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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Germaanse_klankverskuiwing" title="Tweede Germaanse klankverskuiwing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Germaanse klankverskuiwing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochdeutsche_Lautverschiebung" title="Hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تبدل الأحرف الساكنة في الألمانية العليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبدل الأحرف الساكنة في الألمانية العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_mutaci%C3%B3n_consonantica" title="Segunda mutación consonantica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Segunda mutación consonantica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_fon%C3%A9tica" title="Llei fonética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llei fonética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_mutaci%C3%B3_conson%C3%A0ntica_germ%C3%A0nica" title="Segona mutació consonàntica germànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona mutació consonàntica germànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Lautverschiebung" title="Zweite Lautverschiebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite Lautverschiebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μετατόπιση συμφώνων στις γερμανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετατόπιση συμφώνων στις γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_mutaci%C3%B3n_conson%C3%A1ntica" title="Segunda mutación consonántica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda mutación consonántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgermana_konsonanta_%C5%9Dovo" title="Altgermana konsonanta ŝovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altgermana konsonanta ŝovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_consonantique_du_haut_allemand" title="Mutation consonantique du haut allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mutation consonantique du haut allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_mutaci%C3%B3n_conson%C3%A1ntica" title="Segunda mutación consonántica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda mutación consonántica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergeseran_bunyi_Jermanik_kedua" title="Pergeseran bunyi Jermanik kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergeseran bunyi Jermanik kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotazione_consonantica" title="Rotazione consonantica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rotazione consonantica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonantium_mutatio_Theodisca" title="Consonantium mutatio Theodisca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consonantium mutatio Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93feln%C3%A9met_hangeltol%C3%B3d%C3%A1s" title="Ófelnémet hangeltolódás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ófelnémet hangeltolódás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Germaanse_klankverschuiving" title="Tweede Germaanse klankverschuiving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Germaanse klankverschuiving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_Germaanse_klaankverskoeving" title="Twiede Germaanse klaankverskoeving – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Twiede Germaanse klaankverskoeving" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="第二次子音推移 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次子音推移" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8ytysk_lydforskyvning" title="Høytysk lydforskyvning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høytysk lydforskyvning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_h%C3%B8gtyske_konsonantforskyvinga" title="Den høgtyske konsonantforskyvinga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den høgtyske konsonantforskyvinga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoochd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch_Luutwannel" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_dialectal_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/German_dialectal_map.PNG/220px-German_dialectal_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/German_dialectal_map.PNG/330px-German_dialectal_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/German_dialectal_map.PNG/440px-German_dialectal_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a> are subdivided into Upper German (green) and Central German (cyan), and are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (yellow) and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a>. The main <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speyer_line" title="Speyer line">Speyer</a> lines – are marked in black. This map shows the modern boundaries of the languages after 1945.