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<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><title data-rh="true">Revenge of the Chickenized Reverse-Centaurs | by Cory Doctorow | OneZero</title><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.medium.reader"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="542599432471018"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2022-05-01T14:03:36.418Z"/><meta data-rh="true" name="title" content="Revenge of the Chickenized Reverse-Centaurs | by Cory Doctorow | OneZero"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Revenge of the Chickenized Reverse-Centaurs"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="medium://p/b2e8d5cda826"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:url" content="medium://p/b2e8d5cda826"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="In AI circles, a “centaur” describes a certain kind of machine/human collaboration, in which “decision-support” systems (which the field loves to call “AI”s) are paired with human beings for results…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Algorithms and worker power"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://onezero.medium.com/revenge-of-the-chickenized-reverse-centaurs-b2e8d5cda826"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:web:url" content="https://onezero.medium.com/revenge-of-the-chickenized-reverse-centaurs-b2e8d5cda826"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/da:true/resize:fit:840/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:alt" content="A horse-headed “reverse-centaur” whose eye has been replaced by the glowing eye of HAL9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey. 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tabindex="0" class="nv nw fj nx bh ny"><div class="nm nn no"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 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and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="A horse-headed “reverse-centaur” whose eye has been replaced by the glowing eye of HAL9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They are wearing a hi-viz vest and posed in shelving-aisles of an industrial warehouse." class="bh mt nz c" width="700" height="393" loading="eager"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="oa ff ob nm nn oc od bf b bg z du"><a class="af oe" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HAL9000.svg" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="of">Cryteria</em></a><em class="of">, </em><a class="af oe" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="of">CC BY</em></a><em class="of">, modified</em></figcaption></figure><p id="96b3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">In AI circles, a “centaur” describes a certain kind of machine/human collaboration, in which “decision-support” systems (which the field loves to call “AI”s) are paired with human beings for results that draw upon the strengths of each, such as when a human chess master and a chess-playing computer program collaborate to smash their competition.</p><p id="ff06" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">In labor circles, “chickenization” refers to exploitative working arrangements that resemble the plight of the American poultry farmer. The U.S. poultry industry has been taken over by three monopolistic packers, who have divided the nation up into exclusive territories, so that each chicken farmer has only one buyer for their birds.</p><p id="33b1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Farmers are “independent small businesspeople” who nominally run their own operations, but because all their products must be sold through a single poultry processor, that processor is able to exercise enormous control over the operation. The processor tells the farmer which birds to raise, as well as what the birds are to be fed, how much, and on what schedule. The processor tells the farmer how to build their coops and when the lights are to go on and off. The processor tells the farmer which vets to use, and tells the vets which medicines to prescribe.</p><p id="1a9f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The processor tells the farmer everything…except how much they’ll be able to sell their birds for. That is determined unilaterally when the farmer brings their birds to market, and the payout is titrated to the cent, to represent exactly enough money for the farmer to buy birds and feed and vet services through the processor’s preferred suppliers, and to service the debts on the coops and light and land, but not one penny more.</p><p id="1a66" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Chickenization has spread beyond chicken farming. <a class="af oe" href="https://lpeproject.org/blog/the-antitrust-case-against-gig-economy-labor-platforms/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Uber drivers are paid on a variable reinforcement drip-feed that gives them just enough to keep up the lease and gas and insurance payments on their vehicles</a>, but not enough to give them breathing space to think about changing careers.</p><p id="e268" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Likewise for Amazon drivers. Amazon styles the drivers as subcontractors working for a “Delivery Service Partner” (DSP), and the DSP is fully chickenized: They have to buy Amazon vans and subject them to Amazon maintenance, but <a class="af oe" href="https://www.dailydot.com/debug/lay-offs-amazon-dsp-tiktok/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Amazon reserves the right to fire a DSP without notice, stranding them with vehicle and lot leases and payroll liabilities.</a></p><p id="7043" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The DSP owners are chickenized, but the drivers themselves? They’re more like the chickens. Or rather, they’re centaurs: From the instant you get behind the wheel of an Amazon van, <a class="af oe" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/88npjv/amazons-ai-cameras-are-punishing-drivers-for-mistakes-they-didnt-make" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">you are being surveilled by an array of cameras hooked up to high-handed, judgemental AIs that monitor your facial expressions, your eye movements, and your ability to meet an impossible quota</a>.