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<li id="toc-Formation_and_early_years_(1970–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_early_years_(1970–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation and early years (1970–1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_early_years_(1970–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_breakthrough_(1974–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_breakthrough_(1974–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>International breakthrough (1974–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_breakthrough_(1974–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trains,_Robots_and_Computers_(1977–1982)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains,_Robots_and_Computers_(1977–1982)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Trains, Robots and Computers (1977–1982)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trains,_Robots_and_Computers_(1977–1982)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling_non_stop_(1983–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_non_stop_(1983–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cycling non stop (1983–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_non_stop_(1983–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_mix_(1990–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_mix_(1990–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In the mix (1990–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_mix_(1990–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touring_the_globe_(2000–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touring_the_globe_(2000–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Touring the globe (2000–2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touring_the_globe_(2000–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technological innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on other musicians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_other_musicians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on other musicians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribute_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tribute bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Current members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Past members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kraftwerk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كرافتفرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرافتفرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کرافت‌ورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کرافت‌ورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Крафтверк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крафтверк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_(Band)" title="Kraftwerk (Band) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kraftwerk (Band)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کرافت‌ورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرافت‌ورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="크라프트베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크라프트베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_(banda)" title="Kraftwerk (banda) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kraftwerk (banda)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="קרפטוורק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרפטוורק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კრაფტვერკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრაფტვერკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="クラフトワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラフトワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_(Musikgrupp)" title="Kraftwerk (Musikgrupp) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kraftwerk (Musikgrupp)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="คราฟต์เวิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คราฟต์เวิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82%E4%B9%90%E5%9B%A2" title="发电厂乐团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="发电厂乐团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="發電廠樂團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="發電廠樂團" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Sushi_Leone" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Sushi Leone" data-mw-revid="396775313"><bdi>Sushi Leone</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sushi_Leone" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Sushi Leone">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sushi_Leone" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Sushi Leone">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span 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The group was formed by <a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider-Esleben</a> in 1970, and was fronted by them until Schneider's departure in 2008. The signature Kraftwerk sound combines driving, repetitive rhythms with catchy melodies, mainly following a Western classical style of harmony, with a minimalistic and strictly electronic instrumentation. The group's simplified lyrics are at times sung through a <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a> or generated by <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">computer-speech software</a>. Kraftwerk were one of the first groups to popularize electronic music. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Kraftwerk's distinctive sound was revolutionary, and has had a lasting effect across many genres of modern music.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_early_years_(1970–1973)"><span id="Formation_and_early_years_.281970.E2.80.931973.29"></span>Formation and early years (1970–1973)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider</a> (flutes, <a href="/wiki/Synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizers">synthesizers</a>, electro-violin) and <a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">electronic organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizers">synthesizers</a>) met as students at the Robert Schumann Academy in Düsseldorf in the late 1960s, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> and art scene of the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, which the British <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">press</a> dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duo had originally performed together in a quintet known as <a href="/wiki/Organisation_(band)" title="Organisation (band)">Organisation</a>. This ensemble released one album, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Tone_Float" title="Tone Float">Tone Float</a></i> (issued on <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> in the UK) but the group split shortly thereafter. </p><p> Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970–1974 fluctuated, as Hütter and Schneider worked with around a half-dozen other musicians over the course of recording three albums and sporadic live appearances; most notably guitarist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rother" title="Michael Rother">Michael Rother</a> and drummer <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dinger" title="Klaus Dinger">Klaus Dinger</a>, who left to form <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only constant figure in these line-ups was Schneider, whose main instrument at the time was the flute; at times also playing violin and guitar, all processed through a varied array of electronic effects. Hütter, who left the band for six months in 1971 to pursue studies in architecture, played synthesiser keyboards (including Farfisa organ and electric piano).</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K1-D-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/K1-D-front.jpg/150px-K1-D-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/K1-D-front.jpg/225px-K1-D-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/K1-D-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Kraftwerk`s self-entitled first album.</figcaption></figure> <p>Their first three albums were more free-form experimental rock without the pop hooks or the more disciplined strong structure of its later work. <i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_(album)" title="Kraftwerk (album)">Kraftwerk</a></i>, released in 1970, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_2" title="Kraftwerk 2">Kraftwerk 2</a></i>, released in 1972, were mostly exploratory jam music, played on a variety of traditional instruments including guitar, bass, drums, electric organ, flute and violin. Post-production modifications to these recordings were then used to distort the sound of the instruments, particularly audio-tape manipulation and multiple dubbings of one instrument on the same track. Both albums are purely instrumental. Live performances from 1972–73 were made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronic <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>, with preset rhythms taken from an electric organ. These shows were mainly in its native Germany, with occasional shows in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a> joined the group for rehearsals, and the unit performed as a trio on the television show, <i>Aspekte</i>, for German television network <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iwasarobot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwasarobot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <i><a href="/wiki/Ralf_und_Florian" title="Ralf und Florian">Ralf und Florian</a></i>, released in 1973, the band began to move closer to its classic sound, relying more heavily on <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerk's first use of the <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a>, which would, in time, become one of its musical signatures. </p><p>The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineer <a href="/wiki/Conny_Plank" title="Conny Plank">Konrad "Conny" Plank</a> was highly significant in the early years of Kraftwerk and Plank also worked with many of the other leading German electronic acts of the period, including members of <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(band)" title="Cluster (band)">Cluster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(band)" title="Harmonia (band)">Harmonia</a>. