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And these are the standards of our journalism.</b> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <header class="contentheader contentheader--one"><div class="branding branding--seamus"> <a href="https://www.npr.org/series/688409791/npr-ethics-handbook"><div class="branding__inner"> <b class='branding__lead-in branding__lead-in--series'>Special Series</b> <h2 class="branding__title">NPR Ethics Handbook</h2> </div>  </a> </div>  <div class="subnav-tools-wrap"> <div id="subNavigation" class="agglocation linkLocation" role="navigation" aria-label="sub-navigation"> <div id="res691393455" class="bucketwrap statichtml"> <div class="subtopics"> <ul class="animated fadeInRight"> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688138263">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688139552">Accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688177789">Fairness</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688366420">Completeness</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688367308">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688405012">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688413430">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688413859">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688414106">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688414581">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688414280">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=688414932">Putting Principles Into Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/templates/story/story.php?storyId=696320496">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/sections/editorial-guidance">Editorial Guidance</a></li> </ul></div> </div>  </div> </div> </header> <section id="main-section"><article class="story"><a id="mainContent"></a><div class="storytitle"> <h1>These are the standards of our journalism.</h1> <input type="hidden" id="title688875732" value="These are the standards of our journalism." /> <input type="hidden" id="shortTitle688875732" value="These are the standards of our journalism." /> <input type="hidden" id="modelFullUrl688875732" value="https://www.npr.org/ethics" /> </div>  <div id="story-meta" class="story-meta has-byline"> <div class="story-meta__one"> <div class="story-meta__one-inner"> <div class="dateblock"> <time datetime="2019-02-11T17:48:00-05:00"> <span class="date">February 11, 2019</span><span class="time">5:48 PM ET</span> </time> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="story-meta__two"> <div id="storybyline" class="storybyline-wrap linkLocation"> </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="storytext" class="storytext storylocation linkLocation"> <h3 class="edTag">Our Mission</h3> <p>The mission of NPR, in partnership with its member stations, is to create a more informed public, one challenged and invigorated by a deeper understanding and appreciation of events, ideas, and culture within the United States and across the globe. To this end, NPR reports, produces, acquires and distributes news, information and other content that meet the highest standards of public service in journalism and cultural expression.</p> <h3 class="edTag">Our Guiding Principles</h3> <p><em>[Editor's Note: This section revised on July 7, 2021 to reflect the work and thinking of the Ethics Handbook Committee.]</em></p> <p>NPR is, at its core, a news organization. Our work, whether on the air online, through podcasts, video, or in any other form, aspires to the heights of public service. We take seriously our democratic role as watchdogs, holding the powerful accountable as we hold ourselves to the core principles of honesty, integrity, independence, accuracy, contextual truth, transparency, respect and fairness for the people we serve and the people we cover. We know that truth is not possible without the active pursuit of a diversity of voices, especially those most at risk of being left out. <br/> <br/>With these guiding principles in mind, this handbook is intended not as a prescriptive list of do's and don'ts. Rather, it is a foundation upon which staff should consider these often-competing principles and exercise judgment in deciding how to best represent the core values of our organization and to serve our audiences with journalism they can trust.</p> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688138263/overview">Overview</a></h3> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688138263/overview#aboutthehandbook">About the handbook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688138263/overview#seekingadviceandapproval">Seeking advice and approval</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag">Who is covered</h3> <p><em>[Editor's Note: This section was revised on July 7, 2021 to reflect the work and thinking of the Ethics Handbook Committee.]</em></p> <p>All editorial staff are bound by this guidance. Editorial staff are defined as staff members who play a role in shaping the journalistic or creative direction of NPR's content, including events.<br/> <br/>This includes, but is not limited to, leadership, managers, reporters, editors, newscasters, producers, visual journalists, data journalists, hosts and interns across the News and Programming divisions, as well as freelance editorial contributors and NPR events and promotions staff who shape editorially focused content. Contributors should adhere to the same standards, depending on what type of content creator they are.<br/> <br/>Non-editorial staff in the newsroom are not bound by this handbook and should follow the guidance of NPR's Code of Conduct. This includes administrative and support staff who do not have a role in content and coverage decisions, such as those in News Operations, News Application Development and Audio Engineering; Research, Archives and Data Strategy and NPR staff who only shape content for sponsors. The same holds for artists and graphic designers if they are not involved in making editorial decisions.</p> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688139552/accuracy">Accuracy</a></h3> <p>Our purpose is to pursue the truth. Diligent verification is critical. We take great care to ensure that statements of fact in our journalism are both correct and in context. In our reporting, we rigorously challenge both the claims we encounter and the assumptions we bring. We devote our resources and our skills to presenting the fullest version of the truth we can deliver, placing the highest value on information we have gathered and verified ourselves.