</p><p id="a8a7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">But even though an Amazon driver represents the tight coupling of a human and a machine to do more than either could do on their own, that’s not the kind of centaur that we talk about when it’s a chess master paired with a chess program. That chess master is being <em class="pc">augmented </em>by the machine, and the machine is the junior partner in the relationship. The human is the head, and the AI is the body.</p><p id="2e9f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">By contrast, an Amazon driver is a <a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/2021/03/19/the-shakedown/#weird-flex" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">reverse-centaur</em></a>. The AI is in charge, and the human is the junior partner. The AI is the head, telling the body what to do. The driver is the body — the slow-witted, ambulatory meat that is puppeteered by the AI master.</p><p id="492c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The next generation of labor exploitation merges chickenization <em class="pc">with</em> reverse-centaurs. DoorDash and other gig companies use apps to script the movements and conduct of “independent contractors” to the finest degree, while <a class="af oe" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/08/tech-rights-are-workers-rights-doordash-edition" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">hiding their true wages</a> from them until they’ve finished their jobs.</p><p id="fe5d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The simplistic answer to this is, “Well, if you don’t like it, don’t work for a gig company.”</p><p id="648f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">But that’s not how labor rights work. Behind every labor struggle is a recognition that business owners have negotiating power over workers that will, over time, shift more and more value from workers to bosses. Labor market outcomes are not a matter of individuals bargaining with one another: In a labor market, atomized workers bargain with consolidated firms.</p><p id="9a91" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">It’s hard for workers to play companies off against each other to get higher wages (<a class="af oe" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-04/should-i-quit-my-job-for-more-money-great-resignation-has-workers-taking-risks" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">and companies get furious when they pull it off</a>), but it’s easy for businesses to play workers off against each other to pay lower wages.</p><p id="283a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Historically, worker power has come from unions, which were able to bargain for workers at a specific job-site, or across a sector, and, just as importantly, to win labor regulations that protect <em class="pc">all</em> workers. Forty years of all-out assaults on labor organizing have weakened that source of worker power, and <a class="af oe" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2022/04/amazon-union-busting-gsg-consultants-labor-democrats" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">both Republicans and Democrats</a> are deeply committed to keeping unions weak.</p><p id="911c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Despite this lack of institutional support, <a class="af oe" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/22993509/starbucks-successful-union-drive" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">unions are coming back with a vengeance</a>, and they’re pulling it off by creating new, high-tech organizing tools and strategies that answer high-tech employer tactics with high-tech worker tactics.</p><p id="7f79" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Using messaging tools to organize unions is an effective but indirect answer to chickenization and reverse-centaur tactics. A new kind of tech-based labor tool confronts these tactics head-on: counter-apps that help workers <em class="pc">seize the means of computation </em>from their bosses<em class="pc">.</em></p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pd pe pf pg" role="separator"><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="93ce" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Take <a class="af oe" href="https://www.withpara.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Para</a>, a collection of apps for gig workers that undo the reverse-centaur relationship between workers and gig employers. For example, when DoorDash sends a job offer to a “Dasher,” Para unwraps that offer and reveals the total compensation on offer, which the DoorDash app hides by default until the job is done.</p><p id="f323" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">DoorDash understands that its customers want cheap deliveries, and it understands that its drivers don’t want to service cheap jobs where they actually lose money after factoring in time, gas, and depreciation. By hiding the total compensation from drivers, DoorDash is able to trick some of them into making unprofitable runs, allowing the company to offer customer-attracting loss-leader prices that are billed to drivers.</p><p id="bd16" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">That’s where Para steps in. Para’s long-term goal is to build apps that automate the process by which workers play gig companies off against one another. That way, the auction process, where workers bid to see who will do the job for the lowest pay, is replaced by a process where employers bid to see who will pay the most for a worker’s time.</p><p id="3c58" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">That’s a powerful vision, but it’s only part of the answer to the chickenized reverse-centaur industry. After all, there’s only so much bargaining power an individual worker can exert. Groups of workers, on the other hand, have a long track record of wringing concessions from employers.