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Plank's studio near <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank co-produced the first four Kraftwerk albums.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_breakthrough_(1974–1976)"><span id="International_breakthrough_.281974.E2.80.931976.29"></span>International breakthrough (1974–1976)</h3></div><p>The release of <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(album)" title="Autobahn (album)">Autobahn</a></i> in 1974 saw the band moving away from the sound of its earlier albums. The members had invested in newer technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a>, helping give the group a newer, disciplined sound. <i>Autobahn</i> would also be the last album that Conny Plank would engineer. After the commercial success of <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></i>, the band members invested money into updating their studio. This meant they no longer had to rely on outside producers. At this time the painter and graphic artist <a href="/wiki/Emil_Schult" title="Emil Schult">Emil Schult</a> became a regular collaborator with the band, working alongside the band. Schult designed artwork in addition to later co-writing lyrics and accompanying the group on tour.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1975 saw a turning point in Kraftwerk's live shows. With financial support from <a href="/wiki/Phonogram_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonogram Records">Phonogram</a> in the US, it was able to undertake a multi-date tour to promote the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(album)" title="Autobahn (album)">Autobahn</a> album. This tour took them to the US, Canada and the UK for the first time. The tour also saw a new, stable, live line-up in the form of a quartet. Hütter and Schneider both mainly played keyboard parts on <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Minimoog" title="Minimoog">Minimoog</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARP_Odyssey" title="ARP Odyssey">ARP Odyssey</a>, with Schneider's use of flute diminishing. The pair also sang vocals on stage for the first time, with Schneider also using a <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a> live. Wolfgang Flür and new recruit <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartos" title="Karl Bartos">Karl Bartos</a> performed live on self-made electronic percussions. Bartos also used a Deagan Vibraphone on stage. The Hütter-Schneider-Bartos-Flür formation is now regarded as the classic line-up of Kraftwerk, which remained in place until the late 1980s. Emil Schult generally fulfilled the role of tour manager.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_(1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg/260px-Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg/390px-Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg/520px-Kraftwerk_by_Ueli_Frey_%281976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Kraftwerk, 1976. Kraftwerk's most prominent line-up; From left to right : <a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartos" title="Karl Bartos">Karl Bartos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1975 <i>Autobahn</i> tour, Kraftwerk began work on a follow up album, <i><a href="/wiki/Radio-Activity" title="Radio-Activity">Radio-Activity</a></i> (German title: <i>Radio-Aktivität</i>). After further investment in new equipment, the <a href="/wiki/Kling_Klang_Studio" title="Kling Klang Studio">Kling Klang Studio</a> became a fully working recording studio. It was decided that the new album would have a central theme. This theme came from the band members' shared interest in radio communication, which had become enhanced on their last tour of the United States. While Emil Schult began working on artwork and lyrics for the new album, the band began to work on the music. <i>Radio-Activity</i> was less successful in the UK and American markets, but it did open up the European market for the band, gaining them a <a href="/wiki/Gold_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold disc">gold disc</a> in France. Kraftwerk produced some promotional videos and performed several European live dates to promote the album. With the release of <i>Autobahn</i> and <i>Radio-Activity</i>, Kraftwerk had left behind its avant-garde experimentations and had moved forward toward electronic pop tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, the group went out on tour in support of the <i>Radio-Activity</i> album. Despite some new innovations in touring, the band took a break from live performances after the "Radio-Activity tour" of 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trains,_Robots_and_Computers_(1977–1982)"><span id="Trains.2C_Robots_and_Computers_.281977.E2.80.931982.29"></span>Trains, Robots and Computers (1977–1982)</h3></div><p>After having finished the "Radio-Activity tour" Kraftwerk began recording <i><a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(album)" title="Trans-Europe Express (album)">Trans-Europe Express</a></i> (German: <i>Trans-Europa Express</i>) at Kling Klang Studio.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Trans-Europe Express</i> was mixed at the <a href="/wiki/Record_Plant_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Record Plant Studios">Record Plant Studios</a> in Los Angeles and found the location to have a stimulating atmosphere. It was around this time that Hütter and Schneider met <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> at Kling Klang Studio. A collaboration was mentioned in an interview with Hütter, but never materialised. Kraftwerk had previously been offered a support slot on Bowie's <i><a href="/wiki/Station_to_Station" title="Station to Station">Station to Station</a></i> tour, but they turned it down.The release of <i>Trans-Europe Express</i> was marked with an extravagant train journey used as a press conference by EMI France. The album was released in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Kraftwerk_The_Man_Machine_album_cover.jpg" class="new" title="File:Kraftwerk The Man Machine album cover.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="150">File:Kraftwerk The Man Machine album cover.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Cover of Kraftwerk`s album "The Man-Machine".</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1978 Kraftwerk released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine" title="The Man-Machine">The Man-Machine</a></i> (German: <i>Die Mensch Maschine</i>). "The Man-Machine" was recorded at the Kling Klang Studio. Due to the complexity of the recording the album was mixed at Studio Rudas in Düsseldorf. The band hired sound engineer Leanard Jackson from Detroit to work together with Joschko Rudas on the final mix of the record. "The Man-Machine" was the first Kraftwerk album where <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartos" title="Karl Bartos">Karl Bartos</a> was co-credited as songwriter. The cover to the new album was produced in black, white and red, the artwork was inspired by Russian artist <a href="/wiki/El_Lissitzky" title="El Lissitzky">El Lissitzky</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a> movement. The image of the band on the front cover was photographed by Gunther Frohling. This showed the band dressed in red shirts and black ties. Following the release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine" title="The Man-Machine">The Man-Machine</a></i> Kraftwerk would not release an album for another three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1981 Kraftwerk released the album <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i> (German: <i>Computer Welt</i>) on EMI records.