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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaiah Berlin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 59 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أشعيا برلين – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشعيا برلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sayya_Berlin" title="İsayya Berlin – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsayya Berlin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Берлін – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісая Берлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Бэрлін – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісая Бэрлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Исая Бърлин – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исая Бърлин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Αϊζάια Μπερλίν – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊζάια Μπερλίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آیزایا برلین – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیزایا برلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84_%EB%B2%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="아이제이아 벌린 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이제이아 벌린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Իսայա Բեռլին – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսայա Բեռլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ישעיה ברלין – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישעיה ברלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Berlin" title="Isaias Berlin – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isaias Berlin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesaja_Berlins" title="Jesaja Berlins – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jesaja Berlins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഐസായെ ബെർലിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസായെ ബെർലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اشعيا برلين – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشعيا برلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="アイザイア・バーリン – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイザイア・バーリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایزایا برلین – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایزایا برلین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Берлин, Исайя – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлин, Исайя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ајзаја Берлин – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајзаја Берлин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajzaja_Berlin" title="Ajzaja Berlin – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ajzaja Berlin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไอเซยาห์ เบอร์ลิน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอเซยาห์ เบอร์ลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Берлін – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісая Берлін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinsi_Jesaja" title="Berlinsi Jesaja – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Berlinsi Jesaja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%B3%BD%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%9E%97" title="以賽亞·伯林 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以賽亞·伯林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%9E%97" title="以赛亚·伯林 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以赛亚·伯林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: small"><a href="/wiki/Sir_(titel)" title="Sir (titel)">Sir</a></span><br /><span class="fn">Isaiah Berlin</span><br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rtj%C3%A4nstorden" title="Förtjänstorden">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Brittiska_imperieorden" title="Brittiska imperieorden">CBE</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/250px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/375px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/500px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="968" /></a></span> <div style="">Isaiah Berlin (Amsterdam, 1983).</div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/6_juni" title="6 juni">6 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a><sup id="cite_ref-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guvernementet_Livland" title="Guvernementet Livland">Livland</a>, dåvarande <a href="/wiki/Ryska_imperiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryska imperiet">Ryska imperiet</a> (i nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland">Lettland</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/5_november" title="5 november">5 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a><sup id="cite_ref-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (88 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Begravd</th><td class="etikett" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a><sup id="cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland">Kejsardömet Ryssland</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College, Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a><sup id="cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205162?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof">Filosof</a><sup id="cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, idé- och lärdomshistoriker<sup id="cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolog">sociolog</a><sup id="cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiker" title="Historiker">historiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A4rare" title="Universitetslärare">universitetslärare</a><sup id="cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Statsvetare" class="mw-redirect" title="Statsvetare">statsvetare</a><sup id="cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/Oxfords_universitet" title="Oxfords universitet">Oxfords universitet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalempriset" title="Jerusalempriset">Jerusalempriset</a><small> (1979)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Hedersdoktor_vid_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedersdoktor vid Harvard University">Hedersdoktor vid Harvard University</a><small> (1979)</small><sup id="cite_ref-5d1436203433a08fb720fadf178dfcb4e4545719_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5d1436203433a08fb720fadf178dfcb4e4545719-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Erasmuspriset" title="Erasmuspriset">Erasmuspriset</a><small> (1983)</small><br />Hedersdoktor vid University of Toronto<br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Atens_universitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Atens universitet [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Atens