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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cameras with more than two lenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameras_with_more_than_two_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Camera rigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaic_based_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaic_based_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mosaic based cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaic_based_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirektionale_Kamera" title="Omnidirektionale Kamera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Omnidirektionale Kamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_omnidireccional" title="Cámara omnidireccional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara omnidireccional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دوربین تمام‌نما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین تمام‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/360%EB%8F%84_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%9D%BC" title="360도 카메라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="360도 카메라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="全天球カメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全天球カメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/360_derece_kamera" title="360 derece kamera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="360 derece kamera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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camera</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Camera that can see in all directions</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG/220px-Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG/330px-Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Schematic_design_omni_camera_2_mirrows.PNG 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of an omnidirectional camera with two mirrors:<br /> 1. Camera<br /> 2. Upper Mirror<br /> 3. Lower Mirror<br /> 4. "Black Spot"<br /> 5. Field of View (light blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, an <b>omnidirectional camera</b> (from "omni", meaning all), also known as <b>360-degree camera</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> having a <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> that covers approximately the entire sphere or at least a full circle in the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal plane</a>. Omnidirectional cameras are important in areas where large visual field coverage is needed, such as in <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">panoramic photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_Parry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim_Parry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omnidirectional_camera_numbered.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Omnidirectional_camera_numbered.PNG" decoding="async" width="181" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption> Omnidirectional camera with two mirrors.<br /> 1. Camera<br /> 2. Lower mirror<br /> 3. Aperture<br /> 4. Glass housing<br /> 5. Cover and upper mirror (hidden)</figcaption></figure> <p>A camera normally has a field of view that ranges from a few degrees to, at most, 180°. This means that it captures, at most, light falling onto the camera <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focal point</a> through a hemisphere. In contrast, an <i>ideal</i> omnidirectional camera captures light from all directions falling onto the focal point, covering a full sphere. In practice, however, most omnidirectional cameras do not cover the entire sphere. Many cameras which are referred to as omnidirectional cover the full 360° along the equator of the sphere but exclude the top and bottom. In the case that they do cover the full sphere, the captured light rays do not intersect exactly in a single focal point. </p><p>Various techniques can be used to generate 360-degree images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras_with_one_lens">Cameras with one lens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cameras with one lens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These models are used with a <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lens</a>. The lens bends the angle of the shot to take a larger radius of the selected subject. It is not possible to take a complete 360-degree picture with this technique because there is always a dead angle directly behind the lens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras_with_two_lenses_(Dual_Fisheye)"><span id="Cameras_with_two_lenses_.28Dual_Fisheye.29"></span>Cameras with two lenses (Dual Fisheye)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cameras with two lenses (Dual Fisheye)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>360-degree cameras with two lenses are probably the most common type, as they can accommodate a full 360-degree angle with two lenses facing each other. A camera takes pictures and videos with an angle of just over 180 degrees, e.g. 220 degrees. These are then converted into a 360-degree object using software. Problems are often caused by <a href="/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">stitching</a> errors that can happen at any given time. This means that an incorrect combination of the images can result in an unclean cut edge that is difficult or impossible to remove. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras_with_more_than_two_lenses">Cameras with more than two lenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cameras with more than two lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the application, manufacturers use more than two camera lenses to produce the images. One of the first cameras was Sony' Fourthview multihead camera<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the throwing camera, <a href="/wiki/Panono" title="Panono">Panono</a>. It has 36 cameras, which are triggered at the same time at the highest point, if the camera was thrown into the air. The more lenses are installed in the camera, the more difficult it becomes for the software to combine the individual images, however, the possible stitching problems are less with a good stitching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_rigs">Camera rigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Camera rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camera_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera rig">Camera rig</a></div> <p>Camera rigs are mostly used for the attachment of 6 conventional Actioncams. GoPro produced one of the first camera rigs. They are available in different versions and connect several single cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cameras are placed in this cube and record the surroundings in all directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosaic_based_cameras">Mosaic based cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mosaic based cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If several "normal" cameras are combined in a network, one speaks of mosaic-based cameras. Each of these cameras records a small area of the environment. The individual images are then joined together like mosaic stones to form an omnidirectional overall image. The number of cameras to be used depends on the focal length of the lenses used. The smaller the focal length, the larger the angle of view and the fewer cameras are required. <br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cars">Cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></div> <p>Cars with omnidirectional camera include <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Qashqai" title="Nissan Qashqai">Nissan Qashqai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S90" title="Volvo S90">Volvo