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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Electronic waste</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">For the EC directive, see <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a>.</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a></b>. The specific problem is: <b>fix References</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <small><i>(May 2013)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-pile.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ewaste-pile.jpg/220px-Ewaste-pile.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ewaste-pile.jpg/330px-Ewaste-pile.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ewaste-pile.jpg/440px-Ewaste-pile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-pile.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Defective and obsolete electronic equipment</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Electronic waste</b> or <b>e-waste</b> describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also considered as e-waste. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, as these countries have limited regulatory oversight of e-waste processing.</p> <p>Electronic scrap components, such as <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">CRTs</a>, may contain contaminants such as <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, or <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardant" title="Brominated flame retardant">brominated flame retardants</a>. Even in developed countries <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling" title="Electronic waste recycling" class="mw-redirect">recycling and disposal of e-waste</a> may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerator" title="Incinerator" class="mw-redirect">incinerator</a> ashes. <sup id="cite_ref-Sthiannopkao_S_2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sthiannopkao_S_2012-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Amount_of_electronic_waste_world-wide"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Amount of electronic waste world-wide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Global_trade_issues"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Global trade issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Guiyu_waste_dump"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Guiyu waste dump</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Trade"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Trade</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Environmental_impact"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental impact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Information_security"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Information security</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#E-waste_management"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">E-waste management</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Recycling"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Recycling</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Consumer_awareness_efforts"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer awareness efforts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Processing_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Processing techniques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Benefits_of_recycling"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits of recycling</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Electronic_waste_substances"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Electronic waste substances</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hazardous"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hazardous</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Generally_non-hazardous"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Generally non-hazardous</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:622px;max-width:622px"> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg/250px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg" width="250" height="167" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg/375px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg/500px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a></div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:112px;max-width:112px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg/110px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg" width="110" height="165" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg/165px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg/220px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184"/></a></div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg/250px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg" width="250" height="167" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg/375px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg/500px-India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a></div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Hoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru" class="mw-redirect">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </div> </div> <p>"Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones" title="Mobile phones" class="mw-redirect">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>. This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others are re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">Cathode ray tubes</a> (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor#Cathode_ray_tubes" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> (not to be confused with phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display. The <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of "hazardous household waste"<sup id="cite_ref-sb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage.</p> <p>The EU and its member states operate a system via the European Waste Catalogue (EWC)- a European Council Directive, which is interpreted into "member state law". In the UK (an EU member state). This is in the form of the List of Wastes Directive. However, the list (and EWC) gives broad definition (EWC Code 16 02 13*) of Hazardous Electronic wastes, requiring "waste operators" to employ the Hazardous Waste Regulations (Annex 1A, Annex 1B) for refined definition. Constituent materials in the waste also require assessment via the combination of Annex II and Annex III, again allowing operators to further determine whether a waste is hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and "waste" electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may also come through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes). Protectionists may broaden the definition of "waste" electronics in order to protect domestic markets from working secondary equipment.</p> <p>The high value of the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling" title="Computer recycling">computer recycling</a> subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) can help pay the cost of transportation for a larger number of worthless pieces than can be achieved with display devices, which have less (or negative) scrap value. In A 2011 report, "Ghana E-Waste Country Assessment",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> found that of 215,000 tons of electronics imported to Ghana, 30% were brand new and 70% were used. Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published but uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were being burned in primitive conditions.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Amount_of_electronic_waste_world-wide">Amount of electronic waste world-wide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amount of electronic waste world-wide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg/220px-Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg/330px-Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg/440px-Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A fragment of discarded circuit board.</div> </div> </div> <p>Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a> have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied.</p> <p>Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), processors (CPU, GPU, or APU chips), memory (DRAM or SRAM), and audio components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently out-dated (by software no longer being optimized) and are more likely to become "e-waste", while display units are most often replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation appetites for new display technology.</p> <p>An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Sthiannopkao_S_2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sthiannopkao_S_2012-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The USA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year.