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residual chlorine</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: free residual chlorine"> <meta name="keywords" content="free residual chlorine"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="free residual chlorine"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4201</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: free residual chlorine</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4201</span> Free Residual Chlorine and Bacteriological Contamination in Addis Ababa Water Supply System, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aklilu%20Zeleke">Aklilu Zeleke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A cross-sectional study was conducted in order to understand the effect of wet and dry seasons on the free residual chlorine and bacteriological contamination of the Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) water supply system. Water samples were taken at 30 selected distribution points and analyzed for Free Residual Chlorine and bacteriological analysis total coliforms and fecal coliform). It was found that some of the bacteriological data and Free Residual Chlorine levels are below the recommended values and beyond the maximum tolerable limits recommended by World Health Organization and Ethiopian National Standards. Water quality during the dry season is better than that of the wet season. There is a strong relationship between Free Residual Chlorine levels in drinking water and its bacteriological quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addis%20ababa" title="addis ababa">addis ababa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wet%20season" title=" wet season"> wet season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20season" title=" dry season"> dry season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20residual%20chlorine" title=" free residual chlorine"> free residual chlorine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168079/free-residual-chlorine-and-bacteriological-contamination-in-addis-ababa-water-supply-system-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4200</span> Effect of Water Hardness and Free Residual Chlorine on Black Tea Brew</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Murugesan">P. Murugesan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Venkateswaran"> G. Venkateswaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20A.%20Shanmuga%20Selvan"> V. A. Shanmuga Selvan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water used for brewing tea plays a major role in the quality of tea. Water with higher hardness gives very dark coloured brew. This study was conducted to determine the effect of water hardness and free residual chlorine on the quality of black tea liquor. Theaflavin (TF) and Thearubigin (TR) levels are lower in comparison with the tea brewed in distilled water. At the same time, there is an increase in High Polymerized Substance (HPS) and Total Liquor Colour (TLC). While water with higher hardness has a negative impact on tea brew, water with high concentration of free residual chlorine did not affect the quality of tea brew. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theaflavin" title="Theaflavin">Theaflavin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thearubigin" title=" Thearubigin"> Thearubigin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20polymerised%20substance" title=" high polymerised substance"> high polymerised substance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20liquor%20colour" title=" total liquor colour"> total liquor colour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20chlorine" title=" residual chlorine"> residual chlorine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53009/effect-of-water-hardness-and-free-residual-chlorine-on-black-tea-brew" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4199</span> Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Green Chlorine-Free Coagulants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huihui%20Zhang">Huihui Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhongzhi%20Zhang"> Zhongzhi Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coagulation/flocculation is regarded a simple and effective wastewater treatment technology. Chlorine-containing coagulants may release chloride ions into the wastewater, causing corrosion. A green chlorine-free coagulant of polyaluminum ferric silicate (PSAF) was prepared by the copolymerization method to treat oily refractory wastewaters. Results showed that the highest removal efficiency of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) achieved 97.4% and 93.0% at a dosage of 700 mg/L, respectively. After PSAF coagulation, the chloride ion concentration was also almost the same as that in the raw wastewater. Thus, the chlorine-free coagulant is highly efficient and does not introduce additional chloride ions into the wastewater, avoiding corrosion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coagulation" title="coagulation">coagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chloride-free%20coagulant" title=" chloride-free coagulant"> chloride-free coagulant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oily%20refractory%20wastewater" title=" oily refractory wastewater"> oily refractory wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coagulation%20performance" title=" coagulation performance"> coagulation performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138079/preparation-and-performance-evaluation-of-green-chlorine-free-coagulants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4198</span> Environmental Study on Urban Disinfection Using an On-site Generation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%C3%ADctor%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20del%20Rey">V铆ctor Mart铆nez del Rey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kourosh%20Nasr%20Esfahani"> Kourosh Nasr Esfahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Masoud%20Samani%20Majd"> Amir Masoud Samani Majd</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this experimental study, the behaviors of Mixed Oxidant solution components (MOS) and sodium hypochlorite (HYPO) as the most commonly applied surface disinfectant were compared through the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection as a function of the contact time and residual chlorine. In this regard, the variation of pH, free available chlorine (FAC) concentration, and electric conductivity (EC) of disinfection solutions in different concentrations were monitored over 48 h contact time. In parallel, the plant stress activated by chlorine-based disinfectants was assessed by comparing MOS and HYPO. The elements of pH and EC in the plant-soil and their environmental impacts, spread by disinfection solutions were analyzed through several concentrations of FAC including 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, and 5000 mg/L in irrigated water. All the experiments were carried out at the service station of Sant Cugat, Spain. The outcomes indicated lower pH and higher durability of MOS than HYPO at the same concentration of FAC which resulted in promising stability of FAC within MOS. Furthermore, the pH and EC value of plant-soil irrigated by NaOCl solution were higher than that of MOS solution at the same FAC concentration. On-site generation of MOS as a safe chlorination option might be considered an imaginary future of smart cities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disinfection" title="disinfection">disinfection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20available%20chlorine" title=" free available chlorine"> free available chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=on-site%20generation" title=" on-site generation"> on-site generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20hypochlorite" title=" sodium hypochlorite"> sodium hypochlorite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131151/environmental-study-on-urban-disinfection-using-an-on-site-generation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131151.