</p><p id="16cd" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Dashers understand this. The <a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/2021/04/07/cruelty-by-design/#declinenow" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">#DECLINENOW movement</a> organizes Dashers (via online forums) to turn down all jobs below a certain payment threshold, with the understanding that the DoorDash algorithm will bid up the offered payments until a worker agrees to do the job.</p><p id="6dbb" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">That’s a process that’s ripe for automation — imagine if Dashers could form co-ops around apps that hid job offers unless they came with a profitable payout.</p><p id="c906" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Counter-algorithmic activism is subtly different from Para’s model: While Para exposes hidden information and automates the process of uncovering it, counter-algorithmic work actually seeks to turn workers into centaurs, not reverse-centaurs.</p><p id="6885" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">For example, in 2020, there was <a class="af oe" href="https://www.engadget.com/amazon-flex-delivery-drivers-phone-trees-161728196.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">a widely shared story about Amazon drivers hanging their burner phones from tree branches near Amazon warehouses</a>. They were doing this because the Amazon delivery algorithm required them to make impossible quotas — impossible in part because of the number of deliveries they had to make, but also impossible because the system wouldn’t allocate a delivery to them unless they were close to the warehouse. By hanging their phones from trees at the warehouse gates, the drivers were able to trick the system into allocating deliveries to them.</p><p id="c039" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">This is a crude hack, but in Indonesia, it’s been elevated to a science, thanks to the proliferation of <a class="af oe" href="https://www.wired.com/story/disruption-mobility-platforms-politics/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">tuyul</em></a> apps. These are apps created by and for delivery drivers that modify the official delivery dispatch apps. One key tuyul feature: <a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/2021/07/08/tuyul-apps/#gojek" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">spoofing the GPS telemetry fed to the dispatch algorithms</a> so drivers don’t have to enter dangerous traffic jams around train stations in order to book rides with commuters as they arrive.</p><p id="dca0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">In other words, tuyul apps dispense with the fuggly hack of hanging phones from trees, and replace it with transforming phones to act on behalf of workers, not their bosses. (Tuyul apps do a lot more! <a class="af oe" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7kvpng/delivery-drivers-are-using-grey-market-apps-to-make-their-jobs-suck-less" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Check out Rida Qadri’s fantastic reporting on the subject</a>.)</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pd pe pf pg" role="separator"><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="bb51" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Labor movements have done the most good when they build solidarity across sectors and industries. Lucky (?) for the chickenized reverse-centaurs, there’s plenty of people finding themselves in that circumstance.</p><p id="14fc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Take <a class="af oe" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Taylor Lorenz’s excellent <em class="pc">Washington Post</em> article on “algospeak,”</a> an emerging dialect of euphemisms that social media users deploy to bypass the filters that the dominant platforms use to keep discourse brand-safe and minimize publicity scandals.</p><p id="ec27" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">Much of that article dealt with the problems all communicators face. For example, <a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/2022/04/11/coercion-v-cooperation/#the-machine-is-listening" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">if you want to talk about suicide and mental health, you have to use the euphemism “become unalive” because the filters downrank any mention of suicide.</a></p><p id="9d22" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">But algospeak isn’t just a communications issue: It’s a <em class="pc">labor</em> issue. The people who truly live and die by algorithmic ranking choices are the people whose ability to put groceries on the table is directly tied to whether a social media platform suppresses their videos or text.</p><p id="6049" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">These video creators are also the source of the bulk of the platforms’ wealth, but — like other chickenized workers — they have no way to know what they’ll get paid for their labor, and don’t find out until the algorithm digests their materials and decides whether or not they will be exposed to the people who’ve explicitly subscribed to their feeds.</p><p id="cd8b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">These workers are also allies in the fight to create true centaurs out of reverse centaurs. That’s where <a class="af oe" href="https://tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Tracking Exposed</a> comes in: They’re a loose collective of digital human rights advocates who offer browser plugins that help reverse-engineer the recommendation systems of <a class="af oe" href="https://facebook.tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Facebook</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://pornhub.tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Pornhub</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://amazon.tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Amazon</a>, <a class="af oe" href="https://tiktok.tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">TikTok</a>, and <a class="af oe" href="https://youtube.tracking.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">YouTube</a>.