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album was recorded at Kling Klang Studio between 1978 and 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of this time was spent modifying the Kling Klang Studio so the band could take it on tour with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the electronic vocals on <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i> were created using a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> Language Translator<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Computer_Love_(Kraftwerk_song)" title="Computer Love (Kraftwerk song)">Computer Love</a>" was released as a single from the album backed with the earlier Kraftwerk track "<a href="/wiki/Das_Model" title="Das Model">The Model</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio DJs were more interested in the <a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">B-side</a> so the single was repackaged by EMI and re-released with "The Model" as the a-side. The single reached the number one position in the UK making "The Model" Kraftwerk's most successful record in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The band's live set focused increasingly on song-based material, with greater use of vocals and the use of sequencing equipment for percussion and musical lines. The approach taken by the group was to use the sequencing equipment interactively, thus allowing room for improvisation. The band returned to the live scene with the <a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a> tour of 1981, where the band effectively packed up its entire Kling Klang studio and took it on the road. The band also developed an increasing use of visual elements in the live shows during this period. This included back-projected slides and films, increasingly synchronised with the music as the technology developed, the use of hand-held miniaturised instruments during the set (for example, during "Pocket Calculator"), and, perhaps most famously, the use of replica <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequins</a> of themselves to perform onstage during the song "The Robots". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_non_stop_(1983–1989)"><span id="Cycling_non_stop_.281983.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Cycling non stop (1983–1989)</h3></div> <p>In 1982 Kraftwerk began to work on a new album, that initially had the working title <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>, but because of copyright reasons the group decided to change the proposed name to <a href="/wiki/Techno_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno Pop">Techno Pop</a>. One of the songs from the first recording sessions was "<a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_(song)" title="Tour de France (song)">Tour de France</a>", which the <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">label</a> released as a single in 1983. This song was a reflection of the band`s new found obsession for <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>. After the physical demands of the "Computer World" tour <a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a> had been looking for a form of exercise that fit in with the image of Kraftwerk, hence he encouraged the group to become <a href="/wiki/Vegetarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarians">vegetarians</a> and taking up cycling. "Tour de France" included sounds that followed this theme including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the single's release Ralf Hütter tried to persuade the rest of the band that they should record a whole album based around cycling. The other members of the band were not convinced, and the theme was left to the single alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most familiar version of the song was recorded using French vocals. These vocals were recorded on the Kling Klang Studio stairs to create the right atmosphere. During the recording of "Tour de France" Ralf Hütter was involved in a serious cycling accident.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered serious head injuries and was left in a coma for a few days. "Tour de France" was featured in the 1984 film <i><a href="/wiki/Breakin%27" title="Breakin'">Breakin'</a></i> showing the influence that Kraftwerk had on black American dance music.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1983 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a> was beginning to spend less time in the studio. Since the band began using sequencers his role as a drummer was becoming less frequent. He preferred to spend his time travelling with his girlfriend. Flür was also experiencing artistic difficulties with the band. After his final work on the 1986 album <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Caf%C3%A9" title="Electric Café">Electric Café</a></i> (a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/Techno_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno Pop">Techno Pop</a>)</i> he hardly returned to the Kling Klang Studio.<sup id="cite_ref-iwasarobot_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwasarobot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfgang Flür left the band in 1987 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hilpert" title="Fritz Hilpert">Fritz Hilpert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kraftwerk.technopop.com.br_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraftwerk.technopop.com.br-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_mix_(1990–1999)"><span id="In_the_mix_.281990.E2.80.931999.29"></span>In the mix (1990–1999)</h3></div> <p>After years of withdrawal from live performance Kraftwerk began to tour Europe more frequently again. In February 1990 they played a few secret shows in Italy. Karl Bartos left the band shortly afterwards. The next proper tour was in 1991, for the album <i>The Mix</i>. Hütter and Schneider wished to continue the synth-pop quartet style of presentation, and recruited <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Abrantes" title="Fernando Abrantes">Fernando Abrantes</a> as a replacement for Bartos. Abrantes was dismissed shortly after. In late 1991 <a href="/wiki/Henning_Schmitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Henning Schmitz">Henning Schmitz</a> was brought in to finish the remainder of the tour and to complete a new version of the quartet that remained active until 2008. In 1997 they had a famous appearance at dance festival <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Gathering" title="Tribal Gathering">Tribal Gathering</a> held in England.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the group toured the US and Japan for the first time since 1981, along with shows in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Three new songs were performed during this period, which remain unreleased. Following this trek, the group decided to take another break.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1999 the single "<a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_(song)" title="Tour de France (song)">Tour de France</a>" was reissued in Europe by EMI after it had been <a href="/wiki/Out_of_print" title="Out of print">out of print</a> for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-discogs.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was released for the first time on CD in addition to a repressing of the 12-inch vinyl single. Both versions feature slightly altered artwork that removed the faces of Flür and Bartos from the four man cycling paceline depicted on the original cover.<sup id="cite_ref-discogs.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 ex-member Flür published his autobiography in Germany, <i>Ich war ein Roboter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamomusic_-_News_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamomusic_-_News-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later English-language editions of the book were titled <i>Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamomusic_-_News_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamomusic_-_News-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The single "<a href="/wiki/Expo_2000_(song)" title="Expo 2000 (song)">Expo 2000</a>" was released in December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track was remixed and re-released as "Expo Remix" in November 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touring_the_globe_(2000–2009)"><span id="Touring_the_globe_.282000.E2.80.932009.29"></span>Touring the globe (2000–2009)</h3></div> <p>In August 2003 the band released <i><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_Soundtracks" title="Tour de France Soundtracks">Tour de France Soundtracks</a></i>, its first album of new material since 1986's <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Caf%C3%A9" title="Electric Café">Electric Café</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January and February 2003, prior to the release of the album, the band started the extensive <i>Minimum-Maximum</i> world tour, using four customised <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="/wiki/VAIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VAIO">VAIO</a> <a href="/wiki/Laptop_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">laptop computers</a>, effectively leaving the entire Kling Klang studio at home in Germany. The group also obtained a new set of transparent video panels to replace its four large projection screens. This greatly streamlined the running of all of the group's sequencing, sound-generating, and visual-display software. From this point, the band's equipment increasingly reduced manual playing, replacing it with interactive control of sequencing equipment. Hütter retains the most manual performance, still playing musical lines by hand on a controller keyboard and singing live vocals and having a repeating <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a>. Schneider's live vocoding has been replaced by software-controlled speech-synthesis techniques. In November 