S90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover" title="Range Rover">Range Rover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_3008" title="Peugeot 3008">Peugeot 3008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kia_Stinger" title="Kia Stinger">Kia Stinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panoramic_art">Panoramic art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Panoramic art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg/330px-Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg/440px-Jefferson_Graham_on_Manhattan_Beach_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A 360 shot taken by tech journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Graham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson Graham (page does not exist)">Jefferson Graham</a> with a selfie stick</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional approaches to panoramic photography mainly consists of stitching shots taken separately into a single, continuous image. The stitching of images, however, is computationally intensive (for example using the <a href="/wiki/RANSAC" class="mw-redirect" title="RANSAC">RANSAC</a> iterative algorithm, commonly used to solve the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">correspondence problem</a>), and depending upon the quality and consistency of the shots used, the resulting image might contain a number of deficiencies which impair the quality of the resulting image. In contrast, an omnidirectional camera can be used to create panoramic art in real time, without the need for post processing, and will typically give much better quality products. </p><p>In 2015 Facebook began rolling out <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnidirectional video">omnidirectional videos</a> where the user can view the video at any arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">camera angle</a> around a 360-degree radius and limited <a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">tilt</a> up-and-down angles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotics_and_computer_vision">Robotics and computer vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Robotics and computer vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg/220px-FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg/330px-FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg/440px-FU-Fighters_RoboCup_Midsize_Robot_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A robot in the <a href="/wiki/RoboCup" title="RoboCup">RoboCup</a> Midsize league (2005), equipped with an omnidirectional camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>In robotics, omnidirectional cameras are frequently used for <a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">visual odometry</a> and to solve <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">simultaneous localization and mapping</a> (SLAM) problems visually.<sup id="cite_ref-ScaramuzzaIEEE-TRO08_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScaramuzzaIEEE-TRO08-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jogan2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jogan2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its ability to capture a 360-degree view, better results can be obtained for <a href="/wiki/Optical_flow" title="Optical flow">optical flow</a> and feature selection and matching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_Estate">Real Estate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Real Estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>360 cameras have become extremely popular within the real estate industry. With more and more homes being purchased sight-unseen,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 360 camera technology has offered a way for prospective home buyers to tour the home without having to be there in person. There are even 360 cameras on the market that have been created with real estate as the main subject in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG/220px-Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG/330px-Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Omnidirectional_image_corridor.PNG 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Omnidirectional image of a corridor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Applications of omnidirectional cameras also include <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">3D reconstruction</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surveillance, when it is important to cover as large a visual field as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FlamminiSetola2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlamminiSetola2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_RoundTable" title="Microsoft RoundTable">Microsoft RoundTable</a> was introduced in 2007 for <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>, where all participants on one location can be in the same image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_omnidirectional_(360-degree)_cameras" title="List of omnidirectional (360-degree) cameras">List of omnidirectional (360-degree) cameras</a></div> <p>Several implementations of omnidirectional (360-degree) cameras exist, including two opposing fisheye lens configurations and cameras with more than 30 separate lenses. </p><p>There have been fly-by-night companies that have produced prototypes and collected 'backers' on Kickstarter but have not delivered to end-users.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More established 360-camera manufacturers currently actively producing and supporting hardware as of March 2020 include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema" title="Red Digital Cinema">Red Digital Cinema</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insta360" title="Insta360">Insta360</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Gear_360" title="Samsung Gear 360">Gear 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoPro" title="GoPro">GoPro</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MadV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MadV (page does not exist)">MadV</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vuze_Camera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vuze Camera (page does not exist)">Vuze</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panono" title="Panono">Panono</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandao (page does not exist)">Kandao</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trisio (page does not exist)">Trisio</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FXG_VR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FXG VR (page does not exist)">FXG</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Frequent new models and quality improvements in consumer-marketed 360-cameras are blurring the line between the professional and consumer market.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_panorama" class="mw-redirect" title="360 panorama">360 panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersive video">Immersive video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">Light-field camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSG_Sphere_at_The_Venetian" class="mw-redirect" title="MSG Sphere at The Venetian">MSG Sphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">Multiple-camera setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_tripod_head" title="Panoramic tripod head">Panoramic tripod head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_sky_camera" title="Whole sky camera">Whole sky camera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tim_Parry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tim_Parry_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParry,_T.2016" class="citation web cs1">Parry, T. 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