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4197</span> Efficiency of Background Chlorine Residuals against Accidental Microbial Episode in Proto-Type Distribution Network (Rig) Using Central Composite Design (CCD)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajida%20Rasheed">Sajida Rasheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Hashmi"> Imran Hashmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luiza%20Campos"> Luiza Campos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qizhi%20Zhou"> Qizhi Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Keu"> Kim Keu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A quadratic model (p 藗 0.0001) was developed by using central composite design of 50 experimental runs (42 non-center + 8 center points) to assess efficiency of background chlorine residuals in combating accidental microbial episode in a prototype distribution network (DN) (rig). A known amount of background chlorine residuals were maintained in DN and a required number of bacteria, Escherichia coli K-12 strain were introduced by an injection port in the pipe loop system. Samples were taken at various time intervals at different pipe lengths. Spread plate count was performed to count bacterial number. The model developed was significant. With microbial concentration and time (p 藗 0.0001), pipe length (p 藗 0.022), background chlorine residuals (p 藗 0.07) and time^2 (p 藗 0.09) as significant factors. The ramp function of variables shows that at the microbial count of 10^6, at 0.76 L/min, and pipe length of 133 meters, a background residual chlorine 0.16 mg/L was enough for complete inactivation of microbial episode in approximately 18 minutes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20composite%20design%20%28CCD%29" title="central composite design (CCD)">central composite design (CCD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20network" title=" distribution network"> distribution network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title=" Escherichia coli"> Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20chlorine" title=" residual chlorine"> residual chlorine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9561/efficiency-of-background-chlorine-residuals-against-accidental-microbial-episode-in-proto-type-distribution-network-rig-using-central-composite-design-ccd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4196</span> Chlorine Pretreatment Effect on Mechanical Properties of Optical Fiber Glass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhinav%20Srivastava">Abhinav Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hima%20Harode"> Hima Harode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandan%20Kumar%20Saha"> Chandan Kumar Saha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The principal ingredient of an optical fiber is quartz glass. The quality of the optical fiber decreases if impure foreign substances are attached to its preform surface. If residual strain inside a preform is significant, it cracks with a small impact during drawing or transporting. Furthermore, damages and unevenness on the surface of an optical fiber base material break the fiber during drawing. The present work signifies that chlorine pre-treatment enhances mechanical properties of the optical fiber glass. FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) results show that chlorine gas chemically modifies the structure of silica clad; chlorine is known to soften glass. Metallic impurities on the preform surface likely formed volatile metal chlorides due to chlorine pretreatment at elevated temperature. The chlorine also acts as a drying agent, and therefore the preform surface is anticipated to be water deficient and supposedly avoids particle adhesion on the glass surface. The Weibull analysis of long length tensile strength demarcates a substantial shift in its knee. The higher dynamic fatigue n-value also indicated surface crack healing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20strength" title="mechanical strength">mechanical strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20fiber%20glass" title=" optical fiber glass"> optical fiber glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weibull%20analysis" title=" Weibull analysis"> Weibull analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93357/chlorine-pretreatment-effect-on-mechanical-properties-of-optical-fiber-glass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4195</span> Study on Total Chlorine in Crude Palm Oil from Various Palm Oil Mill Operation Units</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norliza%20Saparin">Norliza Saparin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmadilfitri%20Noor"> Ahmadilfitri Noor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Suria%20Affandi%20Yusoff"> Mohd Suria Affandi Yusoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shawaluddin%20Tahiruddin"> Shawaluddin Tahiruddin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A palm oil mill produces crude palm oil (CPO) and has many operation units that comprises of sterilization, stripping, digestion and pressing, clarification, purification, drying and storage. This study investigated the total chlorine in palm fruit and CPO after each operating units. The total chlorine were determined by Mitsubishi NSX-2100 H, Trace Elemental Analyzer. The trace elemental analyzer is a furnace system with a micro-coulometric detector that was used for measuring and detecting total chlorine whether in organic or inorganic form. This determination is important as the chlorine is a direct precursor for 3-MCPD ester. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title="chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-coulometric" title=" micro-coulometric"> micro-coulometric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20oil" title=" palm oil"> palm oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3-MCPD" title=" 3-MCPD"> 3-MCPD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26844/study-on-total-chlorine-in-crude-palm-oil-from-various-palm-oil-mill-operation-units" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">675</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4194</span> A Finite Memory Residual Generation Filter for Fault Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pyung%20Soo%20Kim">Pyung Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eung%20Hyuk%20Lee"> Eung Hyuk Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mun%20Suck%20Jang"> Mun Suck Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current paper, a residual generation filter with finite memory structure is proposed for fault detection. The proposed finite memory residual generation filter provides the residual by real-time filtering of fault vector using only the most recent finite observations and inputs on the window. It is shown that the residual given by the proposed residual generation filter provides the exact fault for noise-free systems. Finally, to illustrate the capability of the proposed residual generation filter, numerical examples are performed for the discretized DC motor system having the multiple sensor faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20generation%20filter" title="residual generation filter">residual generation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20memory%20structure" title=" finite memory structure"> finite memory structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kalman%20filter" title=" kalman filter"> kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20detection" title=" fast detection"> fast detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140/a-finite-memory-residual-generation-filter-for-fault-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">698</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4193</span> Study of Chlorine Gas Leak Consequences in Direct Chlorination System Failure in Cooling Towers in the Petrochemical Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20H.