universitet</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_universitetet_i_Bologna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid universitetet i Bologna [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid universitetet i Bologna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kommend%C3%B6r_av_2_klass_av_Brittiska_imperieorden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommendör av 2 klass av Brittiska imperieorden">Kommendör av 2 klass av Brittiska imperieorden</a><br />Hedersdoktor vid Oxfords universitet<br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Tel_Aviv_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Tel Aviv University [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Tel Aviv University</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Universitetet_i_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Universitetet i Cambridge [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Universitetet i Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight Bachelor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Isaiah_Berlin" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Isaiah Berlin">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Sir <b>Isaiah Berlin</b>, född <a href="/wiki/6_juni" title="6 juni">6 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> i <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guvernementet_Livland" title="Guvernementet Livland">Livland</a>, dåvarande <a href="/wiki/Ryska_imperiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryska imperiet">Ryska imperiet</a>, död <a href="/wiki/5_november" title="5 november">5 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, var en <a href="/wiki/Ryska_imperiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryska imperiet">ryskfödd</a> <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">brittisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9historia" title="Idéhistoria">idéhistoriker</a> och <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">politisk teoretiker</a>. Han är ofta ansedd som en av <a href="/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet">1900-talets</a> ledande <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberala</a> tänkare. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isaiah Berlin föddes i Riga i en <a href="/wiki/Judar" title="Judar">judisk</a> familj. Hans far Mendel Berlin var köpman i trävirkesindustrin, och hans mor hette Marie, född Volshonok. Barndomen tillbringades i Riga i <a href="/wiki/Livland" title="Livland">Livland</a> och i <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a>, och han bevittnade <a href="/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen" title="Ryska revolutionen">ryska revolutionen</a> 1917. Som en följd av revolutionen, utvandrade hans familj till <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> 1921. Där studerade han på privatskolan St Paul's School i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, och sedan vid <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oxfords_universitet" title="Oxfords universitet">Oxford</a> där han studerade klassiker och PPE (<i>Philosophy, Politics and Economics</i>). Han skulle stanna vid Oxford för resten av sitt liv, så när som på några år då han arbetade för <i>British Information Services</i> i <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> (1940–42), brittiska <a href="/wiki/Ambassad" title="Ambassad">ambassaden</a> i <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (1942–45), och i <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a> (1945–46). </p><p>1956 gifte han sig med Aline Halban, född de Gunzbourg. En av hans vänner var den brittiska filosofen <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer">Alfred Ayer</a>. </p><p>1957-67 var han professor i social och politisk teori i Oxford, och 1967 deltog han i grundandet av <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College</a> där och blev dess första chef. Han dubbades till <a href="/wiki/Riddare" title="Riddare">riddare</a> 1957, och erhöll <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> 1971. 1974 till 1978 var han ordförande för <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> och emottog <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> 1979 för sina böcker på temat individuell frihet i samhället. </p><p>Berlins inflytande på liberal teori har varit djupgående och varaktig. I installationsföreläsningen "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) framlägger han den vedertagna distinktionen mellan negativ och positiv frihet, vilket har florerat i den politiska diskussionen därefter i frågor om frihet och jämlikhet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verk">Verk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Verk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Verk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlins främsta influenser är <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, och <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>. </p><p>Installationsföreläsningen "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) om negativ och positiv <a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">frihet</a> är ett av de mest kända verken av Berlin. Han definierar <i>negativ frihet</i> som avsaknad av hinder, eller inblandning av personer som verkar interaktivt på individens handlingar. <i>Positiv frihet</i> är däremot förknippat med kontroll över sitt liv, kapacitet att själv göra val och fatta beslut om sin egen framtid. Trots att Berlin ansåg att båda formerna av frihet representerar giltiga humana ideal, visade historien den positiva friheten var mer utsatt för politiskt maktmissbruk. Detta resonemang, påverkat av <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> och <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, leder Berlin till slutsatsen att europeiska politiska teoretiker blandat ihop frihet med politisk lydnad och tvång. Under 1800-talet blev den positiva friheten politiskt farlig, menar Berlin, och användes för att försvara ideal av <a href="/wiki/Nationellt_sj%C3%A4lvbest%C3%A4mmande" title="Nationellt självbestämmande">nationellt självbestämmande</a>, förespråka demokratiskt självstyre, och <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">kommunismens</a> idé om kollektiv förnuftsbaserad makt över framtiden. Att tänka på detta sätt, slår Berlin fast, innebär att krav på frihet paradoxalt blir en begäran av någon form av kollektiv kontroll eller lydnad – detta är oundvikliga domar över länders, klassers, eller gruppers självbestämmande, eller till och med kanske hela mänskligheten. För Berlin finns alltså ett samband mellan <a href="/wiki/Politisk_frihet" title="Politisk frihet">politisk frihet</a> och politisk totalitarism. Följaktligen representerar negativ frihet