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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arnold_van_Gennep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnold_van_Gennep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arnold van Gennep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnold_van_Gennep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victor_Turner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victor_Turner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Victor Turner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victor_Turner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liminality_theory_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liminality_theory_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Liminality theory today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liminality_theory_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_large-scale_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_large-scale_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In large-scale societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_large-scale_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depth_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depth psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_general_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_general_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of general usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_general_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of general usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_general_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judeo-Christian_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Christian_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Judeo-Christian worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Christian_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Christian_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Christian_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Judeo-Christian ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Christian_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Of beings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ethnographic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ethnographic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>In ethnographic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ethnographic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>In higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Novels and short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_TV_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_TV_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Films and TV shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_TV_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_and_Internet_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_Internet_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.4</span> <span>Photography and Internet culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_Internet_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.5</span> <span>Music and other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liminoid_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liminoid_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liminoid experiences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liminoid_experiences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Liminoid experiences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liminoid_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_liminoid_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_liminoid_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Examples of liminoid experiences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_liminoid_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Commercial flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liminality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="حدية (علم الإنسان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حدية (علم الإنسان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminalitat" title="Liminalitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liminalitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminalfase" title="Liminalfase – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liminalfase" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminalit%C3%A4t" title="Liminalität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liminalität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminalidad" title="Liminalidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liminalidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminarit%C3%A9" title="Liminarité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liminarité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%AF%B8%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0" title="리미널리티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리미널리티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminalitas" title="Liminalitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liminalitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="לימינליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימינליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminaritas" title="Liminaritas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liminaritas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminaliteit" title="Liminaliteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liminaliteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="リミナリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リミナリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminaridade" title="Liminaridade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liminaridade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Лиминальность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лиминальность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fiktelik" title="Eşiktelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşiktelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1825499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Quality of ambiguity, disorientation, or state of transition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Liminality_(album)" title="Liminality (album)">Liminality (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="9–10-year-old boys of the Yao tribe in Malawi participating in circumcision and initiation rites." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg/220px-Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg/330px-Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg/440px-Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Initiation ritual of boys in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>. The ritual marks the passage from child to adult male, a liminal stage in the context of their lives.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <b>liminality</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> limen</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a threshold</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the quality of <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a> that occurs in the middle stage of a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>, when participants no longer hold their pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status they will hold when the rite is complete.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a rite's liminal stage, participants "stand at the threshold"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between their previous way of structuring their identity, time, or community, and a new way (which completing the rite establishes). </p><p>The concept of liminality was first developed in the early twentieth century by folklorist <a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a> and later taken up by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, usage of the term has broadened to describe political and cultural change as well as rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Katznelson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katznelson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During liminal periods of all kinds, <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchies">social hierarchies</a> may be reversed or temporarily dissolved, continuity of <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> may become uncertain, and future outcomes once taken for granted may be thrown into doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissolution of order during liminality creates a fluid, malleable situation that enables new institutions and customs to become established.<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also passed into popular usage and has been expanded to include liminoid experiences that are more relevant to <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rites_of_passage">Rites of passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rites of passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arnold_van_Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arnold van Gennep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Gennep, who coined the term liminality, published in 1909 his <i>Rites de Passage</i>, a work that explores and develops the concept of liminality in the context of rites in small-scale societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Gennep began his book by identifying the various categories of rites. He distinguished between those that result in a change of status for an individual or social group, and those that signify transitions in the passage of time. In doing so, he placed a particular emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rites of passage</a>, and claimed that "such rituals marking, helping, or celebrating individual or collective passages through the cycle of life or of nature exist in every culture, and share a specific three-fold sequential structure".<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This three-fold structure, as established by van Gennep, is made up of the following components:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>preliminal rites</i> (or <i>rites of separation</i>): This stage involves a metaphorical "death", as the initiate is forced to leave something behind by breaking with previous practices and routines.</li> <li><i>liminal rites</i> (or <i>transition rites</i>): Two characteristics are essential to these rites. First, the rite "must follow a strictly prescribed sequence, where everybody knows what to do and how".<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, everything must be done "under the authority of a master of ceremonies".<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destructive nature of this rite allows for considerable changes to be made to the identity of the initiate. This middle stage (when the transition takes place) "implies an actual passing through the threshold that marks the boundary between two phases, and the term 'liminality' was introduced in order to characterize this passage."<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>postliminal rites</i> (or <i>rites of incorporation</i>): During this stage, the initiate is re-incorporated into society with a new identity, as a "new" being.