<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> China already produces about 2.3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics.</p> <p>In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable disagreement about the relative risk (compared to automobile scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in <i>Motherboard</i>, attempts to restrict the trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_trade_issues">Global trade issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global trade issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Waste_Trade" title="Global Waste Trade" class="mw-redirect">Global Waste Trade</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">Electronic waste by country</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-crtkid.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/220px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/330px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/440px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-crtkid.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Electronic waste is often exported to developing countries.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/220px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg" width="220" height="56" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/330px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/440px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="1076"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> 4.5-volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032, and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries.</div> </div> </div> <p>One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is still too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult). The developing countries have become toxic dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of international trade point to the success of <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> programs in other industries, where cooperation has led to creation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher.</p> <p>Defenders of the trade<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> in used electronics say that extraction of metals from virgin mining has been shifted to developing countries. Recycling of copper, silver, gold, and other materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment than mining. They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a "lost art" in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a path to development.</p> <p>South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China all excelled in finding "retained value" in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a threat to established manufacturing, and simple protectionism explains some criticism of the trade. Works like "<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waste_Makers" title="The Waste Makers">The Waste Makers</a>" by <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Vance Packard</a> explain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ban on import of tested working <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan.</p> <p>Opponents of surplus electronics exports argue that lower environmental and labor standards, cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered raw materials leads to a transfer of pollution-generating activities, such as smelting of copper wire. In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for processing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_nation" title="Developing nation" class="mw-redirect">developing nations</a> as "dumping grounds for e-waste".<sup id="cite_ref-tmc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmc-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Because the United States has not ratified the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> or its <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Ban" title="Basel Ban" class="mw-redirect">Ban Amendment</a>, and has few domestic federal laws forbidding the export of toxic waste, the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Network" title="Basel Action Network">Basel Action Network</a> estimates that about 80% of the electronic waste directed to recycling in the U.S. does not get recycled there at all, but is put on <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> and sent to countries such as China.<sup id="cite_ref-harm_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harm-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ng_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> This figure is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Scrap_Recycling_Industries" title="Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries">Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries</a>, and the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Association" title="World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association">World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association</a>.</p> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(May 2013)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <p>Independent research by <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituent materials they contained, and that "the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as opposed to recycling".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Guiyu_waste_dump">Guiyu waste dump</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guiyu waste dump">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_China" title="Electronic waste in China">Electronic waste in China</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/220px-Agbogbloshie.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/330px-Agbogbloshie.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/440px-Agbogbloshie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The E-waste centre of <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>, Ghana, where electronic waste is burnt and disassembled with no safety or environmental considerations.</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_Town" title="Guiyu Town" class="mw-redirect">Guiyu</a> in the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a> region of China is a huge electronic waste processing area.<sup id="cite_ref-harm_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harm-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> It is often referred to as the “e-waste capital of the world.” The city employs over 150,000 e-waste workers that work through 16-hour days disassembling old computers and recapturing whatever metals and parts they can reuse or sell. The thousands of individual workshops employ laborers to snip cables, pry chips from circuit boards, grind plastic computer cases into particles, and dip circuit boards in acid baths to dissolve the lead, cadmium, and other toxic metals. Others work to strip insulation from all wiring in an attempt to salvage tiny amounts of copper wire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> either by immediate discharge or due to <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> (especially near coastal areas), as well as health problems including <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a> effects among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste.</p> <p>Only limited investigations have been carried out on the health effects of Guiyu's poisoned environment. One of them was carried out by Professor Huo Xia, of the Shantou University Medical College, which is an hour and a half's drive from Guiyu. She tested 165 children for concentrations of lead in their blood. 82% of the Guiyu children had blood/lead levels of more than 100. Anything above that figure is considered unsafe by international health experts. The average reading for the group was 149.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>High levels of lead in young children's blood can impact IQ and the development of the central nervous system. The highest concentrations of lead were found in the children of parents whose workshop dealt with circuit boards and the lowest was among those who recycled plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Six of the many villages in Guiyu specialize in circuit-board disassembly, seven in plastics and metals reprocessing, and two in wire and cable disassembly. About a year ago the environmental group Greenpeace sampled dust, soil, river sediment and groundwater in Guiyu where e-waste recycling is done. They found soaring levels of toxic heavy metals and organic contaminants in both places.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Lai Yun, a campaigner for the group found "over 10 poisonous metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium, in Guiyu town."