CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Electroencephalography - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2f758d8e-d1f6-453c-a6c0-0e7176e8a723","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Electroencephalography","wgTitle":"Electroencephalography","wgCurRevisionId":1258791872,"wgRevisionId":1258791872,"wgArticleId":21402632,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from February 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012","Commons link from Wikidata","Electroencephalography","Diagnostic neurology","Electrophysiology","Neurophysiology","Neurotechnology","Electrodiagnosis","Brain–computer interface","Mathematics in medicine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Electroencephalography","wgRelevantArticleId":21402632,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q179965","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spike-waves.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1255"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spike-waves.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="837"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Electroencephalography - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Electroencephalography rootpage-Electroencephalography skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electroencephalography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electroencephalography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electroencephalography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electroencephalography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Epilepsy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilepsy_Monitoring_Unit_(EMU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilepsy_Monitoring_Unit_(EMU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilepsy_Monitoring_Unit_(EMU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_brain_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_brain_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other brain disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_brain_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensive_Care_Unit_(ICU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensive_Care_Unit_(ICU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensive_Care_Unit_(ICU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_ambulatory_EEG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_ambulatory_EEG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Home ambulatory EEG </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_ambulatory_EEG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Research use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Advantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Disadvantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_other_neuroimaging_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_other_neuroimaging_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 With other neuroimaging techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_other_neuroimaging_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Method </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Method-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Method subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dry_EEG_electrodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_EEG_electrodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dry EEG electrodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_EEG_electrodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EEG_vis-à-vis_fMRI,_fNIRS,_fUS_and_PET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EEG_vis-à-vis_fMRI,_fNIRS,_fUS_and_PET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 EEG vis-à-vis fMRI, fNIRS, fUS and PET </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EEG_vis-à-vis_fMRI,_fNIRS,_fUS_and_PET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EEG_vis-à-vis_MEG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EEG_vis-à-vis_MEG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 EEG vis-à-vis MEG </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EEG_vis-à-vis_MEG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Normal activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Normal_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Normal activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Normal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_EEG_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_EEG_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Comparison of EEG bands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_EEG_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wave_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Wave patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Artifacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Artifacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artifact_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifact_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Artifact removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifact_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Physiological artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocular_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocular_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Ocular artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocular_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscular_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscular_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Muscular artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscular_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Cardiac artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_physiological_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_physiological_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Other physiological artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_physiological_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Environmental artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Abnormal activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abnormal_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abnormal activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remote_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Remote communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EEG_diagnostics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EEG_diagnostics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 EEG diagnostics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EEG_diagnostics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Future research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Electroencephalography</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro%C3%ABnsefalografie" title="Elektroënsefalografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektroënsefalografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="تخطيط كهربية الدماغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخطيط كهربية الدماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroensefaloqrafiya" title="Elektroensefaloqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektroensefaloqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="বৈদ্যুতিক মস্তিষ্কলেখচিত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক মস্তিষ্কলেখচিত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Електроенцефалография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроенцефалография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektroencefalografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencefalograma" title="Electroencefalograma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electroencefalograma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografie" title="Elektroencefalografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektroencefalografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografi" title="Elektroencefalografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektroencefalografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroenzephalografie" title="Elektroenzephalografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektroenzephalografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroentsefalograafia" title="Elektroentsefalograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroentsefalograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencefalograf%C3%ADa" title="Electroencefalografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electroencefalografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografio" title="Elektroencefalografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektroencefalografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroentzefalografia" title="Elektroentzefalografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroentzefalografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نوار مغزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوار مغزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectroenc%C3%A9phalographie" title="Électroencéphalographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électroencéphalographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreinceifealagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Leictreinceifealagrafaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreinceifealagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencefalograf%C3%ADa" title="Electroencefalografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electroencefalografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84" title="뇌전도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌전도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրաուղեղագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրաուղեղագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युतमस्तिष्कलेखन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युतमस्तिष्कलेखन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektroencefalografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro-encefalografio_(EEG)" title="Elektro-encefalografio (EEG) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektro-encefalografio (EEG)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroensefalografi" title="Elektroensefalografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektroensefalografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographia" title="Electroencephalographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electroencephalographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilarit" title="Heilarit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilarit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettroencefalografia" title="Elettroencefalografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettroencefalografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9D" title="אלקטרואנצפלוגרם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרואנצפלוגרם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электроэнцефалография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электроэнцефалография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электроэнцефалография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электроэнцефалография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalogr%C4%81fija" title="Elektroencefalogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroencefalogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektroencefalografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroenkefalogr%C3%A1fia" title="Elektroenkefalográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektroenkefalográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF." title="ഇ.ഇ.ജി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇ.ഇ.ജി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro-encefalografie" title="Elektro-encefalografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektro-encefalografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E6%B3%A2" title="脳波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografi" title="Elektroencefalografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektroencefalografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroensefalografiya" title="Elektroensefalografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektroensefalografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografia" title="Elektroencefalografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektroencefalografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroencefalografia" title="Eletroencefalografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletroencefalografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencefalografie" title="Electroencefalografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electroencefalografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электроэнцефалография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроэнцефалография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografia" title="Elektroencefalografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektroencefalografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electroencephalography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografia" title="Elektroencefalografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektroencefalografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektroencefalografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електроенцефалографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електроенцефалографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektroencefalografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivos%C3%A4hk%C3%B6k%C3%A4yr%C3%A4" title="Aivosähkökäyrä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivosähkökäyrä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroencefalografi" title="Elektroencefalografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektroencefalografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="மூளைமின்னலை வரவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூளைமின்னலை வரவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="ఎలక్ట్రో ఎన్సెఫాలో గ్రఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రో ఎన్సెఫాలో గ్రఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การบันทึกคลื่นไฟฟ้าสมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบันทึกคลื่นไฟฟ้าสมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroensefalografi" title="Elektroensefalografi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektroensefalografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Електроенцефалографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електроенцефалографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B7" title="برقی دماغی تخطیط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی دماغی تخطیط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_n%C3%A3o_%C4%91%E1%BB%93" title="Điện não đồ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện não đồ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroensepalograpiya" title="Elektroensepalograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektroensepalograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%94%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="脑电图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑电图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦電圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%8F%8F%E8%A8%98%E8%A1%93" title="腦電描記術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腦電描記術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179965#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Electroencephalography" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electroencephalography" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Electroencephalography" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&oldid=1258791872" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Electroencephalography&id=1258791872&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectroencephalography">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectroencephalography">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Electroencephalography&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalogram" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Electroencephalography" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179965" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Electrography_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Electrography (disambiguation)">other types of electrography</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EEG" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EEG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="EEG (disambiguation)">EEG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Electroencephalography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike-waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/280px-Spike-waves.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/420px-Spike-waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spike-waves.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epileptic</a> spike and wave discharges monitored EEG</div></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965" class="extiw" title="d:Q179965">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Electroencephalography (EEG)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a method to record an <a href="/wiki/Electrogram" title="Electrogram">electrogram</a> of the spontaneous electrical activity of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Biosignal" title="Biosignal">biosignals</a> detected by EEG have been shown to represent the <a href="/wiki/Postsynaptic_potential" title="Postsynaptic potential">postsynaptic potentials</a> of pyramidal neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allocortex" title="Allocortex">allocortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> placed along the <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a> (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the <a href="/wiki/10%E2%80%9320_system_(EEG)" title="10–20 system (EEG)">International 10–20 system</a>, or variations of it. <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a>, involving surgical placement of electrodes, is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">"intracranial EEG"</a>. Clinical interpretation of EEG recordings is most often performed by visual inspection of the tracing or <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative EEG">quantitative EEG analysis</a>. Voltage fluctuations measured by the EEG <a href="/wiki/Bioamplifier" title="Bioamplifier">bioamplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> allow the evaluation of normal <a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">brain activity</a>. As the electrical activity monitored by EEG originates in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the underlying <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain tissue</a>, the recordings made by the <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a> vary in accordance with their orientation and distance to the source of the activity. Furthermore, the value recorded is distorted by intermediary tissues and bones, which act in a manner akin to resistors and capacitors in an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Circuit">electrical circuit</a>. This means that not all neurons will contribute equally to an EEG signal, with an EEG predominately reflecting the activity of <a href="/wiki/Cortical_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical neurons">cortical neurons</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> on the scalp. Deep structures within the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> further away from the <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> will not contribute directly to an EEG; these include the base of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">cortical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a>, mesial walls of the major <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_brain" title="Lobes of the brain">lobes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brain stem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> A healthy human EEG will show certain patterns of activity that correlate with how awake a person is. The range of frequencies one observes are between 1 and 30 Hz, and amplitudes will vary between 20 and 100 μV. The observed frequencies are subdivided into various groups: <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> (8–13 Hz), <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> (13–30 Hz), <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> (0.5–4 Hz), and <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a> (4–7 Hz). <a href="/wiki/Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">Alpha waves</a> are observed when a person is in a state of relaxed wakefulness and are mostly prominent over the parietal and occipital sites. During intense <a href="/wiki/Mental_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental activity">mental activity</a>, beta waves are more prominent in frontal areas as well as other regions. If a relaxed person is told to open their eyes, one observes alpha activity decreasing and an increase in beta activity. <a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">Theta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">delta waves</a> are not generally seen in <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a> - if they are, it is a sign of brain dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> EEG can detect abnormal <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge" title="Electric discharge">electrical discharges</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sharp_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp waves">sharp waves</a>, spikes, or <a href="/wiki/Spike-and-wave" title="Spike-and-wave">spike-and-wave</a> complexes, as observable in people with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>; thus, it is often used to inform <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a>. EEG can detect the onset and spatio-temporal (location and time) evolution of <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>. It is also used to help diagnose <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, depth of <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Encephalopathies">encephalopathies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">cerebral hypoxia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain death</a>. EEG used to be a first-line method of diagnosis for <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and other focal brain disorders,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> but this use has decreased with the advent of high-resolution anatomical imaging techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) and <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT). Despite its limited spatial resolution, EEG continues to be a valuable tool for research and diagnosis. It is one of the few mobile techniques available and offers millisecond-range temporal resolution, which is not possible with CT, PET, or MRI.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Derivatives of the EEG technique include <a href="/wiki/Evoked_potential" title="Evoked potential">evoked potentials</a> (EP), which involves averaging the EEG activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort (visual, <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory">somatosensory</a>, or auditory). Event-related potentials (<a href="/wiki/Event-related_potential" title="Event-related potential">ERPs</a>) refer to averaged EEG responses that are time-locked to more complex processing of stimuli; this technique is used in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiological</a> research. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epilepsy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EEG_cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EEG_cap.jpg/170px-EEG_cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EEG_cap.jpg/255px-EEG_cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/EEG_cap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>An EEG recording setup using the 10-10 system of electrode placement.</figcaption></figure> EEG is the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)" title="Gold standard (test)">gold standard</a> diagnostic procedure to confirm <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity</a> of a routine EEG to detect interictal epileptiform discharges at epilepsy centers has been reported to be in the range of 29–55%.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> Given the low to moderate sensitivity, a routine EEG (typically with a duration of 20–30 minutes) can be normal in people that have epilepsy. When an EEG shows interictal epileptiform discharges (e.g. sharp waves, spikes, <a href="/wiki/Spike-and-wave" title="Spike-and-wave">spike-and-wave</a>, etc.) it is confirmatory of epilepsy in nearly all cases (high <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">specificity</a>), however up to 3.5% of the general population may have epileptiform abnormalities in an EEG without ever having had a seizure (low <a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">false positive rate</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> or with a very low risk of developing epilepsy in the future.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> When a routine EEG is normal and there is a high suspicion or need to confirm epilepsy, it may be repeated or performed with a longer duration in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) or at home with an ambulatory EEG. In addition, there are activating maneuvers such as photic stimulation, hyperventilation and sleep deprivation that can increase the diagnostic yield of the EEG.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilepsy_Monitoring_Unit_(EMU)">Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU)">edit</a>]</div> At times, a routine EEG is not sufficient to establish the diagnosis or determine the best course of action in terms of treatment. In this case, attempts may be made to record an EEG while a <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizure</a> is occurring. This is known as an <a href="/wiki/Ictal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictal">ictal</a> recording, as opposed to an interictal recording, which refers to the EEG recording between seizures. To obtain an ictal recording, a prolonged EEG is typically performed accompanied by a time-synchronized video and audio recording. This can be done either as an outpatient (at home) or during a hospital admission, preferably to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) with nurses and other personnel trained in the care of patients with seizures. Outpatient ambulatory video EEGs typically last one to three days. An admission to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit typically lasts several days but may last for a week or longer. While in the hospital, seizure medications are usually withdrawn to increase the odds that a seizure will occur during admission. For reasons of safety, medications are not withdrawn during an EEG outside of the hospital. Ambulatory video EEGs, therefore, have the advantage of convenience and are less expensive than a hospital admission, but they also have the disadvantage of a decreased probability of recording a clinical event.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Epilepsy monitoring is often considered when patients continue having events despite being on anti-seizure medications or if there is concern that the patient's events have an alternate diagnosis, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures">psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">syncope (fainting)</a>, sub-cortical <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">movement disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> variants, stroke, etc. In cases of epileptic seizures, continuous EEG monitoring helps to <a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">characterize seizures</a> and localize/lateralize the region of the brain from which a seizure originates. This can help identify appropriate non-medication treatment options.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In clinical use, EEG traces are visually analyzed by neurologists to look at various features. Increasingly, quantitative analysis of EEG is being used in conjunction with visual analysis. Quantitative analysis displays like power spectrum analysis, alpha-delta ratio, amplitude integrated EEG, and spike detection can help quickly identify segments of EEG that need close visual analysis or, in some cases, be used as surrogates for quick identification of seizures in long-term recordings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_brain_disorders">Other brain disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other brain disorders">edit</a>]</div> An EEG might also be helpful for diagnosing or treating the following disorders:<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <ul><li>Brain tumor</li> <li>Brain damage from head injury</li> <li>Brain dysfunction that can have a variety of causes (encephalopathy)</li> <li>Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)</li> <li>Stroke</li> <li>Sleep disorders</li></ul> It can also: <ul><li>distinguish <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptic</a> seizures from other types of spells, such as <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures">psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">syncope (fainting)</a>, sub-cortical <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">movement disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> variants</li> <li>differentiate "organic" <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> from primary psychiatric syndromes such as <a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">catatonia</a></li> <li>serve as an adjunct test of <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain death</a> in comatose patients</li> <li>prognosticate in comatose patients (in certain instances) or in newborns with brain injury from various causes around the time of birth</li> <li>determine whether to wean anti-epileptic medications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensive_Care_Unit_(ICU)">Intensive Care Unit (ICU)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intensive Care Unit (ICU)">edit</a>]</div> EEG can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a> for brain function monitoring to monitor for non-convulsive seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus, to monitor the effect of sedative/anesthesia in patients in medically induced coma (for treatment of refractory seizures or increased <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>), and to monitor for secondary brain damage in conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage" title="Subarachnoid hemorrhage">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a> (currently a research method).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In cases where significant brain injury is suspected, e.g., after cardiac arrest, EEG can provide some prognostic information.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If a patient with epilepsy is being considered for <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_surgery" title="Epilepsy surgery">resective surgery</a> to treat epilepsy, it is often necessary to localize the focus (source) of the epileptic brain activity with a resolution greater than what is provided by scalp EEG. In these cases, neurosurgeons typically implant strips and grids of electrodes or penetrating depth electrodes under the <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a>, through either a <a href="/wiki/Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">craniotomy</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Burr_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Burr hole">burr hole</a>. The recording of these signals is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">electrocorticography</a> (ECoG), subdural EEG (sdEEG), intracranial EEG (icEEG), or stereotactic EEG (sEEG). The signal recorded from ECoG is on a different scale of activity than the brain activity recorded from scalp EEG. Low-voltage, high-frequency components that cannot be seen easily (or at all) in scalp EEG can be seen clearly in ECoG. Further, smaller electrodes (which cover a smaller parcel of brain surface) allow for better spatial resolution to narrow down the areas critical for seizure onset and propagation. Some clinical sites record data from penetrating microelectrodes.<a href="#cite_note-Niedermeyer-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_ambulatory_EEG">Home ambulatory EEG</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Home ambulatory EEG">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes it is more convenient or clinically necessary to perform ambulatory EEG recordings in the home of the person being tested.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> These studies typically have a duration of 24–72 hours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_use">Research use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research use">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electroencephalography%22">"Electroencephalography"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electroencephalography%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electroencephalography%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electroencephalography%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> EEG and the related study of <a href="/wiki/Event-related_potential" title="Event-related potential">ERPs</a> are used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">neurolinguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiological</a> research, as well as to study human functions such as swallowing.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Any EEG techniques used in research are not sufficiently standardised for clinical use, and many ERP studies fail to report all of the necessary processing steps for data collection and reduction,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> limiting the reproducibility and replicability of many studies. Based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Patient-Centered_Outcomes_Research_Institute" title="Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute">Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute</a> (PCORI), EEG scans cannot be used reliably to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> However, EEG continues to be used in research on mental disabilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">auditory processing disorder</a> (APD), <a href="/wiki/ADD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADD">ADD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>. <a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a> EEGs have also been studied for their utility in detecting neurophysiological changes in the brain after concussion,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> however, at this time there are no advanced imaging techniques that can be used clinically to diagnose or monitor recovery from concussion.