</p><p id="680e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">These are producing data that creators can use to “<a class="af oe" href="https://twitter.com/__femb0t/status/1465179789648662530" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">walk without rhythm so they don’t attract the sandworm</a>” (AKA the algorithm’s downranking fist). This is fully compatible with the Online Creators’ Association’s <a class="af oe" href="https://www.officialtoca.com/goals" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">demand</a> for “Transparent and Responsive Moderation.”</p><p id="6efe" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">But these analyses are <em class="pc">also</em> yielding new recommendation systems: Tracking Exposed’s <a class="af oe" href="https://youchoose.ai/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">YouChoose tool</a> replaces YouTube’s recommendations with recommendations from across the web, which you can understand and modify.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pd pe pf pg" role="separator"><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="af7c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">It’s not just online creators and Amazon drivers and Dashers who have natural solidarity when it comes to rendering algorithmic judgments legible and accountable. Tracking Exposed’s other work includes detailed analysis of the <a class="af oe" href="https://algorithms.exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">way that these systems influence elections</a> and <a class="af oe" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/13/tiktok-russia-censorship-propaganda-tracking-exposed/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">how recommenders create “an alternate universe” in autocratic, warlike states.</a></p><p id="e834" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The pandemic was a boon to the <a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/2021/02/24/gwb-rumsfeld-monsters/#bossware" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">bossware</a> industry, as locked-down employees discovered how quickly “work from home” could turn into “live at work.” The promise of bossware — tools that monitor your face, your fingers, your conversations and more — is that someday, all workers can be chickenized reverse-centaurs.</p><p id="9fdf" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk">The project of understanding and then seizing the algorithm couldn’t be more important to these workers, and soon enough, to all of us.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pd pe pf pg" role="separator"><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj pk"></span><span class="ph by bm pi pj"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="9c8e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph og oh gu oi b hs oj ok ol hv om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb gn bk"><em class="pc">Cory Doctorow (</em><a class="af oe" href="https://craphound.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">craphound.com</em></a><em class="pc">) is a science fiction author, </em><a class="af oe" href="https://www.eff.org/about/staff/cory-doctorow" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">activist</em></a><em class="pc">, and </em><a class="af oe" href="https://pluralistic.net/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">blogger</em></a><em class="pc">. He has a </em><a class="af oe" href="http://craphound.com/podcast/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">podcast</em></a><em class="pc">, a </em><a class="af oe" href="https://mail.flarn.com/mailman/listinfo/plura-list" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">newsletter</em></a><em class="pc">, a </em><a class="af oe" href="https://twitter.com/doctorow/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Twitter feed</em></a><em class="pc">, a </em><a class="af oe" href="https://mamot.fr/@pluralistic" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Mastodon feed</em></a><em class="pc">, and a </em><a class="af oe" href="http://mostlysignssomeportents.tumblr.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Tumblr feed</em></a><em class="pc">. He was born in Canada, became a British citizen and now lives in Burbank, California. His latest nonfiction book is </em><a class="af oe" rel="noopener" href="/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism-8135e6744d59"><em class="pc">How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism</em></a><em class="pc">. His latest novel for adults is </em><a class="af oe" href="http://craphound.com/attacksurface/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Attack Surface</em></a><em class="pc">. His latest short story collection is </em><a class="af oe" href="https://craphound.com/radicalized/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Radicalized</em></a><em class="pc">. His latest picture book is </em><a class="af oe" href="https://craphound.com/category/poesy/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Poesy the Monster Slayer</em></a><em class="pc">. His latest YA novel is </em><a class="af oe" href="https://craphound.com/category/pc/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">Pirate Cinema</em></a><em class="pc">. His latest graphic novel is </em><a class="af oe" href="https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781596436589" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pc">In Real Life</em></a><em class="pc">. His forthcoming books include Chokepoint Capitalism: How to Beat Big Tech, Tame Big Content, and Get Artists Paid (with Rebecca Giblin), a book about artistic labor market and excessive buyer power; Red Team Blues, a noir thriller about cryptocurrency, corruption and money-laundering (Tor, 2023); and The Lost Cause, a utopian post-GND novel about truth and reconciliation with white nationalist militias (Tor, 2023).