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688139552/accuracy#accuracyinourreporting">Accuracy in our reporting</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688139552/accuracy#usinginformationfromnonnprsources">Using information from non-NPR sources</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688139552/accuracy#accuracyonline">Accuracy online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688139552/accuracy#accuracyinvisualjournalism">Accuracy in visual journalism</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688177789/fairness">Fairness</a></h3> <p>To tell the truest story possible, it is essential that we treat those we interview and report on with scrupulous fairness, guided by a spirit of professionalism. We make every effort to gather responses from those who are the subjects of criticism, unfavorable allegations or other negative assertions in our stories. What we broadcast and put online is edited for time and clarity. Whenever we quote, edit or otherwise interpret what people tell us, we aim to be faithful to their meaning, so our stories ring true to those we interview. In all our stories, especially matters of controversy, we strive to consider the strongest arguments we can find on all sides, seeking to deliver both nuance and clarity. Our goal is not to please those whom we report on or to produce stories that create the appearance of balance, but to seek the truth.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688177789/fairness#fairnessinpresentingthenews">Fairness in presenting the news</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688177789/fairness#fairnessinreportingandinterviewing">Fairness in reporting and interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688177789/fairness#fairnesstocolleagues">Fairness to colleagues</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688177789/fairness#fairuse">Fair use</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688366420/completeness">Completeness</a></h3> <p>We do our best to report thoroughly and tell stories comprehensively. We won't always have enough time or space in one story to say everything we would like or quote everyone we would wish to include. But errors of omission and partial truths can inflict great damage on our credibility, and stories delivered without the context to fully understand them are incomplete. Our journalism includes diverse voices that reflect our society and divergent views that contribute to informed debate. When we find that we can't deliver all the answers to important questions, we explain what we don't yet know and work to fill any gaps in our reporting.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688366420/completeness#tellingthefullstory">Telling the full story</a></li> <li><a href="#completenessinreporting">Completeness in reporting</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688367308/honesty">Honesty</a></h3> <p>Journalists who conduct themselves honestly prove themselves worthy of trust. In the course of our work, we are genuine and candid. We attribute information we receive from others, making perfectly clear to our audience what information comes from which source. We avoid hyperbole and sensational conjecture. We may sometimes construct hypotheticals to help explain issues and events, but we reveal any fabrication, and do not otherwise mix fiction with our news reporting. We edit and present information honestly, without deception, and we identify ourselves as NPR journalists when we report. Only in the rarest of instances - such as when public safety is at issue, or when lives are at stake - might we disguise our identity or intent when reporting. Before we take such a step, we engage in rigorous deliberation and consider all alternatives. Then, when we tell the story, we fully disclose what we did and why.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688367308/honesty#honestyinreportingandinterviewing">Honesty in reporting and interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688367308/honesty#honestyinpresentinginformation">Honesty in presenting information</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688367308/honesty#honestyinvisualjournalism">Honesty in visual journalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688367308/honesty#honestyonline">Honesty online</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence">Independence</a></h3> <p>To secure the public's trust, we must make it clear that our primary allegiance is to the public. Any personal or professional interests that conflict with that allegiance, whether in appearance or in reality, risk compromising our credibility. We are vigilant in disclosing to both our supervisors and the public any circumstances where our loyalties may be divided - extending to the interests of spouses and other family members - and when necessary, we recuse ourselves from related coverage. Under no circumstances do we skew our reports for personal gain, to help NPR's bottom line or to please those who fund us. Decisions about what we cover and how we do our work are made by our journalists, not by those who provide NPR with financial support.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#conflictsofinterest">Conflicts of interest</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#interactingwithfunders">Interacting with funders</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#owningournewsagenda">Owning our news agenda</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#outsidework">Outside work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#payingourownway">Paying our own way</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence#workingfornprwilekeepingthepublicfirst">Working for NPR while keeping the public first</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413430/impartiality">Impartiality</a></h3> <p><em>[Editor's Note: This section was revised on July 7, 2021 to reflect the work and thinking of the Ethics Handbook Committee.]</em></p> <p>Our experiences and perspectives are valuable assets to our journalism. We enjoy the right to robust personal lives, yet we accept some unique professional obligations and limitations. Because our words and actions can damage the public's opinion of NPR, we comport ourselves in ways that honor our professional impartiality. We have opinions, like all people. But the public deserves factual reporting and informed analysis without our opinions unduly influencing what they hear or see. So we strive to report and produce stories that transcend our biases and treat all views fairly. We aggressively challenge our own perspectives and pursue a diverse range of others, aiming always to present the truth as completely as we can tell it.