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> Several other methods to study brain function exist, including <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI), <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET), <a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">magnetoencephalography</a> (MEG), <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> (NMR or MRS), <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">electrocorticography</a> (ECoG), <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">single-photon emission computed tomography</a> (SPECT), <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectroscopy</a> (NIRS), and <a href="/wiki/Event-related_optical_signal" title="Event-related optical signal">event-related optical signal</a> (EROS). Despite the relatively poor spatial sensitivity of EEG, the "one-dimensional signals from localised peripheral regions on the head make it attractive for its simplistic fidelity and has allowed high clinical and basic research throughput".<a href="#cite_note-Burns_et_al_2015-25">[25]</a> Thus, EEG possesses some advantages over some of those other techniques: <ul><li>Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of most other techniques <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>EEG prevents limited availability of technologists to provide immediate care in high traffic hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Techinical_tips-27">[27]</a></li> <li>EEG only requires a quiet room and briefcase-size equipment, whereas fMRI, SPECT, PET, MRS, or MEG require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG requires equipment consisting of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>-cooled detectors that can be used only in magnetically shielded rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million dollars;<a href="#cite_note-Hämäläinen_1993-28">[28]</a> and fMRI requires the use of a 1-ton magnet in, again, a shielded room.</li> <li>EEG can readily have a high temporal resolution, (although sub-millisecond resolution generates less meaningful data), because the two to 32 data streams generated by that number of electrodes is easily stored and processed, whereas 3D spatial technologies provide thousands or millions times as many input data streams, and are thus limited by hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> EEG is commonly recorded at sampling rates between 250 and 2000 Hz in clinical and research settings.</li> <li>EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike most other neuroimaging techniques. There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating movement artifacts in EEG data <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to auditory stimuli.</li> <li>EEG does not aggravate <a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">claustrophobia</a>, unlike fMRI, PET, MRS, SPECT, and sometimes MEG<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity (>1 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">Tesla</a>) magnetic fields, as in some of the other techniques, especially MRI and MRS. These can cause a variety of undesirable issues with the data, and also prohibit use of these techniques with participants that have metal implants in their body, such as metal-containing pacemakers<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>EEG does not involve exposure to <a href="/wiki/Radioligand" title="Radioligand">radioligands</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radioligandPETExample-33">[33]</a></li> <li>ERP studies can be conducted with relatively simple paradigms, compared with IE block-design fMRI studies</li> <li>Relatively <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_procedure" title="Non-invasive procedure">non-invasive</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">electrocorticography</a>, which requires electrodes to be placed on the actual surface of the brain.</li></ul> EEG also has some characteristics that compare favorably with behavioral testing: <ul><li>EEG can detect <a href="/wiki/Attention#Overt_and_covert_orienting" title="Attention">covert processing</a> (i.e., processing that does not require a response)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>EEG can be used in subjects who are incapable of making a motor response<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>EEG is a method widely used in the study of sport performance, valued for its portability and lightweight design <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Some ERP components can be detected even when the subject is not attending to the stimuli</li> <li>Unlike other means of studying reaction time, ERPs can elucidate stages of processing (rather than just the result)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>the simplicity of EEG readily provides for tracking of brain changes during different phases of life. EEG sleep analysis can indicate significant aspects of the timing of brain development, including evaluating adolescent brain maturation.</li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>In EEG there is a better understanding of what signal is measured as compared to other research techniques, e.g. the BOLD response in MRI.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Low spatial resolution on the scalp. <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a>, for example, can directly display areas of the brain that are active, while EEG requires intense interpretation just to hypothesize what areas are activated by a particular response.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Depending on the orientation and location of the dipole causing an EEG change, there may be a false localization due to the inverse problem.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>EEG poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the cortex).</li> <li>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> and MRS, cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which various neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found.<a href="#cite_note-radioligandPETExample-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement of dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions, and/or pastes to maintain good conductivity, and a cap is used to keep them in place. While the length of time differs dependent on the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes considerably less time to prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT.</li> <li>Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>EEGs are not currently very compatible with individuals who have coarser and/or textured hair. Even protective styles can pose issues during testing. Researchers are currently trying to build better options for patients and technicians alike<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, researchers are starting to implement more culturally-informed data collection practices to help reduce racial biases in EEG research. <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_other_neuroimaging_techniques">With other neuroimaging techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: With other neuroimaging techniques">edit</a>]</div> Simultaneous EEG recordings and fMRI scans have been obtained successfully,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> though recording both at the same time effectively requires that several technical difficulties be overcome, such as the presence of ballistocardiographic artifact, MRI pulse artifact and the induction of electrical currents in EEG wires that move within the strong magnetic fields of the MRI. While challenging, these have been successfully overcome in a number of studies.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> MRI's produce detailed images created by generating strong magnetic fields that may induce potentially harmful displacement force and torque. These fields produce potentially harmful radio frequency heating and create image artifacts rendering images useless. Due to these potential risks, only certain medical devices can be used in an MR environment. Similarly, simultaneous recordings with MEG and EEG have also been conducted, which has several advantages over using either technique alone: <ul><li>EEG requires accurate information about certain aspects of the skull that can only be estimated, such as skull radius, and conductivities of various skull locations. MEG does not have this issue, and a simultaneous analysis allows this to be corrected for.</li> <li>MEG and EEG both detect activity below the surface of the cortex very poorly, and like EEG, the level of error increases with the depth below the surface of the cortex one attempts to examine. However, the errors are very different between the techniques, and combining them thus allows for correction of some of this noise.</li> <li>MEG has access to virtually no sources of brain activity below a few centimetres under the cortex. EEG, on the other hand, can receive signals from greater depth, albeit with a high degree of noise. Combining the two makes it easier to determine what in the EEG signal comes from the surface (since MEG is very accurate in examining signals from the surface of the brain), and what comes from deeper in the brain, thus allowing for analysis of deeper brain signals than either EEG or MEG on its own.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> Recently, a combined EEG/MEG (EMEG) approach has been investigated for the purpose of source reconstruction in epilepsy diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25761059-51">[51]</a> EEG has also been combined with <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>. This provides the advantage of allowing researchers to see what EEG signals are associated with different drug actions in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Recent studies using <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">neural networks</a> with statistical temporal features extracted from <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> EEG brainwave data has shown high levels of success in classifying mental states (Relaxed, Neutral, Concentrating),<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> mental emotional states (Negative, Neutral, Positive)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_dysrhythmia" title="Thalamocortical dysrhythmia">thalamocortical dysrhythmia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Neurons are electrically charged (or "polarized") by <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane transport proteins">membrane transport proteins</a> that pump <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> across their membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">resting potential</a> and to propagate <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>. Ions of similar charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same time, they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave. This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by a <a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">voltmeter</a>. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> generated by an individual neuron is far too small to be picked up by EEG or MEG.<a href="#cite_note-Nunez_PL,_Srinivasan_R_1981-58">[58]</a> EEG activity therefore always reflects the summation of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural synchronization">synchronous activity</a> of thousands or millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation. If the cells do not have similar spatial orientation, their ions do not line up and create waves to be detected. <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal neurons">Pyramidal neurons</a> of the cortex are thought to produce the most EEG signal because they are well-aligned and fire together. Because voltage field gradients fall off with the square of distance, activity from deep sources is more difficult to detect than currents near the skull.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Scalp EEG activity shows <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural oscillations">oscillations</a> at a variety of frequencies. Several of these oscillations have characteristic <a href="/wiki/Frequency_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency range">frequency ranges</a>, spatial distributions and are associated with different states of brain functioning (e.g., waking and the various <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep stages</a>). These oscillations represent <a href="/wiki/Neural_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural synchronization">synchronized activity</a> over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying <a href="/wiki/Sleep_spindles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep spindles">sleep spindles</a>), while many others are not (e.g., the system that generates the posterior basic rhythm). Research that measures both EEG and neuron spiking finds the relationship between the two is complex, with a combination of EEG power in the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">gamma</a> band and phase in the <a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">delta</a> band relating most strongly to neuron spike activity.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Method">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_(close_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg/220px-Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg/330px-Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg/440px-Electroencephalograph_Neurovisor-BMM_40_%28close_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Computer electroencephalograph Neurovisor-BMM 40 produced and offered in Russia</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electroencephalography%22">"Electroencephalography"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electroencephalography%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electroencephalography%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electroencephalography%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is obtained by placing <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> on the scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after preparing the scalp area by light <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">abrasion</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> due to dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes, each of which is attached to an individual wire. Some systems use caps or nets into which electrodes are embedded; this is particularly common when high-density arrays of electrodes are needed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Electrode locations and names are specified by the <a href="/wiki/10-20_system_(EEG)" class="mw-redirect" title="10-20 system (EEG)">International 10–20 system</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> for most clinical and research applications (except when high-density arrays are used). This system ensures that the naming of electrodes is consistent across laboratories. In most clinical applications, 19 recording electrodes (plus ground and system reference) are used.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A smaller number of electrodes are typically used when recording EEG from <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">neonates</a>. Additional electrodes can be added to the standard set-up when a clinical or research application demands increased spatial resolution for a particular area of the brain. High-density arrays (typically via cap or net) can contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less evenly spaced around the scalp. Each electrode is connected to one input of a <a href="/wiki/Differential_amplifier" title="Differential amplifier">differential amplifier</a> (one amplifier per pair of electrodes); a common system reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the voltage between the active electrode and the reference (typically 1,000–100,000 times, or 60–100 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> of power gain). In analog EEG, the signal is then filtered (next paragraph), and the EEG signal is output as the deflection of pens as paper passes underneath. Most EEG systems these days, however, are digital, and the amplified signal is digitized via an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a>, after being passed through an <a href="/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter" title="Anti-aliasing filter">anti-aliasing filter</a>. Analog-to-digital sampling typically occurs at 256–512 Hz in clinical scalp EEG; sampling rates of up to 20 kHz are used in some research applications. During the recording, a series of activation procedures may be used. These procedures may induce normal or abnormal EEG activity that might not otherwise be seen. These procedures include hyperventilation, photic stimulation (with a strobe light), eye closure, mental activity, sleep and sleep deprivation. During (inpatient) epilepsy monitoring, a patient's typical seizure medications may be withdrawn. The digital EEG signal is stored electronically and can be filtered for display. Typical settings for the <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high-pass filter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a> are 0.5–1 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and 35–70 Hz respectively. The high-pass filter typically filters out slow artifact, such as <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_skin_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanic skin response">electrogalvanic</a> signals and movement artifact, whereas the low-pass filter filters out high-frequency artifacts, such as <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyographic</a> signals. An additional <a href="/wiki/Band-stop_filter" title="Band-stop filter">notch filter</a> is typically used to remove artifact caused by electrical power lines (60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in many other countries).<a href="#cite_note-Niedermeyer-14">[14]</a> The EEG signals can be captured with opensource hardware such as <a href="/wiki/OpenBCI" title="OpenBCI">OpenBCI</a> and the signal can be processed by freely available EEG software such as <a href="/wiki/EEGLAB" title="EEGLAB">EEGLAB</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiological_Biomarker_Toolbox" title="Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox">Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox</a>. As part of an evaluation for epilepsy surgery, it may be necessary to insert electrodes near the surface of the brain, under the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dura mater</a>. This is accomplished via burr hole or <a href="/wiki/Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">craniotomy</a>. This is referred to variously as <a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">"electrocorticography (ECoG)"</a>, "intracranial EEG (I-EEG)" or "subdural EEG (SD-EEG)". Depth electrodes may also be placed into brain structures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, structures, which are common epileptic foci and may not be "seen" clearly by scalp EEG. The electrocorticographic signal is processed in the same manner as digital scalp EEG (above), with a couple of caveats. ECoG is typically recorded at higher sampling rates than scalp EEG because of the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist theorem</a> – the subdural signal is composed of a higher predominance of higher frequency components. Also, many of the artifacts that affect scalp EEG do not impact ECoG, and therefore display filtering is often not needed. A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10 μV to 100 μV in amplitude when measured from the scalp.<a href="#cite_note-aurlien_2004-63">[63]</a> Since an EEG voltage signal represents a difference between the voltages at two electrodes, the display of the EEG for the reading encephalographer may be set up in one of several ways. The representation of the EEG channels is referred to as a montage. <dl><dt>Sequential montage</dt> <dd>Each channel (i.e., waveform) represents the difference between two adjacent electrodes. The entire montage consists of a series of these channels. For example, the channel "Fp1-F3" represents the difference in voltage between the Fp1 electrode and the F3 electrode. The next channel in the montage, "F3-C3", represents the voltage difference between F3 and C3, and so on through the entire array of electrodes.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Referential montage</dt> <dd>Each channel represents the difference between a certain electrode and a designated reference electrode. There is no standard position for this reference; it is, however, at a different position than the "recording" electrodes. Midline positions are often used because they do not amplify the signal in one hemisphere vs. the other, such as Cz, Oz, Pz etc. as online reference. The other popular offline references are:</dd></dl> <ul><li>REST reference: which is an offline computational reference at infinity where the potential is zero. REST (reference electrode standardization technique) takes the equivalent sources inside the brain of any a set of scalp recordings as springboard to link the actual recordings with any an online or offline( average, linked ears etc.) non-zero reference to the new recordings with infinity zero as the standardized reference.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11761077-64">[64]</a></li> <li>"linked ears": which is a physical or mathematical average of electrodes attached to both earlobes or <a href="/wiki/Mastoid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid process">mastoids</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Average reference montage</dt> <dd>The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and averaged, and this averaged signal is used as the common reference for each channel.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Laplacian montage</dt> <dd>Each channel represents the difference between an electrode and a weighted average of the surrounding electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> When analog (paper) EEGs are used, the technologist switches between montages during the recording in order to highlight or better characterize certain features of the EEG. With digital EEG, all signals are typically digitized and stored in a particular (usually referential) montage; since any montage can be constructed mathematically from any other, the EEG can be viewed by the electroencephalographer in any display montage that is desired. The EEG is read by a <a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">clinical neurophysiologist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> (depending on local custom and law regarding <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">medical specialities</a>), optimally one who has specific training in the interpretation of EEGs for clinical purposes. This is done by visual inspection of the waveforms, called graphoelements. The use of computer signal processing of the EEG – so-called <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_electroencephalography" title="Quantitative electroencephalography">quantitative electroencephalography</a> – is somewhat controversial when used for clinical purposes (although there are many research uses). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_EEG_electrodes">Dry EEG electrodes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dry EEG electrodes">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> demonstrated the first single and also multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode construction and results were published in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform well compared to <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with integrated electronics to reduce noise by <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a>. The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode. The electrode was tested on an electrical test bench and on human subjects in four modalities of EEG activity, namely: (1) spontaneous EEG, (2) sensory event-related potentials, (3) brain stem potentials, and (4) cognitive event-related potentials. The performance of the dry electrode compared favorably with that of the standard wet electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 1999 researchers at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, led by Hunter Peckham, used 64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a> Jim Jatich. As Jatich concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down, his beta-rhythm EEG output was analysed using software to identify patterns in the noise. A basic pattern was identified and used to control a switch: Above average activity was set to on, below average off. As well as enabling Jatich to control a computer cursor the signals were also used to drive the nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some movement.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2018, a functional dry electrode composed of a polydimethylsiloxane <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a> filled with conductive carbon <a href="/wiki/Nanofiber" title="Nanofiber">nanofibers</a> was reported. This research was conducted at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">U.S. Army Research Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> EEG technology often involves applying a gel to the scalp which facilitates strong signal-to-noise ratio. This results in more reproducible and reliable experimental results. Since patients dislike having their hair filled with gel, and the lengthy setup requires trained staff on hand, utilizing EEG outside the laboratory setting can be difficult.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Additionally, it has been observed that wet electrode sensors' performance reduces after a span of hours.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> Therefore, research has been directed to developing dry and semi-dry EEG bioelectronic interfaces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dry electrode signals depend upon mechanical contact. Therefore, it can be difficult getting a usable signal because of impedance between the skin and the electrode.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> Some EEG systems attempt to circumvent this issue by applying a saline solution.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Others have a semi dry nature and release small amounts of the gel upon contact with the scalp.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> Another solution uses spring loaded pin setups. These may be uncomfortable. They may also be dangerous if they were used in a situation where a patient could bump their head since they could become lodged after an impact trauma incident.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> Currently, headsets are available incorporating dry electrodes with up to 30 channels.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Such designs are able to compensate for some of the signal quality degradation related to high impedances by optimizing pre-amplification, shielding and supporting mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> EEG has several limitations. Most important is its poor spatial resolution.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> EEG is most sensitive to a particular set of post-synaptic potentials: those generated in superficial layers of the cortex, on the crests of <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyri</a> directly abutting the skull and radial to the skull. Dendrites which are deeper in the cortex, inside <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">sulci</a>, in midline or deep structures (such as the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">cingulate gyrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>), or producing currents that are tangential to the skull, make far less contribution to the EEG signal. EEG recordings do not directly capture axonal <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>. An action potential can be accurately represented as a current <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole" title="Quadrupole">quadrupole</a>, meaning that the resulting field decreases more rapidly than the ones produced by the current dipole of post-synaptic potentials.<a href="#cite_note-Hämäläinen_1993-28">[28]</a> In addition, since EEGs represent averages of thousands of neurons, a large population of cells in synchronous activity is necessary to cause a significant deflection on the recordings. Action potentials are very fast and, as a consequence, the chances of field summation are slim. However, <a href="/wiki/Neural_backpropagation" title="Neural backpropagation">neural backpropagation</a>, as a typically longer dendritic current dipole, can be picked up by EEG electrodes and is a reliable indication of the occurrence of neural output. Not only do EEGs capture dendritic currents almost exclusively as opposed to axonal currents, they also show a preference for activity on populations of parallel dendrites and transmitting current in the same direction at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal neurons">Pyramidal neurons</a> of cortical layers II/III and V extend apical dendrites to layer I. Currents moving up or down these processes underlie most of the signals produced by electroencephalography.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> EEG thus provides information with a large bias in favor of particular neuron types, locations and orientations. So it generally should not be used to make claims about global brain activity. The <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meninges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> and skull "smear" the EEG signal, obscuring its intracranial source. It is mathematically impossible to reconstruct a unique intracranial current source for a given EEG signal,<a href="#cite_note-Niedermeyer-14">[14]</a> as some currents produce potentials that cancel each other out. This is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Inverse_problem" title="Inverse problem">inverse problem</a>. However, much work has been done to produce remarkably good estimates of, at least, a localized <a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric dipole">electric dipole</a> that represents the recorded currents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EEG_vis-à-vis_fMRI,_fNIRS,_fUS_and_PET">EEG vis-à-vis fMRI, fNIRS, fUS and PET</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: EEG vis-à-vis fMRI, fNIRS, fUS and PET">edit</a>]</div> EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEGs can detect changes over milliseconds, which is excellent considering an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> takes approximately 0.5–130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Functional_ultrasound_imaging" title="Functional ultrasound imaging">fUS</a> have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Single photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a>, fMRI, fUS) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET, <a href="/wiki/Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Functional near-infrared spectroscopy">NIRS</a>), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneously with fMRI or fUS so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent exactly the same brain activity. There are technical difficulties associated with combining EEG and fMRI including the need to remove the MRI gradient artifact present during MRI acquisition. Furthermore, currents can be induced in moving EEG electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI. EEG can be used simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Functional near-infrared spectroscopy">NIRS</a> or fUS without major technical difficulties. There is no influence of these modalities on each other and a combined measurement can give useful information about electrical activity as well as hemodynamics at medium spatial resolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EEG_vis-à-vis_MEG">EEG vis-à-vis MEG</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: EEG vis-à-vis MEG">edit</a>]</div> EEG reflects correlated synaptic activity caused by <a href="/wiki/Post-synaptic_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-synaptic potentials">post-synaptic potentials</a> of cortical <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>. The ionic currents involved in the generation of fast <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a> may not contribute greatly to the averaged <a href="/wiki/Local_field_potential" title="Local field potential">field potentials</a> representing the EEG.<a href="#cite_note-Nunez_PL,_Srinivasan_R_1981-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> More specifically, the scalp electrical potentials that produce EEG are generally thought to be caused by the extracellular ionic currents caused by <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendritic</a> electrical activity, whereas the fields producing <a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">magnetoencephalographic</a> signals<a href="#cite_note-Hämäläinen_1993-28">[28]</a> are associated with intracellular ionic currents.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normal_activity">Normal activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Normal activity">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 323.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 321.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Human EEG with prominent resting state activity – alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range (11 Hz in this case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph."><img alt="Human EEG with prominent resting state activity – alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range (11 Hz in this case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/482px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png" decoding="async" width="322" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/723px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/963px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human EEG with prominent resting state activity – alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range (11 Hz in this case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80–90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range – alpha rhythm. Others (like this) lack this type of activity."