</li></ul> <p>Turner confirmed his nomenclature for "the three phases of passage from one culturally defined state or status to another...<i>preliminal</i>, <i>liminal</i>, and <i>postliminal</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond this structural template, Van Gennep also suggested four categories of rites that emerge as universal across cultures and societies. He suggested that there are four types of social rites of passage that are replicable and recognizable among many ethnographic populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include: </p> <ul><li>Passage of people from one status to another, initiation ceremonies in which an outsider is brought into the group. This includes marriage and initiation ceremonies that move one from the status of an outsider to an insider.</li> <li>Passage from one place to another, such as moving houses, moving to a new city, etc.</li> <li>Passage from one situation to another: beginning university, starting a new job, and graduating high school or university.</li> <li>Passage of time such as New Year celebrations and birthdays.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Van Gennep considered rites of <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> to be the most typical rite. To gain a better understanding of "tripartite structure" of liminal situations, one can look at a specific rite of initiation: the initiation of youngsters into adulthood, which Turner considered the most typical rite. In such rites of passage, the experience is highly structured. The first phase (the rite of separation) requires the child to go through a separation from his family; this involves his/her "death" as a child, as <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a> is effectively left behind. In the second stage, initiands (between childhood and adulthood) must pass a "test" to prove they are ready for adulthood. If they succeed, the third stage (incorporation) involves a celebration of the "new birth" of the adult and a welcoming of that being back into society. </p><p>By constructing this three-part sequence, van Gennep identified a pattern he believed was inherent in all ritual passages. By suggesting that such a sequence is universal (meaning that all societies use rites to demarcate transitions), van Gennep made an important claim (one that not many anthropologists make, as they generally tend to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a> while shying away from universality).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anthropological rite, especially a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>, involves some change to the participants, especially their <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>.;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 'the first phase (of separation) comprises symbolic behaviour signifying the detachment of the individual...from an earlier fixed point in the social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their status thus becomes liminal. In such a liminal situation, "the initiands live outside their normal environment and are brought to question their self and the existing social order through a series of rituals that often involve acts of pain: the initiands come to feel nameless, spatio-temporally dislocated and socially unstructured".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, liminal periods are "destructive" as well as "constructive", meaning that "the formative experiences during liminality will prepare the initiand (and his/her cohort) to occupy a new social role or status, made public during the reintegration rituals".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victor_Turner">Victor Turner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Victor Turner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner, who is considered to have "re-discovered the importance of liminality", first came across van Gennep's work in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 he published his book <i>The Forest of Symbols</i>, which included an essay entitled <i>Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites of Passage</i>. Within the works of Turner, liminality began to wander away from its narrow application to ritual passages in small-scale societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the various works he completed while conducting his fieldwork amongst the Ndembu in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, he made numerous connections between <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> and non-tribal societies, "sensing that what he argued for the Ndembu had relevance far beyond the specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> context".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became aware that liminality "...served not only to identify the importance of in-between periods, but also to understand the human reactions to liminal experiences: the way liminality shaped personality, the sudden foregrounding of agency, and the sometimes dramatic tying together of thought and experience".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'The attributes of liminality or of liminal <i>personae</i> ("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One's sense of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> dissolves to some extent, bringing about disorientation, but also the possibility of new perspectives. Turner posits that, if liminality is regarded as a time and place of withdrawal from normal modes of social action, it potentially can be seen as a period of scrutiny for central values and axioms of the culture where it occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—one where normal limits to thought, self-understanding, and behavior are undone. In such situations, "the very structure of society [is] temporarily suspended"<sup id="cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'According to Turner, all liminality must eventually dissolve, for it is a state of great intensity that cannot exist very long without some sort of structure to stabilize it...either the individual returns to the surrounding social structure...or else liminal communities develop their own internal social structure, a condition Turner calls "normative communitas"'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner also worked on the idea of communitas, the feeling of camaraderie associated among a group experiencing the same liminal experience or rite.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner defined three distinct and not always sequential forms of communitas, which he describes as "that 'antistructural' state at stake in the liminal phase of ritual forms."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, spontaneous communitas, is described as "a direct, immediate, and total confrontation of human identities" in which those involved share a feeling of synchronicity and a total immersion into one fluid event.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second form, ideological communitas, which aims at interrupting spontaneous communitas through some type of intervention which would result in the formation of a utopian society in which all actions would be carried out at the level of spontaneous communitas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third, normative communitas, deals with a group of society attempting to grow relationships and support spontaneous communitas on a relatively permanent basis, subjecting it to laws of society and "denaturing the grace" of the accepted form of camaraderie.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of Victor Turner has vital significance in turning attention to this concept introduced by Arnold van Gennep. However, Turner's approach to liminality has two major shortcomings. First, Turner was keen to limit the meaning of the concept to the concrete settings of small-scale tribal societies, preferring the neologism "liminoid" coined by him to analyse certain features of the modern world. However, Agnes Horvath (2013) argues that the term can and should be applied to concrete historical events as offering a vital means for historical and sociological understanding. Second, Turner attributed a rather univocally positive connotation to liminal situations as ways of renewal when liminal situations can be periods of uncertainty, anguish, even existential fear: a facing of the abyss in void.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liminality_theory_today">Liminality theory today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liminality theory today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary anthologies such as <i>Neither Here nor There: The Many Voices of Liminality,</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Liminal Loop: Astonishing Stories of Discovery and Hope</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> topics such as poetic interpretations, Central American notions of the in-between, pilgrimage, spiritual transformation, crisis passages, war, natural disaster, cross-cultural adoption, climate change and spirituality, religious shifts, cyborgs, critical illness, prison, social collapse and reconstruction, gender, and communities in conflict, extreme adventure, initiation, process of transition, ritual, complex liminalities, spiritual practices, black experience, education abroad, genocide, therapeutic practices, ecological collapse, and the arts are explored by a variety of thinkers and practitioners in light of their liminal nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liminality has both spatial and temporal dimensions, and can be applied to a variety of subjects: individuals, larger groups (cohorts or villages), whole societies, and possibly even entire civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following chart summarizes the different dimensions and subjects of liminal experiences, and also provides the main characteristics and key examples of each category.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Individual</th> <th>Group</th> <th>Society </th></tr> <tr> <th>Moment </th> <td> <ul><li>Sudden events affecting one's life (marriage, death, divorce, illness, retirement);</li> <li>Individualized ritual passage (baptism, ritual passage to adulthood, as for example among the <a href="/wiki/Ndembu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndembu">Ndembu</a>).</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Ritual passage to adulthood (almost always in cohort groups); graduation ceremonies, etc.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A whole society facing a sudden event (sudden invasion, natural disaster, a plague) where social distinctions and normal <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> disappear;</li> <li>Carnivals;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a>.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Period </th> <td> <ul><li>Critical life-stages;</li> <li>Puberty or teenage years;</li> <li>Pregnancy;</li> <li>Menopause.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Ritual passage to adulthood, which may extend into weeks or months in some societies;</li> <li>Group travels;</li> <li>Going to university, college or taking a <a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">gap year</a> between secondary school and college/university.