CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ghanaian Pidgin English - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"07169d10-a369-479d-989c-5f3f74cf5fd2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ghanaian_Pidgin_English","wgTitle":"Ghanaian Pidgin English","wgCurRevisionId":1254908072,"wgRevisionId":1254908072,"wgArticleId":34643074,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Language articles citing Ethnologue 18","CS1 maint: date and year","Use British English from December 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2021","Language articles with Linguasphere code","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa", "Languages of Ghana"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ghanaian_Pidgin_English","wgRelevantArticleId":34643074,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5555465","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/1080px--Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1080"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1920"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/800px--Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1422"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/640px--Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1138"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ghanaian Pidgin English - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ghanaian_Pidgin_English rootpage-Ghanaian_Pidgin_English skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploration/Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration/Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Exploration/Colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration/Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects/Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects/Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dialects/Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects/Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sounds/Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sounds/Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sounds/Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sounds/Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sentence_Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Sentence Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary/Lexis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary/Lexis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary/Lexis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary/Lexis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary/Lexis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary/Lexis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexis_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexis_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lexis examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexis_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghanaian Pidgin English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_ghan%C3%A9s" title="Pidgin ghanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pidgin ghanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_ghan%C3%A9s" title="Pidgin ghanés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pidgin ghanés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ghanaian Pidgin English" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Ghanaian Pidgin English" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5555465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&oldid=1254908072" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&id=1254908072&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGhanaian_Pidgin_English"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGhanaian_Pidgin_English"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5555465" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pidgin language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Ghanaian Pidgin English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><i>Kru Brofo (akan)</i> "kulu blofo (Ga language)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5 million (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(not clear if this number includes L2 speakers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English Creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Atlantic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">West African Pidgin English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ghanaian Pidgin English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gpe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gpe">gpe</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghan1244">ghan1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ABB-be">52-ABB-be</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an English-based creole. For standard English spoken in Ghana, see <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian English</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/220px--Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Interview_with_Faisal_Ali,_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Interview_with_Faisal_Ali,_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg" type="video/mpeg" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Faisal Ali speaking in Ghanaian Pidgin about the language's Wikipedia project</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ghanaian Pidgin English</b> (GhaPE)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Ghanaian English-<a href="/wiki/Lexifier" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a> pidgin also known as Pidgin, Broken English, and Kru English (<i>kroo brofo</i> in <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>). GhaPE is a regional variety of <a href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">West African Pidgin English</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, predominantly in the southern capital, <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, and surrounding towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is confined to a smaller section of society than other West African creoles, and is more stigmatized,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps due to the importance of <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often spoken as <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other languages spoken as lingua franca in Ghana are Standard Ghanaian English (SGE) and Akan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GhaPE cannot be considered a creole as it has no <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GhaPE can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin. The former terms are associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter are acquired and used in institutions such as universities<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are influenced by Standard Ghanaian English.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GhaPE, like other varieties of West African Pidgin English, is also influenced locally by the vocabulary of the indigenous languages spoken around where it developed. GhaPE's substrate languages such as Akan influenced use of the spoken pidgin in Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other influencers of GhaPE include <a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While women understand GhaPE, they are less likely to use it in public or professional settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed-gender groups more often converse in SGE or another language.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_1999_p1502_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber_1999_p1502-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults and children have traditionally not spoken GhaPE.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, educators have unsuccessfully attempted to ban the use of pidgin.