2004, the group made a surprising appearance at the MTV European Music Awards in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, performing <i>Aerodynamik</i>. The same year a promotional box set entitled <i>12345678</i> (subtitled <i>The Catalogue</i>) was issued, with plans for a proper commercial release to follow. The box featured <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">remastered</a> editions of the group's core eight studio albums, from <i>Autobahn</i> to <i>Tour de France Soundtracks</i>. For reasons unknown, the item's proper release was put on hold indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-Discogs,_Kraftwerk_-_12345678_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discogs,_Kraftwerk_-_12345678-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2005 the band's first-ever official live album, <i><a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum" title="Minimum-Maximum">Minimum-Maximum</a></i>, which was compiled from the shows during the band's tour of spring 2004, received extremely positive reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album contained reworked tracks from existing studio albums. This included a track titled <i>Planet Of Visions</i> that was a reworking of "<a href="/wiki/Expo_2000_(song)" title="Expo 2000 (song)">Expo 2000</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of this release, Kraftwerk made another quick sweep around the globe with dates in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and Greece. In December, the <a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum_(video)" title="Minimum-Maximum (video)">DVD release</a> of <i>Minimum-Maximum</i> was made available. </p><p>In 2006 a small number of festivals were played in Norway, the Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium and Germany. </p><p>In April 2008 the group played three shows in US cities <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, and was a co-headliner at the <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival</a>. This was their second appearance at the festival since 2004. Further shows were performed in Ireland, Poland, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in late 2008. Kraftwerk's headline set at Global Gathering in Melbourne, Australia on 22 November 2008 was cancelled moments before it was scheduled to begin, due to a heart problem of Fritz Hilpert.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The touring quartet consisted of <a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henning_Schmitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Henning Schmitz">Henning Schmitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hilpert" title="Fritz Hilpert">Fritz Hilpert</a>, and video technician <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Pfaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Pfaffe">Stefan Pfaffe</a>. Original member <a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider</a> was absent from the lineup. Hütter stated that he was working on other projects.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 November 2008 Kraftwerk officially confirmed Florian Schneider`s depature from the band.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> commented that incident: "There is something brilliantly Kraftwerkian about the news that Florian Schneider, a founder member of the German electronic pioneers, is leaving the band to pursue a solo career. Many successful bands break up after just a few years. It has apparently taken Schneider and his musical partner, Ralf Hütter, four decades to discover musical differences."<sup id="cite_ref-independent_editorial_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_editorial-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The band has performed concerts in Wolfsburg, Germany, Manchester, UK, and Randers, Denmark with special 3D background graphics. Members of the audience were able to watch this multimedia part of the show with 3D glasses, which were given out. During the Manchester concert (part of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival" title="Manchester International Festival">Manchester International Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) four members of the GB cycling squad (<a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenny" title="Jason Kenny">Jason Kenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Clancy" title="Ed Clancy">Ed Clancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Staff" title="Jamie Staff">Jamie Staff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geraint_Thomas" title="Geraint Thomas">Geraint Thomas</a>) rode around the Velodrome while the band performed Tour de France.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group also played several festival dates in 2009, last being Bestival in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk finally released <a href="/wiki/The_Catalogue" title="The Catalogue">The Catalogue</a> box set on 16 November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Discogs,_Kraftwerk_-_12345678_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discogs,_Kraftwerk_-_12345678-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a 12" <a href="/wiki/LP_album" class="mw-redirect" title="LP album">LP</a>-sized box set containing all eight remastered CDs in cardboard slipcases, as well as LP-sized booklets of photographs and artwork for each individual album. Due to licensing issues, three of these albums--<i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Cafe">Electric Cafe</a></i> (now re-christened with its original working title of <i>Techno Pop</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mix" class="mw-disambig" title="The Mix">The Mix</a></i>--are available only as part of the boxed set in the U.S. </p><p>The <i>Techno Pop</i> album contains a slightly revised track listing from its predecessor <i>Electric Cafe</i>: the song "The Telephone Call" now appears in its much shorter single mix, and that single's b-side remix, "House Phone," has been added as a proper album track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_present">The present</h3></div> <p>Although not officially confirmed, Ralf Hütter suggested that a second boxed set of their first three experimental albums--<i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_(album)" title="Kraftwerk (album)">Kraftwerk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_2" title="Kraftwerk 2">Kraftwerk 2</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ralf_and_Florian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf and Florian">Ralf and Florian</a></i>--could be on its way, possibly seeing commercial release after their next studio album: "We've just never really taken a look at those albums. They've always been available, but as really bad <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootlegs</a>. Now we have more artwork. <a href="/wiki/Emil_Schult" title="Emil Schult">Emil</a> has researched extra contemporary drawings, graphics, and photographs to go with each album, collections of paintings that we worked with, and drawings that Florian and I did. We took a lot of <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">Polaroids</a> in those days." <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2></div> <p>Like many other so-called <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> bands Kraftwerk was heavily influenced by the pioneering compositions of <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>. Hütter has also listed <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> as a major influence,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is apparent in its 1975 chart smash, <i>Autobahn</i>. Fellow bandmember Wolfgang Flür also made a similar remark comparing Kraftwerk's German identity to <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a> and their strongly-English brand of pop/rock.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk's lyrics deal with post-war European urban life and technology—traveling by car on the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>, traveling by train, using home computers, and the like. Usually, the lyrics are very <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimal</a> but reveal both an innocent celebration of, and a knowing caution about, the modern world, as well as playing an integral role in the rhythmic structure of the songs. Many of Kraftwerk's songs express the paradoxical nature of modern urban life—a strong sense of alienation existing side-by-side with a celebration of the joys of modern technology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All of Kraftwerk's albums from <i>Radio-Activity</i> onwards have been released in separate versions: one with German vocals for sale in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and one with English vocals for the rest of the world, with occasional variations in other languages when conceptually appropriate. </p><p>Live performance has always played an important part in Kraftwerk's activities. Also, despite its live shows generally being based around formal songs and compositions, live <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a> often plays a noticeable role in its performances. This trait can be traced back to the group's roots in the first experimental Krautrock scene of the late 1960s, but, significantly, it has continued to be a part of its playing even as it makes ever greater use of digital and computer-controlled sequencing in its performances. Some of the band's familiar compositions have been observed to have developed from live improvisations at its concerts or sound-checks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technological_innovations">Technological innovations</h2></div><p> Throughout their career Kraftwerk have pushed the borders of <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">music technology</a> with some noteable innovations, such as self-made instruments and custom build devices. The group has always perceived their <a href="/wiki/Kling_Klang_Studio" title="Kling Klang Studio">Kling Klang Studio</a> as a complex music instrument as well as a sound laboratory, especially Florian Schneider developed a fascination for music technology, so that the technical aspects of sound generation and recording gradually became his main fields of activity within the band.