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Wars;</li> <li>Revolutionary periods.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Epoch (or life-span duration) </th> <td> <ul><li>Individuals standing "outside society", by choice or designated (as with <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> persons);</li> <li>Monkhood;</li> <li>In some tribal societies, individuals remain "dangerous" or excluded because of a failed ritual passage;</li> <li>Twins are permanently liminal in some societies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Religious fraternities, ethnic minorities, sexual and gender minorities;</li> <li>Immigrant groups betwixt and between;</li> <li>Old and new cultures;</li> <li>Groups that live at the edge of "normal structures", may be perceived as dangerous (e.g., punks) and/or "holy" (e.g, monks living by strict vows).</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Prolonged wars, enduring political instability, prolonged intellectual confusion; Incorporation and reproduction of liminality into "structures";</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a> as "permanent liminality".</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another significant variable is "scale," or the "degree" to which an individual or group experiences liminality.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, "there are degrees of liminality, and…the degree depends on the extent to which the liminal experience can be weighed against persisting structures."<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the spatial and temporal are both affected, the intensity of the liminal experience increases and so-called "pure liminality" is approached.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_large-scale_societies">In large-scale societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In large-scale societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of the fall of a civilization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg/220px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg/330px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg/440px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_Destruction_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8917" data-file-height="5532" /></a><figcaption>Destruction, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)" title="The Course of Empire (paintings)">The Course of Empire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a> (1836)</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a liminal situation can also be applied to entire societies that are going through a crisis or a "collapse of order".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> made a significant contribution to this idea through his concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a>", which was "an in-between period between two structured world-views and between two rounds of empire building; it was an age of creativity where "man asked radical questions", and where the "unquestioned grasp on life is loosened".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was essentially a time of uncertainty which, most importantly, involved entire civilizations. Seeing as liminal periods are both destructive and constructive, the ideas and practices that emerge from these liminal historical periods are of extreme importance, as they will "tend to take on the quality of structure".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events such as political or social revolutions (along with other periods of crisis) can thus be considered liminal, as they result in the complete collapse of order and can lead to significant social change.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liminality in large-scale societies differs significantly from liminality found in ritual passages in small-scale societies. One primary characteristic of liminality (as defined van Gennep and Turner) is that there is a way in as well as a way out.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ritual passages, "members of the society are themselves aware of the liminal state: they know that they will leave it sooner or later, and have 'ceremony masters' to guide them through the rituals".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in those liminal periods that affect society as a whole, the future (what comes after the liminal period) is completely unknown, and there is no "ceremony master" who has gone through the process before and that can lead people out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, liminal situations can become dangerous. They allow for the emergence of "self-proclaimed ceremony masters", that assume leadership positions and attempt to "[perpetuate] liminality and by emptying the liminal moment of real creativity, [turn] it into a scene of mimetic rivalry".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depth_psychology">Depth psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Depth psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jungian_psychoanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian psychoanalysis">Jungians</a> have often seen the <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a> process of self-realization as taking place within a liminal space. "Individuation begins with a withdrawal from normal modes of socialisation, epitomized by the breakdown of the persona...liminality".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus "what Turner's concept of social liminality does for status in society, Jung [...] does for the movement of the person through the life process of individuation".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuation can be seen as a "movement through liminal space and time, from disorientation to integration [...] What takes place in the dark phase of liminality is a process of breaking down [...] in the interest of "making whole" one's meaning, purpose and sense of relatedness once more"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypal</a> figure, "the trickster is a symbol of the liminal state itself, and of its permanent accessibility as a source of recreative power".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jungian-based analytical psychology is also deeply rooted in the ideas of liminality. The idea of a 'container' or 'vessel' as a key player in the ritual process of psychotherapy has been noted by many and Carl Jung's objective was to provide a space he called "a temenos, a magic circle, a vessel, in which the transformation inherent in the patient's condition would be allowed to take place."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But other depth psychologies speak of a similar process. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> describes "the 'out-of-this-world' quality that many therapists have remarked upon, a sort of trance-like feeling in the relationship that client and therapist emerge from at the end of the hour, as if from a deep well or tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French talk of how the psychoanalytic setting 'opens/forges the "intermediate space," "excluded middle," or "between" that figures so importantly in <a href="/wiki/Irigaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Irigaray">Irigaray</a>'s writing".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marion_Milner" title="Marion Milner">Marion Milner</a> claimed that "a temporal spatial frame also marks off the special kind of reality of a psycho-analytic session...the different kind of reality that is within it".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jungians however have perhaps been most explicit about the "need to accord space, time and place for liminal feeling"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as well about the associated dangers, "two mistakes: we provide no ritual space at all in our lives [...] or we stay in it too long".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Jung's psychology has itself been described as "a form of 'permanent liminality' in which there is no need to return to social structure".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_general_usage">Examples of general usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of general usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_rites">In rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liminality" title="Special:EditPage/Liminality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_(1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting depicting the ceremonial aspect of the civil marriage process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg/250px-Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg/330px-Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg/500px-Albert_Anker_-_Die_Ziviltrauung_%281887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Liminal phase of a rite of passage: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Anker" title="Albert Anker">Albert Anker</a>'s <i>Die Ziviltrauung</i> ("The Civil Marriage"), 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of rites, liminality is being artificially produced, as opposed to those situations (such as natural disasters) in which it can occur spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the simple example of a college <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation</a> ceremony, the liminal phase can actually be extended to include the period of time between when the last assignment was finished (and graduation was assured) all the way through reception of the diploma. That <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> represents the limbo associated with liminality. The stress of accomplishing tasks for college has been lifted, yet the individual has not moved on to a new stage in life (psychologically or physically). The result is a unique perspective on what has come before, and what may come next. </p><p>It can include the period between when a couple get engaged and their marriage or between death and burial, for which cultures may have set ritual observances. Even sexually liberal cultures may strongly disapprove of an engaged spouse having sex with another person during this time. When a marriage proposal is initiated there is a liminal stage between the question and the answer during which the social arrangements of both parties involved are subject to transformation and inversion; a sort of "life stage limbo" so to speak in that the affirmation or denial can result in multiple and diverse outcomes. </p><p>Getz<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides commentary on the liminal/liminoid zone when discussing the planned event experience. He refers to a liminal zone at an event as the creation of "time out of time: a special place". He notes that this liminal zone is both spatial and temporal and integral when planning a successful event (e.g. ceremony, concert, conference etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_time">In time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temporal dimension of liminality can relate to moments (sudden events), periods (weeks, months, or possibly years), and epochs (decades, generations, maybe even centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liminality" title="Special:EditPage/Liminality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">Twilight</a> serves as a liminal time, between day and night—where one is "in the twilight zone, in a liminal nether region of the night".