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_1999_p1583_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber_1999_p1583-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">languages of Ghana</a> are available to them, students, particularly males, use GhaPE as a means of expressing solidarity, camaraderie and youthful rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this form of Pidgin can be heard in a variety of informal contexts, although it still carries a certain stigma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, GhaPE still carries stigma in academia which may explain why "few structural or sociolinguistic descriptions of the variety have been published".<sup id="cite_ref-:62_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary GhaPE is spoken by 20% of the population with 5 million speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, pidgins are spoken in a wide range of situations and occasions including: "educational institutions, work places, airports, seaports, drinking places, markets, on the radio, popular songs, and on political platforms".<sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GhPE, like other varieties of West African Pidgin English is influenced locally by the vocabulary of the indigenous languages spoken around where it developed, in this case, as around the Greater Accra Region, largely Ga. When spoken, it can be difficult for Nigerian pidgin speakers to understand Ghanaian speakers – for instance, the words "biz" (which stands for "ask"), "kai" (which means "remember") and "gbeketii", meaning "in the evening", in the Standard Ghanaian English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also, young educated men who were raised outside Accra and Tema very often do not know it until they come into contact with others who do at boarding-school in secondary school or at university.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But that might be changing, as Accra-born students go to cities such as Ghana's second city <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a> to study at university and so could help gain the language new diverse speakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the years, some young Ghanaian writers have taken to writing literary pieces such as short stories in GhPE as an act of protest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GhPE has also seen expression in songs and movies and in advertisements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration/Colonization"><span id="Exploration.2FColonization"></span>Exploration/Colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exploration/Colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first European contact on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> settlers in 1471 (15th century).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Portuguese pidgin</i> was used in parts of Africa throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pidgin first developed when native speakers of West African languages were taken to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in order to learn Portuguese for translating purposes during voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that the Portuguese settlement on the Gold Coast may have been reason for the pidgin's continuation in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Portuguese pidgin was used for 300 years along the Gold Coast "but probably never (developed) far beyond the jargon stage".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly two-hundred years later the following their independence the Dutch "took over all of Portugal's possessions in West Africa by 1642" in the 17th century, however "few linguistic remnants" remained in West African Languages, dialects, or varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be because the Dutch did not settle amongst the West Africans they traded with.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British colonized the Gold Coast of West Africa (now Ghana) in the 19th and 20th centuries from 1844 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had greater linguistic impact in West Africa as they were in greater contact with the indigenous people. GhaPE developed as masters required communication with their workers and was initially spoken by police corporals, watchmen, labourers, and domestic staff who were trying to keep pace with fast-paced English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern Ghanaians were some of the first to become pidgin speakers as they were late in accessing formal education and were employed by masters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Migration of West Africans to and through Ghana in search of work"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have impacted GhaPE development greatly in the last century. Migrant workers came to Ghana in the 1920s, and during a Nigerian oil boom that brought Ghanaian workers to Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of GhaPE peaked in the 1980s as foreigners, including Ghanaians, were expelled from Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigerian settler influence has played a major role in the development and use of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects/Varieties"><span id="Dialects.2FVarieties"></span>Dialects/Varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects/Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GhaPE is a variety of <a href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">West African Pidgin English</a>, signifying relationship with other regional pidgin varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some word formations are regional in GhaPE, words are also sometimes borrowed from other regional varieties. GhaPE most commonly borrows "abi", "dey", and "ein" from Nigerian but uses its own word, "commot" frequently as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of <a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a> influence, it is fairly common for Ghanaians to understand Nigerian Pidgin. Furthermore, unlike Nigerian pidgin, the use of Ghanaian pidgin is gendered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Student Pidgin originated in prestigious Ghanaian all-male secondary schools in the 1960s–1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there has been an ever-increasing number of female students now also using SP. </p><p>A particularly basic variety used by illiterate speakers is sometimes called "'Minimal Pidgin', (which was) sometimes used between Europeans and servants".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional Pidgin English is also spoken in Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sounds/Phonology"><span id="Sounds.2FPhonology"></span>Sounds/Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sounds/Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phonology reflects the L1 of the speaker, in the case of GhaPE this includes Ghanaian languages from the Kwa language group.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, L1 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> replace /v/ with /b/ or /f/. Therefore [seven] would be pronounced /sɛbɛn/.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For phonological charts of GhaPE vowels and consonants see Joe K.Y.P. Amoako's extensive Ph.D. dissertation and research.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GhaPE has no standardized orthography, research into morphology, syntax and phonology is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derivation">Derivation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morphological processes of reduplication can derivate words in GhaPE. This process "affects verbs, nouns, attributive adjectives, time and manner adverbials, adverbs, and numerals".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduplication can also show inflection by showing plurality of action amongst verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflection">Inflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GhaPE nouns can also show plurality similar to substrate Ghanaian languages by adding the suffix /-s/.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definite article /dɛ/<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indefinite article /sɔm/ <sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes with singular nouns, the GhaPE indefinite article /sɔm/ varies with the SGE /ɛ/.