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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriepolitik" title="Industriepolitik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Industriepolitik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_industrial" title="Política industrial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_industrielle" title="Politique industrielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique industrielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85" title="산업 정책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업 정책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक नीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगिक नीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_industriale" title="Politica industriale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica industriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ನೀತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ನೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpniec%C4%ABbas_politika" title="Rūpniecības politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūpniecības politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="産業政策 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="産業政策" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityka_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Polityka przemysłowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polityka przemysłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_industrial" title="Política industrial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política industrial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Detail from the mural "Government" by Elihu Vedder in the Library of Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/250px-Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/375px-Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/500px-Government-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2343" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Policies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_policy" title="Investment policy">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade policy">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_mix" title="Policy mix">Policy mix</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal policy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">Budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budgetary_policy" title="Budgetary policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Debt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_debt" title="Internal debt">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">Deficit / surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">Finance ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">Spending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Tax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_reserves" title="Bank reserves">Bank reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_requirement" title="Reserve requirement">requirements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold reserves">Gold reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">Monetary authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_board" title="Currency board">currency board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_base" title="Monetary base">Monetary base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Monetary (currency) union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Trade policy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gains_from_trade" title="Gains from trade">Gains from trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-tariff barrier">Non-tariff barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_creation" title="Trade creation">Trade creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_diversion" title="Trade diversion">Trade diversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Trade / commerce ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Revenue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">Spending</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">Non-tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">Tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discretionary_spending" title="Discretionary spending">Discretionary spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_spending" title="Mandatory spending">Mandatory spending</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Optimum</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_stability" title="Price stability">Price stability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #99f;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Reform</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_adjustment" title="Fiscal adjustment">Fiscal adjustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">Monetary reform</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_finance" title="Template:Public finance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_finance" title="Template talk:Public finance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_finance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public finance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Industrial policy</b> is government policy to encourage the development and growth of all or part of the economy in pursuit of some public goal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA3_3]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA3_3]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBingham1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnyF0zNh68ooCpgPA21_21]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBingham1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnyF0zNh68ooCpgPA21_21]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik20042._Rodrik_uses_the_term_in_a_more_extended_fashion,_such_as_to_encompass_"non-traditional_activities_in_agriculture_or_services._There_is_no_evidence_that_the_types_of_market_failures_that_call_for_industrial_policy_are_located_predominantly_in_industry"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik20042._Rodrik_uses_the_term_in_a_more_extended_fashion,_such_as_to_encompass_"non-traditional_activities_in_agriculture_or_services._There_is_no_evidence_that_the_types_of_market_failures_that_call_for_industrial_policy_are_located_predominantly_in_industry"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, it has often focused on the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> sector, militarily important sectors, or on fostering an advantage in new technologies. In industrial policy, the government takes measures "aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNCTADUNIDO201134_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNCTADUNIDO201134-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A country's <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> (including transportation, telecommunications and <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy industry</a>) is a major enabler of industrial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial policies are <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">interventionist</a> measures typical of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> countries. Many types of industrial policies contain common elements with other types of interventionist practices such as <a href="/wiki/Trade_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade policy">trade policy</a>. Industrial policy is usually seen as separate from broader <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_policy_instruments" title="Macroeconomic