</em></p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="pl pm ab jp"><div class="pn ab"><a class="po ay am ao" href="https://medium.com/tag/labor?source=post_page-----b2e8d5cda826--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="pp fj cx pq ge pr ps bf b bg z bk pt">Labor</div></a></div><div class="pn ab"><a class="po ay am ao" href="https://medium.com/tag/automation?source=post_page-----b2e8d5cda826--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="pp fj cx pq ge pr ps bf b bg z bk pt">Automation</div></a></div><div class="pn ab"><a class="po ay am ao" href="https://medium.com/tag/tuyul?source=post_page-----b2e8d5cda826--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="pp fj cx pq ge pr ps bf b bg z bk pt">Tuyul</div></a></div><div class="pn ab"><a class="po ay am ao" href="https://medium.com/tag/algospeak?source=post_page-----b2e8d5cda826--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="pp fj cx pq ge pr ps bf b bg z bk pt">Algospeak</div></a></div><div class="pn ab"><a class="po ay am ao" href="https://medium.com/tag/worker-power?source=post_page-----b2e8d5cda826--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="pp fj cx pq ge pr ps bf b bg z bk pt">Worker Power</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="l"></div><footer class="pu pe pv pw px ab q py iw c"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab cp pz"><div class="ab q lk"><div class="qa l"><span 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They are wearing a hi-viz vest and posed in shelving-aisles of an industrial warehouse."},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_2":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_2","name":"9164","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*vFhsivImhD4bISCp"},"text":"Cryteria, CC BY, modified","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":8,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:HAL9000.svg","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":10,"end":15,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F3.0\u002Fdeed.en","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":25,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_3","name":"96b3","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In AI circles, a “centaur” describes a certain kind of machine\u002Fhuman collaboration, in which “decision-support” systems (which the field loves to call “AI”s) are paired with human beings for results that draw upon the strengths of each, such as when a human chess master and a chess-playing computer program collaborate to smash their competition.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_4","name":"ff06","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In labor circles, “chickenization” refers to exploitative working arrangements that resemble the plight of the American poultry farmer. The U.S. poultry industry has been taken over by three monopolistic packers, who have divided the nation up into exclusive territories, so that each chicken farmer has only one buyer for their birds.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_5","name":"33b1","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Farmers are “independent small businesspeople” who nominally run their own operations, but because all their products must be sold through a single poultry processor, that processor is able to exercise enormous control over the operation. The processor tells the farmer which birds to raise, as well as what the birds are to be fed, how much, and on what schedule. The processor tells the farmer how to build their coops and when the lights are to go on and off. 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That is determined unilaterally when the farmer brings their birds to market, and the payout is titrated to the cent, to represent exactly enough money for the farmer to buy birds and feed and vet services through the processor’s preferred suppliers, and to service the debts on the coops and light and land, but not one penny more.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_7","name":"1a66","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Chickenization has spread beyond chicken farming. Uber drivers are paid on a variable reinforcement drip-feed that gives them just enough to keep up the lease and gas and insurance payments on their vehicles, but not enough to give them breathing space to think about changing careers.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":50,"end":207,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Flpeproject.org\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-antitrust-case-against-gig-economy-labor-platforms\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_8","name":"e268","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Likewise for Amazon drivers. Amazon styles the drivers as subcontractors working for a “Delivery Service Partner” (DSP), and the DSP is fully chickenized: They have to buy Amazon vans and subject them to Amazon maintenance, but Amazon reserves the right to fire a DSP without notice, stranding them with vehicle and lot leases and payroll liabilities.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":228,"end":351,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dailydot.com\u002Fdebug\u002Flay-offs-amazon-dsp-tiktok\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_9","name":"7043","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The DSP owners are chickenized, but the drivers themselves? They’re more like the chickens. Or rather, they’re centaurs: From the instant you get behind the wheel of an Amazon van, you are being surveilled by an array of cameras hooked up to high-handed, judgemental AIs that monitor your facial expressions, your eye movements, and your ability to meet an impossible quota.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":181,"end":373,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002F88npjv\u002Famazons-ai-cameras-are-punishing-drivers-for-mistakes-they-didnt-make","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_10","name":"a8a7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"But even though an Amazon driver represents the tight coupling of a human and a machine to do more than either could do on their own, that’s not the kind of centaur that we talk about when it’s a chess master paired with a chess program. That chess master is being augmented by the machine, and the machine is the junior partner in the relationship. The human is the head, and the AI is the body.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":265,"end":275,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_11","name":"2e9f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"By contrast, an Amazon driver is a reverse-centaur. The AI is in charge, and the human is the junior partner. The AI is the head, telling the body what to do. The driver is the body — the slow-witted, ambulatory meat that is puppeteered by the AI master.