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes with singular nouns, the GhaPE indefinite article /sɔm/ is replaced with the Nigerian Pidgin English /wan/.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sentence_Structure">Sentence Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sentence Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following example shows the declarative sentence structure SV(O).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>à sabi buk </p><p>I know book </p><p>I am literate </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary/Lexis"><span id="Vocabulary.2FLexis"></span>Vocabulary/Lexis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vocabulary/Lexis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amoako (2011) finds that most of the GhaPE lexis and some of its syntax comes from English <sup id="cite_ref-:25_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it has likely been re-lexified by the more current Ghanaian English<sup id="cite_ref-:73_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexis_examples">Lexis examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lexis examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"biz" (GhaPE) “ask” (SGE) </p><p>"kai" (GhaPE) "remember" (SGE) </p><p>"gbeketii" (GhaPE) "in the evening" (SGE) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GhaPE is primarily spoken and, like many pidgins, is rarely written and has no standardized orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coz_Ov_Moni" title="Coz Ov Moni">Coz Ov Moni</a> - a musical film entirely in Ghanaian Pidgin English</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gpe/">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuber1999" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g24"><i>Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context</i></a>. Varieties of English Around the World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fveaw.g24">10.1075/veaw.g24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4882-4"><bdi>978-90-272-4882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English+in+its+West+African+Context&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Varieties+of+English+Around+the+World&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fveaw.g24&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4882-4&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1075%2Fveaw.g24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur1998" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, Tom (23 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511621048/type/book"><i>The English Languages</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511621048.008">10.1017/9780511621048.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48130-4"><bdi>978-0-521-48130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Languages&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9780511621048.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48130-4&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9780511621048%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako1992" class="citation news cs1">Amoako, Joe K.Y.B. (1992). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: In Search of Synchronic, Diachronic, and Sociolinguistic Evidence" (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Florida at Gainesville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+In+Search+of+Synchronic%2C+Diachronic%2C+and+Sociolinguistic+Evidence&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe+K.Y.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDako2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dako, Kari (24 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/rrias/article/view/22862">"Student Pidgin (SP): the Language of the Educated Male Elite"</a>. <i>Research Review of the Institute of African Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Frrias.v18i2.22862">10.4314/rrias.v18i2.22862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0855-4412">0855-4412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146536980">146536980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Review+of+the+Institute+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Student+Pidgin+%28SP%29%3A+the+Language+of+the+Educated+Male+Elite&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146536980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0855-4412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Frrias.v18i2.22862&rft.aulast=Dako&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Frrias%2Farticle%2Fview%2F22862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakpo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yakpo, Kofi (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0010/html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The only language we speak really well": the English creoles of Equatorial Guinea and West Africa at the intersection of language ideologies and language policies"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (239). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0010">10.1515/ijsl-2016-0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-2516">0165-2516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147057342">147057342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=%22The+only+language+we+speak+really+well%22%3A+the+English+creoles+of+Equatorial+Guinea+and+West+Africa+at+the+intersection+of+language+ideologies+and+language+policies&rft.issue=239&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147057342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-2516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0010&rft.aulast=Yakpo&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0010%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (19 December 2008). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: Morphology and Syntax". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-123"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool</i></a>. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-123">10.1515/9783110197181-123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019718-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241854285">241854285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Morphology+and+Syntax&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+A+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=866-878&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241854285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-123&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019718-1&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1995" class="citation journal cs1">Huber, Magnus (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub">"Ghanaian Pidgin English: An Overview"</a>. <i>English World-Wide</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 215–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub">10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-8865">0172-8865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-249&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub&rft.issn=0172-8865&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (2008). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-053"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool</i></a>. Vol. 1. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-053">10.1515/9783110197181-053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243085546">243085546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+A+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=866-873&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243085546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwusi2015" class="citation news cs1">Ewusi, Kelly Jo Trennepohl (2015). "Communicational Strategies in Ghanaian Pidgin English: Turn-Taking, Overlap and Repair" (Ph.D. Dissertation). Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Communicational+Strategies+in+Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Turn-Taking%2C+Overlap+and+Repair&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ewusi&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Jo+Trennepohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako2011" class="citation book cs1">Amoako, Joe (2011). <i>Ghanaian Pidgin English: Diachronic, Synchronic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives</i>. New York: Novinka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1284-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1284-9"><bdi>978-1-5361-1284-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Diachronic%2C+Synchronic+and+Sociolinguistic+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Novinka&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-5361-1284-9&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber_1999_p1502-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1999_p1502_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber (1999), p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber_1999_p1583-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huber_1999_p1583_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1999" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (1999). <i>Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African context: A Sociohistorical and Structural Analysis</i>. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-722-2"><bdi>978-1-55619-722-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English+in+its+West+African+context%3A+A+Sociohistorical+and+Structural+Analysis&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-722-2&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelisPhilippe_MaurerMartin_HaspelmathMagnus_Huber2013" class="citation book cs1">Michaelis, Susanne; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396764"><i>The atlas of Pidgin and Creole language structures</i></a>. [Oxford], United Kingdom: APiCS Consortium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-969139-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/839396764">839396764</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+atlas+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+language+structures&rft.place=%5BOxford%5D%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=APiCS+Consortium&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F839396764&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969139-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F839396764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFflashfictiongh2016" class="citation web cs1">flashfictiongh (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flashfictionghana.com/2016/04/08/ebi-time-by-fui-can-tamakloe/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ebi Time' by Fui Can-Tamakloe"</a>. <i>Flash Fiction GHANA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flash+Fiction+GHANA&rft.atitle=%27Ebi+Time%27+by+Fui+Can-Tamakloe.&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.au=flashfictiongh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflashfictionghana.com%2F2016%2F04%2F08%2Febi-time-by-fui-can-tamakloe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1995" class="citation journal cs1">Huber, Magnus (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub">"Ghanaian Pidgin English: An Overview"</a>. <i>English World-Wide</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 215–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub">10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-8865">0172-8865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-249&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub&rft.issn=0172-8865&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Feww.16.2.04hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako1992" class="citation news cs1">Amoako, Joe K.Y.B. (1992). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: In Search of Synchronic, Diachronic, and Sociolinguistic Evidence" (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Florida at Gainesville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+In+Search+of+Synchronic%2C+Diachronic%2C+and+Sociolinguistic+Evidence&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe+K.Y.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur1998" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, Tom (23 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511621048/type/book"><i>The English Languages</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511621048.008">10.1017/9780511621048.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48130-4"><bdi>978-0-521-48130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Languages&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9780511621048.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48130-4&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9780511621048%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaro1978" class="citation journal cs1">Naro, Anthony (1978). "A Study on the Origins of Pidginization". <i>Language</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 314–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412950">10.2307/412950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412950">412950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=A+Study+on+the+Origins+of+Pidginization&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314-347&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naro&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (2008). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-053"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool</i></a>. Vol. 1. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-053">10.1515/9783110197181-053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243085546">243085546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+A+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=866-873&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243085546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwusi2015" class="citation news cs1">Ewusi, Kelly Jo Trennepohl (2015). "Communicational Strategies in Ghanaian Pidgin English: Turn-Taking, Overlap and Repair" (Ph.D. Dissertation). Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Communicational+Strategies+in+Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Turn-Taking%2C+Overlap+and+Repair&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ewusi&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Jo+Trennepohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur1998" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, Tom (1998). <i>The English Languages</i>. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Languages&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDako2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dako, Kari (24 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/rrias/article/view/22862">"Student Pidgin (SP): the Language of the Educated Male Elite"</a>. <i>Research Review of the Institute of African Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Frrias.v18i2.22862">10.4314/rrias.v18i2.22862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0855-4412">0855-4412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146536980">146536980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Review+of+the+Institute+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Student+Pidgin+%28SP%29%3A+the+Language+of+the+Educated+Male+Elite&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146536980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0855-4412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Frrias.v18i2.22862&rft.aulast=Dako&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Frrias%2Farticle%2Fview%2F22862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriper1971" class="citation journal cs1">Criper, Lindsay (1971). "A Classification of Types of English in Ghana". <i>Journal of African Languages</i>. <b>10</b>: 6–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Languages&rft.atitle=A+Classification+of+Types+of+English+in+Ghana&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=6-17&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Criper&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako1992" class="citation news cs1">Amoako, Joe K.Y.B. (1992). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: In Search of Synchronic, Diachronic, and Sociolinguistic Evidence" (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Florida at Gainesville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+In+Search+of+Synchronic%2C+Diachronic%2C+and+Sociolinguistic+Evidence&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe+K.Y.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako1992" class="citation news cs1">Amoako, Joe K.Y.B. (1992). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: In Search of Synchronic, Diachronic, and Sociolinguistic Evidence" (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Florida at Gainesville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+In+Search+of+Synchronic%2C+Diachronic%2C+and+Sociolinguistic+Evidence&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe+K.Y.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:63_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (2008). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-053"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool</i></a>. Vol. 1. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-053">10.1515/9783110197181-053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243085546">243085546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+A+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=866-873&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243085546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoako1992" class="citation news cs1">Amoako, Joe K.Y.B. (1992). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: In Search of Synchronic, Diachronic, and Sociolinguistic Evidence" (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Florida at Gainesville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+In+Search+of+Synchronic%2C+Diachronic%2C+and+Sociolinguistic+Evidence&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Amoako&rft.aufirst=Joe+K.Y.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (19 December 2008). "Ghanaian Pidgin English: Morphology and Syntax". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-123"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool</i></a>. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110197181-123">10.1515/9783110197181-123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019718-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019718-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241854285">241854285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Morphology+and+Syntax&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+A+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=866-878&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241854285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-123&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019718-1&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110197181-123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1999" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g24"><i>Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context</i></a>. Varieties of English Around the World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fveaw.g24">10.1075/veaw.g24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4882-4"><bdi>978-90-272-4882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English+in+its+West+African+Context&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Varieties+of+English+Around+the+World&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fveaw.g24&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4882-4&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1075%2Fveaw.g24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:73-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:73_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwusi2015" class="citation news cs1">Ewusi, Kelly Jo Trennepohl (2015). "Communicational Strategies in Ghanaian Pidgin English: Turn-Taking, Overlap and Repair" (Ph.D. Dissertation). Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Communicational+Strategies+in+Ghanaian+Pidgin+English%3A+Turn-Taking%2C+Overlap+and+Repair&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ewusi&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Jo+Trennepohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_W._Schneider2004" class="citation book cs1">Edgar W. Schneider, Bernd Kortmann (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&pg=PR5"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: a multimedia reference tool</i></a> (XVII, 1226 S. ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 866–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110175320" title="Special:BookSources/3110175320"><bdi>3110175320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+a+multimedia+reference+tool&rft.pages=866-73&rft.edition=XVII%2C+1226+S.&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3110175320&rft.aulast=Edgar+W.+Schneider&rft.aufirst=Bernd+Kortmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmtd3a-56ysUC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1999" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Magnus (1999). <i>Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context: a sociohistorical and structural analysis</i>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027248826" title="Special:BookSources/9027248826"><bdi>9027248826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghanaian+Pidgin+English+in+its+West+African+Context%3A+a+sociohistorical+and+structural+analysis&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9027248826&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhanaian+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gpe:"> Ghanaian Pidgin edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Template:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_dialect" title="Akuapem dialect">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language_(Ghana)" title="Mpur language (Ghana)">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&oldid=1254908072">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&oldid=1254908072</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-based_pidgins_and_creoles_of_Africa" title="Category:English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa">English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Category:Languages of Ghana">Languages of Ghana</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_18" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 18">Language articles citing Ethnologue 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use British English from December 2021">Use British English from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2021">Use dmy dates from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 07:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-26w6f","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.773","walltime":"0.953","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5446,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":117119,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5916,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129542,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 826.727 1 -total"," 34.40% 284.435 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.40% 168.638 15 Template:Cite_book"," 16.88% 139.522 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 13.58% 112.268 1 Template:Languages_of_Ghana"," 13.43% 111.063 2 Template:Navbox"," 13.34% 110.320 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.59% 79.282 6 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.23% 68.056 6 Template:Fix"," 8.04% 66.441 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.447","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6717174,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jl9dk","timestamp":"20241122191627","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ghanaian Pidgin English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5555465","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5555465","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-02-07T23:23:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T07:47:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Interview_with_Faisal_Ali%2C_Project_lead_of_Ghanaian_Pidgin_Wikimedia_Community.mpg","headline":"creole language"}</script> </body> </html>