</p> <p>Guiyu is only one example of digital dumps but similar places can be found across the world such as Asia and Africa. With amounts of e-waste growing rapidly each year urgent solutions are required. While the waste continues to flow into digital dumps like Guiyu there are measures that can help reduce the flow of e-waste.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A preventative step that major electronics firms should take is to remove the worst chemicals in their products in order to make them safer and easier to recycle. It is important that all companies take full responsibility for their products and, once they reach the end of their useful life, take their goods back for re-use or safely recycle them.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trade">Trade</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Proponents of the trade say growth of internet access is a stronger correlation to trade than poverty. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> is poor and closer to the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_a_New_York_and_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of a New York and New Jersey (page does not exist)">port of New York</a> than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in decline in developed countries. Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, and internet access, or force them to deal with even less scrupulous suppliers. In a series of seven articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many of these computer repair and scrap separation activities as objectively sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away non-valuable metals. This releases <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxins" title="Neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect">neurotoxins</a> into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>. These noxious fumes include <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oakland" title="Port of Oakland">Port of Oakland</a> in the U.S. to <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanshui_District" title="Sanshui District">Sanshui District</a> in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, was intercepted in Hong Kong by <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in press reports in India,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect">Côte d'Ivoire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0ld_keyboards.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/0ld_keyboards.JPG/220px-0ld_keyboards.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/0ld_keyboards.JPG/330px-0ld_keyboards.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/0ld_keyboards.JPG/440px-0ld_keyboards.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0ld_keyboards.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Old keyboards</div> </div> </div> <p>The processes of dismantling and disposing of electronic waste in the third world lead to a number of environmental impacts as illustrated in the graphic. Liquid and atmospheric releases end up in bodies of water, groundwater, soil, and air and therefore in land and sea animals – both domesticated and wild, in crops eaten by both animals and human, and in drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>One study of environmental effects in Guiyu, China found the following:</p> <ul> <li>Airborne <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxins" title="Dioxins" class="mw-redirect">dioxins</a> – one type found at 100 times levels previously measured</li> <li>Levels of <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_pond" title="Duck pond">duck ponds</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_paddy" title="Rice paddy" class="mw-redirect">rice paddies</a> exceeded international standards for agricultural areas and cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead levels in rice paddies were above international standards</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">Heavy metals</a> found in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_dust" title="Road dust" class="mw-redirect">road dust</a> – lead over 300 times that of a control village’s road dust and copper over 100 times<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p><b>The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components</b></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>E-Waste Component</th> <th>Process Used</th> <th>Potential Environmental Hazard</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Cathode ray tubes (used in TVs, computer monitors, ATM, video cameras, and more)</td> <td>Breaking and removal of yoke, then dumping</td> <td>Lead, barium and other heavy metals leaching into the ground water and release of toxic phosphor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Printed circuit board (image behind table - a thin plate on which chips and other electronic components are placed)</td> <td>De-soldering and removal of computer chips; open burning and acid baths to remove final metals after chips are removed.</td> <td>Air emissions as well as discharge into rivers of glass dust, tin, lead, brominated dioxin, beryllium cadmium, and mercury</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chips and other gold plated components</td> <td>Chemical stripping using nitric and hydrochloric acid and burning of chips</td> <td>Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, brominated substances discharged directly into rivers acidifying fish and flora. Tin and lead contamination of surface and groundwater. Air emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy metals and hydrocarbons</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Plastics from printers, keyboards, monitors, etc.</td> <td>Shredding and low temp melting to be reused</td> <td>Emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy metals and hydrocarbons</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Computer wires</td> <td>Open burning and stripping to remove copper</td> <td>Hydrocarbon ashes released into air, water and soil.</td> </tr> </table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_security">Information security</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Information security">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>E-waste presents a potential <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> threat to individuals and exporting countries. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drives" title="Hard drives" class="mw-redirect">Hard drives</a> that are not properly erased before the computer is disposed of can be reopened, exposing sensitive information. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit card</a> numbers, private financial data, account information, and records of <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online" title="Online" class="mw-redirect">online</a> transactions can be accessed by most willing individuals. Organized criminals in Ghana commonly search the drives for information to use in local <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scams" title="Scams" class="mw-redirect">scams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Government contracts have been discovered on hard drives found in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>. Multi-million dollar agreements from United States security institutions such as the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA), the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security" title="Homeland Security" class="mw-redirect">Homeland Security</a> have all resurfaced in Agbogbloshie.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r13_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r13-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="E-waste_management">E-waste management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: E-waste management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recycling">Recycling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recycling">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:158px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_Computers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Recycling_Computers.jpg" width="156" height="200" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_Computers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Computer monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets for <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and then shrink-wrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling" title="Computer recycling">Computer recycling</a></div> <p>Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed world</a> a large and rapidly consolidating business. People tend to forget that properly disposing of or reusing electronics can help prevent health problems, create jobs, and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e.g., conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This recycling is done by sorting, dismantling, and recovery of valuable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> This diversion is achieved through reuse and refurbishing. The environmental and social benefits of reuse include diminished demand for new products and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental issues); larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing; less packaging per unit; availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products; and diminished use of landfills.