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussy_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG/220px-Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG/330px-Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG/440px-Kraftwerk_Vocoder_custom_made_in_early1970s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for electronic music band Kraftwerk</figcaption></figure> <p>Kraftwerk have used a custom build <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a> on their albums <a href="/wiki/Ralf_und_Florian" title="Ralf und Florian">Ralf und Florian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(album)" title="Autobahn (album)">Autobahn</a>; the device was built and constructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic engineers (page does not exist)">electronic engineers</a> P.Leunig and K.Obermayer of the <a href="/wiki/PTB_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="PTB Braunschweig">PTB Braunschweig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hütter and Schneider hold a patent for an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drum kit">electronic drum kit</a> with sensor pads.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has to be hit with metal sticks which are connected to the device to complete a circuit that triggers analog synthetic percussion sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The band used this electronic drum kit on the album <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>, the following tour and it was featured on the BBC television series <a href="/wiki/Tomorrows_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomorrows World">Tomorrows World</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Radio-Activity tour in 1976 Kraftwerk tested out an experimental light-beam-activated drum cage allowing Flür to trigger electronic percussion through arm and hand movements. Unfortunately, the device did not work as planned, and it was quickly abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider commissioned <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>-based "Synthesizerstudio Bonn, Matten & Wiechers" to design and build the Synthanorma Sequenzer with Intervallomat, a 4x8 / 2x16 / 1x32 step-sequencer system with some features that commercial products couldn`t provide at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencer</a> was used by the band for the first time to control the electronic sources creating the rhythmic sound of the album <a href="/wiki/Trans_Europe_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Europe Express">Trans Europe Express</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seclusion">Seclusion</h2></div> <p>The band is notoriously reclusive; providing rare and enigmatic interviews, using life size mannequins and robots to conduct official photo shoots, refusing to accept mail and not allowing visitors at <a href="/wiki/Kling_Klang_Studio" title="Kling Klang Studio">Kling Klang Studio</a>, whose precise location they use to keep secret. Another notable example of this eccentric behavior was reported to <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Marr" title="Johnny Marr">Johnny Marr</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">The Smiths</a> by Karl Bartos, who explained that anyone trying to contact the band for collaboration would be told the studio telephone did not have a ringer, since during recording, the band did not like to hear any kind of noise pollution. Instead, callers were instructed to phone the studio precisely at a certain time, whereupon the phone would be answered by Ralf Hütter, despite never hearing the phone ring.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Martin" title="Chris Martin">Chris Martin</a>, lead singer of UK group <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, anecdotally recalled, in a late 2007 article in Q about Kraftwerk, the process of requesting permission to use the melody from the track "Computer Love" in its 2005 release "Talk" from its album X&Y. He recalled writing them a letter and sending it through the lawyers of the respective parties and several weeks later receiving an envelope containing a handwritten reply that simply said 'yes'.<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The <code><ref></code> tag has too many names (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_ref_too_many_keys" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error ref too many keys">help page</a>).</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_musicians">Influence on other musicians</h2></div> <p>Kraftwerk's music has directly influenced many popular artists from many diverse genres of music.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk's musical style and image can be heard and seen in later electronic music successes such as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Foxx" title="John Foxx">John Foxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Human League">Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visage" class="mw-disambig" title="Visage">Visage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_Cell" title="Soft Cell">Soft Cell</a>, to name a few. Kraftwerk would also go on to influence other forms of music such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, house, and drum and bass, and they are also regarded as creators of the <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, "Trans Europe Express" and "Numbers" were interpolated into "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa & The Soul Sonic Force</a>, one of the earliest hip-hop/electro hits. <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> was created by three musicians from Detroit, often referred to as the 'Belleville three' (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Atkins" title="Juan Atkins">Juan Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Saunderson" title="Kevin Saunderson">Kevin Saunderson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Derrick_May_(musician)" title="Derrick May (musician)">Derrick May</a>), who fused the repetitive melodies of Kraftwerk with the booty-shaking rhythms of funk.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Order" class="mw-disambig" title="New Order">New Order</a> were heavily influenced by Kraftwerk. Joy Division frontman <a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a> was a fan of Kraftwerk, and showed his colleagues records that would influence both groups. New Order's song "<a href="/wiki/Your_Silent_Face" class="mw-redirect" title="Your Silent Face">Your Silent Face</a>" has some similarities with "<a href="/wiki/Europe_Endless" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Endless">Europe Endless</a>", the first song on <i><a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(album)" title="Trans-Europe Express (album)">Trans-Europe Express</a></i>, and had a working title of KW1, or Kraftwerk 1. New Order also recorded a song called "<a href="/wiki/Krafty" title="Krafty">Krafty</a>" that appeared as a single and on the album <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Sirens%27_Call" title="Waiting for the Sirens' Call">Waiting for the Sirens' Call</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/V-2_Schneider" title="V-2 Schneider">V-2 Schneider</a>, which was released as the B-side to the <a href="/wiki/Heroes_(David_Bowie_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroes (David Bowie song)">"Heroes"</a> single, and also features on the album <i><a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title=""Heroes"">"Heroes"</a></i>, is a tribute to Florian Schneider. </p><p>While touring after the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_(album)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Astronaut (album)">Astronaut</a></i> in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> would signify its arrival on stage by playing "The Robots". This track appeared on the album <i>Nick Rhodes and John Taylor present Only after Dark</i> (2006). When Duran Duran played Broadway in November 2007, and the Lyceum in London in December 2007, they performed "Showroom Dummies" as part of its electro set.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk have also influenced <a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a> music, most notably in the use of electronic sounds to complement traditional instruments in the music of bands such as the <a href="/wiki/Peatbog_Faeries" title="Peatbog Faeries">Peatbog Faeries</a>; their fourth album was called <i><a href="/wiki/Croftwork" title="Croftwork">Croftwork</a></i> and featured the track "Trans-Island Express".