Alternative Fuels Data Center: Publications

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visible-print"> <h3>U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</h3> <h4>Alternative Fuels Data Center</h4> </div> <div class="container-fluid hidden-print"> <div id="utility_line" class="row-fluid"> <div id="breadcrumb" class="span18"> <div><a href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/">EERE</a> » <a href="/">AFDC</a> » <span>Publications</span></div> </div> <div class="span6 last"> <ul id="utilities"> <li id="print" class="hidden-phone hidden-tablet"><a href="#printable"><i class="icon-eere-utility-print"></i>Printable Version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span24" id="main_content">  <h1>Publications</h1> <p>Find publications about alternative transportation, including alternative fuels, advanced vehicles, and regulated fleets. You can also browse the <a href="/publications/latest_additions">latest additions</a>.</p> <div id="cs-pubs-search-and-results"> <form id="cs-pubs-search-form" class="form form-search" up-submit="true" up-history="true" up-target="#search-header, #publications-results" action="/publications" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <div class="row-fluid" id="cs-pubs-search-banner"> <div class="filter-info span6"> <h5 class="filter-title">Filters</h5> <a class="btn form-clear btn-light" style="text-transform: none;" href="/publications">Reset Filters</a> </div> <div class="filter-info span18"> <div id="search-header"><span class="header search-results"> 1,008 publications </span> </div> <div class="sort-container"> <label for="sort_by">Sort by</label> <select name="sort_by" id="sort_by" class="form-select" aria-label="Sort by select" style="width: 50%;" up-autosubmit="true"><option value="date">Date</option> <option value="title">Title</option></select> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span6"> <div id="publications-search-filters"> <div class="filter-head">Keyword Search</div> <div class="search-form"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="search-bar-div"> <input type="search" name="keyword" id="keyword" placeholder="enter keyword" class="cs-pubs-keyword search-form" up-autosubmit="true" up-watch-event="change" /> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-green search-button" id="search-btn" aria-label="Search"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </button> </div> </div> <div class="search-bar small"> <em>Search by keyword, title, or author.</em> </div> <div class="accordion plus-minus-accordion" id="publications-filters-accordion"> <div class="accordion-group"> <a href="#fuels-tech-filters" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"> <h5 class="accordion-heading expanded"> <i class="fas fa-plus-circle accordion-hidden-expanded icon-green"></i> <i class="fas fa-minus-circle accordion-visible-expanded icon-green"></i> Fuels and Technology </h5> </a> <div id="fuels-tech-filters" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <label class="checkbox electricity"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_electricity" value="electricity" class="publication-checkbox" /> Electricity </label> <label class="checkbox hydrogen"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_hydrogen" value="hydrogen" class="publication-checkbox" /> Hydrogen </label> <label class="checkbox natural-gas"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_natural-gas" value="natural-gas" class="publication-checkbox" /> Natural Gas </label> <label class="checkbox compressed-natural-gas"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_compressed-natural-gas" value="compressed-natural-gas" class="publication-checkbox" /> Compressed Natural Gas </label> <label class="checkbox liquified-natural-gas"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_liquified-natural-gas" value="liquified-natural-gas" class="publication-checkbox" /> Liquified Natural Gas </label> <label class="checkbox renewable-natural-gas"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_renewable-natural-gas" value="renewable-natural-gas" class="publication-checkbox" /> Renewable Natural Gas </label> <label class="checkbox propane"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_propane" value="propane" class="publication-checkbox" /> Propane </label> <label class="checkbox ethanol"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_ethanol" value="ethanol" class="publication-checkbox" /> Ethanol </label> <label class="checkbox biodiesel"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_biodiesel" value="biodiesel" class="publication-checkbox" /> Biodiesel </label> <label class="checkbox renewable-diesel"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_renewable-diesel" value="renewable-diesel" class="publication-checkbox" /> Renewable Diesel </label> <label class="checkbox sustainable-aviation-fuel"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_sustainable-aviation-fuel" value="sustainable-aviation-fuel" class="publication-checkbox" /> Sustainable Aviation Fuel </label> <label class="checkbox idle-reduction"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_idle-reduction" value="idle-reduction" class="publication-checkbox" /> Idle Reduction </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-group"> <a href="#audience-filters" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"> <h5 class="accordion-heading