</p> <p>Audiovisual components, televisions, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">stereo equipment</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, other handheld devices, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer components</a> contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.</p> <p>One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. One way e-waste is processed is by melting circuit boards, burning cable sheathing to recover copper wire and open- pit acid leaching for separating metals of value.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Conventional method employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling efficiency is low. Alternative methods such as <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryogenic_decomposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryogenic decomposition (page does not exist)">cryogenic decomposition</a> have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> and some other methods are still under investigation.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consumer_awareness_efforts">Consumer awareness efforts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consumer awareness efforts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="48" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit">improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_waste" title="Talk:Electronic waste">talk page</a>.</span> <small><i>(December 2011)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency encourages electronic recyclers to become certified by demonstrating to an accredited, independent third party auditor that they meet specific standards to safely recycle and manage electronics. This works to ensure the highest environmental standards are being maintained. Two certifications for electronic recyclers currently exist and are endorsed by the EPA. Customers are encouraged to choose certified electronics recyclers. Responsible electronics recycling reduces environmental and human health impacts, increases the use of reusable and refurbished equipment and reduces energy use while conserving limited resources. The two EPA-endorsed certification programs are: Responsible Recyclers Practices (R2) and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Stewards" title="E-Stewards">E-Stewards</a>. Certified companies ensure they are meeting strict environmental standards which maximize reuse and recycling, minimize exposure to human health or the environment, ensure safe management of materials and require destruction of all data used on electronics. Certified electronics recyclers have demonstrated through audits and other means that they continually meet specific high environmental standards and safely manage used electronics. Once certified, the recycler is held to the particular standard by continual oversight by the independent accredited certifying body. A certification board accredits and oversees certifying bodies to ensure that they meet specific responsibilities and are competent to audit and provide certification. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Some U.S. retailers offer opportunities for consumer recycling of discarded electronic devices. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the US, the <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a> (CEA) urges consumers to dispose properly of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator at www.GreenerGadgets.org. This list only includes manufacturer and retailer programs that use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provide consumers assurance that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly. CEA research has found that 58 percent of consumers know where to take their end-of-life electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that level of awareness increase. Consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers sponsor or operate more than 5,000 recycling locations nationwide and have vowed to recycle one billion pounds annually by 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> a sharp increase from 300 million pounds industry recycled in 2010.</p> <p>The Sustainable Materials Management Electronic Challenge was created by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Participants of the Challenge are manufacturers of electronics and electronic retailers. These companies collect end-of-life (EOL) electronics at various locations and send them to a certified, third-party recycler. Program participants are then able publicly promote and report 100% responsible recycling for their companies.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Electronics TakeBack Coalition<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> is a campaign aimed at protecting human health and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produced, used, and discarded. The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, primarily through community promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations for consumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmentally responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Certified Electronics Recycler program<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> for electronic recyclers is a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates key operational and continual improvement elements for quality, environmental and health and safety (QEH&S) performance.</p> <p>The grassroots <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition" title="Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition</a> focuses on promoting human health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins in technologies.</p> <p>The World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a.org) is an organization dedicated to improving the quality of exported electronics, encouraging better recycling standards in importing countries, and improving practices through "Fair Trade" principles.</p> <p>Take Back My TV<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> is a project of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and grades television manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not.</p> <p>The e-Waste Association of South Africa (eWASA)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> has been instrumental in building a network of e-waste recyclers and refurbishers in the country. It continues to drive the sustainable, environmentally sound management of all e-waste in South Africa.</p> <p>E-Cycling Central is a website from the Electronic Industry Alliance which allows you to search for electronic recycling programs in your state. It lists different recyclers by state to find reuse, recycle, or find donation programs across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ewasteguide.info is a Switzerland-based website dedicated to improving the e-waste situation in developing and transitioning countries. The site contains news, events, case studies, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>StEP: Solving the E-Waste Problem This website of StEP, an initiative founded by various UN organizations to develop strategies to solve the e-waste problem, follows its activities and programs.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Processing_techniques">Processing techniques</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Processing techniques">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg/220px-Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg/330px-Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg/440px-Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="663"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> the lead from batteries.</div> </div> </div> <p>In many developed countries, electronic waste processing usually first involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing plant in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Iskar" title="Novi Iskar">Novi Iskar</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>—the largest facility of its kind in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> The advantages of this process are the human's ability to recognize and save working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and safety standards.</p> <p>In an alternative bulk system,<sup id="cite_ref-Sims_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sims-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated mechanical separator, with screening and granulating machines to separate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sold to <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelter" title="Smelter" class="mw-redirect">smelters</a> or plastics recyclers. Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collection_system" title="Dust collection system">dust collection system</a>. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_separator" title="Eddy current separator">eddy currents</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommel_Screens" title="Trommel Screens" class="mw-redirect">trommel screens</a> are employed to separate glass, plastic, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelter" title="Smelter" class="mw-redirect">smelter</a>.</p> <p>Leaded glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights,<sup id="cite_ref-smith_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> or sold to foundries as a <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">fluxing agent</a> in processing raw <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ore" title="Lead ore" class="mw-redirect">lead ore</a>. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelters" title="Smelters" class="mw-redirect">smelters</a> for recycling. Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to mitigate environmental threat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer construction materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as: "We move them through giant shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shredded into pieces about this big, it's hard to get the data off".<sup id="cite_ref-ft_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with increased cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste.</p> <p>Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to purchase used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits_of_recycling">Benefits of recycling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Benefits of recycling">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a variety of materials, including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Benefits of recycling are extended when responsible recycling methods are used. In the U.S., responsible recycling aims to minimize the dangers to human health and the environment that disposed and dismantled electronics can create. Responsible recycling ensures best management practices of the electronics being recycled, worker health and safety, and consideration for the environment locally and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_waste_substances">Electronic waste substances</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electronic waste substances">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Button_cells_and_9v_cells_(3).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png/220px-Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png" width="220" height="106" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png/330px-Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png/440px-Button_cells_and_9v_cells_%283%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="1976"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Button_cells_and_9v_cells_(3).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Several sizes of button and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison. They are all recycled in many countries since they contain <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-ft_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Substances found in large quantities include <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Electrical_systems_and_electronics" title="Epoxy">epoxy resins</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBs" title="PCBs" class="mw-redirect">PCBs</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC" title="PVC" class="mw-redirect">PVC</a> (polyvinyl chlorides), <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_plastics" title="Thermosetting plastics" class="mw-redirect">thermosetting plastics</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.</p> <p>Elements found in small amounts include <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sl2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2007-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Elements found in trace amounts include <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>.</p> <p>Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following are ordinary applications:</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hazardous">Hazardous</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazardous">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg/220px-Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg/330px-Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg/440px-Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4922" data-file-height="3281"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recyclers_with_old_computers_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_March_2012.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Recyclers in the street in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil with old computers</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a>: The radioactive source in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_alarm" title="Smoke alarm" class="mw-redirect">smoke alarms</a>. It is known to be <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenic" title="Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect">carcinogenic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a>: Found in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_tube" title="Fluorescent tube" class="mw-redirect">fluorescent tubes</a> (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> and flat screen monitors. Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal deficits in motor function, attention and verbal domains.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, and slower growth and development.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur" title="Sulphur" class="mw-redirect">Sulphur</a>: Found in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteries" title="Lead-acid batteries" class="mw-redirect">lead-acid batteries</a>. Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released into the environment, it can create <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" title="Sulphuric acid" class="mw-redirect">sulphuric acid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_Flame_Retardants" title="Brominated Flame Retardants" class="mw-redirect">BFRs</a>: Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBBs" title="PBBs" class="mw-redirect">PBBs</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDE" title="PBDE" class="mw-redirect">PBDE</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecaBDE" title="DecaBDE" class="mw-redirect">DecaBDE</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OctaBDE" title="OctaBDE" class="mw-redirect">OctaBDE</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PentaBDE" title="PentaBDE" class="mw-redirect">PentaBDE</a>. Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects: similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were banned during the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>: Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteries" title="Nickel-cadmium batteries" class="mw-redirect">nickel-cadmium batteries</a>. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Cadmium is also associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">Solder</a>, CRT monitor glass, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteries" title="Lead-acid batteries" class="mw-redirect">lead-acid batteries</a>, some formulations of PVC.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,<sup id="cite_ref-sb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Adverse effects of lead exposure include impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct problems and lower IQ<sup id="cite_ref-chen_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a>: Filler in some thermal interface materials such as <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_grease" title="Thermal grease">thermal grease</a> used on <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsink" title="Heatsink" class="mw-redirect">heatsinks</a> for <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU" class="mw-redirect">CPUs</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_semiconductor_device" title="Power semiconductor device">power transistors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-apmag_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmag-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetron" title="Magnetron" class="mw-redirect">magnetrons</a>, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">gas lasers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA): Found in Non-stick cookware (PTFE), used as an antistatic additive in industrial applications, and found in electronics. PFOAs are formed synthetically through environmental degradation and, in mice, after oral uptake. Studies in mice have found the following health effects: Hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hormonal effects and carcinogenic effects. Studies have found increased maternal PFOA levels to be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and stillbirth. Increased maternal levels of PFOA are also associated with decreases in mean gestational age (preterm birth), mean birth weight (low birth weight), mean birth length (small for gestational age), and mean APGAR score.