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1989 Mc Lyte sampled Kraftwerk's song "The man-machine" in her single, "<a href="/wiki/Cha_Cha_Cha_(MC_Lyte_song)" title="Cha Cha Cha (MC Lyte song)">Cha Cha Cha</a>". </p><p>In their song "Sunshine", <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(rapper)" title="Foxy Brown (rapper)">Foxy Brown</a> used the riff from Kraftwerk's song "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Machine" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Man Machine">The Man Machine</a>". </p><p>Electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompressor (musician)">Kompressor</a> has cited Kraftwerk as an influence. Kraftwerk is also mentioned in the song "Rappers We Crush" by Kompressor and <a href="/wiki/MC_Frontalot" title="MC Frontalot">MC Frontalot</a> ("I hurry away, get in my Chrysler. Oh the dismay! / Someone's replaced all of my Backstreet Boys with Kraftwerk tapes!"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)" title="Franz Ferdinand (band)">Franz Ferdinand</a> were inspired by Kraftwerk's song "The Model" when writing their song "<a href="/wiki/Walk_Away_(Franz_Ferdinand_song)" title="Walk Away (Franz Ferdinand song)">Walk Away</a>". The similarity is especially heard in the intro of the song. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a> songwriter <a href="/wiki/Richard_Daniel_Roman" title="Richard Daniel Roman">Richard Daniel Roman</a>'s early work was influenced by Kraftwerk. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vince_Clarke" title="Vince Clarke">Vince Clarke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erasure" class="mw-disambig" title="Erasure">Erasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_(band)" title="Yazoo (band)">Yazoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, is also a notable <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and Kraftwerk fan and is influenced by their music. Daniel Miller, former boss of Mute Records, purchased the <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a> used by Kraftwerk in their early albums, comparing it to owning Jimi Hendrix's guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk also influenced <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, as is some of their <a href="/wiki/Album_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Album art">album art</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Behind_The_Wheel_-_EP" class="mw-redirect" title="Behind The Wheel - EP">Behind The Wheel - EP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wilder" title="Alan Wilder">Alan Wilder</a> mentioned choosing <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Kevorkian" title="François Kevorkian">François Kevorkian</a> to work on Depeche Mode's <a href="/wiki/Violator_(album)" title="Violator (album)">Violator</a> because of his previous work on Kraftwerk's <a href="/wiki/Electric_Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Cafe">Electric Cafe</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simple_Minds" title="Simple Minds">Simple Minds</a> covered the Kraftwerk track <a href="/wiki/Neon_Lights" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neon Lights">Neon Lights</a> and played it live during their Graffiti Soul tour of 2009. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andy_McCluskey" title="Andy McCluskey">Andy McCluskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Humphreys" title="Paul Humphreys">Paul Humphreys</a>, founding members of <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">OMD</a>, have stated that Kraftwerk was a major influence on their early work,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and covered Neon Lights on their 1991 album, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Tax" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sugar Tax">Sugar Tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mac_Dre" title="Mac Dre">Mac Dre</a> directly quotes Kraftwerk's Musique Nonstop in the song <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Thizzle_Dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Thizzle Dance (page does not exist)">The Thizzle Dance</a>, "Boing, boom tschack!" <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraftwerk is currently listed as the most deserving band who has yet to receive enshrinement to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame according to the website, www.notinhalloffame.com. This was based on their high level of influence towards multiple artists.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribute_bands">Tribute bands</h3></div> <p>Kraftwerk has spawned a large number of tribute bands over the course of their lengthy career. One of the most notable of these was established by <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Schmidt" title="Uwe Schmidt">Uwe Schmidt</a>, also known as Senor Coconut, and Atom Heart. Performing as Senor Coconut, Schmidt in 2000 released <i><a href="/wiki/El_Baile_Alem%C3%A1n" title="El Baile Alemán">El Baile Alemán</a></i>, which was intended as a salute to, and a parody of, Kraftwerk. The album reworked a number of major Kraftwerk songs with Latin instrumentation in such a way that they could potentially be performed live as Latin dance numbers. British comedian <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bailey" title="Bill Bailey">Bill Bailey</a> has also parodied the band in his live shows. </p><p>Slovenian avant-garde group <a href="/wiki/Laibach_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laibach (band)">Laibach</a>'s founding member Tomaz Hostnik claimed that "Ohm sweet Ohm" was one of his favourite songs therefore this song was used by Laibach in their track dedicated to their deceased member titled "Hostnik" from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krst_pod_Triglavom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krst pod Triglavom (page does not exist)">Krst pod Triglavom</a></i> OST<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in documentary <i>Victory Under The Sun</i>. Laibach also used samples from Kraftwerk's works in their <i>3.Oktober</i> single from 1990. Laibach's songs appeared also in two compilations dedicated to Kraftwerk which were <i>Trans Slovenia Express vol. 1</i> and <i>vol. 2</i>. In vol. 1 appeared Laibach's "Zrcalo sveta" which was really their "Apologija Laibach" (written by Hostnik shortly before his death), "3. Oktober" and rework of "Kometenmelodie Part I" made by Laibach's subgroup 300.000 V.K. For vol. 2 Laibach reworked their own song "Brat moj" into "Bruderschaft", which was made as if Kraftwerk created that song themselves. Also, Laibach's concert "Das Kreuzschach und vier Schachspieler" which was based on Laibach's reinterpretation of Johann Sebastian Bach's "Kunst der Fuge" was dedicated, among others, to Kraftwerk.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_members">Current members</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a> – synthesizers, organ, lead vocals, vocoder<br /><small>(early works also include: bass guitar, drums and percussion)</small> (1970–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hilpert" title="Fritz Hilpert">Fritz Hilpert</a> – electronic percussion, sound engineering (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schmitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Henning Schmitz">Henning Schmitz</a> – electronic percussion, sound engineering, live keyboards (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Pfaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Pfaffe">Stefan Pfaffe</a> – video technician (2008–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_members">Past members</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider</a> – synthesizers, background vocals, vocoder, computer-generated vocals<br /><small>(early works also include: acoustic and electronic flutes, guitars, violin, percussion)</small> (1970–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartos" title="Karl Bartos">Karl Bartos</a> – electronic percussion (1975–1991), live vibraphone (1975), live keyboards (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a> – electronic percussion (1973–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_R%C3%B6der" title="Klaus Röder">Klaus Röder</a> – guitar, electro-violin (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dinger" title="Klaus Dinger">Klaus Dinger</a> – drums (1970–1971)</li> <li>Andreas Hohmann – drums (1970)</li></ul> <p>Listed below are musicians who have played live or in the studio with Kraftwerk, but have not appeared on any official releases by the band.** </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Abrantes" title="Fernando Abrantes">Fernando Abrantes</a> – synthesizer, electronic percussion (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rother" title="Michael Rother">Michael Rother</a> – guitar (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Schult" title="Emil Schult">Emil Schult</a> – guitar, electro-violin (later employed as a painter/graphic designer and lyricist)</li> <li>Plato Kostic (a.k.a. Plato Riviera) – bass guitar</li> <li>Peter Schmidt – drums</li> <li>Houschäng Néjadepour – guitar</li> <li>Charly Weiss – drums</li> <li>Thomas Lohmann - drums</li> <li>Eberhard Kranemann – bass guitar</li></ul> <p><small>**Fernando Abrantes and Michael Rother have been featured on several live bootleg recordings.