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (<a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a>) that took place in the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. The shift is used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> from other continental West Germanic languages, namely <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> (including standard <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, which experienced no shift. The shift resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">affrication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">spirantization</a> of the West Germanic voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/, depending on position in a word. A related change, the <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoicing</a> of the voiced stopped consonants /d/, /b/ and /g/, was less widespread, with only the devoicing of /d/ being found in most dialects. There is no consensus on when the High German consonant shift occurred; it probably began between the 3rd and 5th centuries and was complete before the first written examples in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, the earliest recorded stage of High German, were produced in the 8th century. There is also no consensus on where or how the shift proceeded. The degree of shift varies within High German. Dialects that experienced the most shift are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>, whereas those that only experienced some are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>. Different dialects within Upper and Central German also received different levels of shift, with <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> exhibiting what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_fan" title="Rhenish fan">Rhenish fan</a>, a gradual reduction of which consonants are shifted, as one moves north. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description">edit</a>]</div> In most accounts, the High German consonant shift consists of two related changes: <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/ <a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">spirantize</a> to /s/, /f/, /x/, or else <a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">affricate</a> to /ts/, /pf/, /kx/, depending on their position in the word (Tenuesverschiebung).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">[1]</a> No shift takes place after a fricative (/sp/, /xt/, /st/, /ft/, etc. all remain unchanged) or in the combination /tr/ (/pr/ and /kr/ are still affected);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickl2023-2">[2]</a></li> <li>the pre-Old High German voiced stop consonants /d/, /b/, and /g/ (Proto-West Germanic /ð/, /β/, and /ɣ/) <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoice</a> to the voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/ (Medienverschiebung).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">[1]</a></li></ol> All High German dialects have experienced at least part of the shift of voiceless stops to fricatives/affricates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018118-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöder2015-4">[4]</a> The shift of voiceless stops to fricatives/affricates has traditionally been used to distinguish different German dialects: <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects experienced the greatest degree of shift, whereas <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects only experienced a partial shift (other West Germanic languages experienced no shift).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–120-5">[5]</a> Only southern dialects experience the shift of voiced to voiceless stops, with the shift of /d/ to /t/ found in Upper German and in some Central German dialects, while the shift of /b/ to /p/ and /g/ to /k/ is only found consistently in (Old) Bavarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124–125-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Modern standard German</a> is based mostly on East Central German dialects and thus features many but not all of the shifted forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickl2023-2">[2]</a> In particular, of the Medienverschiebung consonants, only the shift of /d/ to /t/ is found in almost all instances in the modern standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432-9">[8]</a> The shift results in characteristic differences between modern standard German and other Germanic languages, such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979124–126-10">[9]</a> <dl><dd>German Wasser vs. English water, Dutch water, Swedish vatten (German /s/ vs. other Germanic /t/)</dd> <dd>German Zunge vs. English tongue, Dutch tong, Swedish tunga (German /ts/ vs. other Germanic /t/)</dd> <dd>German Schiff vs. English ship, Dutch schip, Swedish skepp (German /f/ vs. other Germanic /p/)</dd> <dd>German Apfel vs. English apple, Dutch appel, Swedish äpple (German /pf/ vs. other Germanic /p/)</dd> <dd>German gleich vs. English like, Dutch gelijk, Swedish lik (German /x/ vs. other Germanic /k/)</dd> <dd>German Tochter vs. English daughter, Dutch dochter, Swedish dotter (German /t/ vs. other Germanic /d/)</dd></dl> Excluding loanwords from Low German and foreign borrowings (e.g. Park from French parc, a doublet of German Pferch, both from Latin parricus), Modern Standard German has retained unshifted /p t k/ only after a fricative (e.g. Stein, English stone) or in the combination /tr/ (e.g. treu, English true).