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">Hexavalent chromium</a>: A known carcinogen after occupational inhalation exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-chen_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>There is also evidence of cytotixic and genotoxic effects of some chemicals, which have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, cause cell membrane lesion, cause DNA single-strand breaks, and elevate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels.<sup id="cite_ref-liulin_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liulin-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>DNA breaks can increase the likelihood of developing cancer (if the damage is to a tumor suppressor gene)</li> <li>DNA damages are a special problem in non-dividing or slowly dividing cells, where unrepaired damages will tend to accumulate over time. On the other hand, in rapidly dividing cells, unrepaired DNA damages that do not kill the cell by blocking replication will tend to cause replication errors and thus mutation</li> <li>Elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels can cause damage to cell structures (oxidative stress)<sup id="cite_ref-liulin_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liulin-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generally_non-hazardous">Generally non-hazardous</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Generally non-hazardous">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repurposed_Imac.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Repurposed_Imac.JPG/220px-Repurposed_Imac.JPG" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Repurposed_Imac.JPG/330px-Repurposed_Imac.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Repurposed_Imac.JPG/440px-Repurposed_Imac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repurposed_Imac.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> An <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G4" title="IMac G4">iMac G4</a> that has been <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">repurposed</a> into a <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">lamp</a> (photographed next to a Mac Classic and a flip phone).</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>: nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsink" title="Heatsink" class="mw-redirect">heatsinks</a>), <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor" title="Electrolytic capacitor">electrolytic capacitors</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>: copper wire, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> tracks, component leads.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a>: 1950s–1960s transistorized electronics (<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar junction transistors</a>).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_plating" title="Gold plating">connector plating</a>, primarily in computer equipment.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>: steel chassis, cases, and fixings.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" title="Lithium-ion batteries" class="mw-redirect">lithium-ion batteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteries" title="Nickel-cadmium batteries" class="mw-redirect">nickel-cadmium batteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a>, <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a>: solder, coatings on component leads.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">plating</a> for steel parts.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Recycling" title="Computer Recycling" class="mw-redirect">Computer Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digger_gold" title="Digger gold">Digger gold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDay" title="EDay">eDay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_in_Japan" title="Electronic waste in Japan">Electronic waste in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phone recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet" title="Material safety data sheet">Material safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyls" title="Polychlorinated biphenyls" class="mw-redirect">Polychlorinated biphenyls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">Retrocomputing</a></li> </ul> <p><b>Policy and conventions:</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Network" title="Basel Action Network">Basel Action Network</a> (BAN)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_RoHS" title="China RoHS">China RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Stewards" title="E-Stewards">e-Stewards</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a> (RoHS)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soesterberg_Principles" title="Soesterberg Principles">Soesterberg Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Electronics_Initiative" title="Sustainable Electronics Initiative">Sustainable Electronics Initiative</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Organizations</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_Disposal_and_Information_Security_Alliance" title="Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance">Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance</a> (ADISA)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empa" title="Empa" class="mw-redirect">Empa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFixit" title="IFixit">IFixit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Environmental_Compliance_and_Enforcement" title="International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement">International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Scrap_Recycling_Industries" title="Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries">Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries</a> (ISRI)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_the_E-waste_Problem" title="Solving the E-waste Problem">Solving the E-waste Problem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Association" title="World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association">World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association</a></li> </ul> <p><b>General:</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_hazardous_waste" title="Retail hazardous waste" class="mw-redirect">Retail hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sthiannopkao_S_2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sthiannopkao_S_2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sthiannopkao_S_2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">: Sthiannopkao S, Wong MH. (2012) Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Sci Total Environ.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.executiveblueprints.com/aboutweee/WEEECRTandMonitor.htm">"WEEE CRT and Monitor Recycling"</a>. Executiveblueprints.com. 2009-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.btitle=WEEE+CRT+and+Monitor+Recycling&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.executiveblueprints.com%2Faboutweee%2FWEEECRTandMonitor.htm&rft.pub=Executiveblueprints.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-sb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Morgan, Russell (2006-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58">"Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers"</a>. SmartBiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.aulast=Morgan%2C+Russell&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Russell&rft.btitle=Tips+and+Tricks+for+Recycling+Old+Computers&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartbiz.com%2Farticle%2Farticleprint%2F1525%2F-1%2F58&rft.pub=SmartBiz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.it-green.co.uk/uk_business_recycling/what-computer-waste-is-hazardous/">"Defining & categorization of wastes via the regulations"</a>. ITGreen. 