%20Ruhipour">Mohammad H. Ruhipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Goharrokhi"> Mahdi Goharrokhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Ghasemi"> Mahsa Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artadokht%20Ostadsarayi"> Artadokht Ostadsarayi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we are aiming to study the consequences of chlorine gas leak in direct chlorine gas injection compared to using bleach (sodium hypochlorite), studying the negative effects both on the environment and individuals. This study was performed in the cooling towers of a natural fractioning unit of Bandar-e-IMAM petrochemical plant. Considering that chlorine gas is highly toxic and based on the health regulation, its release into the surrounding environment can be very dangerous for people and even fatal for individuals. We studied performing quantitative studies in the worst cases of event incidence. In addition, studying alternative methods with a lower risk was also on the agenda to select the least likely possible option causing an accident. In this paper chlorine gas release consequences have been evaluated by using PHAST software. Reaching to 10 ppm of chlorine gas concentration was basis of hazardous area determination. The results show that the full chlorine gas line rupture scenario in Pasquill category F, were worst case, and many people could be harmed around cooling towers area because of chlorine gas inhalation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine%20gas" title="chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consequence%20modeling" title=" consequence modeling"> consequence modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20towers" title=" cooling towers"> cooling towers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20chlorination" title=" direct chlorination"> direct chlorination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20failure" title=" system failure"> system failure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61953/study-of-chlorine-gas-leak-consequences-in-direct-chlorination-system-failure-in-cooling-towers-in-the-petrochemical-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4192</span> Control of Biofilm Formation and Inorganic Particle Accumulation on Reverse Osmosis Membrane by Hypochlorite Washing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaki%20Ohno">Masaki Ohno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cervinia%20Manalo"> Cervinia Manalo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetsuji%20Okuda"> Tetsuji Okuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satoshi%20Nakai"> Satoshi Nakai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wataru%20Nishijima"> Wataru Nishijima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely used for desalination to purify water for drinking and other purposes. Although at present most RO membranes have no resistance to chlorine, chlorine-resistant membranes are being developed. Therefore, direct chlorine treatment or chlorine washing will be an option in preventing biofouling on chlorine-resistant membranes. Furthermore, if particle accumulation control is possible by using chlorine washing, expensive pretreatment for particle removal can be removed or simplified. The objective of this study was to determine the effective hypochlorite washing condition required for controlling biofilm formation and inorganic particle accumulation on RO membrane in a continuous flow channel with RO membrane and spacer. In this study, direct chlorine washing was done by soaking fouled RO membranes in hypochlorite solution and fluorescence intensity was used to quantify biofilm on the membrane surface. After 48 h of soaking the membranes in high fouling potential waters, the fluorescence intensity decreased to 0 from 470 using the following washing conditions: 10 mg/L chlorine concentration, 2 times/d washing interval, and 30 min washing time. The chlorine concentration required to control biofilm formation decreased as the chlorine concentration (0.5–10 mg/L), the washing interval (1–4 times/d), or the washing time (1–30 min) increased. For the sample solutions used in the study, 10 mg/L chlorine concentration with 2 times/d interval, and 5 min washing time was required for biofilm control. The optimum chlorine washing conditions obtained from soaking experiments proved to be applicable also in controlling biofilm formation in continuous flow experiments. Moreover, chlorine washing employed in controlling biofilm with suspended particles resulted in lower amounts of organic (0.03 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) and inorganic (0.14 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) deposits on the membrane than that for sample water without chlorine washing (0.14 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0.33 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively). The amount of biofilm formed was 79% controlled by continuous washing with 10 mg/L of free chlorine concentration, and the inorganic accumulation amount decreased by 58% to levels similar to that of pure water with kaolin (0.17 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) as feed water. These results confirmed the acceleration of particle accumulation due to biofilm formation, and that the inhibition of biofilm growth can almost completely reduce further particle accumulation. In addition, effective hypochlorite washing condition which can control both biofilm formation and particle accumulation could be achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reverse%20osmosis" title="reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=washing%20condition%20optimization" title=" washing condition optimization"> washing condition optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypochlorous%20acid" title=" hypochlorous acid"> hypochlorous acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofouling%20control" title=" biofouling control"> biofouling control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36473/control-of-biofilm-formation-and-inorganic-particle-accumulation-on-reverse-osmosis-membrane-by-hypochlorite-washing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4191</span> Protein-Starch-Potassium Iodide Composite as a Sensor for Chlorine in Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mowafi">S. Mowafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abou%20El-Kheir"> A. Abou El-Kheir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abou%20Taleb"> M. Abou Taleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20El-Sayed"> H. El-Sayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Two proteinic biopolymers; namely keratin and sericin, were extracted from their respective natural resources by simple appropriate methods. The said proteins were dissolved in the appropriate solvents followed by regeneration in a form of film polyvinyl alcohol. Protein-starch-potassium iodide (PSPI) composite was prepared by anchoring starch and potassium iodide mixture onto the film surface using appropriate polymeric material. The possibility of using PSPI composite for determination of the concentration of chlorine ions in domestic as well as industrial water was examined. The concentration of chlorine in water was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the intensity of blue colour of formed between starch and the released iodine obtained by interaction of potassium iodide chlorine in the tested water sample. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title="chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein" title=" protein"> protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20iodide" title=" potassium iodide"> potassium iodide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54381/protein-starch-potassium-iodide-composite-as-a-sensor-for-chlorine-in-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4190</span> Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of RuO2-TiO2 Electrodes with Improved Chlorine and Oxygen Evolutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Le%20Luu">Tran Le Luu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeyong%20Yoon"> Jeyong Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> RuO2-TiO2 electrode now becomes popular in the chlor-alkali industry because of high electrocatalytic and stability with chlorine and oxygen evolutions. Using alternative green method for preparation RuO2-TiO2 electrode is necessary to reduce the cost, time. In addition, it is needed to increase the electrocatalyst performance, stability, and environmental compatibility. In this study, the Ti/RuO2-TiO2 electrodes were synthesized using sol-gel method under microwave irradiation and investigated for the anodic chlorine and oxygen evolutions. This method produced small size and uniform distribution of RuO2-TiO2 nanoparticles with mean diameter of 8-10 nm on the big crack size surface which contributes for the increasing of the outer active surface area. The chlorine, oxygen evolution efficiency and stability comparisons show considerably higher for