policy instruments">macroeconomic policies</a>, such as tightening credit and taxing capital gains. Traditional examples of industrial policy include subsidizing export industries and <a href="/wiki/Import-substitution-industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Import-substitution-industrialization">import-substitution-industrialization</a> (ISI), where trade barriers are temporarily imposed on some key sectors, such as manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrugman1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrugman1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By selectively protecting certain industries, these industries are given time to learn (<a href="/wiki/Learning-by-doing_(economics)" title="Learning-by-doing (economics)">learning by doing</a>) and upgrade. Once competitive enough, these restrictions are lifted to expose the selected industries to the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More contemporary industrial policies include measures such as support for linkages between firms and support for upstream technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economists have debated the role of industrial policy in fostering industrialization and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also debated concerns that industrial policy threatens free trade and international cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional arguments for industrial policies go back as far as the 18th century. Prominent early arguments in favor of selective protection of industries were contained in the 1791 <i><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Subject_of_Manufactures" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Subject of Manufactures">Report on the Subject of Manufactures</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1827_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1827-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of US statesman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the work of German economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEList1909_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEList1909-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> List's views on <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> were in explicit contradiction to those of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEList1909Book_III,_[httpsolllibertyfundorgtitlelloyd-the-national-system-of-political-economylf0168_label_157_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEList1909Book_III,_[httpsolllibertyfundorgtitlelloyd-the-national-system-of-political-economylf0168_label_157-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, said that "the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own is to grant the most perfect freedom of trade to the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of all other nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1776Book_IV,_Chapter_9_[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles33003300-h3300-hhtmchap34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1776Book_IV,_Chapter_9_[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles33003300-h3300-hhtmchap34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a> historians Prince & Taylor, "The relationship between government and industry in the United States has never been a simple one, and the labels used in categorizing these relationships at different times are often misleading if not false. In the early nineteenth century, for example, it is quite clear that the laissez faire label is an inappropriate one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinceTaylor1982283_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinceTaylor1982283-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (March 2019)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Industrial_policy" title="Talk:Industrial policy">disputed</a></i>]</sup> In the US, an industrial policy was explicitly presented for the first time by the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> administration in August 1980, but it was subsequently dismantled with the election of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA27_27]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA27_27]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, there is a growing consensus that most developed countries, including United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and France, have intervened actively in their domestic economy through industrial policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early examples are followed by interventionist <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">ISI</a> strategies pursued in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico or Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the rapid growth of East Asian economies, or the <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialized countries">newly industrialized countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">NICs</a>), has also been associated with active industrial policies that selectively promoted manufacturing and facilitated technology transfer and industrial upgrading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of these state-directed industrialization strategies are often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">developmental states</a> and strong bureaucracies such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">MITI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1982_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1982-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Atul Kohli</a>, the reason Japanese colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">South Korea</a> developed so rapidly and successfully was down to Japan exporting to its colonies the same centralised state development that it had used to develop itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohli2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohli2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precisely speaking, South Korea's development can be explained by the fact that it followed the similar industrial policies that UK, US and Germany implemented, and South Korea adopted Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) policy from 1964 based on its own decision contrary to the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) policy touted by international aid organizations and experts at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these domestic policy choices, however, are now seen as detrimental to free trade and are hence limited by various international agreements such as <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">TRIMs</a> or <a href="/wiki/TRIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIPS">TRIPS</a>. Instead, the recent focus for industrial policy has shifted towards the promotion of local <a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">business clusters</a> and the integration into global <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreySchmitz2000_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreySchmitz2000-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>, an economic development initiative called <a href="/wiki/Project_Socrates" title="Project Socrates">Project Socrates</a> was initiated to address US decline in ability to compete in world markets. Project Socrates, directed by Michael Sekora, resulted in a computer-based competitive strategy system that was made available to private industry and all other public and private institutions that impact economic growth, competitiveness and trade policy. A key