2013-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-21</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.btitle=Defining+%26+categorization+of+wastes+via+the+regulations&rft.date=2013-06-02&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.it-green.co.uk%2Fuk_business_recycling%2Fwhat-computer-waste-is-hazardous%2F&rft.pub=ITGreen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://ewasteguide.info/files/Amoyaw-Osei_2011_GreenAd-Empa.pdf">"Ghana e-Waste Country Assessmen"</a>. <i>Ghana e-Waste Country Assessment</i>. SBC e-Waste Africa Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=Ghana+e-Waste+Country+Assessmen&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fewasteguide.info%2Ffiles%2FAmoyaw-Osei_2011_GreenAd-Empa.pdf&rft.jtitle=Ghana+e-Waste+Country+Assessment&rft.pub=SBC+e-Waste+Africa+Project&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htm">"Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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[Motherboard.tv].</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.au=Ingenthron%2C+Robin&rft.aulast=Ingenthron%2C+Robin&rft.btitle=Why+We+Should+Ship+Our+Electronic+%22waste%22+to+China+and+Africa&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherboard.tv%2F2011%2F3%2F26%2Fe-waste-recycling-exports-are-good&rft.pub=%5BMotherboard.tv%5D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Grossman, Elizabeth (2006-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/04/10/ewaste">"Where computers go to die - and kill (4/10/2006)"</a>. Salon.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.btitle=Where+computers+go+to+die+-+and+kill+%284%2F10%2F2006%29&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2006%2F04%2F10%2Fewaste&rft.pub=Salon.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-tmc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tmc_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://green.tmcnet.com/topics/green/articles/37567-cash-laptops-offers-green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm">"Cash For Laptops Offers 'Green' Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers"</a>. <i>Green Technology</i> (<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology_Marketing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology Marketing Corporation (page does not exist)">Technology Marketing Corporation</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=Cash+For+Laptops+Offers+%27Green%27+Solution+for+Broken+or+Outdated+Computers&rft.aulast=Prashant%2C+Nitya&rft.au=Prashant%2C+Nitya&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.tmcnet.com%2Ftopics%2Fgreen%2Farticles%2F37567-cash-laptops-offers-green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm&rft.jtitle=Green+Technology&rft.place=Norwalk%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Technology+Marketing+Corporation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> In <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.electronicsrecycling.org/public/NewsletterViewer.aspx?message=sent&id=40">"Opinion"</a>. <i>National Center For Electronics Recycling News Summary</i> (National Center For Electronics Recycling). 2008-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=Opinion&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicsrecycling.org%2Fpublic%2FNewsletterViewer.aspx%3Fmessage%3Dsent%26id%3D40&rft.jtitle=National+Center+For+Electronics+Recycling+News+Summary&rft.pub=National+Center+For+Electronics+Recycling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since June 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-harm-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harm_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harm_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.ban.org/E-waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf">"Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia"</a> (PDF). Seattle and San Jose.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.au=Basel+Action+Network+and+Silicon+Valley+Toxics+Coalition&rft.aulast=Basel+Action+Network+and+Silicon+Valley+Toxics+Coalition&rft.btitle=Exporting+Harm%3A+The+High-Tech+Trashing+of+Asia&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ban.org%2FE-waste%2Ftechnotrashfinalcomp.pdf&rft.place=Seattle+and+San+Jose&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Chea, Terence (2007-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://redmondmag.com/articles/2007/11/19/america-ships-electronic-waste-overseas.aspx">"America Ships Electronic Waste Overseas"</a>. Associated Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.au=Chea%2C+Terence&rft.aulast=Chea%2C+Terence&rft.btitle=America+Ships+Electronic+Waste+Overseas&rft.date=2007-11-18&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredmondmag.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F11%2F19%2Famerica-ships-electronic-waste-overseas.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Slade, Giles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674025721">"Made To Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America"</a>. Harvard University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.aulast=Slade%2C+Giles&rft.au=Slade%2C+Giles&rft.btitle=Made+To+Break%3A+Technology+and+Obsolescence+in+America&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674025721&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ng-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ng_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Carroll (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2008-01/high-tech-trash/carroll-text.html">"High-Tech Trash"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" title="National Geographic Magazine" class="mw-redirect">National Geographic Magazine</a> Online.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.au=Carroll&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=High-Tech+Trash&rft.date=January+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F2008-01%2Fhigh-tech-trash%2Fcarroll-text.html&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Magazine+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of Computers in Peru", Ramzy Kahhat and Eric Williams, Center for Earth Systems Engineering and Management, Arizona State University, published Environmental Science and Technology June 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.npr.org/programs/watc/features/2002/apr/computers/index.html">"Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-13</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.btitle=Activists+Push+for+Safer+E-Recycling&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fprograms%2Fwatc%2Ffeatures%2F2002%2Fapr%2Fcomputers%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since June 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Slade, Giles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.denverpost.com/perspective/ci_3633138">"Computer age leftovers"</a>. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post" title="Denver Post" class="mw-redirect">Denver Post</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-04</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=Thermal+conductivity+in+advanced+chips%3A+Emerging+generation+of+thermal+greases+offers+advantages&rft.au=Becker%2C+Greg%3B+Lee%2C+Chris%3B+Lin%2C+Zuchen&rft.aulast=Becker%2C+Greg%3B+Lee%2C+Chris%3B+Lin%2C+Zuchen&rft.date=July+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmag.com%2F&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Packaging&rft.pages=2-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wu-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wu_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu, K., Xu, X., Peng, L., Liu, J., Guo, Y., & Huo, X. (2012). Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environment International , 41, 1-8.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-liulin-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liulin_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liulin_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liulin, W., Meiling, H., Jing, A., Yufang, Z., Xuetong, W., Yangjun, W., et al. (2011). The cytotoxic and genetoxic effects of dust and soil samples from E-waste recycling area on L02 cells. Toxicology and Industrial Health , 27 (9), 831-839.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.adisa.org.uk/">http://www.adisa.org.uk</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation journal">Hicks, C.; Dietmara, R.; Eugsterb, M. (2005). "The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in China—legislative and market responses". <i>Environmental Impact Assessment Review</i> <b>25</b> (5): 459–471. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2005.04.007">10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.007</a>. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9255">0195-9255</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=The+recycling+and+disposal+of+electrical+and+electronic+waste+in+China%E2%80%94legislative+and+market+responses&rft.au=Dietmara%2C+R.&rft.au=Eugsterb%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+C.&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2005.04.007&rft.issn=01959255&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Review&rft.pages=459-471&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=25" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation journal">Ogunseitan, O.A.; Schoenung, J.M.; Saphores, J-D.M.; and Shapiro, A.A. (2009). "The Electronics Revolution: From E-Wonderland to E-Wasteland". <i>Science</i> <b>326</b>: 670–671. <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1176929">10.1126/science.1176929</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=The+Electronics+Revolution%3A+From+E-Wonderland+to+E-Wasteland&rft.aulast=Ogunseitan%2C+O.A.