating other freshwater snails. Younger snails of this species prefer algae and detritus, while older snails prefer higher plants. They are extremely polyphagous, meaning they feed on an extensive variety of foods. This is important because as their food availability and intake increases, they are more reproductively active. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>; <a href="#80D8CC10-6943-4DBF-8C39-742C41F572DB" class="citation">Tamburi and Martín, 2009</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914202902">molluscivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145426">herbivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145622">folivore</a> </li> <li> <span>algivore</span> </li> <li> <span>eats sap or other plant foods</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145763">omnivore</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145349">detritivore</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>mollusks</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145855">zooplankton</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>leaves</span> </li> <li> <span>algae</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913215711">macroalgae</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145667">phytoplankton</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145342">detritus</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Solenopsis_geminata/">Solenopsis geminata</a>, also known as the fire ant, is the only species known to specifically prey on the eggs of these snails. Egg clutches produced by this snail are extremely visible due to their bright colors on green vegetation. The distinguishing colors show unpalatability to predators. Experiments demonstrated the egg yoke makes it unpalatable to predators. Another defense against predation is depositing eggs on vegetation with thorns. Adults have a wide range of predators including insects, fish, amphibians, crocodilians, reptiles, crayfish, turtle, mammals and birds. Their main defense is dropping to the bottom and burying into a spot until they get into contact with a hard object like a stone. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4D580709-0807-4EFE-98AB-7A32D4826F07" class="citation">Chan, et al., 2009</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>Fire ants, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Solenopsis_geminata/">Solenopsis geminata</a></li> <li>Insects, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Insecta/">Insecta</a></li> <li>Fish, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Actinopterygii/">Actinopterygii</a></li> <li>Amphibians, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Amphibia/">Amphibia</a></li> <li>Crocodilians, <<</li> <li>Reptiles, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Reptilia/">Reptilia</a></li> <li>Crayfish, <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Cambaridae/">Cambaridae</a></li> <li>Turtles, <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Testudines/">Testudines</a></li> <li>Mammals, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Mammalia/">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Birds, <a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Aves/">Aves</a></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">These snails have been introduced to different areas by humans and quickly spread, particularly in wetlands. In wetlands and natural freshwater systems they compete with native snails for food and cause destruction of native aquatic vegetation. Their quick reproductive rate during high food availability causes them to rapidly change the habitat where they reside. Although the <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snails</span> have many predators, since they move mostly at night they are somewhat protected. Their eggs, however, are mainly preyed on by only one species, leading to high survival rates of the snails' offspring.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> is an intermediate host for the rat lungworm, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis/">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a>, which is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#AC01C13A-6B6E-437C-86AE-C95136D5ABEE" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005b</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145725">biodegradation</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Commensal/Parasitic Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Rat lungworm, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis/">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Very little, if any, information is known about positive economic importance for humans from the <span class="taxon-link">channeled apple snail</span>. However, they are cooked and eaten in parts of Asia such as China and Thailand. Their invasive nature has made their use in aquarium cultures a concern, and has been discouraged. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6" class="citation">Ghesquiere, 2005a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914111019">pet trade</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145418">food</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Pomacea canaliculata</span> is one of the top 100 “World’s Worst Invaders.” Snails introduced in Asia have been the number one pest in rice fields, which leads to large economic losses in areas such as the Philippines. Snails introduced in Hawai’i became major taro pests. They can spread very quickly from agricultural areas to freshwater and other aquatic environments. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C" class="citation">Cowie, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Negative Impacts</li> <li> <span>crop pest</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This species has no conservation status.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Erin Holswade (author), Rutgers University, Ananya Kondapalli (author), Rutgers University, David V. Howe (editor), Rutgers University, Renee Mulcrone (editor), Special Projects. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915000403"> <dl> <dt>Neotropical</dt> <dd> <p>living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145725"> <dl> <dt>biodegradation</dt> <dd> <p>helps break down and decompose dead plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145349"> <dl> <dt>detritivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats decomposed plants and/or animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145342"> <dl> <dt>detritus</dt> <dd> <p>particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. Detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers (organisms that decompose organic material).