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413430/impartiality#impartialityinourpersonallives">Impartiality in our personal lives</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413430/impartiality#impartialityinourjournalism">Impartiality in our journalism</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413859/transparency">Transparency</a></h3> <p>To inspire confidence in our journalism, it is critical that we give the public the tools to evaluate our work. We reveal as much as we practically can about how we discover and verify the facts we present. We strive to make our decision-making process clear to the public, especially when we find ourselves wrestling with tough choices. We disclose any relationships, whether with partners or funders, that might appear to influence our coverage.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413859/transparency#revealingourprocess">Revealing our process</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688413859/transparency#anonymoussources">Anonymous sources</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414106/accountability">Accountability</a></h3> <p>We take full responsibility for our work, so we must always be ready and willing to answer for it. Just as careful attention to our sources makes a story stronger, careful listening to our public makes our journalism better. So we welcome questions or criticisms from our stakeholders and to the best of our ability, we respond. Mistakes are inevitable. When we make them, we correct them forthrightly, reflect on what happened, and learn from them.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414106/accountability#corrections">Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414106/accountability#interactingwiththepublic">Interacting with the public</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414106/accountability#accountabilityonline">Accountability online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414106/accountability#legalaccountability">Legal accountability</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414280/respect">Respect</a></h3> <p>Everyone affected by our journalism deserves to be treated with decency and compassion. We are civil in our actions and words, avoiding arrogance and hubris. We listen to others. When we ask tough questions, we do so to seek answers — not confrontations. We are sensitive to differences in attitudes and culture. We minimize undue harm and take special care with those who are vulnerable or suffering. And with all subjects of our coverage, we are mindful of their privacy as we fulfill our journalistic obligations.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414280/respect#respectforsourcesandsubjectsofcoverage">Respect for sources and subjects of coverage</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414280/respect#respectinsensitivecircumstances">Respect in sensitive circumstances</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414280/respect#respectforouraudience">Respect for our audience</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414581/excellence">Excellence</a></h3> <p>Our journalism is most valuable when we marry important truths with engaging narrative. We take enormous pride in the craftsmanship of our storytelling and in the quality of the words, sounds and images we use to help illuminate the world. When we edit, it is to add impact and clarity to our journalism — never to slant or distort. We don't allow what is sensational to obscure what is significant. We aspire to tell stories that rise above the maudlin and mundane, avoiding shallow sentimentality. Above all, we do our best to faithfully and powerfully convey the truth.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414581/excellence#excellenceinstorytelling">Excellence in storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414581/excellence#excellenceinnewsjudgment">Excellence in news judgment</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414932/putting-principles-into-practice">Putting Principles Into Practice</a></h3> <p>We will fulfill the high standard we owe the public if we hold true to our principles. Doing so requires that we embrace complexity and continually think through difficult decisions. While these principles reinforce each other, they also are often in tension. In all situations, we balance them against one another, striving to honor our mission. This statement is intended not only to serve as a guide, but also to provoke ongoing discussion and deliberation - the keys to any ethical decision-making process. It should both test and strengthen the moral compass that guides each of us in our work. It aims to foster a culture that compels and empowers us to exercise our consciences each day. We believe it is our shared responsibility to live up to these principles.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414932/putting-principles-into-practice#howthehandbookappliestoyou">How the handbook applies to you</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688414932/putting-principles-into-practice#howthehandbookwillevolve">How the handbook will evolve</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag"><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/editorial-guidance">Editorial Guidance from the Managing Editor of Standards & Practices</a></h3> <p>Standards & Practices Editor Tony Cavin writes occasional notes about the issues journalists encounter and the way NPR handles them. They often expand on topics covered in the Ethics Handbook.</p> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/editorial-guidance">From the Standards & Practices Outbox</a></li> </ul> <div class="hr"><hr /></div> <h3 class="edTag">Special Sections</h3> <ul class="edTag"> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688745813/special-section-anonymous-sourcing">Anonymous sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688424402/special-section-attribution">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688423970/special-section-diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/1205385162/special-section-generative-artificial-intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688418842/special-section-social-media">Social Media</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688746121/special-section-speaking-appearances">Speaking Appearances</a></li> <li><a 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