microwave-assisted coated electrodes than for those obtained by the conventional heating method. The microwave-assisted sol-gel route has been identified as a novel and powerful method for quick synthesis of RuO2鈥揟iO2 electrodes with excellent chlorine and oxygen evolution performances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RuO2" title="RuO2">RuO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro-catalyst" title=" electro-catalyst"> electro-catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title=" chlorine"> chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20evolution" title=" oxygen evolution"> oxygen evolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47602/microwave-assisted-synthesis-of-ruo2-tio2-electrodes-with-improved-chlorine-and-oxygen-evolutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4189</span> Computation of Residual Stresses in Human Face Due to Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Askari">M. A. Askari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Nazari"> M. A. Nazari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Perrier"> P. Perrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Payan"> Y. Payan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Growth and remodeling of biological structures have gained lots of attention over the past decades. Determining the response of the living tissues to the mechanical loads is necessary for a wide range of developing fields such as, designing of prosthetics and optimized surgery operations. It is a well-known fact that biological structures are never stress-free, even when externally unloaded. The exact origin of these residual stresses is not clear, but theoretically growth and remodeling is one of the main sources. Extracting body organs from medical imaging, does not produce any information regarding the existing residual stresses in that organ. The simplest cause of such stresses is the gravity since an organ grows under its influence from its birth. Ignoring such residual stresses might cause erroneous results in numerical simulations. Accounting for residual stresses due to tissue growth can improve the accuracy of mechanical analysis results. In this paper, we have implemented a computational framework based on fixed-point iteration to determine the residual stresses due to growth. Using nonlinear continuum mechanics and the concept of fictitious configuration we find the unknown stress-free reference configuration which is necessary for mechanical analysis. To illustrate the method, we apply it to a finite element model of healthy human face whose geometry has been extracted from medical images. We have computed the distribution of residual stress in facial tissues, which can overcome the effect of gravity and cause that tissues remain firm. Tissue wrinkles caused by aging could be a consequence of decreasing residual stress and not counteracting the gravity. Considering these stresses has important application in maxillofacial surgery. It helps the surgeons to predict the changes after surgical operations and their consequences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title="growth">growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20tissue" title=" soft tissue"> soft tissue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title=" residual stress"> residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method "> finite element method </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37091/computation-of-residual-stresses-in-human-face-due-to-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37091.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4188</span> The Influence of Residual Stress on Hardness and Microstructure in Railway Rails</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammet%20Emre%20Turan">Muhammet Emre Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sait%20%C3%96z%C3%A7elik"> Sait 脰z莽elik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yavuz%20Sun"> Yavuz Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In railway rails, residual stress was measured and the values of residual stress were associated with hardness and micro structure in this study. At first, three rails as one meter long were taken and residual stresses were measured by cutting method according to the EN 13674-1 standardization. In this study, strain gauge that is an electrical apparatus was used. During the cutting, change in resistance in rail gave us residual stress value via computer program. After residual stress measurement, Brinell hardness distribution were performed for head parts of rails. Thus, the relationship between residual stress and hardness were established. In addition to that, micro structure analysis was carried out by optical microscope. The results show that, the micro structure and hardness value was changed with residual stress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20structure" title=" micro structure"> micro structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail" title=" rail"> rail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20gauge" title=" strain gauge "> strain gauge </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15651/the-influence-of-residual-stress-on-hardness-and-microstructure-in-railway-rails" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">602</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4187</span> Micro Plasma an Emerging Technology to Eradicate Pesticides from Food Surface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Saiful%20Islam%20Khan">Muhammad Saiful Islam Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Ji%20Kim"> Yun Ji Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) have been widely used to replace more persistent organochlorine pesticides because OPPs are more soluble in water and decompose rapidly in aquatic systems. Extensive uses of OPPs in modern agriculture are the major cause of the contamination of surface water. Regardless of the advantages gained by the application of pesticides in modern agriculture, they are a threat to the public health environment. With the aim of reducing possible health threats, several physical and chemical treatment processes have been studied to eliminate biological and chemical poisons from food stuff. In the present study, a micro-plasma device was used to reduce pesticides from the surface of food stuff. Pesticide free food items chosen in this study were perilla leaf, tomato, broccoli and blueberry. To evaluate the removal efficiency of pesticides, different washing methods were followed such as soaking with water, washing with bubbling water, washing with plasma-treated water and washing with chlorine water. 2 mL of 2000 ppm pesticide samples, namely, diazinone and chlorpyrifos were individuality inoculated on food surface and was air dried for 2 hours before treated with plasma. Plasma treated water was used in two different manners one is plasma treated water with bubbling the other one is aerosolized plasma treated water. The removal efficiency of pesticides from food surface was studied using HPLC. Washing with plasma treated water, aerosolized plasma treated water and chlorine water shows minimum 72% to maximum 87 % reduction for 4 min treatment irrespective to the types of food items and the types of pesticides sample, in case of soaking and bubbling the reduction is 8% to 48%. Washing with plasma treated water, aerosolized plasma treated water and chlorine water shows somewhat similar reduction ability which is significantly higher comparing to the soaking and bubbling washing system. The temperature effect of the washing systems was also evaluated; three different temperatures were set for the experiment, such as 22掳C, 10掳C and 4掳C. Decreasing temperature from 22掳C to 10掳C shows a higher reduction in the case of washing with plasma and aerosolized plasma treated water, whereas an opposite trend was observed for the washing with chlorine water. Further temperature reduction from 10掳C to 4掳C does not show any significant reduction of pesticides, except for the washing with chlorine water. Chlorine water treatment shows lesser pesticide reduction with the decrease in temperature. The color changes of the treated sample were measured immediately and after one week to evaluate if there is any effect of washing with plasma treated water and with chlorine water. No significant color changes were observed for either of the washing