expanded"> <i class="fas fa-plus-circle accordion-hidden-expanded icon-green"></i> <i class="fas fa-minus-circle accordion-visible-expanded icon-green"></i> Audiences </h5> </a> <div id="audience-filters" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <label class="checkbox fuel-provider"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_fuel-provider" value="fuel-provider" class="publication-checkbox" /> Alternative Fuel Provider </label> <label class="checkbox federal"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_federal" value="federal" class="publication-checkbox" /> Federal Government </label> <label class="checkbox municipal"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_municipal" value="municipal" class="publication-checkbox" /> Municipal Government </label> <label class="checkbox private"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_private" value="private" class="publication-checkbox" /> Private Individual </label> <label class="checkbox state"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_state" value="state" class="publication-checkbox" /> State Government </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-group"> <a href="#application-filters" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"> <h5 class="accordion-heading expanded"> <i class="fas fa-plus-circle accordion-hidden-expanded icon-green"></i> <i class="fas fa-minus-circle accordion-visible-expanded icon-green"></i> Applications </h5> </a> <div id="application-filters" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <label class="checkbox heavy-duty-vehicles"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_heavy-duty-vehicles" value="heavy-duty-vehicles" class="publication-checkbox" /> Heavy-Duty Vehicles </label> <label class="checkbox light-duty-vehicles"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_light-duty-vehicles" value="light-duty-vehicles" class="publication-checkbox" /> Light-Duty Vehicles </label> <label class="checkbox medium-duty-vehicles"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_medium-duty-vehicles" value="medium-duty-vehicles" class="publication-checkbox" /> Medium-Duty Vehicles </label> <label class="checkbox vehicle-conversions"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_vehicle-conversions" value="vehicle-conversions" class="publication-checkbox" /> Vehicle Conversions </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-group"> <a href="#other-filters" class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"> <h5 class="accordion-heading expanded"> <i class="fas fa-plus-circle accordion-hidden-expanded icon-green"></i> <i class="fas fa-minus-circle accordion-visible-expanded icon-green"></i> Other </h5> </a> <div id="other-filters" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner"> <label class="checkbox fuel-economy"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_fuel-economy" value="fuel-economy" class="publication-checkbox" /> Fuel Economy </label> <label class="checkbox laws-incentives"> <input type="checkbox" name="tags[]" id="tags_laws-incentives" value="laws-incentives" class="publication-checkbox" /> Laws & Incentives </label> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>        </div> <div class="span18" id="publications-results"> <div class="loader">Loading...</div> <div class="loaded"> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="/files/u/publication/electric_vehicle_charging_infrastructure_trends_second_quarter_2024.pdf?7f2d6d8b8d">Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator: Second Quarter 2024</a></p> <p><em>11/18/2024</em></p> <p>Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in the United States continues to rapidly change and grow. Using data from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fueling Station Locator, this report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the second calendar quarter of 2024 by charging level, network, location, housing density, and disadvantaged community designation. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with a federal infrastructure requirement scenario. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape of EV charging infrastructure. This is the 18th report in a series.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Brown, A.; Cappellucci, J.; Gaus, M.; Buleje, H.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="/files/u/publication/NREL ethics guidance_external.pdf?02ebc07603">Guidance for Ethical Engagement in and with Communities</a></p> <p><em>10/22/2024</em></p> <p>“Guidance for Ethical Engagement in and with Communities” is a resource for any organization conducting community engagement, including Clean Cities and Communities coalitions. The resource provides guidance on ethics considerations in the design, structure, implementation, and analysis of engagement activities as well as following up after project completion. These considerations help organizations safeguard the rights and well-being of participants and ensure the integrity and validity of the project results.