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200434-11">[10]</a> Another change, the shift of /þ/ (/θ/) to /d/, is sometimes seen as related to the High German consonant shift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">[1]</a> However, it also comes to encompass the other continental West Germanic languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöder2015-4">[4]</a> The relation of this change to the second consonant shift, as well as that of another change, that of initial /x/ to /h/, is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114-12">[11]</a> Braune and Reiffenstein discount a connection entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200484-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detailed_description">Detailed description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detailed description">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifts_to_voiceless_stops">Shifts to voiceless stops</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shifts to voiceless stops">edit</a>]</div> The result of the shift of the voiceless stops /p t k/ depends on their position in the word. The degree to which the stops are shifted also shows considerable variation between <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–121-14">[13]</a> In particular, the shift of /p/ and /k/ in initial position is subject to dialectal variation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIversonSalmons200650-15">[14]</a> <ul><li>/t/ shifts</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>to /t͡s/ initially, in geminates, and after another consonant:<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon tehan : OHG zehan (English ten, modern German zehn)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon herta : OHG herza (English heart, modern German Herz)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon settian : OHG sezzen (English set, modern German setzen)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>to ⟨ʒʒ⟩ after a vowel, simplifying to ⟨ʒ⟩ at the end of a word,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114-12">[11]</a> as well as frequently after a long vowel:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979128-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon etan : OHG ezzan (English eat, modern German essen)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon bîtan : OHG bîzan (English bite, modern German beißen)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon ût : OHG ûz (English out, modern German aus)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Both shifts to /t/ occur in all High German dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018122-19">[16]</a> However, the Central German Middle Franconian dialects show unshifted final /t/ for neuter pronouns (that, thit, it, wat, allet).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200485-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018136-21">[18]</a> Beginning in the 13th century, the fricative /ʒ/ merges with /s/ in most German dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998162–163-22">[19]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>/p/ shifts</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>to /p͡f/ initially, in geminates, and after another consonant:<a href="#cite_note-23">[d]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon piper : OHG pfeffar (English pepper, modern German Pfeffer)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon helpan : OHG helphan/helfan (English help, modern German helfen)<a href="#cite_note-25">[e]</a></dd> <dd>Old Saxon skeppian : OHG skephen (English scoop, modern German schöpfen)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>to /ff/ after a vowel, simplifying to /f/ at the end of a word,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114-12">[11]</a> as well as often after a long vowel:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein2004126-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[f]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon piper : pfeffar (English pepper, modern German Pfeffer</dd> <dd>Old Saxon grîpan : OHG grîf(f)an (English gripe, modern German greifen)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon skip : OHG scif (English ship, modern German Schiff)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>In Central German Middle and most Rhine Franconian dialects, the shift only takes place after a vowel:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123-28">[22]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Different outcomes of /p/, according to <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 123 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Saxon</th> <th>(most) Franconian</th> <th>Rest of OHG </th></tr> <tr> <td>pad</td> <td>pad</td> <td>pfad </td></tr> <tr> <td>appel</td> <td>appel</td> <td>apful </td></tr> <tr> <td>kamp</td> <td>kamp</td> <td>kampf </td></tr> <tr> <td>helpan</td> <td>helpan/helpfan</td> <td>helpfan/helfan </td></tr> <tr> <td>opan</td> <td>of(f)an</td> <td>of(f)an </td></tr> <tr> <td>up</td> <td>ûf</td> <td>ûf </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Additionally, some Middle Franconian dialects retain final /p/ in the preposition up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018136-21">[18]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>/k/ shifts</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>to /k͡x/ initially, in geminates, and after another consonant:<a href="#cite_note-29">[g]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon korn : Upper OHG chorn (English corn, modern German Korn)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon werk : Upper OHG werch (English work, modern German Werk)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon wekkian : OHG wecchan (English awake, modern German wecken</dd></dl></dd> <dd>to /xx/ after a vowel, simplifying to /x/ at the end of a word,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114-12">[11]</a> as well as often after a long vowel:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979128-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[h]</a> <dl><dd>Old