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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planches_de_l'ouvrage_Arbres_et_Jardins_du_Larousse_du_XXe_siècle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Planches de l'ouvrage <i>Arbres et Jardins</i> du <i>Larousse du <span>XX</span><sup>e</sup> siècle</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planches_de_l'ouvrage_Arbres_et_Jardins_du_Larousse_du_XXe_siècle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dendrologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 54 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dendrologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="علم الشجر – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الشجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologiya" title="Dendrologiya – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dendrologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дендрология – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дендрология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дэндралогія – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэндралогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дендрология – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дендрология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বৃক্ষবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃক্ষবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologija" title="Dendrologija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dendrologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dendrologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Дендрологи – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дендрологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dendrologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dendrologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dendrology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologio" title="Dendrologio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dendrologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrolog%C3%ADa" title="Dendrología – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dendrología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroloogia" title="Dendroloogia – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dendroloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="درخت‌شناسی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वृक्षविज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृक्षविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologija" title="Dendrologija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dendrologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrol%C3%B3gia" title="Dendrológia – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dendrológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծառագիտություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծառագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dendrologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologio" title="Dendrologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dendrologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="樹木学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="樹木学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დენდროლოგია – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დენდროლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дендрология – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дендрология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%AA%A9%ED%95%99" title="수목학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수목학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дендрология – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дендрология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologija" title="Dendrologija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dendrologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrolo%C4%A3ija" title="Dendroloģija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dendroloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дендрологија – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дендрологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dendrologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dendrologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologia" title="Dendrologia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dendrologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dendrologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дендрология – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дендрология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дендролоґія – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дендролоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnaddagt" title="Tasnaddagt – chleuh" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnaddagt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="chleuh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dendrology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrol%C3%B3gia" title="Dendrológia – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dendrológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologija" title="Dendrologija – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dendrologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologjia" title="Dendrologjia – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dendrologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дендрологија – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дендрологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dendrologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroloji" title="Dendroloji – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dendroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-flower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Circle-icons-flower.svg/35px-Circle-icons-flower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Circle-icons-flower.svg/53px-Circle-icons-flower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Circle-icons-flower.svg/70px-Circle-icons-flower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Botanique" title="Botanique">botanique</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"><div>Dendrologie</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Leaf_morphology_fr.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leaf_morphology_fr.svg/langfr-260px-Leaf_morphology_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leaf_morphology_fr.svg/langfr-390px-Leaf_morphology_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leaf_morphology_fr.svg/langfr-520px-Leaf_morphology_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">La forme des feuilles aide à identifier les arbres.</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Partie de</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p279"><a href="/wiki/Botanique" title="Botanique">Botanique</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192658?uselang=fr#P279" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Pratiqué par</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p3095">Dendrologue <small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42296463" class="extiw" title="d:Q42296463"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192658?uselang=fr#P3095" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Objets</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p2578"><a href="/wiki/Arbre" title="Arbre">Arbre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arbrisseau" title="Arbrisseau">arbrisseau</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192658?uselang=fr#P2578" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192658" class="extiw" title="d:Q192658">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:352px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:433px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:350px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:16_wood_samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Textures et couleurs du bois aident aussi à identifier les arbres."