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Nicole Rosner</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="/files/u/publication/alternative_fuel_price_report_july_2024.pdf?5f53896a46">Clean Cities and Communities Alternative Fuel Price Report, July 2024</a></p> <p><em>10/2/2024</em></p> <p>The Clean Cities and Communities Alternative Fuel Price Report for July 2024 is a quarterly report on the prices of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue describes prices that were gathered from Clean Cities and Communities coalition directors and stakeholders between July 1, 2024 and July 15, 2024, and then averaged in order to determine regional price trends by fuel and variability in fuel price within regions and among regions. The prices collected for this report represent retail, at-the-pump sales prices for each fuel, including Federal and state motor fuel taxes.</p><p>Table 2 reports that the nationwide average price (all amounts are per gallon) for regular gasoline has decreased 12 cents from $3.65 to $3.53; diesel decreased 20 cents from $4.07 to $3.85; CNG increased 2 cents from $2.90 to $2.92; ethanol (E85) increased 3 cents from $2.96 to $2.99; propane decreased 3 cents from $3.45 to $3.42; and biodiesel (B20) decreased 21 cents from $3.94 to $3.73.</p><p>According to Table 3, CNG is 61 cents less than gasoline on an energy-equivalent basis and E85 is 36 cents more than gasoline on an energy-equivalent basis.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Carias, L.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search/download.pdf?year=2025">Model Year 2025: Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles</a></p> <p><em>9/25/2024</em></p> <p>This document lists the model, vehicle type, engine size, and fuel economy of a variety of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="/files/u/publication/electric_vehicle_charging_infrastructure_trends_first_quarter_2024.pdf?909b2dedd5">Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator: First Quarter 2024</a></p> <p><em>9/23/2024</em></p> <p>Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in the United States continues to rapidly change and grow. Using data from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fueling Station Locator, this report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the first calendar quarter of 2024 by charging level, network, location, housing density, and disadvantaged community designation. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with a federal infrastructure requirement scenario. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape of EV charging infrastructure. This is the 17th report in a series.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Brown, A.; Cappellucci, J.; Heinrich, A.; Gaus, M.; Cost, E.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51554-9">Effects of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on the Economic Vitality of Local Businesses</a></p> <p><em>9/4/2024</em></p> <p>In addition to emissions reductions, electric vehicles (EVs) and EV charging stations (EVCS) offer economic benefits to municipalities nationwide. This study, published by Nature Communications, analyzes data from over 4,000 EVCS and 140,000 businesses in California to highlight the economic benefits of EV infrastructure and the role of EVCS as a driver of local economic growth.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Yunhan Zheng, David R. Keith, Shenhao Wang, Mi Diao, Jinhua Zhao</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/ID-181-%E2%80%93-US-shore-power_final.pdf">Nationwide Port Emissions Screening for Berthed Vessels: Prioritizing U.S. Port Electrification to Improve Air Quality for Near-Port Communities</a></p> <p><em>9/1/2024</em></p> <p>Idling, at-berth marine vessels are a prominent source of greenhouse gas emissions. With the recent opening of port-specific federal funding, technological strategies, such as shore power, or plugging in and connecting at-berth marine vessels to the electrical grid, can not only aid in curbing these emissions, but can also improve local air quality for nearby communities. This report highlights specific ports where shore power is most readily applicable, and where it can have the greatest impact on air quality.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Tom Decker, Elise Sturrup</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://electrificationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Dealership-Experiences-and-Outlooks-on-Selling-Leasing-and-Servicing-EVs.pdf">Dealership Experiences and Outlooks on Selling, Leasing, and Servicing EVs</a></p> <p><em>9/1/2024</em></p> <p>Automotive dealers offer one of the most candid lenses into driver behavior and vehicle purchasing habits. This report highlights prominent observations from seven automotive dealers pertaining to customer electric vehicle (EV) purchases, elucidating the motivating factors behind customer decision-making when it comes to vehicle type, clarifying challenges and opportunities related to EVs, and showcasing resources, policies, and programs that may help to accelerate EV adoption nationwide.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Nicole Lepre, Jaclyn Lea</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/ID-214-%E2%80%93-EPA-Phase-3-policy-update-letter-50097-v5.pdf">U.S. EPA Phase 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles</a></p> <p><em>9/1/2024</em></p> <p>Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) contribute 25% of the U.S. transportation sector’s emissions. To reduce these emissions numbers, on April 22, 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published new greenhouse gas emissions standards for HDVs, requiring a 60% emission reduction per ton-mile of freight moved by up to 60% for vocational trucks and up to 40% for tractor trucks by 2032 compared with 2027 levels. This report details the projected benefits of the EPA’s ruling and highlights key elements of the plan, such as the emissions standards themselves, as well as finances, fuel use, electric vehicle battery logistics, and more.