objective of Socrates was to utilize advanced technology to enable US private institutions and public agencies to cooperate in the development and execution of competitive strategies without violating existing laws or compromising the spirit of "<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>". President Reagan was satisfied that this objective was fulfilled in the Socrates system. Through the advances of innovation age technology, Socrates would provide "voluntary" but "systematic" coordination of resources across multiple "economic system" institutions including industry clusters, financial service organizations, university research facilities and government economic planning agencies. While the view of one US President and the Socrates team was that technology made it virtually possible for both to exist simultaneously, the industrial policy vs. free market debate continued as later under the <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. W. Bush administration">George H. W. Bush administration</a>, Socrates was labeled as industrial policy and de-funded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial Crisis of 2007–08</a>, many countries around the world – including the US, UK, Australia, Japan and most countries of the European Union – have adopted industry policies. However contemporary industry policy generally accepts globalization as a given, and focuses less on the decline of older industries, and more on the growth of emergent industries. It often involves the government working collaboratively with industry to respond to challenges and opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is a prominent case where the central and subnational governments participate in nearly all economic sectors and processes. Even though market mechanisms have gained importance, state guidance through state-directed investment and indicative planning plays a substantial role in the economy. In order to catch-up and even overtake industrialized countries technologically, China's "state activities even extend to efforts to prevent the dominance of foreign investors and technologies in areas considered to be of key significance such as the strategic industries and the new technologies"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including robotics and new energy vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Industrial_policy#POV" title="Talk:Industrial policy">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some criticize industrial policy based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Government_failure" title="Government failure">government failure</a>. Industrial policy is seen as harmful as governments lack the required information, capabilities, and incentives to successfully determine whether the benefits of promoting certain sectors above others exceeds the costs and in turn implement the policies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Tigers">East Asian Tigers</a> provided successful examples of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a> interventions and <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> industrial policies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmsden1992_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmsden1992-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> industrial policies such as import-substitution-industrialization (<a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">ISI</a>) have failed in many other regions such as Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Governments, in making decisions with regard to electoral or personal incentives, can be captured by vested interests, leading to industrial policies supporting local <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> political elites while distorting the efficient allocation of resources by market forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackSaggi2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackSaggi2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates_on_process">Debates on process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Debates on process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite criticism, there is a consensus in recent development theory that says state interventions may be necessary when <a href="/wiki/Market_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="Market failures">market failures</a> occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market failures often exist in the form of <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monopolies">natural monopolies</a>. Some economists argue that public action can boost certain development factors "beyond what market forces on their own would generate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik20041._"Perhaps_not_surprisingly,_this_recognition_is_now_particularly_evident_in_those_parts_of_the_world_where_market-oriented_reforms_were_taken_the_farthest_and_the_disappointment_about_the_outcomes_is_correspondingly_the_greatest_–_notably_in_Latin_America"_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik20041._"Perhaps_not_surprisingly,_this_recognition_is_now_particularly_evident_in_those_parts_of_the_world_where_market-oriented_reforms_were_taken_the_farthest_and_the_disappointment_about_the_outcomes_is_correspondingly_the_greatest_–_notably_in_Latin_America"-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, these interventions are often aimed at regulating networks, public <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> or correcting <a href="/wiki/Information_asymmetries" class="mw-redirect" title="Information asymmetries">information asymmetries</a>. Many countries are now seeing a revival of industrial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One question is which kinds of industrial policy are most effective in promoting economic development. For example, economists debate whether developing countries should focus on their comparative advantage by promoting mostly resource- and labor-intensive products and services, or invest in higher-productivity industries, which may only become competitive in the longer term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChang2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChang2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debate also surrounds the issue of whether government failures are more pervasive and severe than market failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that the lower the government accountability and capabilities, the higher the risk of political capture of industrial policies, which may be economically more harmful than existing market failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKrause2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKrause2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of particular relevance for developing countries are the conditions under which industrial policies may also contribute to poverty reduction, such as a focus on specific industries or the promotion of linkages between larger companies and smaller local enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenburg2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenburg2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study conducted by Réka Juhász investigated the economic effect of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental Blockade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French empire</a>. It concluded that the regions of the French empire which were more protected from trade with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> had an higher increase in mechanized cotton spinning than other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2000s, China