en säkrare, mer liberal förståelse av frihet, för Berlin. Förespråkare för Berlins åsikt, som redan Jeremy Bentham och John Stuart Mill, vidhåller att lydnad och tvång är frihetens <a href="/wiki/Antites" title="Antites">antites</a>, och därför att det är viktigt att hålla isär begreppet frihet och den totalitarism som förekommer i filosofin. </p><p>I essän "Historical Inevitability" (1953) fokuseras oenigheter i historiefilosofin. Enligt Berlin finns två val: antingen tolkas historien som en skapelse av ett fåtal exceptionella individer, eller tolkas den som att allt som sker är ett resultat av impersonella krafter som är onåbara för mänskliga intentioner. </p><p>Berlin är en auktoritet inom den ryska intellektuella historien, samlat i <i>Russian Thinkers</i> (1978), av Henry Hardy, som så ofta med Berlins verk. </p><p>Berlins skrifter om <a href="/wiki/Upplysningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Upplysningen">upplysningen</a> och dess kritiker – för vilka Berlin myntade uttrycket <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontraupplysning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontraupplysning [inte skriven än]">kontraupplysning</a> – och i synnerhet <a href="/wiki/Romantiken" title="Romantiken">romantiken</a>, bidrog till hans moralfilosofiska teori om <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rdepluralism" title="Värdepluralism">värdepluralism</a>. För Berlin är <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rden" title="Värden">värden</a> mänskliga skapelser och inte naturliga, men menade samtidigt att mänskliga värden kan hållas för sanna i alla kulturer, vilket är vad han åsyftar när han kallar sin ståndpunkt objektiv <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">pluralism</a>. Från sin teori om värdepluralism argumenterade han för att olika moralsystem kan vara likvärdiga och ändå omöjliga att värdera, och därför kan de komma i konflikt med varandra på ett sätt som inte kan lösas. När värden försvinner har inget moralsystem högre giltighet än ett annat. Frihet kan innebära social orättvisa. Etiska konflikter är en grundläggande och varaktig del av det mänskliga livet och människans väsen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Karl Marx: His Life and Environment,</i> Oxford University Press, 1939. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-19-510326-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-19-510326-2">ISBN 0-19-510326-2</a>.</li> <li><i>The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History,</i> Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1953.</li> <li><i>Four Essays on Liberty,</i> Oxford University Press, 1969. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-19-281034-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-19-281034-0">ISBN 0-19-281034-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Russian Thinkers,</i> Penguin Books, 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-14-013625-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-14-013625-8">ISBN 0-14-013625-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Concepts and Categories: Philosophical Essays,</i> Viking Adult, 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-670-23552-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-670-23552-0">ISBN 0-670-23552-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas,</i> Viking Adult, 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-670-10944-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-670-10944-4">ISBN 0-670-10944-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Personal Impressions,</i> Princeton University Press, 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-08858-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-08858-6">ISBN 0-691-08858-6</a>.</li> <li><i>The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas,</i> Princeton University Press, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-05838-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-05838-5">ISBN 0-691-05838-5</a>.</li> <li><i>The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays,</i> Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-374-52717-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-374-52717-2">ISBN 0-374-52717-2</a>.</li> <li><i>The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History,</i> Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-374-52569-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-374-52569-2">ISBN 0-374-52569-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder,</i> Princeton University Press, 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-05727-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-05727-3">ISBN 0-691-05727-3</a>.</li> <li><i>The Roots of Romanticism,</i> Bollingen, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-08662-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-08662-1">ISBN 0-691-08662-1</a>.</li> <li><i>The Power of Ideas,</i> Princeton University Press, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-09276-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-09276-1">ISBN 0-691-09276-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Freedom and its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty,</i> Princeton University Press, 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-691-09099-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-691-09099-8">ISBN 0-691-09099-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Liberty,</i> Oxford University Press, 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-19-924989-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-19-924989-X">ISBN 0-19-924989-X</a>. (revised and expanded edition of <i>Four Essays On Liberty</i>)</li> <li><i>The Soviet Mind: Russian Culture Under Communism,</i> Brookings Institution Press, 2004.. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8157-0904-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8157-0904-8">ISBN 0-8157-0904-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Selected Letters 1928–1946,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-521-83368-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-521-83368-X">ISBN 0-521-83368-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin">en annan språkversion av Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-9c0af00b497cc65d5bd21c40d97d2f3496df9a67_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="latin">Encyclopædia Britannica</span></i>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaiah-Berlin">biography/Isaiah-Berlin</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online">topic/Britannica-Online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-19e19172795a09db3b1e388ee859e31c22f26ead_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q5340v">w6q5340v</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-9738de64a516dc8963a911ff8a9dddbc7891d87f_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="engelska">Internet Philosophy Ontology project</span></i>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e64cebc34c899fdce335d5897de4ff2f29833008_4-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Colin Matthew (red.), <i><span title="engelska">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2004, ODNB-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65663">65663</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-968fe3a70ff8b30375cf6f63eea3d4d86d089a2b_5-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i>Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119024608">119024608</a>, läst: 5 juli 2024.