><img alt="Human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80–90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range – alpha rhythm. Others (like this) lack this type of activity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png/483px-Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png" decoding="async" width="322" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png/725px-Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png/966px-Human_EEG_without_alpha-rhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="565" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80–90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range – alpha rhythm. Others (like this) lack this type of activity.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 356.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 354.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_EEG_artefacts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Common artifacts in human EEG. 1: Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger impedance) between P3 electrode and skin. 3: Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in all channels."><img alt="Common artifacts in human EEG. 1: Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger impedance) between P3 electrode and skin. 3: Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in all channels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/532px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png" decoding="async" width="355" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/798px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/1064px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="578" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common artifacts in human EEG. 1: Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger impedance) between P3 electrode and skin. 3: Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in all channels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 702px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 700px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_raw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="One second of EEG signal"><img alt="One second of EEG signal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Eeg_raw.svg/1050px-Eeg_raw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Eeg_raw.svg/1575px-Eeg_raw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Eeg_raw.svg/2100px-Eeg_raw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One second of EEG signal</div> </li> </ul> The EEG is typically described in terms of (1) <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">rhythmic activity</a> and (2) transients. The rhythmic activity is divided into bands by frequency. To some degree, these frequency bands are a matter of nomenclature (i.e., any rhythmic activity between 8–12 Hz can be described as "alpha"), but these designations arose because rhythmic activity within a certain frequency range was noted to have a certain distribution over the scalp or a certain biological significance. Frequency bands are usually extracted using spectral methods (for instance Welch) as implemented for instance in freely available EEG software such as <a href="/wiki/EEGLAB" title="EEGLAB">EEGLAB</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiological_Biomarker_Toolbox" title="Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox">Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox</a>. Computational processing of the EEG is often named <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_electroencephalography" title="Quantitative electroencephalography">quantitative electroencephalography</a> (qEEG). Most of the cerebral signal observed in the scalp EEG falls in the range of 1–20 Hz (activity below or above this range is likely to be artifactual, under standard clinical recording techniques). Waveforms are subdivided into bandwidths known as alpha, beta, theta, and delta to signify the majority of the EEG used in clinical practice.<a href="#cite_note-EEG-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_EEG_bands">Comparison of EEG bands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparison of EEG bands">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of EEG bands </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Band</th> <th>Frequency (Hz)</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Normally</th> <th>Pathologically </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta</a> </th> <td>< 4</td> <td>frontally in adults, posteriorly in children; high-amplitude waves</td> <td> <ul><li>adult <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a></li> <li>in babies</li> <li>Has been found during some continuous-attention tasks<a href="#cite_note-Kirmizi-Alsan2006-80">[80]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>subcortical lesions</li> <li>diffuse lesions</li> <li>metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus</li> <li>deep midline lesions</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">Theta</a> </th> <td>4–7</td> <td>Found in locations not related to task at hand</td> <td> <ul><li>higher in young children</li> <li>drowsiness in adults and teens</li> <li>idling</li> <li>Associated with inhibition of elicited responses (has been found to spike in situations where a person is actively trying to repress a response or action).<a href="#cite_note-Kirmizi-Alsan2006-80">[80]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>focal subcortical lesions</li> <li>metabolic encephalopathy</li> <li>deep midline disorders</li> <li>some instances of hydrocephalus</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alpha_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha waves">Alpha</a> </th> <td>8–12</td> <td>posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on dominant side. Central sites (c3-c4) at rest</td> <td> <ul><li>relaxed/reflecting</li> <li>closing the eyes</li> <li>Also associated with inhibition control, seemingly with the purpose of timing inhibitory activity in different locations across the brain.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>coma</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta</a> </th> <td>13–30</td> <td>both sides, symmetrical distribution, most evident frontally; low-amplitude waves</td> <td> <ul><li>range span: active calm → intense → stressed → mild obsessive</li> <li>active thinking, focus, high alert, anxious</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dup15q" title="Dup15q">Dup15q</a> syndrome <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma</a> </th> <td>> 32</td> <td>Somatosensory cortex</td> <td> <ul><li>Displays during cross-modal sensory processing (perception that combines two different senses, such as sound and sight)<a href="#cite_note-KisleyCornwell2006-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-KanayamaSatoOhira2007-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Also is shown during short-term memory matching of recognized objects, sounds, or tactile sensations</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A decrease in gamma-band activity may be associated with cognitive decline, especially when related to the theta band; however, this has not been proven for use as a clinical diagnostic measurement</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">Mu</a> </th> <td>8–12</td> <td>Sensorimotor cortex</td> <td> <ul><li>Shows rest-state motor neurons.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Mu suppression could indicate that motor <a href="/wiki/Mirror_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror neurons">mirror neurons</a> are working. Deficits in Mu suppression, and thus in mirror neurons, might play a role in <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oberman_LM_2005-85">[85]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The practice of using only whole numbers in the definitions comes from practical considerations in the days when only whole cycles could be counted on paper records. This leads to gaps in the definitions, as seen elsewhere on this page. The theoretical definitions have always been more carefully defined to include all frequencies. Unfortunately there is no agreement in standard reference works on what these ranges should be – values for the upper end of alpha and lower end of beta include 12, 13, 14 and 15. If the threshold is taken as 14 Hz, then the slowest beta wave has about the same duration as the longest spike (70 ms), which makes this the most useful value. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Human EEG with prominent alpha-rhythm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/220px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/330px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png/440px-Human_EEG_with_prominent_alpha-rhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Human EEG with prominent alpha-rhythm</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave_patterns">Wave patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wave patterns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_delta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eeg_delta.svg/400px-Eeg_delta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eeg_delta.svg/600px-Eeg_delta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eeg_delta.svg/800px-Eeg_delta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta waves</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta waves</a> is the frequency range up to 4 Hz. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. It is seen normally in adults in <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a>. It is also seen normally in babies. It may occur focally with subcortical lesions and in general distribution with diffuse lesions, metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus or deep midline lesions. It is usually most prominent frontally in adults (e.g. FIRDA – frontal intermittent rhythmic delta) and posteriorly in children (e.g. OIRDA – occipital intermittent rhythmic delta).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_theta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eeg_theta.svg/400px-Eeg_theta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eeg_theta.svg/600px-Eeg_theta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Eeg_theta.svg/800px-Eeg_theta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theta_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta waves">Theta waves</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">Theta</a> is the frequency range from 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta is seen normally in young children. It may be seen in drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults; it can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Excess theta for age represents abnormal activity. It can be seen as a focal disturbance in focal subcortical lesions; it can be seen in generalized distribution in diffuse disorder or metabolic encephalopathy or deep midline disorders or some instances of hydrocephalus. On the contrary this range has been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_alpha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eeg_alpha.svg/400px-Eeg_alpha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eeg_alpha.svg/600px-Eeg_alpha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eeg_alpha.svg/800px-Eeg_alpha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">Alpha waves</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha waves">Alpha</a> is the frequency range from 8 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> to 12 Hz.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a> named the first rhythmic EEG activity he observed the "alpha wave". This was the "posterior basic rhythm" (also called the "posterior dominant rhythm" or the "posterior alpha rhythm"), seen in the posterior regions of the head on both sides, higher in amplitude on the dominant side. It emerges with closing of the eyes and with relaxation, and attenuates with eye opening or mental exertion. The posterior basic rhythm is actually slower than 8 Hz in young children (therefore technically in the theta range).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_SMR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eeg_SMR.svg/400px-Eeg_SMR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eeg_SMR.svg/600px-Eeg_SMR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Eeg_SMR.svg/800px-Eeg_SMR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_rhythm" title="Sensorimotor rhythm">Sensorimotor rhythm</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Mu_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu rhythm">mu rhythm</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>In addition to the posterior basic rhythm, there are other normal alpha rhythms such as the <a href="/wiki/Mu_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu rhythm">mu rhythm</a> (alpha activity in the contralateral <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor</a> cortical areas) that emerges when the hands and arms are idle; and the "third rhythm" (alpha activity in the temporal or frontal lobes).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Alpha can be abnormal; for example, an EEG that has diffuse alpha occurring in coma and is not responsive to external stimuli is referred to as "alpha coma".</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_beta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eeg_beta.svg/400px-Eeg_beta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eeg_beta.svg/600px-Eeg_beta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Eeg_beta.svg/800px-Eeg_beta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta waves</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta</a> is the frequency range from 13 Hz to about 30 Hz. It is seen usually on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. Beta activity is closely linked to motor behavior and is generally attenuated during active movements.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Low-amplitude beta with multiple and varying frequencies is often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration. Rhythmic beta with a dominant set of frequencies is associated with various pathologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Dup15q" title="Dup15q">Dup15q syndrome</a>, and drug effects, especially <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage. It is the dominant rhythm in patients who are alert or anxious or who have their eyes open.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eeg_gamma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Eeg_gamma.svg/400px-Eeg_gamma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Eeg_gamma.svg/600px-Eeg_gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Eeg_gamma.svg/800px-Eeg_gamma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma waves</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma</a> is the frequency range approximately 30–100 Hz. Gamma rhythms are thought to represent binding of different populations of neurons together into a network for the purpose of carrying out a certain cognitive or motor function.<a href="#cite_note-Niedermeyer-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">Mu</a> range is 8–13 Hz and partly overlaps with other frequencies. It reflects the synchronous firing of motor neurons in rest state. Mu suppression is thought to reflect motor mirror neuron systems, because when an action is observed, the pattern extinguishes, possibly because the normal and mirror neuronal systems "go out of sync" and interfere with one other.<a href="#cite_note-Oberman_LM_2005-85">[85]</a></li></ul> "Ultra-slow" or "near-<a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>" activity is recorded using DC amplifiers in some research contexts. It is not typically recorded in a clinical context because the signal at these frequencies is susceptible to a number of artifacts. Some features of the EEG are transient rather than rhythmic. Spikes and sharp waves may represent seizure activity or <a href="/wiki/Interictal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interictal">interictal</a> activity in individuals with epilepsy or a predisposition toward epilepsy. Other transient features are normal: vertex waves and sleep spindles are seen in normal sleep. There are types of activity that are statistically uncommon, but not associated with dysfunction or disease. These are often referred to as "normal variants". The mu rhythm is an example of a normal variant. The normal electroencephalogram (EEG) varies by age. The <a href="/wiki/Fetal_EEG" title="Fetal EEG">prenatal EEG</a> and neonatal EEG is quite different from the adult EEG. Fetuses in the third trimester and newborns display two common brain activity patterns: "discontinuous" and "trace alternant." "Discontinuous" electrical activity refers to sharp bursts of electrical activity followed by low frequency waves. "Trace alternant" electrical activity describes sharp bursts followed by short high amplitude intervals and usually indicates quiet sleep in newborns.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The EEG in childhood generally has slower frequency oscillations than the adult EEG. The normal EEG also varies depending on state. The EEG is used along with other measurements (<a href="/wiki/Electrooculography" title="Electrooculography">EOG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">EMG</a>) to define <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep stages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">polysomnography</a>. Stage I sleep (equivalent to drowsiness in some systems) appears on the EEG as drop-out of the posterior basic rhythm. There can be an increase in theta frequencies. Santamaria and Chiappa cataloged a number of the variety of patterns associated with drowsiness. Stage II sleep is characterized by sleep spindles – transient runs of rhythmic activity in the 12–14 Hz range (sometimes referred to as the "sigma" band) that have a frontal-central maximum. Most of the activity in Stage II is in the 3–6 Hz range. Stage III and IV sleep are defined by the presence of delta frequencies and are often referred to collectively as "slow-wave sleep". Stages I–IV comprise non-REM (or "NREM") sleep. The EEG in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep appears somewhat similar to the awake EEG. EEG under general anesthesia depends on the type of anesthetic employed. With halogenated anesthetics, such as <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">halothane</a> or intravenous agents, such as <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, a rapid (alpha or low beta), nonreactive EEG pattern is seen over most of the scalp, especially anteriorly; in some older terminology this was known as a WAR (widespread anterior rapid) pattern, contrasted with a WAIS (widespread slow) pattern associated with high doses of <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a>. Anesthetic effects on EEG signals are beginning to be understood at the level of drug actions on different kinds of synapses and the circuits that allow synchronized neuronal activity.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Artifacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Breach effect" redirects here. For the birth position, see <a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech birth</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_EEG_artefacts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Main types of artifacts in human EEG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/220px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/330px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_EEG_artefacts.png/440px-Human_EEG_artefacts.png 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Main types of artifacts in human EEG</figcaption></figure> EEG is an extremely useful technique for studying brain activity, but the signal measured is always contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(observational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artifact (observational)">artifacts</a> which can impact the analysis of the data. An artifact is any measured signal that does not originate within the brain. Although multiple algorithms exist for the removal of artifacts, the problem of how to deal with them remains an open question. The source of artifacts can be from issues relating to the instrument, such as faulty electrodes, line noise or high electrode impedance, or they may be from the physiology of the subject being recorded. This can include, eye blinks and movement, cardiac activity and muscle activity and these types of artifacts are more complicated to remove. Artifacts may bias the visual interpretation of EEG data as some may mimic cognitive activity that could affect diagnoses of problems such as Alzheimer's disease or sleep disorders. As such the removal of such artifacts in EEG data used for practical applications is of the utmost importance.<a href="#cite_note-Jiang_2019-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifact_removal">Artifact removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Artifact removal">edit</a>]</div> It is important to be able to distinguish artifacts from genuine brain activity in order to prevent incorrect interpretations of EEG data. General approaches for the removal of artifacts from the data are, prevention, rejection and cancellation. The goal of any approach is to develop methodology capable of identifying and removing artifacts without affecting the quality of the EEG signal. As artifact sources are quite different the majority of researchers focus on developing algorithms that will identify and remove a single type of noise in the signal. Simple filtering using a <a href="/wiki/Band-stop_filter" title="Band-stop filter">notch filter</a> is commonly employed to reject components with a 50/60 Hz frequency. However such simple filters are not an appropriate choice for dealing with all artifacts, as for some, their frequencies will overlap with the EEG frequencies. Regression algorithms have a moderate computation cost and are simple. They represented the most popular correction method up until the mid-1990s when they were replaced by "blind source separation" type methods. Regression algorithms work on the premise that all artifacts are comprised by one or more reference channels. Subtracting these reference channels from the other contaminated channels, in either the time or frequency domain, by estimating the impact of the reference channels on the other channels, would correct the channels for the artifact. Although the requirement of reference channels ultimately lead to this class of algorithm being replaced, they still represent the benchmark against which modern algorithms are evaluated.<a href="#cite_note-:7-94">[94]</a> Blind source separation (BSS) algorithms employed to remove artifacts include <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">principal component analysis</a> (PCA) and <a href="/wiki/Independent_component_analysis" title="Independent component analysis">independent component analysis</a> (ICA) and several algorithms in this class have been successful at tackling most physiological artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-:7-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_artifacts">Physiological artifacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physiological artifacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocular_artifacts">Ocular artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ocular artifacts">edit</a>]</div> Ocular artifacts affect the EEG signal significantly. This is due to eye movements involving a change in electric fields surrounding the eyes, distorting the electric field over the scalp, and as EEG is recorded on the scalp, it therefore distorts the recorded signal. A difference of opinion exists among researchers, with some arguing ocular artifacts are, or may be reasonably described as a single generator, whilst others argue it is important to understand the potentially complicated mechanisms. Three potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ocular artifact. The first is corneal retinal dipole movement which argues that an electric <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a> is formed between the cornea and retina, as the former is positively and the latter negatively charged. When the eye moves, so does this dipole which impacts the electrical field over the scalp, this is the most standard view. The second mechanism is retinal dipole movement, which is similar to the first but differing in that it argues there is a potential difference, hence dipole across the retina with the cornea having little effect. The third mechanism is eyelid movement. It is known that there is a change in voltage around the eyes when the eyelid moves, even if the eyeball does not. It is thought that the eyelid can be described as a sliding potential source and that the impacting of blinking is different to eye movement on the recorded EEG.<a href="#cite_note-:8-95">[95]</a> Eyelid fluttering artifacts of a characteristic type were previously called Kappa rhythm (or Kappa waves). It is usually seen in the prefrontal leads, that is, just over the eyes. Sometimes they are seen with mental activity. They are usually in the Theta (4–7 Hz) or Alpha (7–14 Hz) range. They were named because they were believed to originate from the brain. Later study revealed they were generated by rapid fluttering of the eyelids, sometimes so minute that it was difficult to see. They are in fact noise in the EEG reading, and should not technically be called a rhythm or wave. Therefore, current usage in electroencephalography refers to the phenomenon as an eyelid fluttering artifact, rather than a Kappa rhythm (or wave).<a href="#cite_note-recom_clin_neurophys_1983-96">[96]</a> The propagation of the ocular artifact is impacted by multiple factors including the properties of the subject's skull, neuronal tissues and skin but the signal may be approximated as being inversely proportional to the distance from the eyes squared. The <a href="/wiki/Electrooculography" title="Electrooculography">electrooculogram</a> (EOG) consists of a series of electrodes measuring voltage changes close to the eye and is the most common tool for dealing with the eye movement artifact in the EEG signal.<a href="#cite_note-:8-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muscular_artifacts">Muscular artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Muscular artifacts">edit</a>]</div> Another source of artifacts are various muscle movements across the body. This particular class of artifact is usually recorded by all electrodes on the scalp due to <a href="/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism" title="Myogenic mechanism">myogenic activity</a> (increase or decrease of blood pressure). The origin of these artifacts have no single location and arises from functionally independent muscle groups, meaning the characteristics of the artifact are not constant. The observed patterns due to muscular artifacts will change depending on subject sex, the particular muscle tissue, and its degree of contraction. The frequency range for muscular artifacts is wide and overlaps with every classic EEG rhythm. However most of the power is concentrated in the lower range of the observed frequencies of 20 to 300 Hz making the gamma band particularly susceptible to muscular artifacts. Some muscle artifacts may have activity with a frequency as low as 2 Hz, so delta and theta bands may also be affected by muscle activity. Muscular artifacts may impact sleep studies, as unconscious <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a> (grinding of teeth) movements or snoring can seriously impact the quality of the recorded EEG. In addition the recordings made of epilepsy patients may be significantly impacted by the existence of muscular artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiac_artifacts">Cardiac artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cardiac artifacts">edit</a>]</div> The potential due to cardiac activity introduces <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">electrocardiograph</a> (ECG) errors in the EEG.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Artifacts arising due to cardiac activity may be removed with the help of an ECG reference signal.<a href="#cite_note-Jiang_2019-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_physiological_artifacts">Other physiological artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other physiological artifacts">edit</a>]</div> Glossokinetic artifacts are caused by the potential difference between the base and the tip of the tongue. Minor tongue movements can contaminate the EEG, especially in <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">parkinsonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a> disorders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_artifacts">Environmental artifacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental artifacts">edit</a>]</div> In addition to artifacts generated by the body, many artifacts originate from outside the body. Movement by the patient, or even just settling of the electrodes, may cause electrode pops, spikes originating from a momentary change in the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> of a given electrode. Poor <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounding</a> of the EEG electrodes can cause significant 50 or 60 Hz artifact, depending on the local power system's <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a>. A third source of possible interference can be the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IV drip</a>; such devices can cause rhythmic, fast, low-voltage bursts, which may be confused for spikes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abnormal_activity">Abnormal activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Abnormal activity">edit</a>]</div> Abnormal activity can broadly be separated into <a href="/wiki/Epileptiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptiform">epileptiform</a> and non-epileptiform activity. It can also be separated into focal or diffuse. Focal epileptiform discharges represent fast, synchronous potentials in a large number of neurons in a somewhat discrete area of the brain. These can occur as interictal activity, between seizures, and represent an area of cortical irritability that may be predisposed to producing epileptic seizures. Interictal discharges are not wholly reliable for determining whether a patient has epilepsy nor where his/her seizure might originate. (See <a href="/wiki/Focal_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal epilepsy">focal epilepsy</a>.) Generalized epileptiform discharges often have an anterior maximum, but these are seen synchronously throughout the entire brain. They are strongly suggestive of a generalized epilepsy. Focal non-epileptiform abnormal activity may occur over areas of the brain where there is focal damage of the cortex or <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>. It often consists of an increase in slow frequency rhythms and/or a loss of normal higher frequency rhythms. It may also appear as focal or unilateral decrease in amplitude of the EEG signal. Diffuse non-epileptiform abnormal activity may manifest as diffuse abnormally slow rhythms or bilateral slowing of normal rhythms, such as the PBR. Intracortical Encephalogram electrodes and sub-dural electrodes can be used in tandem to discriminate and discretize artifact from epileptiform and other severe neurological events. More advanced measures of abnormal EEG signals have also recently received attention as possible biomarkers for different disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montez2009-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_communication">Remote communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Remote communication">edit</a>]</div> Systems for decoding imagined speech from EEG have applications such as in <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interfaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EEG_diagnostics">EEG diagnostics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: EEG diagnostics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (DoD) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veteran's Affairs</a> (VA), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">U.S Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL), collaborated on EEG diagnostics in order to detect <a href="/wiki/MTBI" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBI">mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury</a> (mTBI) in combat soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-101">[101]</a> Between 2000 and 2012, 75 percent of U.S. military operations brain injuries were classified mTBI. In response, the DoD pursued new technologies capable of rapid, accurate, non-invasive, and field-capable detection of mTBI to address this injury.<a href="#cite_note-:4-101">[101]</a> Combat personnel often develop PTSD and mTBI in correlation. Both conditions present with altered low-frequency brain wave oscillations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Altered brain waves from PTSD patients present with decreases in low-frequency oscillations, whereas, mTBI injuries are linked to increased low-frequency wave oscillations. Effective EEG diagnostics can help doctors accurately identify conditions and appropriately treat injuries in order to mitigate long-term effects.<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[103]</a> Traditionally, clinical evaluation of EEGs involved visual inspection. Instead of a visual assessment of brain wave oscillation topography, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), computerized algorithmic methodologies, analyzes a specific region of the brain and transforms the data into a meaningful "power spectrum" of the area.<a href="#cite_note-:4-101">[101]</a> Accurately differentiating between mTBI and PTSD can significantly increase positive recovery outcomes for patients especially since long-term changes in neural communication can persist after an initial mTBI incident.