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/350px-16_wood_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/525px-16_wood_samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/700px-16_wood_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:; font-size:10px; line-height:12px;"> <div id="annotation_10x90" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:90px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Pin_(plante)" title="Pin (plante)">Pin</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x90" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:90px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pic%C3%A9a" class="mw-redirect" title="Épicéa">Épicéa</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x90" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:90px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Larix" title="Larix">Mélèze</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x90" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:90px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A9vrier" title="Genévrier">Genévrier</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x197" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:197px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Tremble" title="Tremble">Tremble</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x197" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:197px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Charme" title="Charme">Charme</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x197" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:197px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Bouleau" title="Bouleau">Bouleau</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x197" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:197px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Aulne" title="Aulne">Aulne</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x304" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:304px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus">Hêtre</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x304" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:304px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AAne" title="Chêne">Chêne</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x304" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:304px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Orme" title="Orme">Orme</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x304" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:304px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Merisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Merisier">Merisier</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x411" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:411px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Poirier" class="mw-redirect" title="Poirier">Poirier</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x411" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:411px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rable" title="Érable">Érable</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x411" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:411px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Tilleul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilleul">Tilleul</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x411" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:411px; line-height:110%"><span style=""><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%AAne" title="Frêne">Frêne</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:16_wood_samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/350px-16_wood_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/525px-16_wood_samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/700px-16_wood_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:16_wood_samples.jpg" title="Fichier:16 wood samples.jpg"> </a></div>Textures et couleurs du bois aident aussi à identifier les arbres.</div> </div></div> <p>La <b>dendrologie</b> (du <a href="/wiki/Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien">grec</a> <i>dendron</i> signifiant « arbre »<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a></i> signifiant « discours, science ») est la science de reconnaissance (et classification) des <a href="/wiki/Arbre" title="Arbre">arbres</a>, et plus généralement la science des <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal" title="Végétal">végétaux</a> <a href="/wiki/Lignine" title="Lignine">ligneux</a>. </p><p>Une de ses branches est la <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examen_dendrologique">Examen dendrologique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Examen dendrologique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Examen dendrologique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'examen dendrologique permet l'identification botanique (taxonomie) et la détermination des caractères autoécologiques de chaque espèce. </p><p>Depuis les années 1980, des recherches en anthracologie, souvent appelées « <a href="/wiki/Anthracologie" title="Anthracologie">dendro-anthracologie</a> », ont développé des méthodes qui permettent, en analysant les cernes des charbons de bois (largeur moyenne, courbure, allure des patrons de croissance…), de déterminer le calibre des tiges et branches<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de sélectionner des essences destinées au <a href="/wiki/Bois_d%27%C5%93uvre" title="Bois d'œuvre">bois d'œuvre</a>, d'artisanat et de combustion en fonction du travail de bois (abattage, élagage, façonnage…), et de mieux appréhender les activités humaines au cours du temps<sup id="cite_ref-sstinrap_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sstinrap-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un grand nombre de contextes archéologiques sont favorables à la présence de charbons contenant des séries suffisamment importantes de cernes de croissance pour être soumises à une analyse dendro-anthracologique : structures artisanales de cuisson (fours, charbonnières) ainsi que les contextes de rejets associés (par ex. fosses de vidange, dépotoirs), nécropoles à incinération et foyers à pierres chauffées, habitats incendiés. <span class="citation">« Les contextes moins favorables sont ceux qui concernent le combustible domestique, tels que les sols d’habitat ou autres niveaux de circulation qui, du fait d’un piétinement récurrent, livrent des fragments de petite taille. Par ailleurs, les foyers domestiques et les rejets associés, ainsi que les fossés, contiennent parfois beaucoup de cendres et peu de charbons<sup id="cite_ref-sstinrap_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sstinrap-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. »</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planches_de_l'ouvrage_Arbres_et_Jardins_du_Larousse_du_XXe_siècle"><span id="Planches_de_l.27ouvrage_Arbres_et_Jardins_du_Larousse_du_XXe_si.C3.A8cle"></span>Planches de l'ouvrage <i>Arbres et Jardins</i> du <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Larousse</a> du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Planches de l'ouvrage Arbres et Jardins du Larousse du XXe siècle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Planches de l'ouvrage Arbres et Jardins du Larousse du XXe siècle"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_(visual_explanation,_informative_drawing,_plate)_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., première planche."><img alt="Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., première planche." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/84px-Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/126px-Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/167px-Arbres-couleurs-1_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., première planche.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_(visual_explanation,_informative_drawing,_plate)_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., deuxième planche."><img alt="Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., deuxième planche." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/83px-Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/125px-Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/167px-Arbres-couleurs-2_-_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2413" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arbres: bois, feuilles, fruits, etc., deuxième planche.