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5d1436203433a08fb720fadf178dfcb4e4545719-6"><a href="#cite_ref-5d1436203433a08fb720fadf178dfcb4e4545719_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="engelska">Schmidt, Friedman, Cousteau, 8 Others Receive Honoraries at Commencement</span></i>, The Harvard Crimson, 7 juni 1979, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1979/6/7/schmidt-friedman-cousteau-8-others-receive/">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikiquote har citat av eller om <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" class="extiw" title="q:Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>.<div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" class="extiw" title="q:Isaiah Berlin">Citat</a></div></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks 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class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Liberalism" title="Mall:Liberalism"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Liberalism&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Riktningar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Internationella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkokapitalism" title="Anarkokapitalism">Anarkokapitalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalfeminism" title="Liberalfeminism">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_och_progressivism_inom_islam" title="Liberalism och progressivism inom islam">Islamisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">Klassisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Konservativ_liberalism" title="Konservativ liberalism">Konservativ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Minarkism" title="Minarkism">Minarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nationalliberalism" title="Nationalliberalism">National</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nyliberalism" title="Nyliberalism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Panarkism" title="Panarkism">Panarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Socialliberalism" title="Socialliberalism">Social</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Nationella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_liberalism" title="Amerikansk liberalism">Amerikansk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Neolibertarianism" title="Neolibertarianism">Neo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Storbritannien" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Storbritannien">Brittisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Danmark" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Danmark">Dansk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_i_Sverige" title="Liberalism i Sverige">Svensk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_i_Tyskland" title="Kategori:Liberalism i Tyskland">Tysk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberalism_efter_land" title="Kategori:Liberalism efter land">Mer</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Locke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Locke (1632–1704), känd som "liberalismens fader""><img alt="John Locke (1632–1704), känd som "liberalismens fader"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/110px-John_Locke.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/165px-John_Locke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/220px-John_Locke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), grundaren till den moderna liberalismen"><img alt="John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), grundaren till den moderna liberalismen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/110px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/165px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/220px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Begrepp</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frihandel" title="Frihandel">Handel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fri_marknad" title="Fri marknad">Marknad</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Religionsfrihet" title="Religionsfrihet">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frisinne" title="Frisinne">Sinne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Tryckfrihet" title="Tryckfrihet">Tryck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yttrandefrihet" title="Yttrandefrihet">Yttrande</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mlikhet" title="Jämlikhet">Jämlikhet</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mst%C3%A4lldhet" title="Jämställdhet">Mellan könen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Likhet_inf%C3%B6r_lagen" title="Likhet inför lagen">Inför lagen</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberal_demokrati" title="Liberal demokrati">Liberal demokrati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Marknadsekonomi" title="Marknadsekonomi">Marknadsekonomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medborgerliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Medborgerliga rättigheter">Medborgerliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Mänskliga rättigheter">Mänskliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturliga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Negativ_och_positiv_frihet" title="Negativ och positiv frihet">Negativa och positiva</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sekularisering" title="Sekularisering">Sekularisering</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Idéer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Den_osynliga_handen" title="Den osynliga handen">Den osynliga handen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">Nattväktarstat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Princip" title="Princip">Principer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folksuver%C3%A4nitetsprincipen" title="Folksuveränitetsprincipen">Folksuveränitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Icke-aggressionsprincipen" title="Icke-aggressionsprincipen">Icke-aggression</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Skadeprincipen" title="Skadeprincipen">Skade</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Samhällskontrakt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Spontan_ordning" title="Spontan