<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[103]</a> Another common measurement made from EEG data is that of complexity measures such as <a href="/wiki/Lempel-Ziv_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempel-Ziv complexity">Lempel-Ziv complexity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fractal_dimension" title="Fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spectral_flatness" title="Spectral flatness">spectral flatness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Burns_et_al_2015-25">[25]</a> which are associated with particular pathologies or pathology stages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Inexpensive EEG devices exist for the low-cost research and consumer markets. Recently, a few companies have miniaturized medical grade EEG technology to create versions accessible to the general public. Some of these companies have built commercial EEG devices retailing for less than US$100. <ul><li>In 2004 OpenEEG released its ModularEEG as open source hardware. Compatible open source software includes a game for balancing a ball.</li> <li>In 2007 <a href="/wiki/NeuroSky" title="NeuroSky">NeuroSky</a> released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game NeuroBoy. This was also the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>In 2008 <a href="/wiki/OCZ_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="OCZ Technology">OCZ Technology</a> developed device for use in video games relying primarily on <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a>.</li> <li>In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> announced that it was partnering with NeuroSky to create a game, Judecca.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> partnered with NeuroSky to release the <a href="/wiki/Mindflex" title="Mindflex">Mindflex</a>, a game that used an EEG to steer a ball through an obstacle course. By far the best-selling consumer based EEG to date.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>In 2009 Uncle Milton Industries partnered with NeuroSky to release the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Force_Trainer" title="Force Trainer">Force Trainer</a>, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing <a href="/wiki/The_Force" title="The Force">the Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>In 2010, NeuroSky added a blink and electromyography function to the MindSet.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>In 2011, NeuroSky released the MindWave, an EEG device designed for educational purposes and games.<a href="#cite_note-educationmindwave-110">[110]</a> The MindWave won the Guinness Book of World Records award for "Heaviest machine moved using a brain control interface".<a href="#cite_note-Guinness-111">[111]</a></li> <li>In 2012, a Japanese gadget project, <a href="/wiki/Neurowear" title="Neurowear">neurowear</a>, released Necomimi: a headset with motorized cat ears. The headset is a NeuroSky MindWave unit with two motors on the headband where a cat's ears might be. Slipcovers shaped like cat ears sit over the motors so that as the device registers emotional states the ears move to relate. For example, when relaxed, the ears fall to the sides and perk up when excited again.</li> <li>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/OpenBCI" title="OpenBCI">OpenBCI</a> released an eponymous <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> brain-computer interface after a successful kickstarter campaign in 2013. The board, later renamed "Cyton", has 8 channels, expandable to 16 with the Daisy module. It supports EEG, <a href="/wiki/EKG" class="mw-redirect" title="EKG">EKG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">EMG</a>. The Cyton Board is based on the Texas Instruments ADS1299 <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">IC</a> and the Arduino or PIC microcontroller, and initially costed $399 before increasing in price to $999. It uses standard metal cup electrodes and conductive paste.</li> <li>In 2015, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_Solutions_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind Solutions Inc (page does not exist)">Mind Solutions Inc</a> released the smallest consumer BCI to date, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=NeuroSync&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NeuroSync (page does not exist)">NeuroSync</a>. This device functions as a dry sensor at a size no larger than a <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> ear piece.<a href="#cite_note-prnewswire,_2017-112">[112]</a></li> <li>In 2015, A Chinese-based company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrotellect_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrotellect Ltd (page does not exist)">Macrotellect</a> released <a href="/w/index.php?title=BrainLink_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BrainLink Pro (page does not exist)">BrainLink Pro</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BrainLink_Lite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BrainLink Lite (page does not exist)">BrainLink Lite</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_grade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer grade (page does not exist)">consumer grade</a> EEG wearable product providing 20 brain fitness enhancement Apps on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Android App Store">Android App Stores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Bioserenity" title="Bioserenity">BioSerenity</a> release the Neuronaute and Icecap a single-use disposable EEG headset that allows recording with equivalent quality to traditional cup electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_research">Future research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Future research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electroencephalography%22">"Electroencephalography"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electroencephalography%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electroencephalography%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electroencephalography%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electroencephalography%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The EEG has been used for many purposes besides the conventional uses of clinical diagnosis and conventional cognitive neuroscience. An early use was during World War II by the U.S. Army Air Corps to screen out pilots in danger of having seizures;<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> long-term EEG recordings in epilepsy patients are still used today for <a href="/wiki/Seizure_prediction" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizure prediction">seizure prediction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neurofeedback" title="Neurofeedback">Neurofeedback</a> remains an important extension, and in its most advanced form is also attempted as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Brain-computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-computer interface">brain computer interfaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The EEG is also used quite extensively in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">neuromarketing</a>. The EEG is altered by drugs that affect brain functions, the chemicals that are the basis for <a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">psychopharmacology</a>. Berger's early experiments recorded the effects of drugs on EEG. The science of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaco-electroencephalography" title="Pharmaco-electroencephalography">pharmaco-electroencephalography</a> has developed methods to identify substances that systematically alter brain functions for therapeutic and recreational use. Honda is attempting to develop a system to enable an operator to control its <a href="/wiki/Asimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Asimo">Asimo</a> robot using EEG, a technology it eventually hopes to incorporate into its automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> EEGs have been used as evidence in criminal trials in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain_Electrical_Oscillation_Signature_Profiling" title="Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling">Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling</a> (BEOS), an EEG technique, was used in the trial of State of Maharashtra v. Sharma to show Sharma remembered using arsenic to poison her ex-fiancé, although the reliability and scientific basis of BEOS is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A lot of research is currently being carried out in order to make EEG devices smaller, more portable and easier to use. So called "Wearable EEG" is based upon creating low power wireless collection electronics and 'dry' electrodes which do not require a conductive gel to be used.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Wearable EEG aims to provide small EEG devices which are present only on the head and which can record EEG for days, weeks, or months at a time, as <a href="/wiki/Ear-EEG" title="Ear-EEG">ear-EEG</a>. Such prolonged and easy-to-use monitoring could make a step change in the diagnosis of chronic conditions such as epilepsy, and greatly improve the end-user acceptance of BCI systems.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Research is also being carried out on identifying specific solutions to increase the battery lifetime of Wearable EEG devices through the use of the data reduction approach. In research, currently EEG is often used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> EEG data are pre-processed then passed on to machine learning algorithms. These algorithms are then trained to recognize different diseases like <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Furthermore, they are increasingly used to study seizure detection.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> By using machine learning, the data can be analyzed automatically. In the long run this research is intended to build algorithms that support physicians in their clinical practice <a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and to provide further insights into diseases.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In this vein, complexity measures of EEG data are often calculated, such as <a href="/wiki/Lempel-Ziv_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempel-Ziv complexity">Lempel-Ziv complexity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fractal_dimension" title="Fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spectral_flatness" title="Spectral flatness">spectral flatness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns_et_al_2015-25">[25]</a> It has been shown that combining or multiplying such measures can reveal previously hidden information in EEG data.<a href="#cite_note-Burns_et_al_2015-25">[25]</a> EEG signals from musical performers were used to create instant compositions and one CD by the Brainwave Music Project, run at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Garton" title="Brad Garton">Brad Garton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Soldier">Dave Soldier</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Similarly, an hour-long recording of the brainwaves of <a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Ann Druyan</a> was included on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>, launched on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> probes in 1977, in case any extraterrestrial intelligence could decode her thoughts, which included what it was like to fall in love.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st-eeg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/440px-1st-eeg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/660px-1st-eeg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1st-eeg.png/880px-1st-eeg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>The first human EEG recording obtained by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a> in 1924. The upper tracing is EEG, and the lower is a 10 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> timing signal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg/220px-HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg/330px-HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg/440px-HansBerger_Univ_Jena.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a></figcaption></figure> In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton" title="Richard Caton">Richard Caton</a> (1842–1926), a physician practicing in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a>. In 1890, Polish physiologist <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Beck_(physiologist)" title="Adolf Beck (physiologist)">Adolf Beck</a> published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves.<a href="#cite_note-Adolf_Beck_pioneer-134">[134]</a> In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pravdich-Neminsky" title="Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky">Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky</a> published the first animal EEG and the <a href="/wiki/Evoked_potential" title="Evoked potential">evoked potential</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> (dog).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Cybulski" title="Napoleon Cybulski">Napoleon Cybulski</a> and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] German physiologist and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a> (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalograph (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them. In 1934, Fisher and Lowenbach first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_A._Gibbs" title="Frederic A. Gibbs">Gibbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Lennox" title="William Gordon Lennox">Lennox</a> described <a href="/wiki/Interictal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interictal">interictal</a> spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical <a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">absence seizures</a>, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Subsequently, in 1936 <a href="/wiki/Frederic_A._Gibbs" title="Frederic A. Gibbs">Gibbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jasper" title="Herbert Jasper">Jasper</a> reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystograph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystograph (page does not exist)">Crystograph</a> (the whole device was typically known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offner_Dynograph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offner Dynograph (page does not exist)">Offner Dynograph</a>). In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953 <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Aserinsky" title="Eugene Aserinsky">Aserinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman" title="Nathaniel Kleitman">Kleitman</a> described <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM sleep</a>. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a> developed an adjunct to EEG called <a href="/w/index.php?title=EEG_topography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EEG topography (page does not exist)">EEG topography</a>, which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff/lossless-page1-170px-Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff/lossless-page1-255px-Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff/lossless-page1-340px-Chuck_Kayser_with_oscilloscope_fq977v01f.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>Chuck Kayser with electroencephalograph electrodes and a signal conditioner for use in <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, 1965</figcaption></figure> An electroencephalograph system manufactured by Beckman Instruments was used on at least one of the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> manned spaceflights (1965–1966) to monitor the brain waves of astronauts on the flight. It was one of many Beckman Instruments specialized for and used by NASA.<a href="#cite_note-SNR1965-139">[139]</a> The first instance of the use of EEG to control a physical object, a robot, was in 1988. The robot would follow a line or stop depending on the alpha activity of the subject. If the subject relaxed and closed their eyes therefore increasing alpha activity, the bot would move. Opening their eyes thus decreasing alpha activity would cause the robot to stop on the trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_integrated_electroencephalography" title="Amplitude integrated electroencephalography">Amplitude integrated electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaural beats">Binaural beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainwave synchronization">Brainwave synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_function_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral function monitoring">Cerebral function monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_consumer_brain-computer_interface_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices">Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_brain_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct brain interfaces">Direct brain interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEG_measures_during_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG measures during anesthesia">EEG measures during anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEG_microstates" title="EEG microstates">EEG microstates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroneurogram" title="Electroneurogram">Electroneurogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropalatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropalatograph">Electropalatograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotiv_Systems" title="Emotiv Systems">Emotiv Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_data_format" class="mw-redirect" title="European data format">European data format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FieldTrip" title="FieldTrip">FieldTrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_helmet" title="God helmet">God helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoencephalography" title="Hemoencephalography">Hemoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersynchronization_of_electrophysiological_activity_in_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy">Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced activity">Induced activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_field_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Local field potentials">Local field potentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_machine" title="Mind machine">Mind machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural oscillations">Neural oscillations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_synchrony" title="Neural synchrony">Neural synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_brain_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongoing brain activity">Ongoing brain activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_Saunders" title="Michael Graham Saunders">Michael Graham Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_potential" title="Spontaneous potential">Spontaneous potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEG_analysis" title="EEG analysis">EEG analysis</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Compare EEC: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoran2004" class="citation book cs1">Moran A (August 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ceEAgAAQBAJ">Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134704101" title="Special:BookSources/9781134704101"><bdi>9781134704101</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 6, 2024. <q>[...] electroencephalographic (EEC) methods [...]. In a typical EEC experiment, an electrode is attached to a person's scalp in order to detect the electrical activity of neurons in the underlying brain region. Another electrode is then attached to the person's earlobe, where there is no electrical activity to detect. Then the EEC is recorded to indicate the difference in electrical potentials detected by the electrodes [...]. In recent years, a considerable amount of research has been conducted on EEC activity in athletes [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Exercise+Psychology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.place=Hove%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=9781134704101&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ceEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmzicaLopes_da_Silva2017" class="citation book cs1">Amzica F, Lopes da Silva FH (November 2017). Schomer DL, Lopes da Silva FH (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/35515/chapter/305245903">Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780190228484.003.0002">10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cellular+Substrates+of+Brain+Rhythms&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780190228484.003.0002&rft.aulast=Amzica&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Lopes+da+Silva%2C+FH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F35515%2Fchapter%2F305245903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_R._KandelJohn_KoesterSarah_MackSteven_Siegelbaum2021" class="citation book cs1">Eric R. Kandel, John Koester, Sarah Mack, Steven Siegelbaum (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1199587061">Principles of neural science</a> (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 1450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-64223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-64223-4"><bdi>978-1-259-64223-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1199587061">1199587061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+neural+science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1450&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1199587061&rft.isbn=978-1-259-64223-4&rft.au=Eric+R.+Kandel&rft.au=John+Koester&rft.au=Sarah+Mack&rft.au=Steven+Siegelbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1199587061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003931.htm">"EEG: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. medlineplus.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705035021/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=EEG%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F003931.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherneckyBerger2013" class="citation book cs1">Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2013). Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0694-5"><bdi>978-1-4557-0694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+tests+and+diagnostic+procedures&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo.&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-0694-5&rft.aulast=Chernecky&rft.aufirst=CC&rft.au=Berger%2C+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeschampsBen_AbdallahJacobsohnSaha2024" class="citation journal cs1">Deschamps A, Ben Abdallah A, Jacobsohn E, Saha T, Djaiani G, El-Gabalawy R, et al. (July 2024). "Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia and Delirium in Older Adults After Cardiac Surgery: The ENGAGES-Canada Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 332 (2): 112–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2024.8144">10.1001/jama.2024.8144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 11165413. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38857019">38857019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Electroencephalography-Guided+Anesthesia+and+Delirium+in+Older+Adults+After+Cardiac+Surgery%3A+The+ENGAGES-Canada+Randomized+Clinical+Trial&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-123&rft.date=2024-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11165413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38857019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2024.8144&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Ben+Abdallah%2C+A&rft.au=Jacobsohn%2C+E&rft.au=Saha%2C+T&rft.au=Djaiani%2C+G&rft.au=El-Gabalawy%2C+R&rft.au=Overbeek%2C+C&rft.au=Palermo%2C+J&rft.au=Courbe%2C+A&rft.au=Cloutier%2C+I&rft.au=Tanzola%2C+R&rft.au=Kronzer%2C+A&rft.au=Fritz%2C+BA&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+EM&rft.au=Inouye%2C+SK&rft.au=Avidan%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaoFritzSaddawi-KonefkaPalanca2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hao D, Fritz BA, Saddawi-Konefka D, Palanca BJ (November 2023). "Pro-Con Debate: Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia for Reducing Postoperative Delirium". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 137 (5): 976–982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2FANE.0000000000006399">10.1213/ANE.0000000000006399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37862399">37862399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Pro-Con+Debate%3A+Electroencephalography-Guided+Anesthesia+for+Reducing+Postoperative+Delirium&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=976-982&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2FANE.0000000000006399&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37862399&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Fritz%2C+BA&rft.au=Saddawi-Konefka%2C+D&rft.au=Palanca%2C+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillaiSperling2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pillai J, Sperling MR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044820">"Interictal EEG and the diagnosis of epilepsy"</a>. Epilepsia. 47 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 14–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2006.00654.x">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00654.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044820">17044820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8668713">8668713</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023033520/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044820/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsia&rft.atitle=Interictal+EEG+and+the+diagnosis+of+epilepsy&rft.volume=47+Suppl+1&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=14-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8668713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17044820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2006.00654.x&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Sperling%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17044820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSo2010" class="citation journal cs1">So EL (August 2010). "Interictal epileptiform discharges in persons without a history of seizures: what do they mean?". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 27 (4): 229–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181ea42a4">10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181ea42a4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634716">20634716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Interictal+epileptiform+discharges+in+persons+without+a+history+of+seizures%3A+what+do+they+mean%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=229-238&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181ea42a4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20634716&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cp.neurology.org/content/13/5/e200194">"The Yield of Ambulatory Video-EEG - Predictors of Successful Event Capture"</a>. Neurology Clinical Practice. Retrieved December 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yield+of+Ambulatory+Video-EEG+-+Predictors+of+Successful+Event+Capture&rft.pub=Neurology+Clinical+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcp.neurology.org%2Fcontent%2F13%2F5%2Fe200194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_RooijHellström-Westasde_Vries2013" class="citation journal cs1">van Rooij LG, Hellström-Westas L, de Vries LS (August 2013). "Treatment of neonatal seizures". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 18 (4): 209–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.siny.2013.01.001">10.1016/j.siny.2013.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23402893">23402893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Fetal+%26+Neonatal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+neonatal+seizures&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=209-215&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.siny.2013.01.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23402893&rft.aulast=van+Rooij&rft.aufirst=LG&rft.au=Hellstr%C3%B6m-Westas%2C+L&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+LS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/eeg/about/pac-20393875">"EEG (Electroencephalogram) – Mayo Clinic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830221430/https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/eeg/about/pac-20393875">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=EEG+%28Electroencephalogram%29+%E2%80%93+Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Ftests-procedures%2Feeg%2Fabout%2Fpac-20393875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinosAlkhachroumDer-NigoghossianClaassen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rubinos C, Alkhachroum A, Der-Nigoghossian C, Claassen J (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176375">"Electroencephalogram Monitoring in Critical Care"</a>. Seminars in Neurology. 40 (6): 675–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0040-1719073">10.1055/s-0040-1719073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-9021">1098-9021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856834">7856834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176375">33176375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Electroencephalogram+Monitoring+in+Critical+Care&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=675-680&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7856834%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1098-9021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33176375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0040-1719073&rft.aulast=Rubinos&rft.aufirst=Clio&rft.au=Alkhachroum%2C+Ayham&rft.au=Der-Nigoghossian%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Claassen%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F33176375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niedermeyer-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niedermeyer_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niedermeyer_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niedermeyer_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niedermeyer_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedermeyerda_Silva2004" class="citation book cs1">Niedermeyer E, da Silva FL (2004). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5126-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-5126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electroencephalography%3A+Basic+Principles%2C+Clinical+Applications%2C+and+Related+Fields&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-5126-1&rft.aulast=Niedermeyer&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+FL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawleyEvansManfredoniaCavanna2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lawley A, Evans S, Manfredonia F, Cavanna AE (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515156">"The role of outpatient ambulatory electroencephalography in the diagnosis and management of adults with epilepsy or nonepileptic attack disorder: A systematic literature review"</a>. Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B. 53: 26–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2015.09.032">10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.09.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-5069">1525-5069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515156">26515156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior%3A+E%26B&rft.atitle=The+role+of+outpatient+ambulatory+electroencephalography+in+the+diagnosis+and+management+of+adults+with+epilepsy+or+nonepileptic+attack+disorder%3A+A+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=26-30&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1525-5069&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26515156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2015.09.032&rft.aulast=Lawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Evans%2C+Shaun&rft.au=Manfredonia%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Cavanna%2C+Andrea+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F26515156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneviratneD'Souza2019" class="citation journal cs1">Seneviratne U, D'Souza WJ (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277845">"Ambulatory EEG"</a>. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 160: 161–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-64032-1.00010-2">10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00010-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-9752">0072-9752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277845">31277845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Clinical+Neurology&rft.atitle=Ambulatory+EEG&rft.volume=160&rft.pages=161-170&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0072-9752&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31277845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-64032-1.00010-2&rft.aulast=Seneviratne&rft.aufirst=Udaya&rft.au=D%27Souza%2C+Wendyl+Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31277845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangAngWangPhua2016" class="citation book cs1">Yang H, Ang KK, Wang C, Phua KS, Guan C (2016). "Neural and cortical analysis of swallowing and detection of motor imagery of swallow for dysphagia rehabilitation—A review". Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 228. pp. 185–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.pbr.2016.03.014">10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.03.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804216-8"><bdi>978-0-12-804216-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27590970">27590970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neural+and+cortical+analysis+of+swallowing+and+detection+of+motor+imagery+of+swallow+for+dysphagia+rehabilitation%E2%80%94A+review&rft.btitle=Brain-Computer+Interfaces%3A+Lab+Experiments+to+Real-World+Applications&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=185-219&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27590970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.pbr.2016.03.014&rft.isbn=978-0-12-804216-8&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ang%2C+KK&rft.au=Wang%2C+C&rft.au=Phua%2C+KS&rft.au=Guan%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestrovićCoyleSejdić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jestrović I, Coyle JL, Sejdić E (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596245">"Decoding human swallowing via electroencephalography: a state-of-the-art review"</a>. Journal of Neural Engineering. 