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of the television fiction series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></i> makes reference to this, describing it as "the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition" in one variant of the original series' opening. The name is from an actual zone observable from space in the place where daylight or shadow advances or retreats about the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">Noon</a> and, more often, <a href="/wiki/Midnight" title="Midnight">midnight</a> can be considered liminal, the first transitioning between morning and afternoon, the latter between days. </p><p>Within the years, liminal times include <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> when day and night have equal length, and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a>, when the increase of day or night shifts over to its decrease. This "qualitative bounding of quantitatively unbounded phenomena"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marks the cyclical changes of seasons throughout the year. Where the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">quarter days</a> are held to mark the change in seasons, they also are liminal times. <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, whatever its connection or lack of one to the astrological sky, is a liminal time. Customs such as fortune-telling take advantage of this liminal state. In a number of cultures, actions and events on the first day of the year can determine the year, leading to such beliefs as <a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">first-foot</a>. Many cultures regard it as a time especially prone to hauntings by <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>—<a href="/wiki/Liminal_being" title="Liminal being">liminal beings</a>, neither alive nor dead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religion">In religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Christian_worship">Judeo-Christian worship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judeo-Christian worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Jacob's Ladder to heaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg/250px-JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg/330px-JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg/500px-JacobsLaddertoHeaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> to heaven</figcaption></figure> <p>Liminal existence can be located in a separated <i>sacred space</i>, which occupies a <i>sacred time</i>. Examples in the Bible include the dream of Jacob (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 28:12–19) where he encounters God between heaven and earth and the instance when <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> meets the Lord in the temple of holiness (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 6:1–6).<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2003p61_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2003p61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such a liminal space, the individual experiences the revelation of <i>sacred knowledge</i> where God imparts his knowledge on the person. </p><p>Worship can be understood in this context as the church community (or <i>communitas</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">koinonia</a></i>) enter into liminal space corporately.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson2003p61_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2003p61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious symbols and music may aid in this process described as a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> acts. The congregation is transformed in the liminal space and as they exit, are sent out back into the world to serve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Christian_ministry">Judeo-Christian ministry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judeo-Christian ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Liminal Reality and Transformational Power,</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Timothy Carson, curator of the Liminality Project,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> co-founder of the Guild for Engaged Liminality<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Lisa Withrow and Jonathan Best, and co-founder The Liminality Press<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Lisa Withrow, explores the outer and inner aspects of liminality, addressing the history of the discipline with mythological and psychological underpinnings, and an application of the concepts to <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a>, symbolism, and practical applications for those engaged in religious leadership. </p><p>In <i>Crossing Thresholds: A Practical Theology of Liminality,</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carson serves as co-author with Rosy Fairhurst, Nigel Rooms, and Lisa Withrow, as they define the aspects of liminality vis-à-vis its practical applications in religious life. The book includes a conceptual description of liminality as well as applications for hermeneutics, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>, leadership, learning, faith formation, and <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a> and crisis. </p><p>In <i>Leaning into the Liminal: A Guide for Counselors and Companions,</i> <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carson utilizes a model informed by liminality – The Rites of Passage process – as a pan-theoretical resource for counselors, therapists, religious leaders, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">spiritual directors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a>. It includes reflections on the role of the liminal guide, as well as contributions by seven other authors who address a variety of therapeutic models, healing the wounds of war, spiritual direction, and guiding through the end passages of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_beings">Of beings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Of beings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various minority groups can be considered liminal. In reality illegal immigrants (present but not "official"), and stateless people, for example, are regarded as liminal because they are "betwixt and between home and host, part of society, but sometimes never fully integrated".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">Bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people in some contemporary societies, people of mixed <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, and those accused but not yet judged guilty or not guilty can also be considered to be liminal. Teenagers, being neither children nor adults, are liminal people: indeed, "for young people, liminality of this kind has become a permanent phenomenon...Postmodern liminality".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a> as the mythic projection of the magician—standing in the <i>limen</i> between the sacred realm and the profane"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and related <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> embody many such contradictions as do many <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Celebrities" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities">celebrities</a>. The category could also hypothetically and in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> include <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> between two species, <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapeshifter">shapeshifters</a>. One could also consider seals, crabs, shorebirds, frogs, bats, dolphins/whales and other "border animals" to be liminal: "the wild duck and swan are cases in point...intermediate creatures that combine underwater activity and the bird flight with an intermediate, terrestrial life".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shamans and spiritual guides also serve as liminal beings, acting as "mediators between this and the other world; his presence is betwixt and between the human and supernatural."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many believe that shamans and spiritual advisers were born into their fate, possessing a greater understanding of and connection to the natural world, and thus they often live in the margins of society, existing in a liminal state between worlds and outside of common society.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_places">In places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liminal space" redirects here. For the internet aesthetic, see <a href="/wiki/Liminal_space_(aesthetic)" title="Liminal space (aesthetic)">Liminal space (aesthetic)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_room,_The_Peninsula_Paris,_4_June_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of hotel room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg/250px-Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg/330px-Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg/500px-Premier_room%2C_The_Peninsula_Paris%2C_4_June_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A hotel room is a liminal place, being an area that is only slept in for transient purposes and for a limited duration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The spatial dimension of liminality can include specific places, larger zones or areas, or entire countries and larger regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liminal places can range from <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> and frontiers to no man's lands and <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories">disputed territories</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossroads (culture)">crossroads</a> to perhaps <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">bathrooms</a>. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Eva_Illouz" title="Eva Illouz">Eva Illouz</a> argues that all "romantic travel enacts the three stages that characterize liminality: separation, marginalization, and reaggregation".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">esoteric lore</a> liminality can include such realms as <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Da%27at_(Kabbalah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'at (Kabbalah)">Da'at</a>, which, as well as signifying liminality, some theologians deny actually existing, making them, in some cases, doubly liminal. "Between-ness" defines these spaces. For a hotel worker (an insider) or a person passing by with disinterest (a total outsider), the hotel would have a very different connotation. To a traveller staying there, the hotel would function as a liminal zone, just as "doors and windows and hallways and gates frame...the definitively liminal condition".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More conventionally, springs, caves, shores, rivers, volcanic calderas—"a huge crater of an extinct volcano...[as] another symbol of transcendence"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—fords, passes, crossroads, bridges, and marshes are all liminal: "'edges', borders or faultlines between the legitimate and the illegitimate".