had implemented an industrial policy targeting its shipbuilding industry. The policy consisted in subsidizing entry, investment and production. It increased sectoral investment and entry rate by 270% and 200% respectively. It led to the entry of small and less productive firms and created excess capacity. The gain in producer or consumer surplus was lower than the cost of the subsidies. The policy was therefore welfare-reducing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">Green industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">Developmental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_industry_argument" title="Infant industry argument">Infant industry argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucas_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lucas Plan">The Lucas Plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuhászSteinwender2024" class="citation journal cs1">Juhász, Réka; Steinwender, Claudia (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-091523-044259">"Industrial Policy and the Great Divergence"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Economics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-091523-044259">10.1146/annurev-economics-091523-044259</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F282363">10419/282363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-1383">1941-1383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Industrial+Policy+and+the+Great+Divergence&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F282363&rft.issn=1941-1383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-091523-044259&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ka&rft.au=Steinwender%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-091523-044259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA3_3]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMy9sL1iKQm8CpgPA3_3]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1994">Graham 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=My9sL1iKQm8C&pg=PA3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBingham1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnyF0zNh68ooCpgPA21_21]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBingham1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnyF0zNh68ooCpgPA21_21]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBingham1998">Bingham 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyF0zNh68ooC&pg=PA21">21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik20042._Rodrik_uses_the_term_in_a_more_extended_fashion,_such_as_to_encompass_"non-traditional_activities_in_agriculture_or_services._There_is_no_evidence_that_the_types_of_market_failures_that_call_for_industrial_policy_are_located_predominantly_in_industry"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik20042._Rodrik_uses_the_term_in_a_more_extended_fashion,_such_as_to_encompass_"non-traditional_activities_in_agriculture_or_services._There_is_no_evidence_that_the_types_of_market_failures_that_call_for_industrial_policy_are_located_predominantly_in_industry"_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrik2004">Rodrik 2004</a>, p. 2. Rodrik uses the term in a more extended fashion, such as to encompass "non-traditional activities in agriculture or services. There is no evidence that the types of market failures that call for industrial policy are located predominantly in industry".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNCTADUNIDO201134-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNCTADUNIDO201134_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUNCTADUNIDO2011">UNCTAD & UNIDO 2011</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the relations between industrial policy and infrastructure, see Koh, Jae Myong (2018) <i>Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 12–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrugman1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrugman1987_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrugman1987">Krugman 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGereffiWyman1990_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGereffiWyman1990">Gereffi & Wyman 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWear2017" class="citation web cs1">Wear, Andrew (2017-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themandarin.com.au/74425-industry-policy-emerges-from-globalisation-resurgent/">"Industry policy emerges from globalisation resurgent and more important than ever"</a>. <i>The Mandarin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mandarin&rft.atitle=Industry+policy+emerges+from+globalisation+resurgent+and+more+important+than+ever&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Wear&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themandarin.com.au%2F74425-industry-policy-emerges-from-globalisation-resurgent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhászLaneRodrik2024" class="citation journal cs1">Juhász, Réka; Lane, Nathan; Rodrik, Dani (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-081023-024638">"The New Economics of Industrial Policy"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Economics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-081023-024638">10.1146/annurev-economics-081023-024638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-1383">1941-1383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+New+Economics+of+Industrial+Policy&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-081023-024638&rft.issn=1941-1383&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ka&rft.au=Lane%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Rodrik%2C+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-081023-024638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bown, Chad P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mandarin&rft.atitle=Industry+policy+emerges+from+globalization+resurgent+and+more+important+than+ever&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Wear&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themandarin.com.au%2F74425-industry-policy-emerges-from-globalisation-resurgent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Heilmann, Sebastian (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426042242/http://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system"><i>China's Political System</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 240. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/">the original</a> on 2017-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+System&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Heilmann&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merics.org%2Fen%2Fmerics-analysis%2Fchinas-political-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance, regarding the medias industries: Violaine Hacker, « Citoyenneté culturelle et politique européenne des médias : entre compétitivité et promotion des valeurs », Nations, Cultures et Entreprises en Europe, sous la direction de Gilles Rouet, Collection Local et Global, L’Harmattan, Paris, pp. 163–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmsden1992-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmsden1992_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmsden1992">Amsden 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackSaggi2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackSaggi2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPackSaggi2006">Pack & Saggi 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik2009_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrik2009">Rodrik 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrik20041._"Perhaps_not_surprisingly,_this_recognition_is_now_particularly_evident_in_those_parts_of_the_world_where_market-oriented_reforms_were_taken_the_farthest_and_the_disappointment_about_the_outcomes_is_correspondingly_the_greatest_–_notably_in_Latin_America"-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrik20041._"Perhaps_not_surprisingly,_this_recognition_is_now_particularly_evident_in_those_parts_of_the_world_where_market-oriented_reforms_were_taken_the_farthest_and_the_disappointment_about_the_outcomes_is_correspondingly_the_greatest_–_notably_in_Latin_America"_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrik2004">Rodrik 2004</a>, p. 1. "Perhaps not surprisingly, this recognition is now particularly evident in those parts of the world where market-oriented reforms were taken the farthest and the disappointment about the outcomes is correspondingly the greatest – notably in Latin America".