Saxon brekan : OHG brehhan (English break, modern German brechen)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon juk : OHG joh (English yoke, modern German Joch)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>All dialects shift /k/ to /xx/ after a vowel; only the Upper German Alemannic and Bavarian shift it in other positions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123-28">[22]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Different outcomes of /k/, according to <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 123 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Saxon</th> <th>Central OHG</th> <th>Far southern OHG </th></tr> <tr> <td>kind</td> <td>kind</td> <td>chind </td></tr> <tr> <td>stark</td> <td>stark</td> <td>starch </td></tr> <tr> <td>makon</td> <td>mahhon</td> <td>mahhon </td></tr> <tr> <td>ik</td> <td>ih</td> <td>ih </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> /p t k/ remained unshifted in all dialects when following the fricative consonants /s/, /f/, and /x/ (examples: OHG spinnan Engl. 'spin', OHG stein Engl. 'stone, OHG naht Engl. 'night'). /t/ likewise remained unshifted in the combination /tr/ (examples: OHG tretan Engl. 'tread', OHG bittar Engl. 'bitter' [from West Germanic *bitra]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200487-31">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134-32">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifts_to_voiced_consonants">Shifts to voiced consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shifts to voiced consonants">edit</a>]</div> In the so-called Medienverschiebung, the voiced consonsants /d b g/ <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoice</a> to /t p k/.<a href="#cite_note-35">[i]</a> Like the shift to the voiceless stops, the shift to the voiced stops varies by dialect and to some degree by position in the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">[1]</a> In those Upper German dialects that shifted all three stops, there was likely no longer any distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134–135-36">[27]</a> <ul><li>/d/ > /t/:<a href="#cite_note-37">[j]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Old Saxon dor : OHG tor (English door, modern German Tor)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon biodan : OHG biotan (no English equivalent, modern German bieten)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon biddian : OHG bitten (English bid, modern German bitten)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>This shift is found in Upper German and most Central German, but in Rhine Franconian only in geminates and word finally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018125-38">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[k]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>/b/ > /p/:<a href="#cite_note-41">[l]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Old Saxon blōd : Upper OHG pluat (English blood, modern German Blut)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon sibbia : OHG sippa (English sib, modern German Sippe)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>This change is found most consistently in Bavarian, where it takes place in all positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488-42">[30]</a> In Alemannic, it is consistently found word finally and word initially, but b often occurs word-internally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018125-38">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488-42">[30]</a> /bb/ shifts to /pp/ in all dialects except in (Central German) Ripuarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120-34">[26]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>/g/ > /k/:<a href="#cite_note-43">[m]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Old Saxon geban : Upper OHG keban/kepan (English give, modern German geben)</dd> <dd>Old Saxon hruggi : OHG rucki (English ridge, modern German Rücken)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The change is found in Bavarian and Alemannic, most consistently word-initially, and in Bavarian also word-internally and finally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488-42">[30]</a> /gg/ shifts to /kk/ in all dialects except in (Central German) Ripuarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120-34">[26]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> The effects of the Medienverschiebung are most visible in the shift of /d/ to /t/; this is the change with the widest spread and the only one that was not partially reversed in the Old High German period.<a href="#cite_note-45">[n]</a> On the other hand, while early Bavarian and Alemannic both show a shift of /g b/ to /k p/, by the 9th century in Alemannic reverts to writing /g/ and /b/ except for the geminated stops (/kk/ and /pp/ rather than /gg/ and /bb/), and in the 10th century, Bavarian also begins to write /g/ and /b/ more often.