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Yihao Xie</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Hydrogen-Policys-Narrow-Path-Delusions-and-Solutions.pdf">Hydrogen Policy's Narrow Path: Delusions & Solutions</a></p> <p><em>8/27/2024</em></p> <p>This report examines the growing hydrogen fuel industry within the U.S., providing key takeaways regarding hydrogen’s role in a clean economy, as well as a series of demand-side policy recommendations to boost hydrogen’s uptake in competitive areas, and its adoption in applications where hydrogen is less likely to compete with other alternative clean energy technologies. Where possible, the report offers technology-neutral policy recommendations to support a widescale expansion of hydrogen use. The report ultimately summarizes hydrogen’s use in 12 end-use sectors, detailing hydrogen’s emission reduction potential, infrastructure requirements, social impacts, and strengths and weaknesses.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Dan Esposito</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="/files/u/publication/véhicules-électriques.pdf?c4c60d9ab2">En un coup d’oeil : les véhicules électriques (At A Glance: Electric Vehicles)</a></p> <p><em>8/16/2024</em></p> <p>Les véhicules électriques (VE) comprennent les véhicules entièrement électriques, également appelés véhicules électriques à batterie (VEB), et les véhicules électriques hybrides rechargeables (VEHR). <a href="https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/electric-drive_vehicles.pdf?46ed6d7f2c">Accéder à cette publication en anglais ici</a>.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/89896.pdf">Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Reliability, Resilience, and Location on Electric Vehicle Adoption</a></p> <p><em>8/1/2024</em></p> <p>The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law in 2021 directed $7.5 billion towards public electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. To ensure that this funding is utilized effectively, public EV chargers must be reliable. Following surveys that demonstrate buyers concern of public EV charging station reliability, this report examines the relationships between EV station reliability, station resilience, electric grid resilience, and EV adoption, synthesizing the impacts of each to determine what works and what does not work when it comes to EV charger development.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Bonnie Powell, Caley Johnson</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://www.liveelectric.org/static/media/Giv_Mobility_Carshare_Final_Report_2024.017d224a.pdf">Electric Residential Carshare Program Final Report and Replication Toolkit</a></p> <p><em>8/1/2024</em></p> <p>This report details an urban, transit-adjacent, and free electric carshare program exclusively for households in an affordable housing building in Salt Lake City, Utah. In it, key findings, a full review of the systems and hardware used, financial impacts, and a replication toolkit to aid interested entities in starting their own place-based, electric carshare program can be found. External links, resources and our own source code for data analysis are included at the end of the replication toolkit.</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100146">Toward Just and Equitable Mobility: Socioeconomic and Perceptual Barriers for Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure in the United States</a></p> <p><em>7/15/2024</em></p> <p>This 2024 study published by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) highlights equity-specific barriers to electric vehicle (EV) adoption. The study complicates earlier findings in the literature that suggested socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic variables heavily influenced the perceived benefits, expected driving range, and travel behaviors of EVs. NREL’s findings demonstrate the significance of EV affordability, charging access, and multifaceted infrastructure planning.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Dong-Yeon Lee, Melanie H. McDermott, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Raphael Isaac</p> </div> <div class="pub-card"> <p class="pub-card-title"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2172/2406053">Electric Vehicle Standards – Grid Service Capabilities: Evaluation of IEEE 2030.13, SAE J3072, ISO 15118-2, ISO 15118-20, OCPP, IEC 61850-7-420, IEEE 2030.5, and OpenADR</a></p> <p><em>7/14/2024</em></p> <p>This report assesses various vehicle-grid-integration standards and evaluates each standard on its support for electric vehicles (EVs) to provide for or participate in distributed energy resource grid services. The report highlights challenges associated with the deployment of standards and offers context for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies and distributed energy resource (DER) strategies for EVs.</p> <p><span>Authors:</span> Francis K. 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Alternative Fuels Data Center: Publications