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145622"> <dl> <dt>folivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats leaves.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145418"> <dl> <dt>food</dt> <dd> <p>A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145747"> <dl> <dt>freshwater</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in water that is not salty.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145426"> <dl> <dt>herbivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916125902"> <dl> <dt>heterothermic</dt> <dd> <p>having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020912103539"> <dl> <dt>indeterminate growth</dt> <dd> <p>Animals with indeterminate growth continue to grow throughout their lives.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145428"> <dl> <dt>introduced</dt> <dd> <p>referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145554"> <dl> <dt>iteroparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913215711"> <dl> <dt>macroalgae</dt> <dd> <p>seaweed. Algae that are large and photosynthetic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145363"> <dl> <dt>marsh</dt> <dd> <p>marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914202902"> <dl> <dt>molluscivore</dt> <dd> <p>eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145571"> <dl> <dt>oceanic islands</dt> <dd> <p>islands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and have never been, connected to a continental land mass, most typically these are volcanic islands.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145763"> <dl> <dt>omnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001348"> <dl> <dt>oriental</dt> <dd> <p>found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914111019"> <dl> <dt>pet trade</dt> <dd> <p>the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145667"> <dl> <dt>phytoplankton</dt> <dd> <p>photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. (Compare to zooplankton.)</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145679"> <dl> <dt>swamp</dt> <dd> <p>a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145598"> <dl> <dt>tropical</dt> <dd> <p>the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145698"> <dl> <dt>year-round breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding takes place throughout the year</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145855"> <dl> <dt>zooplankton</dt> <dd> <p>animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. (Compare to phytoplankton.)</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="9432B4DB-8EF2-4044-9FC9-5B705A5D76A8">2011. "Apple snails" (On-line). Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.aquariumfish.net/catalog_pages/misc_critters/snails.htm">http://www.aquariumfish.net/catalog_pages/misc_critters/snails.htm</a></tt>. </p> <p id="4D580709-0807-4EFE-98AB-7A32D4826F07">Chan, R., K. King-Lun, Q. Jian-Wen. 2009. The potential of the invasive snail <em>Pomacea canaliculata</em> as a predator of various life-stages of five species of freshwater snails. <span style="font-style: italic">Malacologia</span>, 51/2: 343-356. Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.051.0208?prevSearch=Pomacea%2BCanaliculata&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=1c3415bd381a0dd220bb119837fb0d92">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.051.0208?prevSearch=Pomacea%2BCanaliculata&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=1c3415bd381a0dd220bb119837fb0d92</a></tt>. </p> <p id="277D1A2F-E414-44D9-8020-A55F4E43062C">Cowie, R. 2005. "<em>Pomacea canaliculata</em>" (On-line). Global invasive species database. Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=135">http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=135</a></tt>. </p> <p id="C4867587-CBA4-4A95-9C8C-8CEB190A2C44">Ferguson, C. 2005. "The invasion of apple snails (<em>Pomacea canaliculata</em>) into Hawai'i: A case study in environmental problem solving" (On-line pdf). Accessed September 26, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nrem/capstone/2005/applesnail2-last.pdf">http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nrem/capstone/2005/applesnail2-last.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="7A3AC2ED-45AE-479B-9509-9782ABBEEAF6">Ghesquiere, S. 2005. "Apple Snails" (On-line). Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="www.applesnail.net">www.applesnail.net</a></tt>. </p> <p id="AC01C13A-6B6E-437C-86AE-C95136D5ABEE">Ghesquiere, S. 2005. "Aquatic Invasive Species" (On-line). Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/CHANNELED_APPLE_SNAIL.pdf">http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/CHANNELED_APPLE_SNAIL.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="50AAA073-7592-4DAD-92EE-7DCC225E7D1B">Martin, P. 2002. <em>Pomacea canaliculata</em> (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae): Life-history traits and their plasticity. <span style="font-style: italic">BioCell</span>, 26/ 1: 83-89. Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/CHANNELED_APPLE_SNAIL.pdf">http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/CHANNELED_APPLE_SNAIL.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="80D8CC10-6943-4DBF-8C39-742C41F572DB">Tamburi, N., P. Martín. 2009. Feeding rates and food conversion efficiencies in the apple snail <em>Pomacea canaliculata</em> (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae). <span style="font-style: italic">Malacologia</span>, 51/2: 221-232. Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.051.0201?prevSearch=pomacea%2Bcanaliculata%2Bfood&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=309d18d4c6b3dbc0960fa39e069af19d">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.051.0201?prevSearch=pomacea%2Bcanaliculata%2Bfood&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=309d18d4c6b3dbc0960fa39e069af19d</a></tt>. </p> <p id="5340E311-E09F-4636-A7A2-EC468ADF6B5F">Yusa, Y. 2006. Genetics of sex-ratio variation inferred from parent-offspring regressions and sib correlations in the apple snail <em>Pomacea canaliculata</em>. <span style="font-style: italic">Heredity</span>, 96/1: 100-105. Accessed January 31, 2013 at <tt><a href="http://www.mendeley.com/research/genetics-of-sexratio-variation-inferred-from-parentoffspring-regressions-and-sib-correlations-in-the-apple-snail-pomacea-canaliculata/#">http://www.mendeley.com/research/genetics-of-sexratio-variation-inferred-from-parentoffspring-regressions-and-sib-correlations-in-the-apple-snail-pomacea-canaliculata/#</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search 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ADW: Pomacea canaliculata: INFORMATION