systems, except for broccoli washing with chlorine water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorpyrifos" title="chlorpyrifos">chlorpyrifos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diazinone" title=" diazinone"> diazinone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pesticides" title=" pesticides"> pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20plasma" title=" micro plasma"> micro plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139413/micro-plasma-an-emerging-technology-to-eradicate-pesticides-from-food-surface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4186</span> Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Human Face as a Function of Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Askari">M. A. Askari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Nazari"> M. A. Nazari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Perrier"> P. Perrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Payan"> Y. Payan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Growth and remodeling of biological structures have gained lots of attention over the past decades. Determining the response of living tissues to mechanical loads is necessary for a wide range of developing fields such as prosthetics design or computerassisted surgical interventions. It is a well-known fact that biological structures are never stress-free, even when externally unloaded. The exact origin of these residual stresses is not clear, but theoretically, growth is one of the main sources. Extracting body organ’s shapes from medical imaging does not produce any information regarding the existing residual stresses in that organ. The simplest cause of such stresses is gravity since an organ grows under its influence from birth. Ignoring such residual stresses might cause erroneous results in numerical simulations. Accounting for residual stresses due to tissue growth can improve the accuracy of mechanical analysis results. This paper presents an original computational framework based on gradual growth to determine the residual stresses due to growth. To illustrate the method, we apply it to a finite element model of a healthy human face reconstructed from medical images. The distribution of residual stress in facial tissues is computed, which can overcome the effect of gravity and maintain tissues firmness. Our assumption is that tissue wrinkles caused by aging could be a consequence of decreasing residual stress and thus not counteracting gravity. Taking into account these stresses seems therefore extremely important in maxillofacial surgery. It would indeed help surgeons to estimate tissues changes after surgery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title="finite element method">finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title=" residual stress"> residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20tissue" title=" soft tissue"> soft tissue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42023/evaluation-of-residual-stresses-in-human-face-as-a-function-of-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42023.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4185</span> Control of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC7644 in Fresh Tomato and Carrot with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwatosin%20A.%20Ijabadeniyi">Oluwatosin A. Ijabadeniyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faith%20Semwayo"> Faith Semwayo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Preference for consumption of fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables continues to be on the upward trend however food-borne outbreaks related to them have also been on the increase. In this study the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on controlling Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 in tomatoes and carrots during storage was investigated. Nutrient broth was inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and thereafter inoculated with 0.3mg/ml nano-zinc oxide solution and 1.2mg/ml nano-zinc oxide solution and 200ppm chlorine was used as a control. Whole tomatoes and carrots were also inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 after which they were dipped into zinc oxide nanoparticle solutions and chlorine solutions. 1.2 mg/ml had a 2.40 log reduction; 0.3mg/ml nano-zinc oxide solution had a log reduction of 2.15 in the broth solution. There was however a 4.89 log and 4.46 reduction by 200 ppm chlorine in tomato and carrot respectively. Control with 0.3 mg/ml zinc oxide nanoparticles resulted in a log reduction of 5.19 in tomato and 3.66 in carrots. 1.2 mg/ml nanozinc oxide solution resulted in a 5.53 log reduction in tomato and a 4.44 log reduction in carrots. A combination of 50ppm Chlorine and 0.3 mg/ml nanozinc oxide was also used and resulted in log reductions of 5.76 and 4.84 respectively in tomatoes and carrots. Treatments were more effective in tomatoes than in carrots and the combination of 50ppm Chlorine and 0.3 mg/ml ZnO resulted in the highest log reductions in both vegetables. Statistical analysis however showed that there was no significant difference between treatments with Chlorine and nanoparticle solutions. This study therefore indicates that zinc oxide nanoparticles have the potential for use as a control agent in the fresh produce industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Listeria%20monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrot" title=" carrot "> carrot </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28574/control-of-listeria-monocytogenes-atcc7644-in-fresh-tomato-and-carrot-with-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4184</span> Simulating the Effect of Chlorine on Dynamic of Main Aquatic Species in Urban Lake with a Mini System Dynamic Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiqiang%20Yan">Zhiqiang Yan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Fan"> Chen Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beicheng%20Xia"> Beicheng Xia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban lakes play an invaluable role in urban water systems such as flood control, landscape, entertainment, and energy utilization, and have suffered from severe eutrophication over the past few years. To investigate the ecological response of main aquatic species and system stability to chlorine interference in shallow urban lakes, a mini system dynamic model, based on the competition and predation of main aquatic species and TP circulation, was developed. The main species of submerged macrophyte, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and TP in water and sediment were simulated as variables in the model with the interference of chlorine which effect function was attenuation equation. The model was validated by the data which was investigated in the Lotus Lake in Guangzhou from October 1, 2015 to January 31, 2016. Furthermore, the eco-exergy was used to analyze the change in complexity of the shallow urban lake. The results showed the correlation coefficient between observed and simulated values of all components presented significant. Chlorine showed a significant inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginosa锛孯achionus plicatilis, Diaphanosoma brachyurum Li茅vin and Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus).The outbreak of Spiroggra spp. inhibited the growth of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, caused a gradual decrease of eco-exergy, reflecting the breakdown of ecosystem internal equilibria. It was concluded that the study gives important insight into using chlorine to achieve eutrophication control and understand mechanism process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20dynamic%20model" title="system dynamic model">system dynamic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20lake" title=" urban lake"> urban lake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title=" chlorine"> chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-exergy" title=" eco-exergy"> eco-exergy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70007/simulating-the-effect-of-chlorine-on-dynamic-of-main-aquatic-species-in-urban-lake-with-a-mini-system-dynamic-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4183</span> Dynamic Modeling of the Impact of Chlorine on Aquatic Species in Urban Lake Ecosystem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiqiang%20Yan">Zhiqiang