ordning">Spontan ordning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ursprungspositionen" title="Ursprungspositionen">Ursprungspositionen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" title="De l'esprit des lois">Om lagarnas anda</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1748)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Nationernas_v%C3%A4lst%C3%A5nd" title="Nationernas välstånd">Nationernas välstånd</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1776)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Om_friheten" title="Om friheten">Om friheten</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1859)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Massornas_uppror" title="Massornas uppror">Massornas uppror</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom">Vägen till träldom</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1944)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/En_teori_om_r%C3%A4ttvisa" title="En teori om rättvisa">En teori om rättvisa</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Anarki,_stat_och_utopi" title="Anarki, stat och utopi">Anarki, stat och utopi</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">(1974)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Nyckelfigurer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Globalt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Politiker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1:e_baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1:e baron Acton">Acton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Camillo_di_Cavour" title="Camillo di Cavour">Cavour</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Havel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Sverige</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bard" title="Alexander Bard">Bard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Bremer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Chydenius</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Patrik_Engellau" title="Patrik Engellau">Engellau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Sture_Eskilsson" title="Sture Eskilsson">Eskilsson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Forsskål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John-Henri_Holmberg" title="John-Henri Holmberg">Holmberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Munkhammar" title="Johnny Munkhammar">Munkhammar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johan_Norberg_(debatt%C3%B6r)" title="Johan Norberg (debattör)">Norberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kjell_A._Nordstr%C3%B6m" title="Kjell A. Nordström">Nordström</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Segerfeldt" title="Fredrik Segerfeldt">Segerfeldt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Svensson" title="Mattias Svensson">Svensson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Tingsten" title="Herbert Tingsten">Tingsten</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Politiker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Per_Ahlmark" title="Per Ahlmark">Ahlmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Fridtjuv_Berg" title="Fridtjuv Berg">Berg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bratt" title="Ivan Bratt">Bratt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Ekman" title="Carl Gustaf Ekman">Ekman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Gripenstedt" title="Johan August Gripenstedt">Gripenstedt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Hesselgren" title="Kerstin Hesselgren">Hesselgren</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Staaff" title="Karl Staaff">Staaff</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Organisationer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alliansen_liberaler_och_demokrater_f%C3%B6r_Europa" title="Alliansen liberaler och demokrater för Europa">ALDE</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">ALN</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">IFLRY</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Klassiskt_liberala_partiet" title="Klassiskt liberala partiet">Klassiskt liberala partiet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberala_internationalen" title="Liberala internationalen">LI</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liberala_partier" title="Kategori:Liberala partier">Liberala partier</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalerna" title="Liberalerna">Liberalerna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Europeiska_liberala_ungdomsf%C3%B6rbundet" title="Europeiska liberala ungdomsförbundet">LYMEC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Gruppen_Renew_Europe" title="Gruppen Renew Europe">Renew</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Timbro" title="Timbro">Timbro</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:yellow;;;">Relaterat</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism">Antifascism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Antikommunism" title="Antikommunism">Antikommunism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Frihetlig_socialism" title="Frihetlig socialism">Frihetlig socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalismens_historia" title="Liberalismens historia">Liberalismens historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalkonservatism" title="Liberalkonservatism">Liberalkonservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Liberalteologi" title="Liberalteologi">Liberalteologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Oberoende_liberal" title="Oberoende liberal">Oberoende liberal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Praxeologi" title="Praxeologi">Praxeologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nsterliberalism" title="Vänsterliberalism">Vänsterliberalism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Politisk_filosofi" title="Mall:Politisk filosofi"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Politisk_filosofi&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politisk