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oedipus met his father at the crossroads and killed him; the bluesman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a> met the devil at the crossroads, where he is said to have sold his soul.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, liminal spaces are defined as "the physical spaces between one destination and the next."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common examples of such spaces include hallways, airports, and streets.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary culture viewing the nightclub experience (dancing in a <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a>) through the liminoid framework highlights the "presence or absence of opportunities for social subversion, escape from social structures, and exercising choice".<sup id="cite_ref-Taheri_2016_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taheri_2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows "insights into what may be effectively improved in hedonic spaces. Enhancing the consumer experience of these liminoid aspects may heighten experiential feelings of escapism and play, thus encouraging the consumer to more freely consume".<sup id="cite_ref-Taheri_2016_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taheri_2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore">In folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harihara_V%26A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="depiction of Harihara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Harihara_V%26A.jpg/220px-Harihara_V%26A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Harihara_V%26A.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Harihara—the fused representation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (Hari) and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Hara) from the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> tradition, existing in a liminal state of being</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of stories in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> of those who could only be killed in a liminal space: In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu</a> could not be killed during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, nor riding or walking, nor clothed or naked (and is attacked at dusk, while wrapped in a net with one foot on a cauldron and one on a goat). Likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> text <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> appears in a half-man half-<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> form named <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> to destroy the demon Hiranyakashipu who has obtained the power never to be killed in day nor night, in the ground nor in the air, with <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapon</a> nor by bare hands, in a building nor outside it, by man nor beast. Narasimha kills Hiranyakashipu at dusk, across his lap, with his sharp claws, on the threshold of the palace, and as Narasimha is a god himself, the demon is killed by neither man nor beast. In the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> promises not to slay Namuci and <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a> with anything wet or dry, nor in the day or in the night, but instead kills them at dusk with foam.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classic tale of <a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a> serves as an example of the liminal in myth, exhibited through Psyche's character and the events she experiences. She is always regarded as too beautiful to be human yet not quite a goddess, establishing her liminal existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her marriage to Death in Apuleius' version occupies two classic Van Gennep liminal rites: marriage and death.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psyche resides in the liminal space of no longer being a maiden yet not quite a wife, as well as living between worlds. Beyond this, her transition to immortality to live with Cupid serves as a liminal rite of passage in which she shifts from mortal to immortal, human to goddess; when Psyche drinks the ambrosia and seals her fate, the rite is completed and the tale ends with a joyous wedding and the birth of Cupid and Psyche's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characters themselves exist in liminal spaces while experiencing classic rites of passage that necessitate the crossing of thresholds into new realms of existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_ethnographic_research">In ethnographic research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In ethnographic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ethnographic research, "the researcher is...in a liminal state, separated from his own culture yet not incorporated into the host culture"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—when he or she is both participating in the culture <i>and</i> observing the culture. The researcher must consider the self in relation to others and his or her positioning in the culture being studied. </p><p>In many cases, greater participation in the group being studied can lead to increased access of cultural information and greater in-group understanding of experiences within the culture. However increased participation also blurs the role of the researcher in data collection and analysis. Often a researcher that engages in fieldwork as a "participant" or "participant-observer" occupies a liminal state where he/she is a part of the culture, but also separated from the culture as a researcher. This liminal state of being betwixt and between is emotional and uncomfortable as the researcher uses self-reflexivity to interpret field observations and interviews. </p><p>Some scholars argue that ethnographers are present in their research, occupying a liminal state, regardless of their participant status. Justification for this position is that the researcher as a "human instrument" engages with his/her observations in the process of recording and analyzing the data. A researcher, often unconsciously, selects what to observe, how to record observations and how to interpret observations based on personal reference points and experiences. For example, even in selecting what observations are interesting to record, the researcher must interpret and value the data available. To explore the liminal state of the researcher in relation to the culture, self-reflexivity and awareness are important tools to reveal researcher bias and interpretation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_higher_education">In higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many students, the process of starting university can be seen as a liminal space.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst many students move away from home for the first time, they often do not break their links with home, seeing the place of origin as home rather than the town where they are studying. <a href="/wiki/Student_orientation" title="Student orientation">Student orientation</a> often includes activities that act as a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>, making the start of university as a significant period. This can be reinforced by the split of <a href="/wiki/Town_and_gown" title="Town and gown">town and gown</a>, where local communities and the student body maintain different traditions and codes of behaviour. This means that many university students are no longer seen as school children, but have not yet achieved the status of independent adults. This creates an environment where risk-taking is balanced with <a href="/wiki/Safe_spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe spaces">safe spaces</a> that allow students to try out new identities and new ways of being within a structure that provides meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels_and_short_stories">Novels and short stories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Novels and short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rant_(novel)" title="Rant (novel)">Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Palahniuk" title="Chuck Palahniuk">Chuck Palahniuk</a> makes use of liminality in explaining time travel. <i><a href="/wiki/Possession_(Byatt_novel)" title="Possession (Byatt novel)">Possession</a></i> by A. S. Byatt describes how <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> "Literary theory. Feminism...write about liminality. Thresholds. Bastions. Fortresses".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each book title in <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)" title="Twilight (novel series)">The Twilight Saga</a></i> speaks of a liminal period (<i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(Meyer_novel)" title="Twilight (Meyer novel)">Twilight</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Moon_(novel)" title="New Moon (novel)">New Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(Meyer_novel)" title="Eclipse (Meyer novel)">Eclipse</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Dawn" title="Breaking Dawn">Breaking Dawn</a></i>). In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Tollbooth" title="The Phantom Tollbooth">The Phantom Tollbooth</a></i> (1961), Milo enters "The Lands Beyond", a liminal place (which explains its topsy-turvy nature), through a magical tollbooth. When he finishes his quest, he returns, but changed, seeing the world differently. The giver of the tollbooth is never seen and name never known, and hence, also remains liminal. Liminality is a major theme in <i><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(novel)" title="Offshore (novel)">Offshore</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Fitzgerald" title="Penelope Fitzgerald">Penelope Fitzgerald</a>, in which the characters live between sea and land on docked boats, becoming liminal people. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>'s "varied uses of liminality...include his <i><a href="/wiki/Dangling_Man" title="Dangling Man">Dangling Man</a></i>, suspended between civilian life and the armed forces"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at "the onset of the dangling days".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her short story collection, <i>Tales From the Liminal</i> (2021 Deuxmers<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), S. K. Kruse<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explores the potential transformative power of liminal times, places, and states of being. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> follows the protagonist through different stages of life as she crosses the threshold from student to teacher to woman.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her existence throughout the novel takes a liminal character. She can first be seen when she hides herself behind a large red curtain to read, closing herself off physically and existing in a paracosmic realm. At Gateshead, Jane is noted to be set apart and on the outside of the family, putting her in a liminal space in which she neither belongs nor is completely cast away.