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":35,"end":50,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpluralistic.net\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fthe-shakedown\u002F#weird-flex","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":35,"end":50,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_12","name":"492c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The next generation of labor exploitation merges chickenization with reverse-centaurs. DoorDash and other gig companies use apps to script the movements and conduct of “independent contractors” to the finest degree, while hiding their true wages from them until they’ve finished their jobs.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":222,"end":245,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eff.org\u002Fdeeplinks\u002F2021\u002F08\u002Ftech-rights-are-workers-rights-doordash-edition","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":64,"end":68,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_13","name":"fe5d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The simplistic answer to this is, “Well, if you don’t like it, don’t work for a gig company.”","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_14","name":"648f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"But that’s not how labor rights work. Behind every labor struggle is a recognition that business owners have negotiating power over workers that will, over time, shift more and more value from workers to bosses. Labor market outcomes are not a matter of individuals bargaining with one another: In a labor market, atomized workers bargain with consolidated firms.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_15","name":"9a91","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"It’s hard for workers to play companies off against each other to get higher wages (and companies get furious when they pull it off), but it’s easy for businesses to play workers off against each other to pay lower wages.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":84,"end":131,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2022-02-04\u002Fshould-i-quit-my-job-for-more-money-great-resignation-has-workers-taking-risks","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_16","name":"283a","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Historically, worker power has come from unions, which were able to bargain for workers at a specific job-site, or across a sector, and, just as importantly, to win labor regulations that protect all workers. Forty years of all-out assaults on labor organizing have weakened that source of worker power, and both Republicans and Democrats are deeply committed to keeping unions weak.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":308,"end":338,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fjacobinmag.com\u002F2022\u002F04\u002Famazon-union-busting-gsg-consultants-labor-democrats","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":196,"end":199,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_17","name":"911c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Despite this lack of institutional support, unions are coming back with a vengeance, and they’re pulling it off by creating new, high-tech organizing tools and strategies that answer high-tech employer tactics with high-tech worker tactics.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":44,"end":83,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002Frecode\u002F22993509\u002Fstarbucks-successful-union-drive","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_18","name":"7f79","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Using messaging tools to organize unions is an effective but indirect answer to chickenization and reverse-centaur tactics. A new kind of tech-based labor tool confronts these tactics head-on: counter-apps that help workers seize the means of computation from their bosses.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":224,"end":255,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":272,"end":273,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_19","name":"93ce","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Take Para, a collection of apps for gig workers that undo the reverse-centaur relationship between workers and gig employers. For example, when DoorDash sends a job offer to a “Dasher,” Para unwraps that offer and reveals the total compensation on offer, which the DoorDash app hides by default until the job is done.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":5,"end":9,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.withpara.com\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_20","name":"f323","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"DoorDash understands that its customers want cheap deliveries, and it understands that its drivers don’t want to service cheap jobs where they actually lose money after factoring in time, gas, and depreciation. By hiding the total compensation from drivers, DoorDash is able to trick some of them into making unprofitable runs, allowing the company to offer customer-attracting loss-leader prices that are billed to drivers.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_21","name":"bd16","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"That’s where Para steps in. Para’s long-term goal is to build apps that automate the process by which workers play gig companies off against one another. That way, the auction process, where workers bid to see who will do the job for the lowest pay, is replaced by a process where employers bid to see who will pay the most for a worker’s time.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_22":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_22","name":"3c58","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"That’s a powerful vision, but it’s only part of the answer to the chickenized reverse-centaur industry. After all, there’s only so much bargaining power an individual worker can exert. Groups of workers, on the other hand, have a long track record of wringing concessions from employers.