filosofi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritet" title="Auktoritet">Auktoritet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egendom" title="Egendom">Egendom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elit" title="Elit">Elit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folk" title="Folk">Folk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fred" title="Fred">Fred</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frihet" title="Frihet">Frihet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni">Hegemoni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">Hierarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Krig" title="Krig">Krig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lag" title="Lag">Lag</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legitimitet" title="Legitimitet">Legitimitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lydnad" title="Lydnad">Lydnad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makt" title="Makt">Makt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monopol" title="Monopol">Monopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plikt" title="Plikt">Plikt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">Pluralism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">Regering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttighet" title="Rättighet">Rättigheter</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvisa" title="Rättvisa">Rättvisa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4lle_(sociologi)" title="Samhälle (sociologi)">Samhälle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stat" title="Stat">Stat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet">Suveränitet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Utopi" title="Utopi">Utopi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Statsskick</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristokrati" title="Aristokrati">Aristokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Env%C3%A4lde" title="Envälde">Autokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Byr%C3%A5krati" title="Byråkrati">Byråkrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diktatur" title="Diktatur">Diktatur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati">Demokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerontokrati" title="Gerontokrati">Gerontokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meritokrati" title="Meritokrati">Meritokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oligarki" title="Oligarki">Oligarki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plutokrati" title="Plutokrati">Plutokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teknokrati" title="Teknokrati">Teknokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati">Teokrati</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ideologier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekologism" title="Ekologism">Ekologism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism">Feodalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kolonialism" title="Kolonialism">Kolonialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">Kommunism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korporativism" title="Korporativism">Korporativism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kristdemokrati" title="Kristdemokrati">Kristdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monarkism" title="Monarkism">Monarkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ngkultur" title="Mångkultur">Multikulturalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republikanism" title="Republikanism">Republikanism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdarwinism" title="Socialdarwinism">Socialdarwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialdemokrati" title="Socialdemokrati">Socialdemokrati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tredje_v%C3%A4gens_politik" title="Tredje vägens politik">Tredje vägen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Civilisationernas_kamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisationernas kamp">Civilisationernas kamp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Familjen_som_statsmodell" title="Familjen som statsmodell">Familjen som statsmodell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kungad%C3%B6met_av_Guds_n%C3%A5de" title="Kungadömet av Guds nåde">Kungadömet av Guds nåde</a> • <a href="/wiki/Majoritetsf%C3%B6rtryck" title="Majoritetsförtryck">Majoritetsförtryck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktdelningsprincipen" title="Maktdelningsprincipen">Maktdelning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maktbalans" title="Maktbalans">Maktbalans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nattv%C3%A4ktarstat" title="Nattväktarstat">Nattväktarstat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturrätt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Naturtillst%C3%A5nd" title="Naturtillstånd">Naturtillstånd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Negativa_och_positiva_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Negativa och positiva rättigheter">Negativa och positiva rättigheter</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Ursprungspositionen" title="Ursprungspositionen">Okunnighetens slöja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organismtanken" title="Organismtanken">Organismtanken</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overton-f%C3%B6nstret" title="Overton-fönstret">Overton-fönstret</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llskontrakt" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhällskontrakt">Samhällskontrakt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Statolatri" title="Statolatri">Statolatri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Triangulering_(politik)" title="Triangulering (politik)">Triangulering</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gm%C3%A4stare_(politik)" title="Vågmästare (politik)">Vågmästare</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5ldsmonopol" title="Våldsmonopol">Våldsmonopol</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%84del_l%C3%B6gn" title="Ädel lögn">Ädel lögn</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppet_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Öppet samhälle">Öppet samhälle</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Filosofer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius">Konfucius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zi" title="Sun Zi">Sun Zi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenofon" title="Xenofon">Xenofon</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medeltiden</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Al_Farabi" title="Al Farabi">Al Farabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_av_Aquino" title="Thomas av Aquino">Aquino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%ABs" title="Averroës">Averroës</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazali" title="Mohammad Ghazali">Ghazali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Ockham" title="William Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">17- och 18-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bakunin" title="Michail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet" title="Nicolas de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal" title="Mohammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">19- och 20-<br />hundratalen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar" title="Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Staten_(Platon)" title="Staten (Platon)">Staten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 375 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Politiken" title="Politiken">Politiken</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(ca 350 f.Kr.)