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane's existence emerges as paradoxical as she transcends commonly accepted beliefs about what it means to be a woman, orphan, child, victim, criminal, and pilgrim,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilead_1987_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilead_1987-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she creates her own narrative as she is torn from her past and denied a certain future.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilead_1987_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilead_1987-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a series of crises, Jane's circumstances question social constructs and allow Jane to progress or to retract; this creates a narrative dynamic of structure and liminality (as coined by Turner).<sup id="cite_ref-Gilead_1987_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilead_1987-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karen Brooks states that Australian <a href="/wiki/Grunge_lit" title="Grunge lit">grunge lit</a> books, such as Clare Mendes' <i><a href="/wiki/Drift_Street" title="Drift Street">Drift Street</a></i>, Edward Berridge's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Saints_(Berridge_short_story_collection)" title="The Lives of the Saints (Berridge short story collection)">The Lives of the Saints</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McGahan" title="Andrew McGahan">Andrew McGahan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Praise_(novel)" title="Praise (novel)">Praise</a></i> "...explor[e] the psychosocial and psychosexual limitations of young sub/urban characters in relation to the imaginary and socially constructed boundaries defining...self and other" and "opening up" new "liminal [boundary] spaces" where the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Abjection" title="Abjection">abject</a> human body can be explored.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1998_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks states that Berridge's short stories provide "...a variety of violent, disaffected and often abject young people", characters who "...blur and often overturn" the boundaries between suburban and urban space.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1998_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks states that the marginalized characters in <i>The Lives of the Saints</i>, <i>Drift Street</i> and <i>Praise</i> are able to stay in "shit creek" (an undesirable setting or situation) and "diver[t]... flows" of these "creeks", thus claiming their rough settings' "liminality" (being in a border situation or transitional setting) and their own "abjection" (having "abject bodies" with health problems, disease, etc.) as "sites of symbolic empowerment and agency".<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1998_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooks states that the story "Caravan Park" in Berridge's short story collection is an example of a story with a "liminal" setting, as it is set in a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">mobile home</a> park; since mobile homes can be relocated, she states that setting a story in a mobile home "...has the potential to disrupt a range of geo-physical and psycho-social boundaries".<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1998_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks states that in Berridge's story "Bored Teenagers", the adolescents using a community drop-in centre decide to destroy its equipment and defile the space by urinating in it, thus "altering the dynamics of the place and the way" their bodies are perceived, with their destructive activities being deemed by Brooks to indicate the community centre's "loss of authority" over the teens.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_1998_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>In-Between: Liminal Stories</i> is a collection of ten short stories and poems that exclusively focus on liminal expressions of various themes like memory disorder, pandemic uncertainty, authoritarianism, virtual reality, border disputes, old-age anxiety, environmental issues, and gender trouble. The stories, such as "In-Between", "Cogito, Ergo Sum", "The Trap", "Monkey Bath", "DreamCatcher", "Escape to Nowhere", "A Letter to My-Self", "No Man's Land", "Whither Am I?", and "Fe/Male",<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from their thematic relevance, directly and indirectly link the possibilities and potential of liminality in literature for developing characters, plots, and settings. The experiences and expressions of the in-between states of living ‘betwixt and between’ in a transitional world that intricately changes the constants and perpetuities of human life are eminent in the stories that are associated with the theoretical concepts such as permanent and temporary liminality, liminal space, liminal entity, liminoid, communitas, and anti-structure. The significance of liminality in the short stories is emphasised by conceptualising the existence of the characters as "living not here, not there – but somewhere in a space between here and there".<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plays">Plays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>, takes place both in a kind of no-man's-land and the actual setting of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>. "Shakespeare's play <i>Hamlet</i> is in several ways an essay in sustained liminality ... only via a condition of complete liminality can Hamlet finally see the way forward".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the play <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> for the entire length of the play, two men walk around restlessly on an empty stage. They alternate between hope and hopelessness. At times one forgets what they are even waiting for, and the other reminds him: "We are waiting for Godot". The identity of 'Godot' is never revealed, and perhaps the men do not know Godot's identity. The men are trying to keep up their spirits as they wander the empty stage, waiting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films_and_TV_shows">Films and TV shows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Films and TV shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i> (1959–2003) is a US television anthology series that explores unusual situations between reality and the paranormal. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminal_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Terminal (film)">The Terminal</a></i> (2004), is a US film in which the main character (Viktor Navorski) is trapped in a liminal space; since he can neither legally return to his home country Krakozhia nor enter the United States, he must remain in the airport terminal indefinitely until he finds a way out at the end of the film. In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Waking_Life" title="Waking Life">Waking Life</a></i>, about dreams, Aklilu Gebrewold talks about liminality. <a href="/wiki/Primer_(film)" title="Primer (film)"><i>Primer</i></a> (2004), is a US science fiction film by Shane Carruth where the main characters set up their time travelling machine in a storage facility to ensure it will not be accidentally disturbed. The hallways of the storage facility are eerily unchanging and impersonal, in a sense depicted as outside of time, and could be considered a liminal space. When the main characters are inside the time travel box, they are clearly in temporal liminality. Yet another example comes from Hayao Miyazaki's <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i> in which the Forest Spirit can only be killed while switching between its two forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography_and_Internet_culture">Photography and Internet culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Photography and Internet culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liminal_space_(aesthetic)" title="Liminal space (aesthetic)">Liminal space (aesthetic)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white hallway lit by fluorescent lighting with an exit sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg/250px-Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg/330px-Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg/500px-Empty_hallway_with_exit_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A white hallway lit by fluorescent lighting with an exit sign, an example of a “liminal space”</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 2010s, a trend of images depicting so-called "liminal spaces" surged in online art and photography communities, with the intent to convey "a sense of nostalgia, lostness, and uncertainty".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjects of these photos may not necessarily fit within the usual definition of spatial liminality (such as that of hallways, waiting areas or rest stops) but are instead defined by a forlorn atmosphere and sentiments of abandonment, decay and quietness. Additionally, it has been suggested that the liminal space phenomenon could represent a broader feeling of disorientation in modern society, explaining the usage of places that are common in childhood memories (such as playgrounds or schools) as reflective about the passage of time and the collective experience of growing older.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon gained media attention in 2019, when a short <a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">creepypasta</a> originally posted to <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>'s /x/ board in 2019 went viral.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creepypasta showed an image of a hallway with yellow carpets and wallpaper, with a caption purporting that by "<a href="/wiki/Noclip_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Noclip mode">noclipping</a> out of bounds in real life", one may enter <a href="/wiki/The_Backrooms" title="The Backrooms">the Backrooms</a>, an empty wasteland of corridors with nothing but "the stink of old moist carpet, the madness of mono-yellow, the endless background noise of fluorescent lights at maximum hum-buzz, and approximately six hundred million square miles of randomly segmented empty rooms to be trapped in".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, a popular <a href="/wiki/Subreddit" class="mw-redirect" title="Subreddit">subreddit</a> titled "liminal space", cataloguing photographs that give a "sense that something is not quite right",<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has accrued over 500,000 followers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account called @SpaceLiminalBot posts many liminal space photos and it has accrued over 1.2 million followers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liminal spaces can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, for example in paintings by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Smart" title="Jeffrey Smart">Jeffery Smart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates that liminal spaces may appear eerie or strange because they fall into an <a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">uncanny valley</a> of architecture and physical places.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_other_media">Music and other media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music and other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many videogames exist which are based on the aesthetic concept of liminal spaces. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Superliminal" title="Superliminal">Superliminal</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Backrooms#Video_games" title="The Backrooms">video game adaptations of the Backrooms</a> among many others. </p><p><i>Liminal Space</i> is an album by American <a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">breakcore</a> artist Xanopticon. <a href="/wiki/Coil_(band)" title="Coil (band)">Coil</a> mention liminality throughout their works, most explicitly with the title of their song "Batwings (A Limnal Hymn)" <i>(sic)</i> from their album <i><a href="/wiki/Musick_to_Play_in_the_Dark_Vol._2" title="Musick to Play in the Dark Vol. 2">Musick to Play in the Dark Vol. 2</a></i>. In <i><a href="/wiki/.hack//Liminality" title=".hack//Liminality">.hack//Liminality</a></i> Harald Hoerwick, the creator of the MMORPG "The World", attempted to bring the real world into the online world, creating a hazy barrier between the two worlds; a concept called "Liminality". </p><p>In the lyrics of French rock band <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo_(band)" title="Little Nemo (band)">Little Nemo</a>'s song "A Day Out of Time", the idea of liminality is indirectly explored by describing a transitional moment before the returning of "the common worries". This liminal moment is referred as timeless and, therefore, absent of aims and/or regrets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liminoid_experiences">Liminoid experiences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Liminoid experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Victor Turner coined the term <i>liminoid</i> (from the Greek word eidos, meaning "form or shape"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to refer to experiences that have characteristics of liminal experiences but are optional and do not involve a resolution of a personal crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike liminal events, liminoid experiences are conditional and do not result in a change of status, but merely serve as transitional moments in time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liminal is part of society, an aspect of social or religious rites, while the liminoid is a break from society, part of "play" or "playing". With the rise in industrialization and the emergence of leisure as an acceptable form of play separate from work, liminoid experiences have become much more common than liminal rites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these modern societies, rites are diminished and "forged the concept of 'liminoid' rituals for analogous but secular phenomena" such as attending rock concerts and other<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liminoid experiences. </p><p>The fading of liminal stages in exchange for liminoid experiences is marked by the shift in culture from tribal and agrarian to modern and industrial. In these societies, work and play are entirely separate whereas in more archaic societies, they are nearly indistinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past play was interwoven with the nature of work as symbolic gestures and rites in order to promote fertility, abundance, and the passage of certain liminal phases; thus, work and play are inseparable and often dependent on social rites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this include Cherokee and Mayan riddles, trickster tales, sacred ball games, and joking relationships which serve holy purposes of work in liminal situations while retaining the element of playfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritual and myth were, in the past, exclusively connected to collective work that served holy and often symbolic purposes; liminal rites were held in the form of coming-of-age ceremonies, celebrations of seasons, and more. Industrialization cut the cord between work and the sacred, putting "work" and "play" in separate boxes that rarely, if ever, intersected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a famous essay regarding the shift from liminal to liminoid in industrial society, Turner offers a twofold explanation of this sect. First, society began to move away from activities concerning collective ritual obligations, placing more emphasis on the individual than the community; this led to more choice in activities, with many such as work and leisure becoming optional. Second, the work done to earn a living became entirely separate from his or her other activities so that it is "no longer natural, but arbitrary."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In simpler terms, the industrial revolution brought about free time that had not existed in past societies and created space for liminoid experiences to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_liminoid_experiences">Examples of liminoid experiences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Examples of liminoid experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sporting events such as the Olympics, NFL football games, and hockey matches are forms of liminoid experiences. They are optional activities of leisure that place both the spectator and the competitor in in-between places outside of society's norms. Sporting events also create a sense of community among fans and reinforces the collective spirit of those who take part.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homecoming football games, gymnastics meets, modern baseball games, and swim meets all qualify as liminoid and follow a seasonal schedule; therefore, the flow of sports becomes cyclical and predictable, reinforcing the liminal qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amateur treasure hunting has been described using liminal theory (King, 2024). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_flight">Commercial flight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Commercial flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One scholar, Alexandra Murphy, has argued that airplane travel is inherently liminoid—suspended in the sky, neither here nor there and crossing thresholds of time and space, it is difficult to make sense of the experience of flying.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murphy posits that flights shift our existence into a limbo space in which movement becomes an accepted set of cultural performances aimed at convincing us that air travel is a reflection of reality rather than a separation from it.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a> – Having both male and female characteristics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a> – Buddhist concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a> – Stress from contradiction between beliefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point (thermodynamics)</a> – Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a> – Theological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_being" title="Liminal being">Liminal being</a> – Being that cannot be easily placed into a single category of existence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">Liminal deity</a> – Gods of boundaries or transitions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_situation" title="Limit situation">Limit situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_amoenus" title="Locus amoenus">Locus amoenus</a> – Literary topos involving an idealized place of safety or comfort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a> – Physical process of transition between basic states of matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitioning_(transgender)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitioning (transgender)">Transitioning (transgender)</a> – Changing gender presentation to accord with gender identity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a> – Abnormal state of wakefulness or altered state of consciousness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a> – Something that exists in some identified universe of discourse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Intermediate state (disambiguation)">Intermediate state (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"liminal", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford 23, 2007; <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subliminal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:subliminal">subliminal</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurner1974" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Victor (July 1974). "Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology". <i>Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911%2F63159">1911/63159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55545819">55545819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice+Institute+Pamphlet+-+Rice+University+Studies&rft.atitle=Liminal+to+Liminoid%2C+in+Play%2C+Flow%2C+and+Ritual%3A+An+Essay+in+Comparative+Symbology&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1974-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1911%2F63159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55545819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuribyeLieOverland2014" class="citation book cs1">Guribye, Eugene; Lie, Birgit; Overland, Gwynyth, eds. (2014). <i>Nordic Work with Traumatised Refugees: Do We Really Care</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6777-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-6777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Work+with+Traumatised+Refugees%3A+Do+We+Really+Care&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6777-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Liminality and Communitas", in "The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure" (New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction Press, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katznelson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katznelson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatznelson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Katznelson, Ira (11 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219">"Measuring Liberalism, Confronting Evil: A Retrospective"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219">10.1146/annurev-polisci-042219-030219</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Measuring+Liberalism%2C+Confronting+Evil%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomassen2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2009_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomassen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thomassen, Bjørn (2009). "The Uses and Meanings of Liminality". <i>International Political Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Uses+and+Meanings+of+Liminality&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Thomassen&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorvathThomassenWydra2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horvath, A.; Thomassen, B.; Wydra, H. (2009). "Introduction: Liminality and Cultures of Change". <i>International Political Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Liminality+and+Cultures+of+Change&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Thomassen%2C+B.