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_discography" title="Kraftwerk discography">Kraftwerk discography</a></div> <ul><li>1970: <i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_(album)" title="Kraftwerk (album)">Kraftwerk</a></i></li> <li>1972: <i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_2" title="Kraftwerk 2">Kraftwerk 2</a></i></li> <li>1973: <i><a href="/wiki/Ralf_und_Florian" title="Ralf und Florian">Ralf und Florian</a></i></li> <li>1974: <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(album)" title="Autobahn (album)">Autobahn</a></i></li> <li>1975: <i><a href="/wiki/Radio-Activity" title="Radio-Activity">Radio-Activity</a></i></li> <li>1977: <i><a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(album)" title="Trans-Europe Express (album)">Trans-Europe Express</a></i></li> <li>1978: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine" title="The Man-Machine">The Man-Machine</a></i></li> <li>1981: <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i></li> <li>1986: <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Caf%C3%A9" title="Electric Café">Electric Café / Techno Pop</a></i></li> <li>1991: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mix" class="mw-disambig" title="The Mix">The Mix</a></i></li> <li>2003: <i><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_Soundtracks" title="Tour de France Soundtracks">Tour de France Soundtracks</a></i></li> <li>2005: <i><a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum" title="Minimum-Maximum">Minimum-Maximum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>1994: <i>"Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music"</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Bussy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal Bussy (page does not exist)">Pascal Bussy</a></li> <li>1998: <i>"Kraftwerk: From Düsseldorf to the Future"</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Barr">Tim Barr</a></li> <li>1999: <i>"Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot"</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a></li> <li>2000: <i>"A Short Introduction to Kraftwerk"</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanni_Neri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanni Neri (page does not exist)">Vanni Neri</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Campani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Campani (page does not exist)">Giorgio Campani</a></li> <li>2002: <i>"Kraftwerk: The Music Makers"</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Koch (page does not exist)">Albert Koch</a></li> <li>2005: <i>"Kraftwerk Photobook"</i> by Kraftwerk (included in the <a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum_(video)#Notebook" title="Minimum-Maximum (video)">Minimum-Maximum Notebook</a> set)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBussy1993" class="citation book cs1">Bussy, Pascal (1993). <i>Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music</i>. SAF Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946719705" title="Special:BookSources/0946719705"><bdi>0946719705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kraftwerk%E2%80%94Man%2C+Machine+%26+Music&rft.pub=SAF+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0946719705&rft.aulast=Bussy&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlür2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Flür, Wolfgang</a> (2001). <i>"Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot</i>. Sanctuary Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860744176" title="Special:BookSources/1860744176"><bdi>1860744176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Kraftwerk%22%3A+I+Was+A+Robot&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1860744176&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1004937,00.html">Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nme.com/reviews/kraftwerk/7663">Kraftwerk: Minimum-Maximum Live</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccready.cwc.net/kraftwerk.html">John McCready on Kraftwerk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2005" class="citation news cs1">Harrington, Richard (27 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/26/AR2005052600677.html">"These Days, Kraftwerk is Packing Light"</a>. Washington post. p. WE08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=These+Days%2C+Kraftwerk+is+Packing+Light&rft.pages=WE08&rft.date=2005-05-27&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FAR2005052600677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Andy. "Kraftwerk:".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kraftwerk%3A&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bussy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bussy_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussy1993" class="citation book cs1">Bussy, Pascal (1993). <i>Kraftwerk—Man, Machine & Music</i>. SAF Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946719705" title="Special:BookSources/0946719705"><bdi>0946719705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kraftwerk%E2%80%94Man%2C+Machine+%26+Music&rft.pub=SAF+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0946719705&rft.aulast=Bussy&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwasarobot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwasarobot_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwasarobot_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlür1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Flür, Wolfgang</a> (1993). <i>"Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot</i>. Sanctuary Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860744176" title="Special:BookSources/1860744176"><bdi>1860744176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Kraftwerk%22%3A+I+Was+A+Robot&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1860744176&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datamath.org/Speech/LanguageTranslator.htm">http://www.datamath.org/Speech/LanguageTranslator.htm</a> Datamath.org, retrieved on 06-02-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kraftwerk.technopop.com.br-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kraftwerk.technopop.com.br_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kraftwerk.technopop.com.br/data_formations.php">Discogs, Kraftwerk Technopop - "Formations"</a> Retrieved on 5 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsroom.org.nz/2cents/kraftwerk.htm">2 Cents: Kraftwerk, Tribal Gathering</a> (25 May 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kraftworld.com.br/concerts/1998Tour.htm">Kraftworld, Kraftwerk 1998 Tour</a> Retrieved on 5 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discogs.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discogs.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-discogs.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/Kraftwerk-Tour-De-France/release/726884">Discogs, Kraftwerk - 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Minimum - Maximum</a> Retrieved on 9 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/aust/40542/Illness_forces_Kraftwerk_to_miss_Melbourne_Global_Gathering">Illness forces Kraftwerk to miss Melbourne Global Gathering</a></i>, inthemix.com.au (2008-11-23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10534357&pnum=0">"Interview"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. 2008-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Interview&rft.date=2008-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fentertainment%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1501119%26objectid%3D10534357%26pnum%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4144592/Kraftwerks-co-founder-Florian-Schneider-leaves-band.html">Kraftwerk's co-founder Florian Schneider leaves band</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent_editorial-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_editorial_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial, "Nice werk" [sic] (2007, 7 January.) The Independent: 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mif.co.uk/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2009" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, Dave (3 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jul/03/popandrock-kraftwerk">"Kraftwerk/Steve Reich"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kraftwerk%2FSteve+Reich&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fmusic%2F2009%2Fjul%2F03%2Fpopandrock-kraftwerk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ventnorblog.com/bestival-09-kraftwerk-and-massive-attack-headline/">Kraftwerk to headline Bestival</a></i>, ventnorblog.com (2009-02-26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B002LCOQTG">Amazon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=P25715_0_2_0">More and more remastered Kraftwerk eight-CD promo boxed sets auctioned via eBay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/kraftwerk/reviews/13709">http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/kraftwerk/reviews/13709</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitter2006" class="citation news cs1">Witter, Simon (Spring 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kraftwerk.technopop.com.br/interview_123.php">"article"</a>. Dummy (magazine).