Yan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Fan"> Chen Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yafei%20Wang"> Yafei Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beicheng%20Xia"> Beicheng Xia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban lakes play an invaluable role in urban water systems such as flood control, water supply, and public recreation. However, over 38% of the urban lakes have suffered from severe eutrophication in China. Chlorine that could remarkably inhibit the growth of phytoplankton in eutrophic, has been widely used in the agricultural, aquaculture and industry in the recent past. However, little information has been reported regarding the effects of chlorine on the lake ecosystem, especially on the main aquatic species.To investigate the ecological response of main aquatic species and system stability to chlorine interference in shallow urban lakes, a mini system dynamic model was developed based on the competition and predation of main aquatic species and total phosphorus circulation. The main species of submerged macrophyte, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, spiroggra and total phosphorus in water and sediment were used as variables in the model,while the interference of chlorine on phytoplankton was represented by an exponential attenuation equation. Furthermore, the eco-exergy expressing the development degree of ecosystem was used to quantify the complexity of the shallow urban lake. The model was validated using the data collected in the Lotus Lake in Guangzhoufrom1 October 2015 to 31 January 2016.The correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) and index of agreement (IOA) were calculated to evaluate accuracy and reliability of the model.The simulated values showed good qualitative agreement with the measured values of all components. The model results showed that chlorine had a notable inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginos锛孯achionus plicatilis, Diaphanosoma brachyurum Li茅vin and Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus).The outbreak of Spiroggra.spp. inhibited the growth of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, leading to a gradual decrease of eco-exergy and the breakdown of ecosystem internal equilibria. This study gives important insight into using chlorine to achieve eutrophication control and understand mechanism process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20dynamic%20model" title="system dynamic model">system dynamic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20lake" title=" urban lake"> urban lake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title=" chlorine"> chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-exergy" title=" eco-exergy"> eco-exergy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70021/dynamic-modeling-of-the-impact-of-chlorine-on-aquatic-species-in-urban-lake-ecosystem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4182</span> Optimization of Catalyst Parameters to Get Chlorine Free Bimetallic Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noreen%20Sajjad%20Ghulam%20Hussain">Noreen Sajjad Ghulam Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalysts are prepared by simple physical mixing and thermal treatment of support and metal acetate precursors.The effect of metal ratio and metal loading to produce highly active catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol are studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title="catalyst">catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetates" title=" acetates"> acetates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzyl%20alcohols" title=" benzyl alcohols "> benzyl alcohols </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1867/optimization-of-catalyst-parameters-to-get-chlorine-free-bimetallic-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4181</span> Earnings vs Cash Flows: The Valuation Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megha%20Agarwal">Megha Agarwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research paper is an effort to compare the earnings based and cash flow based methods of valuation of an enterprise. The theoretically equivalent methods based on either earnings such as Residual Earnings Model (REM), Abnormal Earnings Growth Model (AEGM), Residual Operating Income Method (ReOIM), Abnormal Operating Income Growth Model (AOIGM) and its extensions multipliers such as price/earnings ratio, price/book value ratio; or cash flow based models such as Dividend Valuation Method (DVM) and Free Cash Flow Method (FCFM) all provide different estimates of valuation of the Indian giant corporate Reliance India Limited (RIL). An ex-post analysis of published accounting and financial data for four financial years from 2008-09 to 2011-12 has been conducted. A comparison of these valuation estimates with the actual market capitalization of the company shows that the complex accounting based model AOIGM provides closest forecasts. These different estimates may be derived due to inconsistencies in discount rate, growth rates and the other forecasted variables. Although inputs for earnings based models may be available to the investor and analysts through published statements, precise estimation of free cash flows may be better undertaken by the internal management. The estimation of value from more stable parameters as residual operating income and RNOA could be considered superior to the valuations from more volatile return on equity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earnings" title="earnings">earnings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cash%20flows" title=" cash flows"> cash flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valuation" title=" valuation"> valuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Residual%20Earnings%20Model%20%28REM%29" title=" Residual Earnings Model (REM)"> Residual Earnings Model (REM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11464/earnings-vs-cash-flows-the-valuation-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4180</span> The Relationship between Fatigue Crack Growth and Residual Stress in Rails</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Husem">F. Husem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20Turan"> M. E. Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sun"> Y. Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ahlatci"> H. Ahlatci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Tozlu"> I. Tozlu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual stress and fatigue crack growth rates are important to determine mechanical behavior of rails. This study aims to make relationship between residual stress and fatigue crack growth values in rails. For this purpose, three R260 quality rails (0.6-0.8% C, 0.6-1.25 Mn) were chosen. Residual stress of samples was measured by cutting method that is related in railway standard. Then samples were machined for fatigue crack growth test and analyze was completed according to the ASTM E647 standard which gives information about parameters of rails for this test. Microstructure characterizations were examined by Light Optic Microscope (LOM). The results showed that residual stress change with fatigue crack growth rate. The sample has highest residual stress exhibits highest crack growth rate and pearlitic structure can be seen clearly for all samples by microstructure analyze. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20growth" title=" fatigue crack growth"> fatigue crack growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R260" title=" R260"> R260</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASTM%20E647" title=" ASTM E647"> ASTM E647</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56215/the-relationship-between-fatigue-crack-growth-and-residual-stress-in-rails" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4179</span> Fatigue Crack Behaviour in a Residual Stress Field at Fillet Welds in Ship Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anurag%20Niranjan">Anurag Niranjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Fitzpatrick"> Michael Fitzpatrick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yin%20Jin%20Janin"> Yin Jin Janin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jazeel%20Chukkan"> Jazeel Chukkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niall%20Smyth"> Niall Smyth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fillet welds are used in joining longitudinal stiffeners in ship structures. Welding residual stresses in fillet welds are generally distributed in a non-uniform manner, as shown in previous research the residual stress redistribution occurs under the cyclic loading that is experienced by such joints during service, and the combination of the initial residual stress, local constraints, and loading can alter the stress field in ways that are extremely difficult to predict. As the residual stress influences the crack propagation originating from the toe of the fillet welds, full understanding of the residual stress field and how it evolves is very important for structural integrity calculations. Knowledge of the residual stress redistribution in the presence of a flaw is therefore required for better fatigue life prediction. Moreover, defect assessment procedures such as BS7910 offer very limited guidance for flaw acceptance and the associated residual stress redistribution in the assessment of fillet welds. Therefore the objective of this work is to study a surface-breaking flaw at the weld toe region in a fillet weld under cyclic load, in conjunction with residual stress measurement at pre-defined crack depths. This work will provide details of residual stress redistribution under cyclic load in the presence of a crack. The outcome of this project will inform integrity assessment with respect to the treatment of residual stress in fillet welds. Knowledge of the residual stress evolution for this weld geometry will be greatly beneficial for flaw tolerance assessments (BS 7910, API 591). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fillet%20weld" title="fillet weld">fillet weld</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title=" residual stress"> residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20integrity" title=" structure integrity"> structure integrity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156016/fatigue-crack-behaviour-in-a-residual-stress-field-at-fillet-welds-in-ship-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4178</span> Electro-Discharge Drilling in Residual Stress Measurement of Annealed St.37 Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Gholami">H. Gholami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Jalali%20Azizpour"> M. Jalali Azizpour </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For materials such as hard coating whose stresses state are difficult to obtain by a widely used method called high-speed hole-drilling method (ASTM Standard E837). It is important to develop a non contact method. This process itself imposes an additional stresses. The through thickness residual stress of st37 steel using elector-discharge was investigated. The strain gage and dynamic strain indicator used in all cases was FRS-2-11 rosette type and TML 221, respectively. The average residual stress in depth of 320 碌m was -6.47 MPa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HVOF" title="HVOF">HVOF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title=" residual stress"> residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20spray" title=" thermal spray"> thermal spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WC-Co" title=" WC-Co "> WC-Co </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20109/electro-discharge-drilling-in-residual-stress-measurement-of-annealed-st37-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4177</span> Assessment of Residual Stress on HDPE Pipe Wall Thickness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Sersab">D. Sersab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Aberkane"> M. Aberkane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual stresses, in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, result from a nonhomogeneous cooling rate that occurs between the inner and outer surfaces during the extrusion process in manufacture. Most known methods of measurements to determine the magnitude and profile of the residual stresses in the pipe wall thickness are layer removal and ring slitting method. The combined layer removal and ring slitting methods described in this paper involves measurement of the circumferential residual stresses with minimal local disturbance. The existing methods used for pipe geometry (ring slitting method) gives a single residual stress value at the bore. The layer removal method which is used more in flat plate specimen is implemented with ring slitting method. The method permits stress measurements to be made directly at different depth in the pipe wall and a well-defined residual stress profile was consequently obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layer%20removal" title=" layer removal"> layer removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ring%20splitting" title=" ring splitting"> ring splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HDPE" title=" HDPE"> HDPE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wall%20thickness" title=" wall thickness "> wall thickness </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25357/assessment-of-residual-stress-on-hdpe-pipe-wall-thickness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4176</span> Artificial Neural Networks with Decision Trees for Diagnosis Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Kourd">Y. Kourd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Lefebvre"> D. Lefebvre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Guersi"> N. Guersi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a new idea for fault detection and isolation (FDI) technique which is applied to industrial system. This technique is based on Neural Networks fault-free and Faulty behaviors Models (NNFM's). NNFM's are used for residual generation, while decision tree architecture is used for residual evaluation. The decision tree is realized with data collected from the NNFM鈥檚 outputs and is used to isolate detectable faults depending on computed threshold. Each part of the tree corresponds to specific residual. With the decision tree, it becomes possible to take the appropriate decision regarding the actual process behavior by evaluating few numbers of residuals. In comparison to usual systematic evaluation of all residuals, the proposed technique requires less computational effort and can be used for on line diagnosis. An application example is presented to illustrate and confirm the effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title="neural networks">neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title=" decision trees"> decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviors" title=" behaviors"> behaviors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8203/artificial-neural-networks-with-decision-trees-for-diagnosis-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4175</span> Biological Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms from Drinking Water Distribution System in Lebanon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hamieh">A. Hamieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Olama"> Z. Olama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Holail"> H. Holail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drinking Water Distribution Systems provide opportunities for microorganisms that enter the drinking water to develop into biofilms. Antimicrobial agents, mainly chlorine, are used to disinfect drinking water, however, there are not yet standardized disinfection strategies with reliable efficacy and development of novel anti-biofilm strategies is still of major concern. In the present study the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptomyces sp. cell free supernatants to inhibit the bacterial biofilm formation in Drinking Water Distribution System in Lebanon was investigated. Treatment with cell free supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptomyces sp. at 20% concentration resulted in average biofilm inhibition (52.89 and 39.66% respectively). A preliminary investigation about the mode of action of biofilm inhibition revealed that cell free supernatants showed no bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity against all the tested isolates. Pre-coating wells with supernatants revealed that Lactobacillus acidophilus cell free supernatant inhibited average biofilm formation (62.53%) by altering the