&rft.au=Wydra%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szakolczai2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szakolczai2009_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzakolczai2009" class="citation journal cs1">Szakolczai, A. (2009). "Liminality and Experience: Structuring transitory situations and transformative events". <i>International Political Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Liminality+and+Experience%3A+Structuring+transitory+situations+and+transformative+events&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Szakolczai&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Barfield, Thomas (1997). <i>The Dictionary of Anthropology</i>. p. 477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Anthropology&rft.pages=477&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Gennep1977" class="citation book cs1">van Gennep, Arnold (1977). <i>The rites of passage</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8744-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8744-7"><bdi>978-0-7100-8744-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925214175">925214175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rites+of+passage&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925214175&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8744-7&rft.aulast=van+Gennep&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor W. Turner, <i>The Ritual Process</i> (Penguin 1969) p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Hazel; Roberts, Les (2015). "Liminality". <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.12102-6">10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12102-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5"><bdi>978-0-08-097087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liminality&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.12102-6&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097087-5&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Turner, "Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage", in <i>The Forest of Symbols</i> (Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, <i>Ritual</i> p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomassen2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomassen2006_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomassen2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thomassen, Bjørn (2006). "Liminality". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.; Müller, H.-P. (eds.). <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Social Theory</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">322–</span>323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liminality&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thomassen&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner <i>Ritual</i> p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, <i>Ritual</i> p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Homas, <i>Jung in Context</i> (London 1979) p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn2008" class="citation book cs1">John, Graham St (2008). <i>Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-037-1"><bdi>978-0-85745-037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Turner+and+Contemporary+Cultural+Performance&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-037-1&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Graham+St&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2013" class="citation book cs1">Horvath, Agnes (2013). <i>Modernism and Charisma</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137277862">10.1057/9781137277862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44741-1"><bdi>978-1-349-44741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+Charisma&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137277862&rft.isbn=978-1-349-44741-1&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carson, ed; The Lutterworth Press, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lutterworth Press, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homans 1979, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, quoted in Miller and Jung 2004, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shorter 1988, 73, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pelton in <a href="/wiki/Polly_Young-Eisendrath" title="Polly Young-Eisendrath">Young-Eisendrath</a> and Dawson eds. 1997, 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers 1961, 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.engagedliminality.org">http://www.engagedliminality.org</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.liminalitypress.com">http://www.liminalitypress.com</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Brontë, Charlotte (1816–1855)</i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. 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(July 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liebler, pp. 182–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museemagazine.com/features/2020/11/1/the-cult-following-of-liminal-space">"Architecture: The Cult Following Of Liminal Space"</a>. <i>Musée Magazine</i>. 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/zef59/">"On Power's Doorstep: Gays, Jews, and Liminal Complicity in Reproducing Masculine Domination"</a>. <i>Men and Masculinities</i>. <b>25</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X221098365">10.1177/1097184X221098365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men+and+Masculinities&rft.atitle=On+Power%27s+Doorstep%3A+Gays%2C+Jews%2C+and+Liminal+Complicity+in+Reproducing+Masculine+Domination&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E743-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1097184X221098365&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fzef59%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shorter, Bani. <i>An Image Darkly Forming: Women and Initiation</i>. 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"Alternative Cultural Heterotopia and the Liminoid Body: Beyond Turner at ConFest". <i>The Australian Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1835-9310.2001.tb00062.x">10.1111/j.1835-9310.2001.tb00062.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Alternative+Cultural+Heterotopia+and+the+Liminoid+Body%3A+Beyond+Turner+at+ConFest&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1835-9310.2001.tb00062.x&rft.aulast=St+John&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>St John, Graham (ed.) 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgecentral.net/turnercollection.htm"><i>Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507091428/http://www.edgecentral.net/turnercollection.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Berghahn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84545-462-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84545-462-6">1-84545-462-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt_John2013" class="citation journal cs1">St John, Graham (June 2013). "Aliens Are Us: Cosmic Liminality, Remixticism, and Alienation in Psytrance". <i>The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">186–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjrpc.25.2.186">10.3138/jrpc.25.2.186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194094479">194094479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion+and+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Aliens+Are+Us%3A+Cosmic+Liminality%2C+Remixticism%2C+and+Alienation+in+Psytrance&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjrpc.25.2.186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194094479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=St+John&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2014" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Graham (2014). "Victor Turner". <i>Oxford Bibliographies in Anthropology</i>. Oxford University Press (OUP). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0074">10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7"><bdi>978-0-19-976656-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victor+Turner&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+in+Anthropology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28OUP%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0074&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976656-7&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn2015" class="citation book cs1">John, Graham St (2015). "Liminal Being: Electronic Dance Music Cultures, Ritualization and the Case of Psytrance". <i>The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music</i>. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">243–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781473910362.n14">10.4135/9781473910362.n14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446210857" title="Special:BookSources/9781446210857"><bdi>9781446210857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liminal+Being%3A+Electronic+Dance+Music+Cultures%2C+Ritualization+and+the+Case+of+Psytrance&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Popular+Music&rft.place=1+Oliver%E2%80%99s+Yard%2C+55+City+Road+London+EC1Y+1SP&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781473910362.n14&rft.isbn=9781446210857&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Graham+St&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Szakolczai, A. (2000) <i>Reflexive Historical Sociology</i>, London: Routledge.</li> <li>Turner, "Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage", in <i>The Forest of Symbols</i> Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1967</li> <li>Turner, Victor Witter. <i>The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure</i>. Chicago: Aldine Pub., 1969</li> <li>Turner, Victor Witter. <i>Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society</i>. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1974.</li> <li>Turner, Victor. <i>Liminal to liminoid in play, flow, and ritual: An essay in comparative symbology</i>. <i>Rice University Studies</i> 1974.</li> <li>Turner, Victor W., and Edith Turner. <i>Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture Anthropological Perspectives</i>. New York: Columbia UP, 1978.</li> <li>Waskul, Dennis D. <i>Net.seXXX: Readings on Sex, Pornography, and the Internet</i>. New York: P. Lang, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelsvan_der_WaalSpiegelKamsteeg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wels, Harry; van der Waal, Kees; Spiegel, Andrew; Kamsteeg, Frans (2011). "Victor Turner and liminality: An introduction". <i>Anthropology Southern Africa</i>. <b>34</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23323256.2011.11500002">10.1080/23323256.2011.11500002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Victor+Turner+and+liminality%3A+An+introduction&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23323256.2011.11500002&rft.aulast=Wels&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=van+der+Waal%2C+Kees&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Kamsteeg%2C+Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiminality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Young-Eisendrath, Polly, and Terence Dawson. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Jung</i>. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge UP, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liminality&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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