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.economist.com/special-report/2022/01/10/many-countries-are-seeing-a-revival-of-industrial-policy">"Many countries are seeing a revival of industrial policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Many+countries+are+seeing+a+revival+of+industrial+policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.economist.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2022%2F01%2F10%2Fmany-countries-are-seeing-a-revival-of-industrial-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChang2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChang2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinChang2009">Lin & Chang 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2003-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2003_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2003">Khan 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKrause2009-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKrause2009_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKrause2009">Kaufmann & Krause 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenburg2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenburg2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltenburg2011">Altenburg 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juhász, Réka. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20151730">"Temporary Protection and Technology Adoption: Evidence from the Napoleonic Blockade."</a> <i>American Economic Review</i>, 108 (11): 3339–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barwick, P. J., Kalouptsidi, M., & Zahur, N. B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w26075">China’s Industrial Policy : an Empirical evaluation.</a> <i>National Bureau Of Economic Research</i>. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26075</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Industrial policy</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Industrial+policy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Industrial+policy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenburg2011" class="citation book cs1">Altenburg, Tilman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/%28ynDK_contentByKey%29/ANES-8EAHQ3/$FILE/DP%204.2011.pdf"><i>Industrial Policy in Developing Countries: Overview and lessons from seven country cases</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bonn: <a href="/wiki/German_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Development Institute">German Development Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-889-85533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-889-85533-6"><bdi>978-3-889-85533-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy+in+Developing+Countries%3A+Overview+and+lessons+from+seven+country+cases&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=German+Development+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-889-85533-6&rft.aulast=Altenburg&rft.aufirst=Tilman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-gdi.de%2FCMS-Homepage%2Fopenwebcms3.nsf%2F%2528ynDK_contentByKey%2529%2FANES-8EAHQ3%2F%24FILE%2FDP%25204.2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Amsden" title="Alice Amsden">Amsden, Alice H.</a> (1992). <i>Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-07603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-07603-5"><bdi>978-0-195-07603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Next+Giant%3A+South+Korea+and+Late+Industrialization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-195-07603-5&rft.aulast=Amsden&rft.aufirst=Alice+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham1998" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Richard D. (1998). <i>Industrial Policy American Style: From Hamilton to HDTV</i>. Armonk, NY: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24596-1"><bdi>978-1-563-24596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy+American+Style%3A+From+Hamilton+to+HDTV&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-563-24596-1&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1826" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Carey" title="Mathew Carey">Carey, Mathew</a> (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cursoryviewsofli00care"><i>Cursory View of the Liberal and Restrictive Systems of Political Economy</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: J. R. A. Skerrett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cursory+View+of+the+Liberal+and+Restrictive+Systems+of+Political+Economy&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=J.+R.+A.+Skerrett&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcursoryviewsofli00care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Chang, Ha-Joon</a> (2002). <i>Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective: Policies and Institutions for Economic Development in Historical Perspective</i>. London: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-31027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-31027-3"><bdi>978-1-843-31027-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kicking+Away+the+Ladder%3A+Development+Strategy+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Policies+and+Institutions+for+Economic+Development+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-843-31027-3&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ha-Joon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimoliDosiStiglitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Cimoli, Mario; <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Dosi" title="Giovanni Dosi">Dosi, Giovanni</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz, Joseph E.</a>, eds. (2009). <i>Industrial Policy and Development: The Political Economy of Capabilities Accumulation</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-23526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-23526-1"><bdi>978-0-199-23526-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy+and+Development%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Capabilities+Accumulation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-199-23526-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dobbin, Frank. Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain and France in the Railway Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGereffiWyman1990" class="citation book cs1">Gereffi, Gary; Wyman, Donald L. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manufacturingmir0000unse"><i>Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02297-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Miracles%3A+Paths+of+Industrialization+in+Latin+America+and+East+Asia&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02297-0&rft.aulast=Gereffi&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Wyman%2C+Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanufacturingmir0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1994" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Otis L. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losingtimeindust0000grah"><i>Losing Time: The Industrial Policy Debate</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53935-8"><bdi>978-0-674-53935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+Time%3A+The+Industrial+Policy+Debate&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-53935-8&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Otis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosingtimeindust0000grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1827" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a> (1827) [1791]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/103924841/Hamilton-Alexander-1791-Report-on-the-Subject-of-Manufactures-Sixth-edition">"Report on the Subject of Manufactures"</a>. Philadelphia, PA: William Brown<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Subject+of+Manufactures&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F103924841%2FHamilton-Alexander-1791-Report-on-the-Subject-of-Manufactures-Sixth-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Heilmann, Sebastian, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426042242/http://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system"><i>China's Political System</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7736-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7736-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-7736-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/">the original</a> on 2017-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Daniel Webster, the Boston Associates, and the U.S. Government's Role in the Industrializing Process, 1815–1830". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 283–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3122975">10.2307/3122975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3122975">3122975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Daniel+Webster%2C+the+Boston+Associates%2C+and+the+U.S.+Government%27s+Role+in+the+Industrializing+Process%2C+1815%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-299&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3122975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3122975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Carl+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrik2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Rodrik, Dani</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202801/http://www.scribd.com/doc/4930237/Industrial-Policy-for-the-21st-Century">"Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <i>Industrial Policy for the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNIDO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIDO">UNIDO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/4930237/Industrial-Policy-for-the-21st-Century">the original</a> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrial+Policy+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=UNIDO&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rodrik&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F4930237%2FIndustrial-Policy-for-the-21st-Century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrik2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Rodrik, Dani</a> (2009). "Industrial Policy: Don't Ask Why, Ask How". <i>Middle East Development Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793812009000024">10.1142/S1793812009000024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155012777">155012777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Development+Journal&rft.atitle=Industrial+Policy%3A+Don%27t+Ask+Why%2C+Ask+How&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793812009000024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155012777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rodrik&rft.aufirst=Dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1776" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith, Adam</a> (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38194"><i>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></a>. London: W Strahan and T Cadell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W+Strahan+and+T+Cadell&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F38194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNCTADUNIDO2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a>; <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNIDO</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unctad.org/en/docs/aldcafrica2011_en.pdf">"Economic Development in Africa Report 2011: Fostering Industrial Development in Africa in the New Global Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Economic+Development+in+Africa+Report+2011%3A+Fostering+Industrial+Development+in+Africa+in+the+New+Global+Environment&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UNCTAD&rft.au=UNIDO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Faldcafrica2011_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(development_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wade (development scholar)">Wade, Robert</a> (2003). <i>Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11729-4"><bdi>978-0-691-11729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Market%3A+Economic+Theory+and+the+Role+of+Government+in+East+Asian+Industrialization&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11729-4&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/KFDLP/0,,contentMDK:20750656~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461198,00.html">New Industrial and Innovation Policy, The World Bank Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426042242/http://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system">China's Political System</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merics.org/de">Mercator Institute for China Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/competitiveness/index.asp">Interview with US secretary of commerce Penny Pritzke by the McKinsey Global Institute</a></li></ul> <div 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title="Drug policy">Drug</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">reform</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Economic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">Incomes</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Investment_policy" title="Investment policy">Investment</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Tax</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Trade</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy policy">Renewable energy</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_policy" title="Food policy">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Vaccination</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing policy">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_policy" title="Knowledge policy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research_policy" title="Stem cell research policy">Stem cell</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_budgeting" title="Public budgeting">Public budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">Public policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">Public policy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_analysis" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_policy_topics_by_country" title="List of public policy topics by country">Public policy by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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