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=article&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Witter&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkraftwerk.technopop.com.br%2Finterview_123.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKraftwerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thing.de/delektro/interviews/eng/kraftwerk/kw11-76.html">[2]</a> <i>thing.de</i> Retrieved on 10-10-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:0xfqxzq0ldhe">[3]</a> Allmusic.com - "Europe Endless" Song Review</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sequencer.de/blog/?p=843">[4]</a> <i>sequencer.de - the synthesizer data base</i>, June 25, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aktivitaet-fanzine.com/10_kk0.html">[5]</a> <i>Aktivitaet online - Kling Klang, the electronic garden</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-zX6QkdQ30">[6]</a> <i>BBC Tomorrows World - explaining Kraftwerk`s electronic drum kit.</i>, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-zX6QkdQ30">[7]</a> <i>BBC Tomorrows World - introducing Kraftwerk</i>, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aktivitaet-fanzine.com/10_kk0.html">[8]</a> <i>Aktivitaet online - Information about Kraftwerk`s light-beam drum cage</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aktivitaet-fanzine.com/10_kk0.html">[9]</a> <i>Aktivitaet online - short introduction of the Synthanorma Sequenzer </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.elektropolis.de/synthanorma.pdf">[10]</a> <i>Synthanorma Sequenzer - description by D. Matten</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ioyvLPs4Bc">Channel 4 TV-Show "Top 100 albums of all times"</a>,2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whosampled.com/artist/Kraftwerk/">WhoSampled - Kraftwerk's Sample-Based Music and Cover Songs</a>. Retrieved on 19 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink, R.. "The story of ORCH5, or, the classical ghost in the hip-hop machine. " Popular Music 24.3 (2005): 339-356. 9 Nov. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kexp.org/learn/docu_pop_goes_electronic.asp#2">"Pop goes electronic"</a> at <a href="/wiki/KEXP" class="mw-redirect" title="KEXP">KEXP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Synth Britannia", BBC Four, 19 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pctRkmzNDY">Excerpt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://omd.uk.com/html/biography.html">http://omd.uk.com/html/biography.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html">http://omd.uk.com/discography/albums/html/a_51.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhPUi_RbFwU">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhPUi_RbFwU</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.notinhalloffame.com/articles.php?article_id=5">http://www.notinhalloffame.com/articles.php?article_id=5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/~dc4w/laibach/baptism1986.html">Krst Pod Triglavom</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laibach.nsk.si/rec.htm">Laibach - Recent News</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kraftwerk.com">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kraftwerk.hu/antenna">ANTENNA</a>—The International Kraftwerk Mailing List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kraftwerk.technopop.com.br">Technopop</a>—Official Kraftwerk Fan Site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elektrodaten.com">Elektrodaten</a>—Official Kraftwerk Info Site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.KraftwerkFaq.com/">Kraftwerk FAQ.com</a>—The Kraftwerk FAQ: Frequently asked questions and answers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Poecker.homepage.t-online.de/HomepageClassic01/discog.htm">Kraftwerk International Discography</a>—Comprehensive list of official releases worldwide.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/documentaries/060807_kraftwerk.shtml">BBC Radio 1 Kraftwerk documentary</a>—2006 Kraftwerk documentary with <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kapranos" title="Alex Kapranos">Alex Kapranos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argiers.com/jmps/jmps.html">Kraftwerk Vinyl Site for collectors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iamnotthebeatles.com/?p=662">The 7" release of "Musique Non-Stop"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kraftwerk" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraftwerk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ralf_H%C3%BCtter" title="Ralf Hütter">Ralf Hütter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hilpert" title="Fritz Hilpert">Fritz Hilpert</a></b></li> <li><b>Henning Schmitz</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falk_Grieffenhagen" title="Falk Grieffenhagen">Falk Grieffenhagen</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Schneider" title="Florian Schneider">Florian Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartos" title="Karl Bartos">Karl Bartos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fl%C3%BCr" title="Wolfgang Flür">Wolfgang Flür</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Schult" title="Emil Schult">Emil Schult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dinger" title="Klaus Dinger">Klaus Dinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rother" title="Michael Rother">Michael Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_R%C3%B6der" title="Klaus Röder">Klaus Röder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Abrantes" title="Fernando Abrantes">Fernando Abrantes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_(album)" title="Kraftwerk (album)">Kraftwerk</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_2" title="Kraftwerk 2">Kraftwerk 2</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralf_und_Florian" title="Ralf und Florian">Ralf und Florian</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(album)" title="Autobahn (album)">Autobahn</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio-Activity" title="Radio-Activity">Radio-Activity</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(album)" title="Trans-Europe Express (album)">Trans-Europe Express</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine" title="The Man-Machine">The Man-Machine</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Caf%C3%A9" title="Electric Café">Electric Café</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mix_(Kraftwerk_album)" title="The Mix (Kraftwerk album)">The Mix</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_Soundtracks" title="Tour de France Soundtracks">Tour de France Soundtracks</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum" title="Minimum-Maximum">Minimum-Maximum</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3-D_The_Catalogue" title="3-D The Catalogue">3-D The Catalogue</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exceller_8" title="Exceller 8">Exceller 8</a></i> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Box sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klang_Box" title="Klang Box">Klang Box</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Catalogue" title="The Catalogue">The Catalogue</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Autobahn_(song)" title="Autobahn (song)">Autobahn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_(song)" title="Radioactivity (song)">Radioactivity</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(song)" title="Trans-Europe Express (song)">Trans-Europe Express</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Robots" title="The Robots">The Robots</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Das_Model" title="Das Model">The Model</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Computer_Love_(Kraftwerk_song)" title="Computer Love (Kraftwerk song)">Computer Love</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_(song)" title="Tour de France (song)">Tour de France</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Musique_Non-Stop" title="Musique Non-Stop">Musique Non-Stop</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Call" title="The Telephone Call">The Telephone Call</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Expo_2000_(song)" title="Expo 2000 (song)">Expo 2000</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_2003" title="Tour de France 2003">Tour de France 2003</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aerodynamik" title="Aerodynamik">Aerodynamik</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Videography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minimum-Maximum_(video)" title="Minimum-Maximum (video)">Minimum-Maximum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_discography" title="Kraftwerk discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conny_Plank" title="Conny Plank">Conny Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_Klang_Studio" title="Kling Klang Studio">Kling Klang Studio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tone_Float" title="Tone Float">Tone Float</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_(band)" title="Organisation (band)">Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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