12 (5): 051001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JNEng..12e1001J">2015JNEng..12e1001J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F12%2F5%2F051001">10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/051001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596245">4596245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26372528">26372528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neural+Engineering&rft.atitle=Decoding+human+swallowing+via+electroencephalography%3A+a+state-of-the-art+review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=051001&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4596245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26372528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F12%2F5%2F051001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JNEng..12e1001J&rft.aulast=Jestrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Coyle%2C+JL&rft.au=Sejdi%C4%87%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4596245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuellarHarkriderJensonThornton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cuellar M, Harkrider AW, Jenson D, Thornton D, Bowers A, Saltuklaroglu T (July 2016). "Time-frequency analysis of the EEG mu rhythm as a measure of sensorimotor integration in the later stages of swallowing". Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (7): 2625–2635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2016.04.027">10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27291882">27291882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3746307">3746307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Time-frequency+analysis+of+the+EEG+mu+rhythm+as+a+measure+of+sensorimotor+integration+in+the+later+stages+of+swallowing&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2625-2635&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3746307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27291882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2016.04.027&rft.aulast=Cuellar&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Harkrider%2C+AW&rft.au=Jenson%2C+D&rft.au=Thornton%2C+D&rft.au=Bowers%2C+A&rft.au=Saltuklaroglu%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaysonCarbineBaldwinLarson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Clayson PE, Carbine KA, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psyarxiv.com/kgv9z/">"Methodological reporting behavior, sample sizes, and statistical power in studies of event-related potentials: Barriers to reproducibility and replicability"</a>. Psychophysiology. 56 (11): e13437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsyp.13437">10.1111/psyp.13437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31322285">31322285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197665482">197665482</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007045735/https://psyarxiv.com/kgv9z/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Methodological+reporting+behavior%2C+sample+sizes%2C+and+statistical+power+in+studies+of+event-related+potentials%3A+Barriers+to+reproducibility+and+replicability&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e13437&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197665482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31322285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpsyp.13437&rft.aulast=Clayson&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Carbine%2C+KA&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+SA&rft.au=Larson%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsyarxiv.com%2Fkgv9z%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonTrampushMaglioneBolshakova2024" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Brown M, Rozelle M, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/research">"ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents"</a>. effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23970%2Fahrqepccer267">10.23970/ahrqepccer267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38657097">38657097</a>. Retrieved June 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov&rft.atitle=ADHD+Diagnosis+and+Treatment+in+Children+and+Adolescents&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23970%2Fahrqepccer267&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38657097&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Trampush%2C+J&rft.au=Maglione%2C+M&rft.au=Bolshakova%2C+M&rft.au=Brown%2C+M&rft.au=Rozelle%2C+M&rft.au=Motala%2C+A&rft.au=Yagyu%2C+S&rft.au=Miles%2C+J&rft.au=Pakdaman%2C+S&rft.au=Gastelum%2C+M&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+BT&rft.au=Tokutomi%2C+E&rft.au=Lee%2C+E&rft.au=Belay%2C+JZ&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+C&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+B&rft.au=Celosse%2C+K&rft.au=Molakalapalli%2C+S&rft.au=Shaw%2C+B&rft.au=Sazmin%2C+T&rft.au=Onyekwuluje%2C+AN&rft.au=Tolentino%2C+D&rft.au=Hempel%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feffectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov%2Fproducts%2Fattention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder%2Fresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurmaLapointeWilsonPenner2024" class="citation journal cs1">Burma JS, Lapointe AP, Wilson M, Penner LC, Kennedy CM, Newel KT, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006666">"Adolescent Sport-Related Concussion and the Associated Neurophysiological Changes: A Systematic Review"</a>. Pediatric Neurology. 150: 97–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pediatrneurol.2023.10.020">10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.10.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-5150">1873-5150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006666">38006666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Neurology&rft.atitle=Adolescent+Sport-Related+Concussion+and+the+Associated+Neurophysiological+Changes%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=97-106&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=1873-5150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38006666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pediatrneurol.2023.10.020&rft.aulast=Burma&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft.au=Lapointe%2C+Andrew+P.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Megan&rft.au=Penner%2C+Linden+C.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Courtney+M.&rft.au=Newel%2C+Kailey+T.&rft.au=Galea%2C+Olivia+A.&rft.au=Miutz%2C+Lauren+N.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Jeff+F.&rft.au=Smirl%2C+Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38006666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pedsconcussion.com/">"Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion"</a>. Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion Care. Retrieved November 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Guideline+for+Pediatric+Concussion+Care&rft.atitle=Living+Guideline+for+Pediatric+Concussion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpedsconcussion.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://concussionsontario.org/">"Home | Living Concussion Guidelines"</a>. concussionsontario.org. Retrieved November 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=concussionsontario.org&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Living+Concussion+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconcussionsontario.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_et_al_2015-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_et_al_2015_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_et_al_2015_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_et_al_2015_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_et_al_2015_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsRajan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burns T, Rajan R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648221">"Combining complexity measures of EEG data: multiplying measures reveal previously hidden information"</a>. F1000Research. 4: 137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.6590.1">10.12688/f1000research.6590.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648221">4648221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26594331">26594331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=Combining+complexity+measures+of+EEG+data%3A+multiplying+measures+reveal+previously+hidden+information&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4648221%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26594331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.6590.1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Rajan%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4648221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVespaNenovNuwer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vespa PM, Nenov V, Nuwer MR (January 1999). "Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit: early findings and clinical efficacy". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 16 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-199901000-00001">10.1097/00004691-199901000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082088">10082088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Continuous+EEG+monitoring+in+the+intensive+care+unit%3A+early+findings+and+clinical+efficacy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004691-199901000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10082088&rft.aulast=Vespa&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Nenov%2C+V&rft.au=Nuwer%2C+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Techinical_tips-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Techinical_tips_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz TL (March 2012). "Technical tips: MRI compatible EEG electrodes: advantages, disadvantages, and financial feasibility in a clinical setting". The Neurodiagnostic Journal. 52 (1): 69–81. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558648">22558648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Neurodiagnostic+Journal&rft.atitle=Technical+tips%3A+MRI+compatible+EEG+electrodes%3A+advantages%2C+disadvantages%2C+and+financial+feasibility+in+a+clinical+setting&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22558648&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=TL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hämäläinen_1993-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hämäläinen_1993_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hämäläinen_1993_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hämäläinen_1993_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinenHariIlmoniemiKnuutila1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hämäläinen M, Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila J, Lounasmaa OV (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/18757">"Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain"</a>. Reviews of Modern Physics. 65 (2): 413–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RvMP...65..413H">1993RvMP...65..413H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.65.413">10.1103/RevModPhys.65.413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126001114/https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/18757">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Magnetoencephalography-theory%2C+instrumentation%2C+and+applications+to+noninvasive+studies+of+the+working+human+brain&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=413-97&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.65.413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993RvMP...65..413H&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hari%2C+R&rft.au=Ilmoniemi%2C+RJ&rft.au=Knuutila%2C+J&rft.au=Lounasmaa%2C+OV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaltodoc.aalto.fi%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F18757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya-MartínezVanthornhoutBertrandFrancart2021" class="citation journal cs1">Montoya-Martínez J, Vanthornhout J, Bertrand A, Francart T (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7877609">"Effect of number and placement of EEG electrodes on measurement of neural tracking of speech"</a>. PLOS ONE. 16 (2): e0246769. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1646769M">2021PLoSO..1646769M</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F800979">10.1101/800979</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246769">10.1371/journal.pone.0246769</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7877609">7877609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571299">33571299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Effect+of+number+and+placement+of+EEG+electrodes+on+measurement+of+neural+tracking+of+speech&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0246769&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7877609%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1646769M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33571299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F800979%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Montoya-Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Vanthornhout%2C+J&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+A&rft.au=Francart%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7877609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ReganFaulMarnane2010" class="citation conference cs1">O'Regan S, Faul S, Marnane W (2010). "Automatic detection of EEG artifacts arising from head movements". 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology. pp. 6353–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEMBS.2010.5627282">10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-4123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-4123-5"><bdi>978-1-4244-4123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Automatic+detection+of+EEG+artifacts+arising+from+head+movements&rft.btitle=2010+Annual+International+Conference+of+the+IEEE+Engineering+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.pages=6353-6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEMBS.2010.5627282&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-4123-5&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Faul%2C+S&rft.au=Marnane%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyBrunberg1997" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA (1997). "Adult claustrophobia, anxiety and sedation in MRI". Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 15 (1): 51–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0730-725X%2896%2900351-7">10.1016/S0730-725X(96)00351-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9084025">9084025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.atitle=Adult+claustrophobia%2C+anxiety+and+sedation+in+MRI&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0730-725X%2896%2900351-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9084025&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Brunberg%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenck1996" class="citation journal cs1">Schenck JF (June 1996). "The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds". Medical Physics. 23 (6): 815–850. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MedPh..23..815S">1996MedPh..23..815S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1118%2F1.597854">10.1118/1.597854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798169">8798169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Physics&rft.atitle=The+role+of+magnetic+susceptibility+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging%3A+MRI+magnetic+compatibility+of+the+first+and+second+kinds&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=815-850&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8798169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1118%2F1.597854&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996MedPh..23..815S&rft.aulast=Schenck&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-radioligandPETExample-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radioligandPETExample_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-radioligandPETExample_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasunoBrownZoghbiKrushinski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yasuno F, Brown AK, Zoghbi SS, Krushinski JH, Chernet E, Tauscher J, et al. (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301402">"The PET radioligand [11C]MePPEP binds reversibly and with high specific signal to cannabinoid CB1 receptors in nonhuman primate brain"</a>. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (2): 259–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301402">10.1038/sj.npp.1301402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17392732">17392732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+PET+radioligand+%5B11C%5DMePPEP+binds+reversibly+and+with+high+specific+signal+to+cannabinoid+CB1+receptors+in+nonhuman+primate+brain&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-269&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17392732&rft.aulast=Yasuno&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Brown%2C+AK&rft.au=Zoghbi%2C+SS&rft.au=Krushinski%2C+JH&rft.au=Chernet%2C+E&rft.au=Tauscher%2C+J&rft.au=Schaus%2C+JM&rft.au=Phebus%2C+LA&rft.au=Chesterfield%2C+AK&rft.au=Felder%2C+CC&rft.au=Gladding%2C+RL&rft.au=Hong%2C+J&rft.au=Halldin%2C+C&rft.au=Pike%2C+VW&rft.au=Innis%2C+RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.npp.1301402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2012" class="citation book cs1">Mulholland T (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esv8GMVwHwEC&pg=PA109">"Objective EEG Methods for Studying Covert Shifts of Visual Attention"</a>. In McGuigan FJ, Schoonover RA (eds.). The Psychophysiology of Thinking: Studies of Covert Processes. Elsevier. pp. 109–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14700-2"><bdi>978-0-323-14700-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Objective+EEG+Methods+for+Studying+Covert+Shifts+of+Visual+Attention&rft.btitle=The+Psychophysiology+of+Thinking%3A+Studies+of+Covert+Processes&rft.pages=109-51&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-14700-2&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Desv8GMVwHwEC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinterbergerKüblerKaiserNeumann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hinterberger T, Kübler A, Kaiser J, Neumann N, Birbaumer N (March 2003). "A brain-computer interface (BCI) for the locked-in: comparison of different EEG classifications for the thought translation device". Clinical Neurophysiology. 114 (3): 416–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2802%2900411-X">10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00411-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12705422">12705422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11857440">11857440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=A+brain-computer+interface+%28BCI%29+for+the+locked-in%3A+comparison+of+different+EEG+classifications+for+the+thought+translation+device&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-425&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11857440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12705422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2802%2900411-X&rft.aulast=Hinterberger&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=K%C3%BCbler%2C+A&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+J&rft.au=Neumann%2C+N&rft.au=Birbaumer%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengWangHungTu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng MY, Wang KP, Hung CL, Tu YL, Huang CJ, Koester D, et al. (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1469029216303193">"Higher power of sensorimotor rhythm is associated with better performance in skilled air-pistol shooters"</a>. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 32: 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychsport.2017.05.007">10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33780406">33780406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Sport+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=Higher+power+of+sensorimotor+rhythm+is+associated+with+better+performance+in+skilled+air-pistol+shooters&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psychsport.2017.05.007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33780406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=MY&rft.au=Wang%2C+KP&rft.au=Hung%2C+CL&rft.au=Tu%2C+YL&rft.au=Huang%2C+CJ&rft.au=Koester%2C+D&rft.au=Schack%2C+T&rft.au=Hung%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1469029216303193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerenoRaynerPosner1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sereno SC, Rayner K, Posner MI (July 1998). "Establishing a time-line of word recognition: evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials". NeuroReport. 9 (10): 2195–2200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-199807130-00009">10.1097/00001756-199807130-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694199">9694199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19466604">19466604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroReport&rft.atitle=Establishing+a+time-line+of+word+recognition%3A+evidence+from+eye+movements+and+event-related+potentials&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2195-2200&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19466604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9694199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001756-199807130-00009&rft.aulast=Sereno&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Rayner%2C+K&rft.au=Posner%2C+MI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinbergCampbell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Feinberg I, Campbell IG (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567357">"Longitudinal sleep EEG trajectories indicate complex patterns of adolescent brain maturation"</a>. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 304 (4): R296–R303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00422.2012">10.1152/ajpregu.00422.2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567357">3567357</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23193115">23193115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Longitudinal+sleep+EEG+trajectories+indicate+complex+patterns+of+adolescent+brain+maturation&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=R296-R303&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3567357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23193115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00422.2012&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Campbell%2C+IG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3567357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130319102757.htm">"Sleep study reveals how the adolescent brain makes the transition to mature thinking"</a>. ScienceDaily (Press release). March 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sleep+study+reveals+how+the+adolescent+brain+makes+the+transition+to+mature+thinking&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2013%2F03%2F130319102757.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan R (1999). "Methods to Improve the Spatial Resolution of EEG". International Journal. 1 (1): 102–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Methods+to+Improve+the+Spatial+Resolution+of+EEG&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-11&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrechCassarMuscatCamilleri2008" class="citation journal cs1">Grech R, Cassar T, Muscat J, Camilleri KP, Fabri SG, Zervakis M, et al. (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605581">"Review on solving the inverse problem in EEG source analysis"</a>. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 5 (1): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-5-25">10.1186/1743-0003-5-25</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605581">2605581</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18990257">18990257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroengineering+and+Rehabilitation&rft.atitle=Review+on+solving+the+inverse+problem+in+EEG+source+analysis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2605581%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18990257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1743-0003-5-25&rft.aulast=Grech&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Cassar%2C+T&rft.au=Muscat%2C+J&rft.au=Camilleri%2C+KP&rft.au=Fabri%2C+SG&rft.au=Zervakis%2C+M&rft.au=Xanthopoulos%2C+P&rft.au=Sakkalis%2C+V&rft.au=Vanrumste%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2605581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlöglSlaterPfurtscheller2002" class="citation web cs1">Schlögl A, Slater M, Pfurtscheller G (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/papers/Documents2002/Mel_presence_2002.pdf">"Presence research and EEG"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811142535/http://www-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/papers/Documents2002/Mel_presence_2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presence+research+and+EEG&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%B6gl&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Slater%2C+M&rft.au=Pfurtscheller%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fequator%2Fpapers%2FDocuments2002%2FMel_presence_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtienneLaroiaWeigleAfelin2020" class="citation book cs1">Etienne A, Laroia T, Weigle H, Afelin A, Kelly SK, Krishnan A, et al. (2020). "Novel Electrodes for Reliable EEG Recordings on Coarse and Curly Hair". 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). pp. 6151–6154. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2020.02.26.965202">10.1101/2020.02.26.965202</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEMBC44109.2020.9176067">10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-1990-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-1990-8"><bdi>978-1-7281-1990-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019375">33019375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novel+Electrodes+for+Reliable+EEG+Recordings+on+Coarse+and+Curly+Hair&rft.btitle=2020+42nd+Annual+International+Conference+of+the+IEEE+Engineering+in+Medicine+%26+Biology+Society+%28EMBC%29&rft.pages=6151-6154&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FEMBC44109.2020.9176067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33019375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2020.02.26.965202%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-1990-8&rft.aulast=Etienne&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Laroia%2C+T&rft.au=Weigle%2C+H&rft.au=Afelin%2C+A&rft.au=Kelly%2C+SK&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+A&rft.au=Grover%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsScottAmaranteRamírez2024" class="citation journal cs1">Adams EJ, Scott ME, Amarante M, Ramírez CA, Rowley SJ, Noble KG, et al. (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10987610">"Fostering inclusion in EEG measures of pediatric brain activity"</a>. npj Science of Learning. 9 (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024npjSL...9...27A">2024npjSL...9...27A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41539-024-00240-y">10.1038/s41539-024-00240-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10987610">10987610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38565857">38565857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Science+of+Learning&rft.atitle=Fostering+inclusion+in+EEG+measures+of+pediatric+brain+activity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10987610%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38565857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41539-024-00240-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024npjSL...9...27A&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Scott%2C+ME&rft.au=Amarante%2C+M&rft.au=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+CA&rft.au=Rowley%2C+SJ&rft.au=Noble%2C+KG&rft.au=Troller-Renfree%2C+SV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10987610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang-HellingerBreiterMcCormackCohen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Huang-Hellinger FR, Breiter HC, McCormack G, Cohen MS, Kwong KK, Sutton JP, et al. (1995). "Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electrophysiological Recording". Human Brain Mapping. 3: 13–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhbm.460030103">10.1002/hbm.460030103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145788101">145788101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Brain+Mapping&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+Functional+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+and+Electrophysiological+Recording&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=13-23&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhbm.460030103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145788101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huang-Hellinger&rft.aufirst=FR&rft.au=Breiter%2C+HC&rft.au=McCormack%2C+G&rft.au=Cohen%2C+MS&rft.au=Kwong%2C+KK&rft.au=Sutton%2C+JP&rft.au=Savoy%2C+RL&rft.au=Weisskoff%2C+RM&rft.au=Davis%2C+TL&rft.au=Baker%2C+JR&rft.au=Belliveau%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanSternEngelCohen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman RI, Stern JM, Engel J, Cohen MS (November 2000). "Acquiring simultaneous EEG and functional MRI". Clinical Neurophysiology. 111 (11): 1974–1980. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1388-2457%2800%2900456-9">10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00456-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11068232">11068232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11716369">11716369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Acquiring+simultaneous+EEG+and+functional+MRI&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1974-1980&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11716369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11068232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1388-2457%2800%2900456-9&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=RI&rft.au=Stern%2C+JM&rft.au=Engel%2C+J&rft.au=Cohen%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorovitzSkudlarskiGore2002" class="citation journal cs1">Horovitz SG, Skudlarski P, Gore JC (May 2002). "Correlations and dissociations between BOLD signal and P300 amplitude in an auditory oddball task: a parametric approach to combining fMRI and ERP". Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 20 (4): 319–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0730-725X%2802%2900496-4">10.1016/S0730-725X(02)00496-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12165350">12165350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.atitle=Correlations+and+dissociations+between+BOLD+signal+and+P300+amplitude+in+an+auditory+oddball+task%3A+a+parametric+approach+to+combining+fMRI+and+ERP&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-325&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0730-725X%2802%2900496-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12165350&rft.aulast=Horovitz&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Skudlarski%2C+P&rft.au=Gore%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufsKleinschmidtBeyerleEger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Laufs H, Kleinschmidt A, Beyerle A, Eger E, Salek-Haddadi A, Preibisch C, et al. (August 2003). "EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity". NeuroImage. 19 (4): 1463–1476. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.586.3056">10.1.1.586.3056</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1053-8119%2803%2900286-6">10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00286-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12948703">12948703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6272011">6272011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=EEG-correlated+fMRI+of+human+alpha+activity&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1463-1476&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.586.3056%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6272011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12948703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1053-8119%2803%2900286-6&rft.aulast=Laufs&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kleinschmidt%2C+A&rft.au=Beyerle%2C+A&rft.au=Eger%2C+E&rft.au=Salek-Haddadi%2C+A&rft.au=Preibisch%2C+C&rft.au=Krakow%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7286871">US patent 7286871</a>, Mark S. Cohen, "Method and apparatus for reducing contamination of an electrical signal", published 2004-05-20<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=7286871&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+and+apparatus+for+reducing+contamination+of+an+electrical+signal&rft.inventor=Mark+S.+Cohen&rft.pubdate=2004-05-20&rft.prioritydate=2000-08-15">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDifrancescoHollandSzaflarski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Difrancesco MW, Holland SK, Szaflarski JP (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662486">"Simultaneous EEG/functional magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla: correlates of brain activity to spontaneous alpha rhythm during relaxation"</a>. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 25 (5): 255–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181879d56">10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181879d56</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662486">2662486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18791470">18791470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+EEG%2Ffunctional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+at+4+Tesla%3A+correlates+of+brain+activity+to+spontaneous+alpha+rhythm+during+relaxation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=255-264&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2662486%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18791470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181879d56&rft.aulast=Difrancesco&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Holland%2C+SK&rft.au=Szaflarski%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2662486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizengavan_ZuijenHeslenfeldMolenaar2001" class="citation journal cs1">Huizenga HM, van Zuijen TL, Heslenfeld DJ, Molenaar PC (July 2001). "Simultaneous MEG and EEG source analysis". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 46 (7): 1737–1751. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PMB....46.1737H">2001PMB....46.1737H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.8384">10.1.1.4.8384</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9155%2F46%2F7%2F301">10.1088/0031-9155/46/7/301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11474922">11474922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250761006">250761006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+MEG+and+EEG+source+analysis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1737-1751&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250761006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PMB....46.1737H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.4.8384%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11474922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9155%2F46%2F7%2F301&rft.aulast=Huizenga&rft.aufirst=HM&rft.au=van+Zuijen%2C+TL&rft.au=Heslenfeld%2C+DJ&rft.au=Molenaar%2C+PC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25761059-51"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25761059_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydinVorwerkDümpelmannKüpper2015" class="citation journal cs1">Aydin Ü, Vorwerk J, Dümpelmann M, Küpper P, Kugel H, Heers M, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356563">"Combined EEG/MEG can outperform single modality EEG or MEG source reconstruction in presurgical epilepsy diagnosis"</a>. PLOS ONE (Review). 10 (3): e0118753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1018753A">2015PLoSO..1018753A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0118753">10.1371/journal.pone.0118753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356563">4356563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25761059">25761059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Combined+EEG%2FMEG+can+outperform+single+modality+EEG+or+MEG+source+reconstruction+in+presurgical+epilepsy+diagnosis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0118753&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4356563%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25761059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0118753&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1018753A&rft.aulast=Aydin&rft.aufirst=%C3%9C&rft.au=Vorwerk%2C+J&rft.au=D%C3%BCmpelmann%2C+M&rft.au=K%C3%BCpper%2C+P&rft.au=Kugel%2C+H&rft.au=Heers%2C+M&rft.au=Wellmer%2C+J&rft.au=Kellinghaus%2C+C&rft.au=Haueisen%2C+J&rft.au=Rampp%2C+S&rft.au=Stefan%2C+H&rft.au=Wolters%2C+CH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4356563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreckenbergerLange-AsschenfeldtLange-AsschenfeldLochmann2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schreckenberger M, Lange-Asschenfeldt C, Lange-Asschenfeld C, Lochmann M, Mann K, Siessmeier T, et al. (June 2004). "The thalamus as the generator and modulator of EEG alpha rhythm: a combined PET/EEG study with lorazepam challenge in humans". NeuroImage. 22 (2): 637–644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2004.01.047">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15193592">15193592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31790623">31790623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=The+thalamus+as+the+generator+and+modulator+of+EEG+alpha+rhythm%3A+a+combined+PET%2FEEG+study+with+lorazepam+challenge+in+humans&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=637-644&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31790623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15193592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2004.01.047&rft.aulast=Schreckenberger&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lange-Asschenfeldt%2C+C&rft.au=Lange-Asschenfeld%2C+C&rft.au=Lochmann%2C+M&rft.au=Mann%2C+K&rft.au=Siessmeier%2C+T&rft.au=Buchholz%2C+HG&rft.au=Bartenstein%2C+P&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCnder%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="birdeegmentalstates" class="citation book cs1">Bird J, Manso LJ, Ekart A, Faria DR (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328615252">A Study on Mental State Classification using EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface</a>. Madeira Island, Portugal: 9th international Conference on Intelligent Systems 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+on+Mental+State+Classification+using+EEG-based+Brain-Machine+Interface&rft.place=Madeira+Island%2C+Portugal&rft.pub=9th+international+Conference+on+Intelligent+Systems+2018&rft.date=2018-09&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Manso%2C+LJ&rft.au=Ekart%2C+A&rft.au=Faria%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F328615252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="birdeegemotions" class="citation book cs1">Bird JJ, Ekart A, Buckingham CD, Faria DR (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disp-conference.org/">Mental Emotional Sentiment Classification with an EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface</a>. St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom: The International Conference on Digital Image and Signal Processing (DISP'19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202733/https://www.disp-conference.org/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mental+Emotional+Sentiment+Classification+with+an+EEG-based+Brain-Machine+Interface&rft.place=St+Hugh%27s+College%2C+University+of+Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+International+Conference+on+Digital+Image+and+Signal+Processing+%28DISP%2719%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Ekart%2C+A&rft.au=Buckingham%2C+CD&rft.au=Faria%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.disp-conference.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannesteSongDe_Ridder2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856824">"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by machine learning"</a>. Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1103V">2018NatCo...9.1103V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-02820-0">10.1038/s41467-018-02820-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856824">5856824</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549239">29549239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Thalamocortical+dysrhythmia+detected+by+machine+learning&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1103&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5856824%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29549239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-02820-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.1103V&rft.aulast=Vanneste&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Song%2C+JJ&rft.au=De+Ridder%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5856824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerculano-Houzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Herculano-Houzel S (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484">"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 3: 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fneuro.09.031.2009">10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484">2776484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19915731">19915731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+human+brain+in+numbers%3A+a+linearly+scaled-up+primate+brain&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19915731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Fneuro.09.031.2009&rft.aulast=Herculano-Houzel&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatumHusainBenbadis2008" class="citation book cs1">Tatum WO, Husain AM, Benbadis SR (2008). Handbook of EEG Interpretation. Demos Medical Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+EEG+Interpretation&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=WO&rft.au=Husain%2C+AM&rft.au=Benbadis%2C+SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunez_PL,_Srinivasan_R_1981-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nunez_PL,_Srinivasan_R_1981_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nunez_PL,_Srinivasan_R_1981_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunezSrinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gu5qAAAAMAAJ">Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502796-9"><bdi>978-0-19-502796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+fields+of+the+brain%3A+The+neurophysics+of+EEG&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502796-9&rft.aulast=Nunez&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgu5qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinThorne2006" class="citation book cs1">Klein S, Thorne BM (October 3, 2006). Biological psychology. New York, N.Y.: Worth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-9922-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-9922-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-9922-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+psychology&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Worth&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-9922-1&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Thorne%2C+BM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittingstallLogothetis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Whittingstall K, Logothetis NK (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2009.08.016">"Frequency-band coupling in surface EEG reflects spiking activity in monkey visual cortex"</a>. Neuron. 64 (2): 281–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2009.08.016">10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19874794">19874794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17650488">17650488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Frequency-band+coupling+in+surface+EEG+reflects+spiking+activity+in+monkey+visual+cortex&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-289&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17650488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19874794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2009.08.016&rft.aulast=Whittingstall&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Logothetis%2C+NK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2009.08.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowleBolañosSuarezTan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Towle VL, Bolaños J, Suarez D, Tan K, Grzeszczuk R, Levin DN, et al. (January 1993). "The spatial location of EEG electrodes: locating the best-fitting sphere relative to cortical anatomy". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 86 (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2893%2990061-Y">10.1016/0013-4694(93)90061-Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7678386">7678386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=The+spatial+location+of+EEG+electrodes%3A+locating+the+best-fitting+sphere+relative+to+cortical+anatomy&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-4694%2893%2990061-Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7678386&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=VL&rft.au=Bola%C3%B1os%2C+J&rft.au=Suarez%2C+D&rft.au=Tan%2C+K&rft.au=Grzeszczuk%2C+R&rft.au=Levin%2C+DN&rft.au=Cakmur%2C+R&rft.au=Frank%2C+SA&rft.au=Spire%2C+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Guideline seven: a proposal for standard montages to be used in clinical EEG. American Electroencephalographic Society". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 11 (1): 30–36. January 1994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-199401000-00008">10.1097/00004691-199401000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195424">8195424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Guideline+seven%3A+a+proposal+for+standard+montages+to+be+used+in+clinical+EEG.+American+Electroencephalographic+Society&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-36&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004691-199401000-00008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8195424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aurlien_2004-63"><a href="#cite_ref-aurlien_2004_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurlienGjerdeAarsethEldøen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aurlien H, Gjerde IO, Aarseth JH, Eldøen G, Karlsen B, Skeidsvoll H, et al. (March 2004). "EEG background activity described by a large computerized database". Clinical Neurophysiology. 115 (3): 665–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2003.10.019">10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15036063">15036063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25988980">25988980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=EEG+background+activity+described+by+a+large+computerized+database&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=665-673&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25988980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15036063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2003.10.019&rft.aulast=Aurlien&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Gjerde%2C+IO&rft.au=Aarseth%2C+JH&rft.au=Eld%C3%B8en%2C+G&rft.au=Karlsen%2C+B&rft.au=Skeidsvoll%2C+H&rft.au=Gilhus%2C+NE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11761077-64"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11761077_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yao D (November 2001). "A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity". Physiological Measurement. 22 (4): 693–711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0967-3334%2F22%2F4%2F305">10.1088/0967-3334/22/4/305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11761077">11761077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250847914">250847914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Measurement&rft.atitle=A+method+to+standardize+a+reference+of+scalp+EEG+recordings+to+a+point+at+infinity&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=693-711&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250847914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11761077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0967-3334%2F22%2F4%2F305&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunezPilgreen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Nunez PL, Pilgreen KL (October 1991). "The spline-Laplacian in clinical neurophysiology: a method to improve EEG spatial resolution". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 8 (4): 397–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-199110000-00005">10.1097/00004691-199110000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1761706">1761706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38459560">38459560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=The+spline-Laplacian+in+clinical+neurophysiology%3A+a+method+to+improve+EEG+spatial+resolution&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=397-413&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38459560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1761706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004691-199110000-00005&rft.aulast=Nunez&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Pilgreen%2C+KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheriKnightSmith1994" class="citation journal cs1">Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL (May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1253862">"A dry electrode for EEG recording"</a>. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 90 (5): 376–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2894%2990053-1">10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7514984">7514984</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222051700/https://zenodo.org/record/1253862">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=A+dry+electrode+for+EEG+recording&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=376-383&rft.date=1994-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-4694%2894%2990053-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7514984&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Knight%2C+RT&rft.au=Smith%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1253862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlizadeh-Taheri1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Alizadeh-Taheri B (1994). Active Micromachined Scalp Electrode Array for Eeg Signal Recording (PhD thesis). University of California, Davis. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhDT........82A">1994PhDT........82A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Active+Micromachined+Scalp+Electrode+Array+for+Eeg+Signal+Recording&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Davis&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PhDT........82A&rft.aulast=Alizadeh-Taheri&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockenberry2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Hockenberry J (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.08/assist_pr.html">"The Next Brainiacs"</a>. Wired Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Next+Brainiacs&rft.date=2001-08&rft.aulast=Hockenberry&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.08%2Fassist_pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlipherHairstonBradfordBain2018" class="citation journal cs1">Slipher GA, Hairston WD, Bradford JC, Bain ED, Mrozek RA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800568">"Carbon nanofiber-filled conductive silicone elastomers as soft, dry bioelectronic interfaces"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0189415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1389415S">2018PLoSO..1389415S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0189415">10.1371/journal.pone.0189415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800568">5800568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29408942">29408942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Carbon+nanofiber-filled+conductive+silicone+elastomers+as+soft%2C+dry+bioelectronic+interfaces&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0189415&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5800568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29408942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0189415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1389415S&rft.aulast=Slipher&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Hairston%2C+WD&rft.au=Bradford%2C+JC&rft.au=Bain%2C+ED&rft.au=Mrozek%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5800568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLiChenDuan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang F, Li G, Chen J, Duan Y, Zhang D (August 2016). "Novel semi-dry electrodes for brain-computer interface applications". Journal of Neural Engineering. 13 (4): 046021. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNEng..13d6021W">2016JNEng..13d6021W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%2F4%2F046021">10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27378253">27378253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26744679">26744679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neural+Engineering&rft.atitle=Novel+semi-dry+electrodes+for+brain-computer+interface+applications&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=046021&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%2F4%2F046021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26744679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27378253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JNEng..13d6021W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Li%2C+G&rft.au=Chen%2C+J&rft.au=Duan%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedlerGriebelPedrosaFonseca2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fiedler P, Griebel S, Pedrosa P, Fonseca C, Vaz F, Zentner L, et al. (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sna.2014.10.010">"Multichannel EEG with novel Ti/TiN dry electrodes"</a>. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 221: 139–147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SeAcA.221..139F">2015SeAcA.221..139F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sna.2014.10.010">10.1016/j.sna.2014.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0924-4247">0924-4247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors+and+Actuators+A%3A+Physical&rft.atitle=Multichannel+EEG+with+novel+Ti%2FTiN+dry+electrodes&rft.volume=221&rft.pages=139-147&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.issn=0924-4247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sna.2014.10.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SeAcA.221..139F&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Griebel%2C+S&rft.au=Pedrosa%2C+P&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+C&rft.au=Vaz%2C+F&rft.au=Zentner%2C+L&rft.au=Zanow%2C+F&rft.au=Haueisen%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sna.2014.10.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgxsystems.com/products">"Dry EEG Headsets | Products | CGX"</a>. CGX 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213022928/https://www.cgxsystems.com/products">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CGX+2021&rft.atitle=Dry+EEG+Headsets+%26%23124%3B+Products+%26%23124%3B+CGX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgxsystems.com%2Fproducts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgxsystems.com/technology">"Dry EEG Technology"</a>. CGX LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213022929/https://www.cgxsystems.com/technology">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dry+EEG+Technology&rft.pub=CGX+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgxsystems.com%2Ftechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondylisWoznyLipskiPopescu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kondylis ED, Wozny TA, Lipski WJ, Popescu A, DeStefino VJ, Esmaeili B, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123606">"Detection of high-frequency oscillations by hybrid depth electrodes in standard clinical intracranial EEG recordings"</a>. Frontiers in Neurology. 5: 149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneur.2014.00149">10.3389/fneur.2014.00149</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123606">4123606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25147541">25147541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Detection+of+high-frequency+oscillations+by+hybrid+depth+electrodes+in+standard+clinical+intracranial+EEG+recordings&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4123606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25147541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffneur.2014.00149&rft.aulast=Kondylis&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Wozny%2C+TA&rft.au=Lipski%2C+WJ&rft.au=Popescu%2C+A&rft.au=DeStefino%2C+VJ&rft.au=Esmaeili%2C+B&rft.au=Raghu%2C+VK&rft.au=Bagic%2C+A&rft.au=Richardson%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4123606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurakamiOkada2006" class="citation journal cs1">Murakami S, Okada Y (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995687">"Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals"</a>. The Journal of Physiology. 575 (Pt 3): 925–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2006.105379">10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995687">1995687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16613883">16613883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+principal+neocortical+neurons+to+magnetoencephalography+and+electroencephalography+signals&rft.volume=575&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.pages=925-936&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1995687%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16613883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2006.105379&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Okada%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1995687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson J (October 22, 2004). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (Hardcover) (6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0110-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0110-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-0110-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Psychology+and+Its+Implications&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Worth&rft.date=2004-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0110-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreutzfeldtWatanabeLux1966" class="citation journal cs1">Creutzfeldt OD, Watanabe S, Lux HD (January 1966). "Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and erpicortical stimulation". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 20 (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2866%2990136-2">10.1016/0013-4694(66)90136-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4161317">4161317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Relations+between+EEG+phenomena+and+potentials+of+single+cortical+cells.+I.+Evoked+responses+after+thalamic+and+erpicortical+stimulation&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1966-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-4694%2866%2990136-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4161317&rft.aulast=Creutzfeldt&rft.aufirst=OD&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+S&rft.au=Lux%2C+HD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzsaki2006" class="citation book cs1">Buzsaki G (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530106-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530106-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530106-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+the+brain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530106-9&rft.aulast=Buzsaki&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-EEG-79"><a href="#cite_ref-EEG_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tatum WO (March 2014). "Ellen R. Grass Lecture: extraordinary EEG". The Neurodiagnostic Journal. 54 (1): 3–21. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24783746">24783746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Neurodiagnostic+Journal&rft.atitle=Ellen+R.+Grass+Lecture%3A+extraordinary+EEG&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24783746&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=WO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirmizi-Alsan2006-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirmizi-Alsan2006_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirmizi-Alsan2006_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmizi-AlsanBayraktarogluGurvitKeskin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kirmizi-Alsan E, Bayraktaroglu Z, Gurvit H, Keskin YH, Emre M, Demiralp T (August 2006). "Comparative analysis of event-related potentials during Go/NoGo and CPT: decomposition of electrophysiological markers of response inhibition and sustained attention". Brain Research. 1104 (1): 114–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2006.03.010">10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16824492">16824492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18850757">18850757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+event-related+potentials+during+Go%2FNoGo+and+CPT%3A+decomposition+of+electrophysiological+markers+of+response+inhibition+and+sustained+attention&rft.volume=1104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-128&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18850757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16824492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2006.03.010&rft.aulast=Kirmizi-Alsan&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bayraktaroglu%2C+Z&rft.au=Gurvit%2C+H&rft.au=Keskin%2C+YH&rft.au=Emre%2C+M&rft.au=Demiralp%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohlichSenturkSaravanapandianGolshani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Frohlich J, <a href="/wiki/Damla_%C5%9Eent%C3%BCrk" title="Damla Şentürk">Senturk D</a>, Saravanapandian V, Golshani P, Reiter LT, Sankar R, et al. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5157977">"A Quantitative Electrophysiological Biomarker of Duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 Syndrome"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0167179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1167179F">2016PLoSO..1167179F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0167179">10.1371/journal.pone.0167179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5157977">5157977</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27977700">27977700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Electrophysiological+Biomarker+of+Duplication+15q11.2-q13.1+Syndrome&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e0167179&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5157977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27977700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0167179&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1167179F&rft.aulast=Frohlich&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Senturk%2C+D&rft.au=Saravanapandian%2C+V&rft.au=Golshani%2C+P&rft.au=Reiter%2C+LT&rft.au=Sankar%2C+R&rft.au=Thibert%2C+RL&rft.au=DiStefano%2C+C&rft.au=Huberty%2C+S&rft.au=Cook%2C+EH&rft.au=Jeste%2C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5157977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KisleyCornwell2006-82"><a href="#cite_ref-KisleyCornwell2006_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisleyCornwell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kisley MA, Cornwell ZM (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773003">"Gamma and beta neural activity evoked during a sensory gating paradigm: effects of auditory, somatosensory and cross-modal stimulation"</a>. Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (11): 2549–2563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2006.08.003">10.1016/j.clinph.2006.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773003">1773003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008125">17008125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Gamma+and+beta+neural+activity+evoked+during+a+sensory+gating+paradigm%3A+effects+of+auditory%2C+somatosensory+and+cross-modal+stimulation&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2549-2563&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1773003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17008125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2006.08.003&rft.aulast=Kisley&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+ZM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1773003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KanayamaSatoOhira2007-83"><a href="#cite_ref-KanayamaSatoOhira2007_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanayamaSatoOhira2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kanayama N, Sato A, Ohira H (May 2007). "Crossmodal effect with rubber hand illusion and gamma-band activity". Psychophysiology. 44 (3): 392–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8986.2007.00511.x">10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00511.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17371495">17371495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Crossmodal+effect+with+rubber+hand+illusion+and+gamma-band+activity&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392-402&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8986.2007.00511.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17371495&rft.aulast=Kanayama&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Sato%2C+A&rft.au=Ohira%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastaut1952" class="citation journal cs1">Gastaut H (1952). "[Electrocorticographic study of the reactivity of rolandic rhythm]". Revue Neurologique. 87 (2): 176–182. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13014777">13014777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Neurologique&rft.atitle=%5BElectrocorticographic+study+of+the+reactivity+of+rolandic+rhythm%5D&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=176-182&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13014777&rft.aulast=Gastaut&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberman_LM_2005-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberman_LM_2005_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberman_LM_2005_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermanHubbardMcCleeryAltschuler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, Altschuler EL, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (July 2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders". Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 24 (2): 190–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogbrainres.2005.01.014">10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15993757">15993757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research.+Cognitive+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=EEG+evidence+for+mirror+neuron+dysfunction+in+autism+spectrum+disorders&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-198&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cogbrainres.2005.01.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15993757&rft.aulast=Oberman&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+EM&rft.au=McCleery%2C+JP&rft.au=Altschuler%2C+EL&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C+VS&rft.au=Pineda%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahnPolich2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cahn BR, Polich J (March 2006). "Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies". Psychological Bulletin. 132 (2): 180–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.132.2.180">10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16536641">16536641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2151810">2151810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Meditation+states+and+traits%3A+EEG%2C+ERP%2C+and+neuroimaging+studies&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180-211&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2151810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16536641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.132.2.180&rft.aulast=Cahn&rft.aufirst=BR&rft.au=Polich%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrardMalcolm2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654794">"Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research"</a>. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (3): 349–364. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654794">2654794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19300566">19300566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychiatric+Disease+and+Treatment&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+modafinil%3A+A+review+of+current+research&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-364&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2654794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19300566&rft.aulast=Gerrard&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Malcolm%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2654794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedermeyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Niedermeyer E (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-8760%2897%2900754-X">"Alpha rhythms as physiological and abnormal phenomena"</a>. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 26 (1–3): 31–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-8760%2897%2900754-X">10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00754-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9202993">9202993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Alpha+rhythms+as+physiological+and+abnormal+phenomena&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=31-49&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-8760%2897%2900754-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9202993&rft.aulast=Niedermeyer&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0167-8760%252897%252900754-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeshchenkoReinselVeselis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Feshchenko VA, Reinsel RA, Veselis RA (July 2001). "Multiplicity of the alpha rhythm in normal humans". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 18 (4): 331–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-200107000-00005">10.1097/00004691-200107000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11673699">11673699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Multiplicity+of+the+alpha+rhythm+in+normal+humans&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-344&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004691-200107000-00005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11673699&rft.aulast=Feshchenko&rft.aufirst=VA&rft.au=Reinsel%2C+RA&rft.au=Veselis%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfurtschellerLopes_da_Silva1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (November 1999). "Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles". Clinical Neurophysiology. 110 (11): 1842–1857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2899%2900141-8">10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10576479">10576479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24756702">24756702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Event-related+EEG%2FMEG+synchronization+and+desynchronization%3A+basic+principles&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1842-1857&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24756702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10576479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2899%2900141-8&rft.aulast=Pfurtscheller&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lopes+da+Silva%2C+FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonThomason2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson AL, Thomason ME (November 2013). "Functional plasticity before the cradle: a review of neural functional imaging in the human fetus". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 37 (9 Pt B): 2220–2232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.013">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23542738">23542738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45733681">45733681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+and+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Functional+plasticity+before+the+cradle%3A+a+review+of+neural+functional+imaging+in+the+human+fetus&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9+Pt+B&rft.pages=2220-2232&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45733681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23542738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.013&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Thomason%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/maciverlab/">"The MacIver Lab"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123211653/http://www.stanford.edu/group/maciverlab/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MacIver+Lab&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fmaciverlab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jiang_2019-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jiang_2019_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiang_2019_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangBianTian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang X, Bian GB, Tian Z (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6427454">"Removal of Artifacts from EEG Signals: A Review"</a>. Sensors. 19 (5): 987. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Senso..19..987J">2019Senso..19..987J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs19050987">10.3390/s19050987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6427454">6427454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30813520">30813520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Removal+of+Artifacts+from+EEG+Signals%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=987&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6427454%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30813520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs19050987&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Senso..19..987J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Bian%2C+GB&rft.au=Tian%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6427454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsuradiParkEid2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alsuradi H, Park W, Eid M (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2979855">"EEG-Based Neurohaptics Research: A Literature Review"</a>. IEEE Access. 8: 49313–49328. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...849313A">2020IEEEA...849313A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2979855">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3536">2169-3536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214596892">214596892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=EEG-Based+Neurohaptics+Research%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=49313-49328&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2979855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214596892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IEEEA...849313A&rft.aulast=Alsuradi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Park%2C+W&rft.au=Eid%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FACCESS.2020.2979855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroftBarry2000" class="citation journal cs1">Croft RJ, Barry RJ (February 2000). "Removal of ocular artifact from the EEG: a review". Clinical Neurophysiology. 30 (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0987-7053%2800%2900055-1">10.1016/S0987-7053(00)00055-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740792">10740792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13738373">13738373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Removal+of+ocular+artifact+from+the+EEG%3A+a+review&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13738373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10740792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0987-7053%2800%2900055-1&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Barry%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recom_clin_neurophys_1983-96"><a href="#cite_ref-recom_clin_neurophys_1983_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1983" class="citation book cs1">Epstein CM (1983). Introduction to EEG and evoked potentials. J. B. Lippincott Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-50598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-50598-2"><bdi>978-0-397-50598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+EEG+and+evoked+potentials&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Co.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-397-50598-2&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenXuLiuLee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen X, Xu X, Liu A, Lee S, Chen X, Zhang X, et al. (July 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8672623/;jsessionid=As8tSBB9oaPfg094BVG92B-t9gaUdCy8m_HKmEdHJLX-Z_Ch3boQ!-508844548">"Removal of Muscle Artifacts From the EEG: A Review and Recommendations"</a>. IEEE Sensors Journal. 19 (14): 5353–5368. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ISenJ..19.5353C">2019ISenJ..19.5353C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSEN.2019.2906572">10.1109/JSEN.2019.2906572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-1748">1558-1748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116693954">116693954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Sensors+Journal&rft.atitle=Removal+of+Muscle+Artifacts+From+the+EEG%3A+A+Review+and+Recommendations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=5353-5368&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJSEN.2019.2906572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116693954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1558-1748&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ISenJ..19.5353C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Xu%2C+X&rft.au=Liu%2C+A&rft.au=Lee%2C+S&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=McKeown%2C+MJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+ZJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8672623%2F%3Bjsessionid%3DAs8tSBB9oaPfg094BVG92B-t9gaUdCy8m_HKmEdHJLX-Z_Ch3boQ%21-508844548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2022" class="citation cs2">Kaya I (May 18, 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77731">"A Brief Summary of EEG Artifact Handling"</a>, in Asadpour V (ed.), Brain-Computer Interface, Artificial Intelligence, vol. 9, IntechOpen, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00693">2001.00693</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.99127">10.5772/intechopen.99127</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83962-522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83962-522-0"><bdi>978-1-83962-522-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209832569">209832569</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220022603/https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77731">archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022, retrieved December 20, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Summary+of+EEG+Artifact+Handling&rft.btitle=Brain-Computer+Interface&rft.series=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=IntechOpen&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2001.00693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209832569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5772%2Fintechopen.99127&rft.isbn=978-1-83962-522-0&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fchapters%2F77731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montez2009-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Montez2009_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontezPoilJonesManshanden2009" class="citation journal cs1">Montez T, Poil SS, Jones BF, Manshanden I, Verbunt JP, van Dijk BW, et al. (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635782">"Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta oscillations in early-stage Alzheimer disease"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (5): 1614–1619. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.1614M">2009PNAS..106.1614M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0811699106">10.1073/pnas.0811699106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635782">2635782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19164579">19164579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Altered+temporal+correlations+in+parietal+alpha+and+prefrontal+theta+oscillations+in+early-stage+Alzheimer+disease&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1614-1619&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2635782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164579&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0811699106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..106.1614M&rft.aulast=Montez&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Poil%2C+SS&rft.au=Jones%2C+BF&rft.au=Manshanden%2C+I&rft.au=Verbunt%2C+JP&rft.au=van+Dijk%2C+BW&rft.au=Brussaard%2C+AB&rft.au=van+Ooyen%2C+A&rft.au=Stam%2C+CJ&rft.au=Scheltens%2C+P&rft.au=Linkenkaer-Hansen%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2635782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanachakelRamakrishnan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Panachakel JT, Ramakrishnan AG (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116487">"Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A Comprehensive Review"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15: 642251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2021.642251">10.3389/fnins.2021.642251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116487">8116487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33994922">33994922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Decoding+Covert+Speech+From+EEG-A+Comprehensive+Review&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=642251&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8116487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33994922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2021.642251&rft.aulast=Panachakel&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Ramakrishnan%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8116487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappKeyserAlbanoHernandez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rapp PE, Keyser DO, Albano A, Hernandez R, Gibson DB, Zambon RA, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316720">"Traumatic brain injury detection using electrophysiological methods"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 9: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2015.00011">10.3389/fnhum.2015.00011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316720">4316720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25698950">25698950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Traumatic+brain+injury+detection+using+electrophysiological+methods&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316720%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25698950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2015.00011&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Keyser%2C+DO&rft.au=Albano%2C+A&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+R&rft.au=Gibson%2C+DB&rft.au=Zambon%2C+RA&rft.au=Hairston%2C+WD&rft.au=Hughes%2C+JD&rft.au=Krystal%2C+A&rft.au=Nichols%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankeWalkerHokeWares2016" class="citation journal cs1">Franke LM, Walker WC, Hoke KW, Wares JR (August 2016). "Distinction in EEG slow oscillations between chronic mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 106: 21–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2016.05.010">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27238074">27238074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychophysiology&rft.atitle=Distinction+in+EEG+slow+oscillations+between+chronic+mild+traumatic+brain+injury+and+PTSD&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpsycho.2016.05.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27238074&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Walker%2C+WC&rft.au=Hoke%2C+KW&rft.au=Wares%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.va.gov/currents/1116-2.cfm">"Study: EEG can help tell apart PTSD, mild traumatic brain injury"</a>. www.research.va.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009195224/https://www.research.va.gov/currents/1116-2.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.research.va.gov&rft.atitle=Study%3A+EEG+can+help+tell+apart+PTSD%2C+mild+traumatic+brain+injury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.va.gov%2Fcurrents%2F1116-2.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8847846">"Mind Games"</a>. The Economist. March 23, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212220903/http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8847846">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mind+Games&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fscience%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D8847846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mind_reading_is_on_the_market_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2010" class="citation news cs1">Li S (August 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104065206/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader-20100808,0,6235181,full.story">"Mind reading is on the market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader-20100808,0,6235181,full.story">the original</a> on January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mind+reading+is+on+the+market&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-mind-reader-20100808%2C0%2C6235181%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruhlinger2008" class="citation web cs1">Fruhlinger J (October 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2008/10/09/brains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareenixs-judecca-mind-control-ga/">"Brains-on with NeuroSky and Square Enix's Judecca mind-control game"</a>. Engadget. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030014828/http://www.engadget.com/2008/10/09/brains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareenixs-judecca-mind-control-ga/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brains-on+with+NeuroSky+and+Square+Enix%27s+Judecca+mind-control+game&rft.pub=Engadget&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.aulast=Fruhlinger&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2008%2F10%2F09%2Fbrains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareenixs-judecca-mind-control-ga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080916/http://www.physorg.com/news150781868.html">"New games powered by brain waves"</a>. Physorg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news150781868.html">the original</a> on June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+games+powered+by+brain+waves&rft.pub=Physorg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews150781868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnider2009" class="citation news cs1">Snider M (January 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2009-01-06-force-trainer-toy_N.htm">"Toy trains 'Star Wars' fans to use The Force"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023104506/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2009-01-06-force-trainer-toy_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Toy+trains+%27Star+Wars%27+fans+to+use+The+Force&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft.aulast=Snider&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Flifestyle%2F2009-01-06-force-trainer-toy_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/29190/NeuroSky_Upgrades_SDK_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_BrainwavePowered_Games.php">"News – NeuroSky Upgrades SDK, Allows For Eye Blink, Brainwave-Powered Games"</a>. Gamasutra. June 30, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053401/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/29190/NeuroSky_Upgrades_SDK_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_BrainwavePowered_Games.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%E2%80%93+NeuroSky+Upgrades+SDK%2C+Allows+For+Eye+Blink%2C+Brainwave-Powered+Games&rft.pub=Gamasutra&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F29190%2FNeuroSky_Upgrades_SDK_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_BrainwavePowered_Games.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-educationmindwave-110"><a href="#cite_ref-educationmindwave_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiolet" class="citation web cs1">Fiolet E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubergizmo.com/2011/03/neurosky-mindwave/">"NeuroSky MindWave Brings Brain-Computer Interface to Education"</a>. www.ubergizmo.com. Ubergizmo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212142303/http://www.ubergizmo.com/2011/03/neurosky-mindwave/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ubergizmo.com&rft.atitle=NeuroSky+MindWave+Brings+Brain-Computer+Interface+to+Education&rft.aulast=Fiolet&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubergizmo.com%2F2011%2F03%2Fneurosky-mindwave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinness-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015064018/http://neurogadget.com/2011/04/12/neurosky-mindwave-sets-guinness-world-record-for-%E2%80%9Clargest-object-moved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%E2%80%9D/1820">"NeuroSky MindWave Sets Guinness World Record for "Largest Object Moved Using a Brain-Computer Interface""</a>. NeuroGadget.com. NeuroGadget. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurogadget.com/2011/04/12/neurosky-mindwave-sets-guinness-world-record-for-%E2%80%9Clargest-object-moved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%E2%80%9D/1820">the original</a> on October 15, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NeuroGadget.com&rft.atitle=NeuroSky+MindWave+Sets+Guinness+World+Record+for+%22Largest+Object+Moved+Using+a+Brain-Computer+Interface%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneurogadget.com%2F2011%2F04%2F12%2Fneurosky-mindwave-sets-guinness-world-record-for-%25E2%2580%259Clargest-object-moved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%25E2%2580%259D%2F1820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prnewswire,_2017-112"><a href="#cite_ref-prnewswire,_2017_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/product-launch-neurosync---the-worlds-smallest-brain-computer-interface-300113433.html">"Product Launch! Neurosync – The World's Smallest Brain-Computer-Interface"</a>. www.prnewswire.com. July 15, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209221332/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/product-launch-neurosync---the-worlds-smallest-brain-computer-interface-300113433.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prnewswire.com&rft.atitle=Product+Launch%21+Neurosync+%E2%80%93+The+World%27s+Smallest+Brain-Computer-Interface&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fproduct-launch-neurosync---the-worlds-smallest-brain-computer-interface-300113433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.macrotellect.com/app.html">"APP – Macrotellect"</a>. o.macrotellect.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123204243/http://o.macrotellect.com/app.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=o.macrotellect.com&rft.atitle=APP+%E2%80%93+Macrotellect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.macrotellect.com%2Fapp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K202334">"510(k) Premarket Notification"</a>. www.accessdata.fda.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112211158/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K202334">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accessdata.fda.gov&rft.atitle=510%28k%29+Premarket+Notification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfpmn%2Fpmn.cfm%3FID%3DK202334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2021" class="citation web cs1">Bell J, ed. (January 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neuronewsinternational.com/bioserenity-receives-fda-clearance-for-eeg-wearable-device-system/">"BioSerenity receives FDA clearance for EEG wearable device system"</a>. NeuroNews International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112211156/https://neuronewsinternational.com/bioserenity-receives-fda-clearance-for-eeg-wearable-device-system/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NeuroNews+International&rft.atitle=BioSerenity+receives+FDA+clearance+for+EEG+wearable+device+system&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneuronewsinternational.com%2Fbioserenity-receives-fda-clearance-for-eeg-wearable-device-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeiper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Keiper A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212222927/http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-age-of-neuroelectronics">"The age of neuroelectronics"</a>. New Atlantis. 11. The New Atlantis: 4–41. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16789311">16789311</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-age-of-neuroelectronics">the original</a> on February 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Atlantis&rft.atitle=The+age+of+neuroelectronics&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=4-41&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16789311&rft.aulast=Keiper&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewatlantis.com%2Fpublications%2Fthe-age-of-neuroelectronics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanda_CruzNanWong2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wan F, da Cruz JN, Nan W, Wong CM, Vai MI, Rosa A (June 2016). "Alpha neurofeedback training improves SSVEP-based BCI performance". Journal of Neural Engineering. 13 (3): 036019. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNEng..13c6019W">2016JNEng..13c6019W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%2F3%2F036019">10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27152666">27152666</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206099640">206099640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neural+Engineering&rft.atitle=Alpha+neurofeedback+training+improves+SSVEP-based+BCI+performance&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=036019&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%2F3%2F036019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206099640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27152666&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JNEng..13c6019W&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=da+Cruz%2C+JN&rft.au=Nan%2C+W&rft.au=Wong%2C+CM&rft.au=Vai%2C+MI&rft.au=Rosa%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403021412/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090401a2.html">"Mind over matter: Brain waves control Asimo"</a>. Japan Times. April 1, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090401a2.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Mind+over+matter%3A+Brain+waves+control+Asimo&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnb20090401a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatu2008" class="citation web cs1">Natu N (July 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/This-brain-test-maps-the-truth/articleshow/3257032.cms">"This brain test maps the truth"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718100522/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-21/mumbai/27890043_1_sessions-court-murder-rukmani-krishnamurthy">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=This+brain+test+maps+the+truth&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft.aulast=Natu&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FThis-brain-test-maps-the-truth%2Farticleshow%2F3257032.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuranikJosephDaundkarGarad2009" class="citation conference cs1">Puranik DA, Joseph SK, Daundkar BB, Garad MV (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223045/http://forensic-centre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/BEOS-IN-INDIA-IT_222S-STATUS-AS-AN-AID-IN-INVESTIGATION-AND-AS-CORROBORATIVE-EVIDENCE-AS-SEEN-FROM-JUDGMENTS_.pdf">Brain Signature Profiling In India: Its Status As An Aid In Investigation And As Corroborative Evidence-As Seen From Judgments</a> (PDF). Proceedings of XX All India Forensic Science Conference. pp. 815–822. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forensic-centre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/BEOS-IN-INDIA-IT_222S-STATUS-AS-AN-AID-IN-INVESTIGATION-AND-AS-CORROBORATIVE-EVIDENCE-AS-SEEN-FROM-JUDGMENTS_.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Brain+Signature+Profiling+In+India%3A+Its+Status+As+An+Aid+In+Investigation+And+As+Corroborative+Evidence-As+Seen+From+Judgments.&rft.pages=815-822&rft.date=2009-11&rft.aulast=Puranik&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Joseph%2C+SK&rft.au=Daundkar%2C+BB&rft.au=Garad%2C+MV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforensic-centre.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FBEOS-IN-INDIA-IT_222S-STATUS-AS-AN-AID-IN-INVESTIGATION-AND-AS-CORROBORATIVE-EVIDENCE-AS-SEEN-FROM-JUDGMENTS_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudet2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gaudet LM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307131">"Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary Lesson from India"</a>. Jurimetrics. 51 (3): 293–318. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-1277">0897-1277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307131">41307131</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416072703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307131">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurimetrics&rft.atitle=Brain+Fingerprinting%2C+Scientific+Evidence%2C+and+%22Daubert%22%3A+A+Cautionary+Lesson+from+India&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-318&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41307131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0897-1277&rft.aulast=Gaudet&rft.aufirst=LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41307131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassonYatesSmithDuncan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Casson A, Yates D, Smith S, Duncan J, Rodriguez-Villegas E (2010). "Wearable electroencephalography. What is it, why is it needed, and what does it entail?". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 29 (3): 44–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMEMB.2010.936545">10.1109/MEMB.2010.936545</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F5910">10044/1/5910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20659857">20659857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1891995">1891995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Engineering+in+Medicine+and+Biology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wearable+electroencephalography.+What+is+it%2C+why+is+it+needed%2C+and+what+does+it+entail%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44-56&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F5910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1891995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20659857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMEMB.2010.936545&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Yates%2C+D&rft.au=Smith%2C+S&rft.au=Duncan%2C+J&rft.au=Rodriguez-Villegas%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooneyKidmoseParkUngstrup2012" class="citation journal cs1">Looney D, Kidmose P, Park C, Ungstrup M, Rank M, Rosenkranz K, et al. (November 1, 2012). "The in-the-ear recording concept: user-centered and wearable brain monitoring". IEEE Pulse. 3 (6): 32–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPUL.2012.2216717">10.1109/MPUL.2012.2216717</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247157">23247157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14103460">14103460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Pulse&rft.atitle=The+in-the-ear+recording+concept%3A+user-centered+and+wearable+brain+monitoring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=32-42&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14103460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23247157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMPUL.2012.2216717&rft.aulast=Looney&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Kidmose%2C+P&rft.au=Park%2C+C&rft.au=Ungstrup%2C+M&rft.au=Rank%2C+M&rft.au=Rosenkranz%2C+K&rft.au=Mandic%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotteBougrainCichockiClerc2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lotte F, Bougrain L, Cichocki A, Clerc M, Congedo M, Rakotomamonjy A, et al. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab2f2">"A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a 10 year update"</a>. Journal of Neural Engineering. 15 (3): 031005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JNEng..15c1005L">2018JNEng..15c1005L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab2f2">10.1088/1741-2552/aab2f2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29488902">29488902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neural+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+review+of+classification+algorithms+for+EEG-based+brain-computer+interfaces%3A+a+10+year+update&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=031005&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29488902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab2f2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JNEng..15c1005L&rft.aulast=Lotte&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Bougrain%2C+L&rft.au=Cichocki%2C+A&rft.au=Clerc%2C+M&rft.au=Congedo%2C+M&rft.au=Rakotomamonjy%2C+A&rft.au=Yger%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1741-2552%252Faab2f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimHwangKimLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shim M, Hwang HJ, Kim DW, Lee SH, Im CH (October 2016). "Machine-learning-based diagnosis of schizophrenia using combined sensor-level and source-level EEG features". Schizophrenia Research. 176 (2–3): 314–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2016.05.007">10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27427557">27427557</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44504680">44504680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Research&rft.atitle=Machine-learning-based+diagnosis+of+schizophrenia+using+combined+sensor-level+and+source-level+EEG+features&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=314-319&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44504680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27427557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.schres.2016.05.007&rft.aulast=Shim&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hwang%2C+HJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+DW&rft.au=Lee%2C+SH&rft.au=Im%2C+CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettnerFrickRieg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Buettner R, Frick J, Rieg T (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/is_health/is_health/16">"High-performance detection of epilepsy in seizure-free EEG recordings: A novel machine learning approach using very specific epileptic EEG sub-bands"</a>. ICIS 2019 Proceedings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121014450/https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/is_health/is_health/16/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICIS+2019+Proceedings&rft.atitle=High-performance+detection+of+epilepsy+in+seizure-free+EEG+recordings%3A+A+novel+machine+learning+approach+using+very+specific+epileptic+EEG+sub-bands&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Frick%2C+J&rft.au=Rieg%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faisel.aisnet.org%2Ficis2019%2Fis_health%2Fis_health%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIeracitanoMammoneHussainMorabito2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ieracitano C, Mammone N, Hussain A, Morabito FC (March 2020). "A novel multi-modal machine learning based approach for automatic classification of EEG recordings in dementia". Neural Networks. 