adhesion of bacterial isolates to the surface, preventing the initial attachment step, which is important for biofilm production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title="biofilm">biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20free%20supernatant" title=" cell free supernatant"> cell free supernatant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20system" title=" distribution system"> distribution system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinking%20water" title=" drinking water"> drinking water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactobacillus%20acidophilus" title=" lactobacillus acidophilus"> lactobacillus acidophilus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streptomyces%20sp" title=" streptomyces sp"> streptomyces sp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesion" title=" adhesion"> adhesion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36546/biological-treatment-of-bacterial-biofilms-from-drinking-water-distribution-system-in-lebanon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4174</span> Reliability Based Optimal Design of Laterally Loaded Pile with Limited Residual Strain Energy Capacity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Movahedi%20Rad">M. Movahedi Rad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a general approach to the reliability based limit analysis of laterally loaded piles is presented. In engineering practice, the uncertainties play a very important role. The aim of this study is to evaluate the lateral load capacity of free head and fixed-head long pile when the plastic limit analysis is considered. In addition to the plastic limit analysis to control the plastic behaviour of the structure, uncertain bound on the complementary strain energy of the residual forces is also applied. This bound has a significant effect for the load parameter. The solution to reliability-based problems is obtained by a computer program which is governed by the reliability index calculation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laterally%20loaded%20pile" title=" laterally loaded pile"> laterally loaded pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20strain%20energy" title=" residual strain energy"> residual strain energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability" title=" probability"> probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20analysis" title=" limit analysis"> limit analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32265/reliability-based-optimal-design-of-laterally-loaded-pile-with-limited-residual-strain-energy-capacity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4173</span> Alternative Biocides to Reduce Algal Fouling in Seawater Industrial Cooling Towers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Al-Bloushi">Mohammed Al-Bloushi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanghyun%20Jeong"> Sanghyun Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Torove%20Leiknes"> Torove Leiknes </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biofouling in the open recirculating cooling water systems may cause biological corrosion, which can reduce the performance, increase the energy consummation and lower heat exchange efficiencies of the cooling tower. Seawater cooling towers are prone to biofouling due to the presences of organic and inorganic compounds in the seawater. The availability of organic and inorganic nutrients, along with sunlight and continuous aeration of the cooling tower contributes to an environment that is ideal for microbial growth. Various microorganisms (algae, fungi, and bacteria) can grow in a cooling tower system under certain environmental conditions. The most commonly being used method to control the biofouling in the cooling tower is the addition of biocides such as chlorination. In this study, algae containing diatom and green algae were added to the cooling tower basin, and its viability was monitored in the recirculating cooling seawater loop as well as in the cooling tower basin. Continuous addition of biocides was employed in pilot-scale seawater cooling towers, and it was operated continuously for 2 months. Three different types of oxidizing biocides, namely chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone, were tested. The results showed that all biocides were effective in keeping the biological growth to the minimum regardless of algal addition. Amongst the biocides, ozone could reduce 99% of total live cells of bacteria and algae, followed by chlorine dioxide at 97%, while the conventional chlorine showed only 89% reduction in the bioactivities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algae" title="algae">algae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocide" title=" biocide"> biocide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofouling" title=" biofouling"> biofouling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seawater%20cooling%20tower" title=" seawater cooling tower"> seawater cooling tower</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74335/alternative-biocides-to-reduce-algal-fouling-in-seawater-industrial-cooling-towers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4172</span> Implementation of Chlorine Monitoring and Supply System for Drinking Water Tanks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugur%20Fidan">Ugur Fidan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naim%20Karasekreter"> Naim Karasekreter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Healthy and clean water should not contain disease-causing micro-organisms and toxic chemicals and must contain the necessary minerals in a balanced manner. Today, water resources have a limited and strategic importance, necessitating the management of water reserves. Water tanks meet the water needs of people and should be regularly chlorinated to prevent waterborne diseases. For this purpose, automatic chlorination systems placed in water tanks for killing bacteria. However, the regular operation of automatic chlorination systems depends on refilling the chlorine tank when it is empty. For this reason, there is a need for a stock control system, in which chlorine levels are regularly monitored and supplied. It has become imperative to take urgent measures against epidemics caused by the fact that most of our country is not aware of the end of chlorine. The aim of this work is to rehabilitate existing water tanks and to provide a method for a modern water storage system in which chlorination is digitally monitored by turning the newly established water tanks into a closed system. A sensor network structure using GSM/GPRS communication infrastructure has been developed in the study. The system consists of two basic units: hardware and software. The hardware includes a chlorine level sensor, an RFID interlock system for authorized personnel entry into water tank, a motion sensor for animals and other elements, and a camera system to ensure process safety. It transmits the data from the hardware sensors to the host server software via the TCP/IP protocol. The main server software processes the incoming data through the security algorithm and informs the relevant unit responsible (Security forces, Chlorine supply unit, Public health, Local Administrator) by e-mail and SMS. Since the software is developed base on the web, authorized personnel are also able to monitor drinking water tank and report data on the internet. When the findings and user feedback obtained as a result of the study are evaluated, it is shown that closed drinking water tanks are built with GRP type material, and continuous monitoring in digital environment is vital for sustainable health water supply for people. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20networks%20%28WSN%29" title="wireless sensor networks (WSN)">wireless sensor networks (WSN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorine" title=" chlorine"> chlorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20tank" title=" water tank"> water tank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78971/implementation-of-chlorine-monitoring-and-supply-system-for-drinking-water-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20residual%20chlorine&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20residual%20chlorine&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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