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_23":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_23","name":"16cd","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Dashers understand this. 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They were doing this because the Amazon delivery algorithm required them to make impossible quotas — impossible in part because of the number of deliveries they had to make, but also impossible because the system wouldn’t allocate a delivery to them unless they were close to the warehouse. 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The people who truly live and die by algorithmic ranking choices are the people whose ability to put groceries on the table is directly tied to whether a social media platform suppresses their videos or text.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":56,"end":61,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_33":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_33","name":"6049","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"These video creators are also the source of the bulk of the platforms’ wealth, but — like other chickenized workers — they have no way to know what they’ll get paid for their labor, and don’t find out until the algorithm digests their materials and decides whether or not they will be exposed to the people who’ve explicitly subscribed to their feeds.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_34":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_34","name":"cd8b","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"These workers are also allies in the fight to create true centaurs out of reverse centaurs. That’s where Tracking Exposed comes in: They’re a loose collective of digital human rights advocates who offer browser plugins that help reverse-engineer the recommendation systems of Facebook, Pornhub, Amazon, TikTok, and YouTube.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":105,"end":121,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":276,"end":284,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffacebook.tracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":286,"end":293,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpornhub.tracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":295,"end":301,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Famazon.tracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":303,"end":309,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftiktok.tracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":315,"end":322,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fyoutube.tracking.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_35":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_35","name":"680e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"These are producing data that creators can use to “walk without rhythm so they don’t attract the sandworm” (AKA the algorithm’s downranking fist). This is fully compatible with the Online Creators’ Association’s demand for “Transparent and Responsive Moderation.”","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":51,"end":105,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002F__femb0t\u002Fstatus\u002F1465179789648662530","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":212,"end":218,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.officialtoca.com\u002Fgoals","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_36":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_36","name":"6efe","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"But these analyses are also yielding new recommendation systems: Tracking Exposed’s YouChoose tool replaces YouTube’s recommendations with recommendations from across the web, which you can understand and modify.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":84,"end":98,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fyouchoose.ai\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":23,"end":27,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_37":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_37","name":"af7c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"It’s not just online creators and Amazon drivers and Dashers who have natural solidarity when it comes to rendering algorithmic judgments legible and accountable. Tracking Exposed’s other work includes detailed analysis of the way that these systems influence elections and how recommenders create “an alternate universe” in autocratic, warlike states.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":227,"end":269,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Falgorithms.exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":274,"end":352,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2022\u002F04\u002F13\u002Ftiktok-russia-censorship-propaganda-tracking-exposed\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_38":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_38","name":"e834","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The pandemic was a boon to the bossware industry, as locked-down employees discovered how quickly “work from home” could turn into “live at work.” The promise of bossware — tools that monitor your face, your fingers, your conversations and more — is that someday, all workers can be chickenized reverse-centaurs.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":31,"end":39,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpluralistic.net\u002F2021\u002F02\u002F24\u002Fgwb-rumsfeld-monsters\u002F#bossware","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_39":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_39","name":"9fdf","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The project of understanding and then seizing the algorithm couldn’t be more important to these workers, and soon enough, to all of us.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:3865e638eda4_40":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"3865e638eda4_40","name":"9c8e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Cory Doctorow (craphound.com) is a science fiction author, activist, and blogger. 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