123: 176–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2019.12.006">10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31884180">31884180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209510497">209510497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neural+Networks&rft.atitle=A+novel+multi-modal+machine+learning+based+approach+for+automatic+classification+of+EEG+recordings+in+dementia&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=176-190&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209510497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31884180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2019.12.006&rft.aulast=Ieracitano&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Mammone%2C+N&rft.au=Hussain%2C+A&rft.au=Morabito%2C+FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyyaPachori2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bhattacharyya A, Pachori RB (September 2017). "A Multivariate Approach for Patient-Specific EEG Seizure Detection Using Empirical Wavelet Transform". IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 64 (9): 2003–2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTBME.2017.2650259">10.1109/TBME.2017.2650259</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28092514">28092514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3522546">3522546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Bio-Medical+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+Multivariate+Approach+for+Patient-Specific+EEG+Seizure+Detection+Using+Empirical+Wavelet+Transform&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2003-2015&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3522546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28092514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTBME.2017.2650259&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Pachori%2C+RB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaabDunnmonRéRubin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saab K, Dunnmon J, Ré C, Rubin D, Lee-Messer C (April 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170880">"Weak supervision as an efficient approach for automated seizure detection in electroencephalography"</a>. npj Digital Medicine. 3 (1): 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41746-020-0264-0">10.1038/s41746-020-0264-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170880">7170880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32352037">32352037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Digital+Medicine&rft.atitle=Weak+supervision+as+an+efficient+approach+for+automated+seizure+detection+in+electroencephalography&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7170880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32352037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41746-020-0264-0&rft.aulast=Saab&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Dunnmon%2C+J&rft.au=R%C3%A9%2C+C&rft.au=Rubin%2C+D&rft.au=Lee-Messer%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7170880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomelaWangChouLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bomela W, Wang S, Chou CA, Li JS (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251100">"Real-time Inference and Detection of Disruptive EEG Networks for Epileptic Seizures"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8653. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.8653B">2020NatSR..10.8653B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-65401-6">10.1038/s41598-020-65401-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251100">7251100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32457378">32457378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Real-time+Inference+and+Detection+of+Disruptive+EEG+Networks+for+Epileptic+Seizures&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8653&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7251100%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32457378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-65401-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.8653B&rft.aulast=Bomela&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Chou%2C+CA&rft.au=Li%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7251100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaesschen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Paesschen WV (March 2018). "The future of seizure detection". The Lancet. Neurology. 17 (3): 200–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2818%2930034-6">10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30034-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29452676">29452676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3376296">3376296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+future+of+seizure+detection&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200-202&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3376296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29452676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2818%2930034-6&rft.aulast=Paesschen&rft.aufirst=WV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLiuPeng2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen PC, Liu Y, Peng L (May 2019). "How to develop machine learning models for healthcare". Nature Materials. 18 (5): 410–414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatMa..18..410C">2019NatMa..18..410C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41563-019-0345-0">10.1038/s41563-019-0345-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31000806">31000806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122563425">122563425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&rft.atitle=How+to+develop+machine+learning+models+for+healthcare&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=410-414&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41563-019-0345-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122563425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31000806&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatMa..18..410C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Peng%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rudin C (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9122117">"Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead"</a>. Nature Machine Intelligence. 1 (5): 206–215. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.10154">1811.10154</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42256-019-0048-x">10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9122117">9122117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35603010">35603010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Machine+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Stop+Explaining+Black+Box+Machine+Learning+Models+for+High+Stakes+Decisions+and+Use+Interpretable+Models+Instead&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=206-215&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9122117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35603010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1811.10154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42256-019-0048-x&rft.aulast=Rudin&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9122117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adolf_Beck_pioneer-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Adolf_Beck_pioneer_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoenenFineZayachkivska2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coenen A, Fine E, Zayachkivska O (2014). "Adolf Beck: a forgotten pioneer in electroencephalography". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 23 (3): 276–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0964704x.2013.867600">10.1080/0964704x.2013.867600</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24735457">24735457</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205664545">205664545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Adolf+Beck%3A+a+forgotten+pioneer+in+electroencephalography&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=276-286&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205664545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24735457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0964704x.2013.867600&rft.aulast=Coenen&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fine%2C+E&rft.au=Zayachkivska%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPravdich-Neminsky1913" class="citation journal cs1">Pravdich-Neminsky VV (1913). "Ein Versuch der Registrierung der elektrischen Gehirnerscheinungen". Zentralblatt für Physiologie. 27: 951–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Physiologie&rft.atitle=Ein+Versuch+der+Registrierung+der+elektrischen+Gehirnerscheinungen&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=951-60&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Pravdich-Neminsky&rft.aufirst=VV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Haas LF (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738204">"Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and electroencephalography"</a>. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 74 (1): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.74.1.9">10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738204">1738204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486257">12486257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Hans+Berger+%281873%E2%80%931941%29%2C+Richard+Caton+%281842%E2%80%931926%29%2C+and+electroencephalography&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1738204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12486257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.74.1.9&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=LF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1738204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillet2002" class="citation conference cs1">Millet D (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908035306/http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ab24-2002.htm">The origins of EEG</a>. 7th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ab24-2002.htm">the original</a> on September 8, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+EEG.&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bri.ucla.edu%2Fnha%2Fishn%2Fab24-2002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbsDavisLennox1935" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs FA, Davis H, Lennox WG (December 1935). "The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy and in Conditions of Impaired Consciousness". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 34 (6): 1133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001">10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Electro-Encephalogram+in+Epilepsy+and+in+Conditions+of+Impaired+Consciousness&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1133&rft.date=1935-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Davis%2C+H&rft.au=Lennox%2C+WG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNR1965-139"><a href="#cite_ref-SNR1965_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/65-03-03.pdf">"Beckman Instruments Supplying Medical Flight Monitoring Equipment"</a> (PDF). Space News Roundup. March 3, 1965. pp. 4–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807120214/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/65-03-03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News+Roundup&rft.atitle=Beckman+Instruments+Supplying+Medical+Flight+Monitoring+Equipment&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=1965-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2Froundups%2Fissues%2F65-03-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozinovski2013" class="citation book cs1">Bozinovski S (2013). "Controlling Robots Using EEG Signals, Since 1988". In Markovski S, Gusev M (eds.). ICT Innovations 2012. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-37169-1_1">10.1007/978-3-642-37169-1_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-37169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-37169-1"><bdi>978-3-642-37169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Controlling+Robots+Using+EEG+Signals%2C+Since+1988&rft.btitle=ICT+Innovations+2012&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Advances+in+Intelligent+Systems+and+Computing&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-37169-1_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-37169-1&rft.aulast=Bozinovski&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunezSrinivasan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1348">"PDF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a>. 2 (2): 1348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SchpJ...2.1348N">2007SchpJ...2.1348N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1348">10.4249/scholarpedia.1348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=PDF&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1348&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1348&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SchpJ...2.1348N&rft.aulast=Nunez&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.1348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnsSterman2019" class="citation book cs1">Arns M, Sterman MB (2019). Neurofeedback: How it all started. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Brainclinics Insights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-830013-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-830013-0-2"><bdi>978-90-830013-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurofeedback%3A+How+it+all+started&rft.place=Nijmegen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brainclinics+Insights&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-830013-0-2&rft.aulast=Arns&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Sterman%2C+MB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalogram" class="extiw" title="commons:Electroencephalogram">Electroencephalogram</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electroencephalography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electroencephalogram" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electroencephalograph" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:electroencephalograph">electroencephalograph</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brainwave" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:brainwave">brainwave</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142410/http://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:tutorial_dipoles">"A tutorial on simulating and estimating EEG sources in Matlab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:tutorial_dipoles">the original</a> on March 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+tutorial+on+simulating+and+estimating+EEG+sources+in+Matlab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbtwiki.net%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dtutorial%3Atutorial_dipoles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107003142/https://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:power_spectra_wavelet_analysis_and_coherence">"A tutorial on analysis of ongoing, evoked, and induced neuronal activity: Power spectra, wavelet analysis, and coherence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:power_spectra_wavelet_analysis_and_coherence">the original</a> on November 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+tutorial+on+analysis+of+ongoing%2C+evoked%2C+and+induced+neuronal+activity%3A+Power+spectra%2C+wavelet+analysis%2C+and+coherence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbtwiki.net%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dtutorial%3Apower_spectra_wavelet_analysis_and_coherence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroencephalography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_central_nervous_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Template:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Template talk:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system tests and procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_central_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">Skull</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">Craniotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompressive_craniectomy" title="Decompressive craniectomy">Decompressive craniectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranioplasty" title="Cranioplasty">Cranioplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">globus pallidus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thalamotomy" title="Thalamotomy">Thalamotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_stimulator" title="Thalamic stimulator">Thalamic stimulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallidotomy" title="Pallidotomy">Pallidotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">Ventricular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">Cerebral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriculostomy" title="Ventriculostomy">Ventriculostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboccipital_puncture" title="Suboccipital puncture">Suboccipital puncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure_monitoring" title="Intracranial pressure monitoring">Intracranial pressure monitoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">Lobotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_cingulotomy" title="Bilateral cingulotomy">Bilateral cingulotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_subpial_transection" title="Multiple subpial transection">Multiple subpial transection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">Hemispherectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosotomy" title="Corpus callosotomy">Corpus callosotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_temporal_lobectomy" title="Anterior temporal lobectomy">Anterior temporal lobectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypophysectomy" title="Hypophysectomy">Hypophysectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdalohippocampectomy" title="Amygdalohippocampectomy">Amygdalohippocampectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_biopsy" title="Brain biopsy">Brain biopsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_biopsy" title="Meningeal biopsy">Meningeal biopsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">spinal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_decompression" title="Spinal decompression">Spinal decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discectomy" title="Discectomy">Discectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc_annuloplasty" title="Intervertebral disc annuloplasty">Intervertebral disc annuloplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordotomy" title="Cordotomy">Cordotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizotomy">Rhizotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">Cerebral angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wada_test" title="Wada test">Wada test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microneurography" title="Microneurography">Microneurography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">Lumbar puncture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSF_tap_test" title="CSF tap test">CSF tap test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">Polysomnography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Stroke_Scale" title="National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale">National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHADS2_score" class="mw-redirect" title="CHADS2 score">CHADS2 score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seizures_and_epilepsy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template talk:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seizures_and_epilepsy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura (warning sign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">Postictal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptogenesis" title="Epileptogenesis">Epileptogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_seizure" title="Neonatal seizure">Neonatal seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_children" title="Epilepsy in children">Epilepsy in children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li>Investigations <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electroencephalography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptologist" title="Epileptologist">Epileptologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_for_people_with_epilepsy" title="Issues for people with epilepsy">Personal issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_driving" title="Epilepsy and driving">Epilepsy and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Seizures</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simple_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple partial seizure">Simple partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex partial seizure">Complex partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelastic_seizure" title="Gelastic seizure">Gelastic seizure</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Epilepsy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">Temporal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Frontal lobe epilepsy">Frontal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rolandic_epilepsy" title="Rolandic epilepsy">Rolandic epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sleep-related_hypermotor_epilepsy" title="Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy">Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panayiotopoulos_syndrome" title="Panayiotopoulos syndrome">Panayiotopoulos syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_epilepsy" title="Vertiginous epilepsy">Vertiginous epilepsy</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generalised_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised epilepsy">Generalised</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">Tonic–clonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">Absence seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonic_seizure" title="Atonic seizure">Atonic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(medicine)" title="Automatism (medicine)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_familial_neonatal_seizures" title="Benign familial neonatal seizures">Benign familial neonatal seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox%E2%80%93Gastaut_syndrome" title="Lennox–Gastaut syndrome">Lennox–Gastaut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic astatic epilepsy">Myoclonic astatic epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic spasms">Epileptic spasms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">Febrile seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsia_partialis_continua" title="Epilepsia partialis continua">Epilepsia partialis continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_status_epilepticus" title="Complex partial status epilepticus">Complex partial status epilepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_myoclonus_epilepsy" title="Progressive myoclonus epilepsy">Progressive myoclonus epilepsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentatorubral%E2%80%93pallidoluysian_atrophy" title="Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy">Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unverricht%E2%80%93Lundborg_disease" title="Unverricht–Lundborg disease">Unverricht–Lundborg disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERRF_syndrome" title="MERRF syndrome">MERRF syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafora_disease" title="Lafora disease">Lafora disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_myoclonic_encephalopathy" title="Early myoclonic encephalopathy">Early myoclonic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy">Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_unexpected_death_in_epilepsy" title="Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd%27s_paresis" title="Todd's paresis">Todd's paresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Kleffner_syndrome" title="Landau–Kleffner syndrome">Landau–Kleffner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_animals" title="Epilepsy in animals">Epilepsy in animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_for_Research_in_Epilepsy" title="Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy">Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action" title="Epilepsy Action">Epilepsy Action</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action_Australia" title="Epilepsy Action Australia">Epilepsy Action Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Foundation" title="Epilepsy Foundation">Epilepsy Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Outlook" title="Epilepsy Outlook">Epilepsy Outlook</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Research_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Epilepsy Research UK">Epilepsy Research UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Society" title="Epilepsy Society">Epilepsy Society</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybermethodology" title="Cybermethodology">Cybermethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Fourth-generation" title="Optical disc">Fourth-generation optical discs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li>Memory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_RAM" title="Magnetoresistive RAM">MRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">RRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONOS" title="SONOS">SONOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">Optical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipless_RFID" title="Chipless RFID">Chipless RFID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">Software-defined radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_implant" title="Retinal implant">Retinal implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_prosthesis" title="Visual prosthesis">Visual prosthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electroencephalography_(EEG)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electroencephalography" title="Template:Electroencephalography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electroencephalography" title="Template talk:Electroencephalography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electroencephalography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electroencephalography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electroencephalography_(EEG)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electroencephalography (EEG)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_integrated_electroencephalography" title="Amplitude integrated electroencephalography">Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event-related_potential" title="Event-related potential">Event-related potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography (ECoG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography (MEG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_evoked_potential" title="Somatosensory evoked potential">Somatosensory evoked potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_auditory_evoked_potential" title="Brainstem auditory evoked potential">Brainstem auditory evoked potential</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evoked_potential" title="Evoked potential">Evoked potentials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Negativity</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bereitschaftspotential" title="Bereitschaftspotential">Bereitschaftspotential</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Early_left_anterior_negativity" title="Early left anterior negativity">ELAN</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N100" title="N100">N100</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Visual_N1" title="Visual N1">Visual N1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N170" title="N170">N170</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N200_(neuroscience)" title="N200 (neuroscience)">N200</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N2pc" title="N2pc">N2pc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N400_(neuroscience)" title="N400 (neuroscience)">N400</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Contingent_negative_variation" title="Contingent negative variation">Contingent negative variation (CNV)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mismatch_negativity" title="Mismatch negativity">Mismatch negativity</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Positivity</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C1_and_P1_(neuroscience)" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 and P1 (neuroscience)">C1 & P1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P50_(neuroscience)" title="P50 (neuroscience)">P50</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P200" title="P200">P200</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P300_(neuroscience)" title="P300 (neuroscience)">P300</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P3a" title="P3a">P3a</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P3b" title="P3b">P3b</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P600_(neuroscience)" title="P600 (neuroscience)">P600</a> (late positivity)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Late_positive_component" title="Late positive component">Late positive component</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">Neural oscillations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">Alpha wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta rhythm">Theta rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-complex" title="K-complex">K-complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_spindle" title="Sleep spindle">Sleep spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_rhythm" title="Sensorimotor rhythm">Sensorimotor rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">Mu wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10-20_system_(EEG)" class="mw-redirect" title="10-20 system (EEG)">10-20 system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_due_to_memory" title="Difference due to memory">Difference due to memory (Dm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddball_paradigm" title="Oddball paradigm">Oddball paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEGLAB" title="EEGLAB">EEGLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiological_Biomarker_Toolbox" title="Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox">Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014254-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042138">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119319602">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119319602">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568655">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119870&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538585605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&oldid=1258791872">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&oldid=1258791872</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electroencephalography" title="Category:Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diagnostic_neurology" title="Category:Diagnostic neurology">Diagnostic neurology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrophysiology" title="Category:Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurophysiology" title="Category:Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotechnology" title="Category:Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrodiagnosis" title="Category:Electrodiagnosis">Electrodiagnosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Category:Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics_in_medicine" title="Category:Mathematics in medicine">Mathematics in medicine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2024">Use mdy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-49vgg","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.587","walltime":"2.824","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13506,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":504389,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17403,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":620074,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2403.463 1 -total"," 60.44% 1452.592 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.21% 726.065 92 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.47% 227.524 18 Template:Cite_book"," 8.69% 208.850 17 Template:Fix"," 7.41% 178.078 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.78% 163.044 23 Template:Cite_web"," 5.77% 138.640 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.37% 128.971 1 Template:Central_nervous_system_tests_and_procedures"," 5.27% 126.771 23 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.615","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8187785,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","12.8"],["?","140","8.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.0"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.5"],["[others]","600","34.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-5wns4","timestamp":"20241122231521","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electroencephalography","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179965","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179965","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-01T16:04:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T17:31:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/Spike-waves.png","headline":"electrophysiological monitoring method"}</script> </body> </html>