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Fursten" title="Fursten">Fursten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1532)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Thomas_Hobbes)" title="Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1651)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" title="De l'esprit des lois">Om lagarnas anda</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1748)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_samh%C3%A4llsf%C3%B6rdraget" title="Om samhällsfördraget">Om samhällsfördraget</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1762)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Reflektioner_om_franska_revolutionen" title="Reflektioner om franska revolutionen">Reflektioner om franska revolutionen</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1790)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Grundlinien_der_Philosophie_des_Rechts" title="Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts">Rättsfilosofins grunddrag</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1820)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Kommunistiska_manifestet" title="Kommunistiska manifestet">Kommunistiska manifestet</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1848)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Om_friheten" title="Om friheten">Om friheten</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1859)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Massornas_uppror" title="Massornas uppror">Massornas uppror</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1929)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4gen_till_tr%C3%A4ldom" title="Vägen till träldom">Vägen till träldom</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1944)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B6ppna_samh%C3%A4llet_och_dess_fiender" title="Det öppna samhället och dess fiender">Det öppna samhället och dess fiender</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1945)</span> • <i><a href="/wiki/En_teori_om_r%C3%A4ttvisa" title="En teori om rättvisa">En teori om rättvisa</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritarianism" title="Auktoritarianism">Auktoritarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/De_politiska_id%C3%A9ernas_historia" title="De politiska idéernas historia">De politiska idéernas historia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egalitarism" title="Egalitarism">Egalitarism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekonomikritik" title="Ekonomikritik">Ekonomikritik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elitteori" title="Elitteori">Elitteori</a> • <a href="/wiki/GAL%E2%80%93TAN" title="GAL–TAN">GAL–TAN</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politiskt_spektrum" title="Politiskt spektrum">Politiskt spektrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politisk_v%C3%A4nster" title="Politisk vänster">Vänster</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_mitt" title="Politisk mitt">Mitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Politisk_h%C3%B6ger" title="Politisk höger">Höger</a>) • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rättsfilosofi</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsvetenskap" title="Rättsvetenskap">Rättsvetenskap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Separatism_(statsvetenskap)" title="Separatism (statsvetenskap)">Separatism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etatism" title="Etatism">Statism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism">Totalitarism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politisk_filosofi" title="Kategori:Politisk filosofi">Kategori:Politisk filosofi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="background:#ceecee;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Samtidens_filosofer" title="Mall:Samtidens filosofer"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Samtidens_filosofer&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Samtidens_filosofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtidens filosofer">Samtidens filosofer</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytiska<br /> filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Anscombe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Cavell</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">Chalmers</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Churchland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Gellner</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Gray" title="John N. Gray">Gray</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Haack</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Kuhn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Lakatos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Midgley</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Regan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Scanlon" title="Thomas M. Scanlon">Scanlon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson" title="Peter Frederick Strawson">Strawson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(filosof)" title="Charles Taylor (filosof)">Taylor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Henrik_von_Wright" title="Georg Henrik von Wright">Wright</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinentala<br /> filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Anders</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Hacking</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Lévy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Virilio</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Övriga</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Botton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Harris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/H.L.A._Hart" title="H.L.A. Hart">Hart</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Næss</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79011141">WorldCat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27076924">27076924</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79011141">n79011141</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" 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