%3B+Schoenung%2C+J.M.%3B+Saphores%2C+J-D.M.%3B+and+Shapiro%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Ogunseitan%2C+O.A.%3B+Schoenung%2C+J.M.%3B+Saphores%2C+J-D.M.%3B+and+Shapiro%2C+A.A.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1176929&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=670-671&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=326" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web">Toxics Link (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.texasenvironment.org/downloadit.cfm?DocID=31">"Scrapping the Hi-tech Myth: Computer waste in India"</a>. India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.aulast=Toxics+Link&rft.au=Toxics+Link&rft.btitle=Scrapping+the+Hi-tech+Myth%3A+Computer+waste+in+India&rft.date=February+2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasenvironment.org%2Fdownloadit.cfm%3FDocID%3D31&rft.place=India&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFCheng" class="citation">Cheng, I-Hwa, <i>E-waste Trafficking: From Your Home to China</i></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.au=Cheng%2C+I-Hwa&rft.aufirst=I-Hwa&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.btitle=E-waste+Trafficking%3A+From+Your+Home+to+China&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronic_waste" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><span class="citation news">Carroll, Chris (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/01/high-tech-trash/carroll-text.html">"High-Tech Trash"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste&rft.atitle=High-Tech+Trash&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.date=January+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fhigh-tech-trash%2Fcarroll-text.html&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://www.norcalcompactors.net/e-waste-management-scientific-recycling-green-e-products-stringent-legislation-need-hour/">E-waste management: Scientific Recycling, Green E-products, Stringent Legislation Need of Hour</a></li> </ul> <p><br/></p> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Waste&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> and <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Electronic waste</strong> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_waste" title="Medical waste" class="mw-redirect">Medical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bedrijfsafval.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Processes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_tipping" title="Fly tipping" class="mw-redirect">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_dump" title="Open dump">Open dump</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_waste_policy_in_India" title="Solid waste policy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">USA</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Agreements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Framework_Directive" title="Waste Framework Directive" class="mw-redirect">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Directive" class="mw-redirect">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_legislation" title="Waste legislation" class="mw-redirect">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waste">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_management_concepts" title="List of waste management concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waste_organisations" title="Category:Waste organisations">Organizations</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Recycling&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metal_recycling" title="Ferrous metal recycling">Ferrous metals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_recycling" title="Vegetable oil recycling">Vegetable oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="image"><img alt="Recycling symbol.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" width="75" height="73" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="614"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Apparatus</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_bins" title="Recycling bins" class="mw-redirect">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Countries</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecodesign" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freecycling" title="Freecycling">Freecycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_recycling" title="Recursive recycling">Recursive recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_lumberjacking" title="Urban lumberjacking">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_deposit_legislation" title="Container deposit legislation">Container deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving" class="mw-redirect">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_legislation" title="Waste legislation" class="mw-redirect">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_management_concepts" title="List of waste management concepts">Waste management concepts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Category</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country" title="Category:Recycling by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling_organisations" title="Category:Recycling organisations">organizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Commons</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mobile_phones&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_features" title="Mobile phone features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Web" title="Mobile Web">Web browsing</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_in_mobile_devices" title="HTML5 in mobile devices">HTML5</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Software</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_application_development" title="Mobile application development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_software_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile software distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_instant_messaging" title="Mobile instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_search" title="Mobile search">Search</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txtspk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_wallpaper" title="Mobile wallpaper" class="mw-redirect">Wallpaper</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Devices</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_(form)" title="Flip (form)">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_phone" title="Watch phone" class="mw-redirect">Watch</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting" class="mw-redirect">rooting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iOS_devices#iPhone" title="List of iOS devices">iPhone</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Symbian_devices" title="List of Symbian devices" class="mw-redirect">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Windows_Phone_devices" title="List of Windows Phone devices">Windows Phone devices</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Environment<br/> and health</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_thumb" title="BlackBerry thumb">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Electronic waste</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_External_Power_Supply" title="Common External Power Supply" class="mw-redirect">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Vibration_Syndrome" title="Phantom Vibration Syndrome" class="mw-redirect">Phantom Vibration Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health" title="Mobile phone radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Law</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Use restrictions while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Networking</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">Network operators</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module" title="Subscriber identity module">SIM</a> (<a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">Dual SIM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Generations</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5G" title="3.5G">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319044904im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&oldid=651315994">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&oldid=651315994</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150319044904/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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