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arbres_d%27ornement-1_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour-_Public_domain_book_illustration_(visual_explanation,_informative_drawing,_plate)_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jardins : arbres d'ornement, première planche."><img alt="Jardins : arbres d'ornement, première planche." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arbres_d%27ornement-1_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/86px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arbres_d%27ornement-1_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/129px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arbres_d%27ornement-1_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/172px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jardins : arbres d'ornement, première planche.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Arbres_d%27ornement-2_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_(visual_explanation,_informative_drawing,_plate)_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jardins : arbres d'ornement, deuxième planche."><img alt="Jardins : arbres d'ornement, deuxième planche." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arbres_d%27ornement-2_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/86px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arbres_d%27ornement-2_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/130px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arbres_d%27ornement-2_-_ornamental_trees_in_colour_-_Public_domain_book_illustration_%28visual_explanation%2C_informative_drawing%2C_plate%29_from_Larousse_du_XX%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_1932.jpg/173px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="3434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jardins : arbres d'ornement, deuxième planche.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le terme « <i>dendron</i> » se retrouve dans le nom de différentes plantes :<br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a></i> (<i>rhodon</i> = rose + <i>dendron</i> = arbre) : Littéralement « arbre à roses ». Arbuste à feuilles persistantes et de couleurs variées.</li> <li><i>Philodendron</i> (<i>philo</i> = aimer + <i>dendron</i> = arbre) : Plante grimpante, mais à l'origine, qui aime les arbres puisqu'elle s'enroule autour en grandissant.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Karen Lundström-Baudais. (1986). Étude paléoethnobotanique de la station III de Clairvaux. Dans P. Pétrequin (dir.), <i>Les sites littoraux néolithiques de Clairvaux-les-Lacs (Jura). I. Problématique générale, l’exemple de la station III</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">311-391</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sstinrap-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sstinrap_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-sstinrap_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benoît,_Poirier_Philippe,_Vaschalde_Christophe,_Figueiral_Isabel,_Chabal_Lucie_et_Marmara_Marylise2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brossier_Benoît,_Poirier_Philippe,_Vaschalde_Christophe,_Figueiral_Isabel,_Chabal_Lucie_et_Marmara_Marylise2020">Brossier Benoît, Poirier Philippe, Vaschalde Christophe, Figueiral Isabel, Chabal Lucie et Marmara Marylise, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sstinrap.hypotheses.org/5795"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Nouveau protocole de prélèvement et de préparation des macro‐charbons pour une généralisation des études anthraco‐chronologiques</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">sstinrap.hypotheses.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-18" data-sort-value="2020-12-18">18 décembre 2020</time></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylologie" title="Xylologie">Xylologie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrologie&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dendrology?uselang=fr">Dendrologie</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192658?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4149074-5">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph162496">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inforets.free.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=28"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Dendrologie d'essences forestières françaises</cite></a> »</span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dendrologie.ch/fr/index.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Société Suisse de Dendrologie</cite></a> »</span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regispetit.fr/bot.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Identification des ligneux par les feuilles</cite></a> »</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Botanique" title="Modèle:Palette Botanique"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Botanique&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Botanique" title="Botanique">Botanique</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Discipline_botanique" title="Catégorie:Discipline botanique">Disciplines botaniques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">Bryologie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dendrologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cologie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Écologie végétale">Écologie végétale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotanique" title="Ethnobotanique">Ethnobotanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Histologie végétale">Histologie végétale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration_botanique" title="Illustration botanique">Illustration botanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphologie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Morphologie végétale">Morphologie végétale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9obotanique" title="Paléobotanique">Paléobotanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynologie" title="Palynologie">Palynologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nologie" title="Phénologie">Phénologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycologie" title="Phycologie">Phycologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiologie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Physiologie végétale">Physiologie végétale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytog%C3%A9ographie" title="Phytogéographie">Phytogéographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathologie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Pathologie végétale">Phytopathologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosociologie" title="Phytosociologie">Phytosociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A9matique" title="Systématique">Systématique végétale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal" title="Végétal">Végétaux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algue" title="Algue">Algue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champignon" title="Champignon">Champignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plante" title="Plante">Plantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" title="Pteridophyta">Ptéridophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperme" title="Gymnosperme">Gymnosperme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme">Angiosperme</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Anatomie végétale">Anatomie végétale</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur" title="Fleur">Fleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(botanique)" title="Fruit (botanique)">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuille" title="Feuille">Feuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me" title="Méristème">Méristème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racine_(botanique)" title="Racine (botanique)">Racine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tige" title="Tige">Tige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomate" title="Stomate">Stomate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyl%C3%A8me" title="Xylème">Xylème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlo%C3%A8me" title="Phloème">Phloème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois" title="Bois">Bois</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cellule_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Cellule végétale">Cellule végétale</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroi_pectocellulosique" title="Paroi pectocellulosique">Paroi pectocellulosique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophylle" title="Chlorophylle">Chlorophylle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplaste" title="Chloroplaste">Chloroplaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaste" title="Plaste">Plaste</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cycle_de_vie_(biologie)" title="Cycle de vie (biologie)">Cycle de vie</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gam%C3%A9tophyte" title="Gamétophyte">Gamétophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Reproduction_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Catégorie:Reproduction végétale">Reproduction végétale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinisation" title="Pollinisation">Pollinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graine" title="Graine">Graine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_ABC" title="Modèle ABC">Développement floral</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Fonctions cellulaires</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse">Photosynthèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytohormone" title="Phytohormone">Phytohormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Transpiration végétale">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croissance_primaire" title="Croissance primaire">Croissance primaire</a> et <a href="/wiki/Croissance_secondaire" title="Croissance secondaire">secondaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_botanique" title="Nomenclature botanique">Nomenclature botanique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nom_botanique" title="Nom botanique">Nom botanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_international_de_nomenclature_pour_les_algues,_les_champignons_et_les_plantes" title="Code international de nomenclature pour les algues, les champignons et les plantes">Code international de nomenclature pour les algues, les champignons et les plantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbier" title="Herbier">Herbier</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum">Species plantarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique" title="Jardin botanique">Jardin botanique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinum" title="Alpinum">Alpinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruticetum" title="Fruticetum">Fruticetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactarium" title="Cactarium">Cactarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambouseraie" title="Bambouseraie">Bambouseraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseraie" title="Roseraie">Roseraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verger_conservatoire" title="Verger conservatoire">Verger conservatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_ethnobotanique" title="Jardin ethnobotanique">Jardin ethnobotanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_potager" title="Jardin potager">Jardin potager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_m%C3%A9dicinal" title="Jardin médicinal">Jardin médicinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_%C3%A9cologique" title="Jardin écologique">Jardin écologique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Installations</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serre" title="Serre">Serre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytotron" title="Phytotron">Phytotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangerie" title="Orangerie">Orangerie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Listes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_plus_grands_herbiers_du_monde" title="Liste des plus grands herbiers du monde">Herbiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_jardins_botaniques" title="Liste de jardins botaniques">Jardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_botaniques" title="Liste de sociétés botaniques">Sociétés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_p%C3%A9riodiques_botaniques" title="Liste de périodiques botaniques">Périodiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_botanistes" title="Liste de botanistes">Botanistes</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glossaire_de_botanique_et_de_mycologie" title="Glossaire de botanique et de mycologie">Glossaire de botanique</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Branches_de_la_biologie" title="Modèle:Palette Branches de la biologie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Branches_de_la_biologie&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Branches de la <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9robiologie" title="Aérobiologie">Aérobiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostologie" title="Agrostologie">Agrostologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropologie_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Anthropologie moléculaire">Anthropologie moléculaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnologie" title="Arachnologie">Arachnologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9riologie_m%C3%A9dicale" title="Bactériologie médicale">Bactériologie médicale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batracologie" title="Batracologie">Batracologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">Biochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biog%C3%A9ographie" title="Biogéographie">Biogéographie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biog%C3%A9ographie_microbienne" title="Biogéographie microbienne">Biogéographie microbienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9ographie" title="Phylogéographie">Phylogéographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytog%C3%A9ographie" title="Phytogéographie">Phytogéographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoog%C3%A9ographie" title="Zoogéographie">Zoogéographie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-informatique" title="Bio-informatique">Bio-informatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomath%C3%A9matique" title="Biomathématique">Biomathématique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biom%C3%A9canique" title="Biomécanique">Biomécanique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysique" title="Biophysique">Biophysique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bios%C3%A9miotique" title="Biosémiotique">Biosémiotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistique" title="Biostatistique">Biostatistique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">Biotechnologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_cellulaire" title="Biologie cellulaire">Biologie cellulaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_chimique" title="Biologie chimique">Biologie chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_computationnelle" title="Biologie computationnelle">Biologie computationnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_de_la_conservation" title="Biologie de la conservation">Biologie de la conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_du_d%C3%A9veloppement" title="Biologie du développement">Biologie développementale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_de_l%27%C3%A9volution" title="Biologie de l'évolution">Biologie de l'évolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_humaine" title="Biologie humaine">Biologie humaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_m%C3%A9dicale" title="Biologie médicale">Biologie médicale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_marine" title="Biologie marine">Biologie 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