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134-32">[24]</a> By the Middle High German period, Bavarian only consistently writes /p/ for single /b/ in word-initial position - the state preserved in modern southern Bavarian dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.199388-46">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[o]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_changes">Table of changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Table of changes">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of consonant changes resulting from the High German consonant shift, according to <a href="#CITEREFPolenz2020">Polenz (2020)</a>, pp. 44–45 and <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle (1996)</a>, pp. 129–131 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of stop</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Proto-Germanic/Pre-Old High German Phoneme</th> <th>Old High German Phoneme</th> <th>Old High German word</th> <th>modern standard German equivalent</th> <th>Old Saxon equivalent</th> <th>modern English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="18">Voiceless</td> <td rowspan="9">After vowels</td> <td rowspan="3">/t/</td> <td rowspan="3">/ʒ(ʒ)/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes1-49">[note 1]</a></td> <td>eʒʒan</td> <td>essen</td> <td>etan</td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr> <td>bîʒan</td> <td>beißen</td> <td>bîtan</td> <td>bite </td></tr> <tr> <td>waʒ</td> <td>was</td> <td>wat</td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/p/</td> <td rowspan="3">/f(f)/</td> <td>offan</td> <td>offen</td> <td>opan</td> <td>open </td></tr> <tr> <td>grîfan</td> <td>greifen</td> <td>grîpan</td> <td>gripe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ûf</td> <td>auf</td> <td>ûp</td> <td>up </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/k/</td> <td rowspan="3">/χ(χ)/</td> <td>mahhôn</td> <td>machen</td> <td>makôn</td> <td>make </td></tr> <tr> <td>brehhan</td> <td>brechen</td> <td>brekan</td> <td>break </td></tr> <tr> <td>ih</td> <td>ich</td> <td>ik</td> <td>I (Old English ic) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Initially, after consonants, and geminated</td> <td rowspan="2">/t/</td> <td rowspan="3">/ts/</td> <td>zunga</td> <td>Zunge</td> <td>tunga</td> <td>tongue </td></tr> <tr> <td>herza</td> <td>Herz</td> <td>herta</td> <td>heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tt/</td> <td>sezzen</td> <td>setzen</td> <td>settian</td> <td>set </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/p/</td> <td rowspan="3">/pf/</td> <td>phad</td> <td>Pfad</td> <td>pad</td> <td>path </td></tr> <tr> <td>helphan</td> <td>helfen</td> <td>helpan</td> <td>help </td></tr> <tr> <td>/pp/</td> <td>aphul</td> <td>Apfel</td> <td>appul</td> <td>apple </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/k/</td> <td rowspan="3">/kχ/</td> <td>Upper German chorn</td> <td>Korn</td> <td>korn</td> <td>corn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper German werch</td> <td>Werk</td> <td>werk</td> <td>work </td></tr> <tr> <td>/kk/</td> <td>Upper German wec(c)hen</td> <td>wecken</td> <td>wekkian</td> <td>Old English weccen </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">Voiced</td> <td rowspan="13">All positions</td> <td rowspan="4">/d/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td rowspan="4">/t/</td> <td>tohter</td> <td>Tochter</td> <td>dohtar</td> <td>daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td>wetar</td> <td>Wetter</td> <td>wedar</td> <td>weather </td></tr> <tr> <td>bintan</td> <td>binden</td> <td>bindan</td> <td>bind </td></tr> <tr> <td>alt</td> <td>alt</td> <td>ald</td> <td>old </td></tr> <tr> <td>/dd/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td>/tt/</td> <td>bitten</td> <td>bitten</td> <td>biddian</td> <td>bid </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/b/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td rowspan="3">/p/</td> <td>Upper German peran</td> <td>(ge)bären</td> <td>beran</td> <td>bear </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper German sipun</td> <td>sieben</td> <td>sibun</td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper German lîp</td> <td>Leib</td> <td>lîf</td> <td>life </td></tr> <tr> <td>/bb/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td>/pp/</td> <td>sippa</td> <td>Sippe</td> <td>sibbia</td> <td>Old English sib </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/g/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td rowspan="3">/k/</td> <td>Upper German kast</td> <td>Gast</td> <td>gast</td> <td>guest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper German stîkan</td> <td>steigen</td> <td>stîgan</td> <td>Old English stîgan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper German tac</td> <td>Tag</td> <td>dag</td> <td>day </td></tr> <tr> <td>/gg/<a href="#cite_note-TableNotes2-50">[note 2]</a></td> <td>/kk/</td> <td>rucki</td> <td>Rücken</td> <td>hruggi</td> <td>ridge </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TableNotes1-49"><a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes1_49-0">^</a> The precise value of this sound is unknown, but it was distinct from the sound written <s> (<a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, pp. 167–168). Although often written as <ʒ> in modern grammars and textbooks, in original Old High German and Middle High German texts, it was usually written <z> and thus not distinguished from the affricate /ts/ (<a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 15)(<a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, p. 31). </li> <li id="cite_note-TableNotes2-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableNotes2_50-5">f</a> The pre-Old High German phonemes /d/, /b/, /g/ are the results of an earlier shift of West Germanic /ð/ /β/ and /ɣ/ in all positions (<a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, p. 134). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> There is no agreement about the time period in which the High German consonantal shift took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200482-53">[34]</a> Its completion is usually dated to just before the earliest attestations of Old High German (8th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123-28">[22]</a> The change affects geminate consonants in a different manner than simple consonants, indicating that <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a> predated it; the gemination is usually dated to the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200435-54">[35]</a> Additionally, Latin loanwords adopted into the language prior to the 6th century display the shift, whereas those adopted from the 8th century onward do not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200482-53">[34]</a> The relative chronology of the different changes remains poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124-55">[36]</a> It is usually argued to have begun with /t/, then moved to /p/, then to /k/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200435-54">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_fan" title="Rhenish fan">Rhenish fan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinischer_faecher.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rheinischer_faecher.png/250px-Rheinischer_faecher.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rheinischer_faecher.png/375px-Rheinischer_faecher.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rheinischer_faecher.png/500px-Rheinischer_faecher.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The Rhenish fan: 1 North <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">South Low Franconian</a>, 3 Ripuarian Franconian, 4 & 5 Moselle Franconian, 6 Rhine Franconian</figcaption></figure> Although the boundaries of the dialects have shifted since the Old High German period, the degree to which dialects underwent the High German consonant shift continues to form the basis for differentiating the different modern <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a>, and, in particular, for the division between <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects, which have fewer shifted consonants, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects, which have more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolenz202046-48-56">[37]</a> The gradually increasing application of the shift from north to south is most extensive in the west. Here, the isoglosses defined by the occurrence of individual shifts are spread out in a fan-like manner, forming the Rheinischer Fächer ('<a href="/wiki/Rhenish_fan" title="Rhenish fan">Rhenish fan</a>').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolenz202047–48-57">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103-58">[39]</a> The northern border for the occurrence of the shift of /t/ to /(t)s/ in all positions (except in absolute final position in pronouns like dat, wat and the neuter ending -t) and the shift of /p/ and /k/ to /f/ and /x/ in intervocalic and root-final position is the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a> that separates the High German dialects to the south from the Low Saxon and Low Franconian dialects to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103-58">[39]</a> Further north, the consonant shift is only found with the adverb auch 'also' and a handful of pronouns that have final /k/ shifted to /x/ (ich 'I', dich 'thee', mich 'me') in the <a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">South Low Franconian</a> dialect area, with the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen line</a> as its northern border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014104-59">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[p]</a> The shift of /p/ to /f/ after consonants (e.g. helpan > helfen 'help') sets off <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> dialects from <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> dialects with the latter having retained unshifted /p/. The shift of /t/ to /s/ in wat, dat > was, das etc. characterizes Rhine Franconian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103-58">[39]</a> The shift of root-initial and historically geminated /p/ to /pf/ (Pund > Pfund 'pound', Appel > Apfel 'apple') marks the transition from the West Central German to the Upper German dialects. East Central German is separated from West Central German through having shifted initial p (the "Pund-Fund" line); only far southern East Central German dialects retain initial /pf-/, whereas other East Central German dialects have simplified it to initial /f-/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver201499–100-62">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse19984-63">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.1993129-64">[44]</a> The shift of root-initial and historically geminated /k/ to /kx/ (and further to /x/, as in Kind > Chind) occurs in the southern part of the Upper German dialect area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver201499–100-62">[42]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Scope of the High German consonant shift in the major continental West Germanic dialect groups (<a href="#CITEREFSchrijver2014">Schrijver 2014</a>, pp. 97–104) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-C(-) /t/ > /s/ </th> <th>#C- /t/ > /ts/ </th> <th>-CC- /tt/ > /ts/ </th> <th>-[l/r]C- /tt/ > /ts/ </th> <th>-C#<a href="#cite_note-65">[i]</a> /t/ > /s/ </th> <th> </th> <th>-C(-) /p/ > /f/ </th> <th>#C- /p/ > /pf/ </th> <th>-CC- /pp/ > /pf/ </th> <th>-[l/r]C- /p/ > /pf/<a href="#cite_note-66">[ii]</a> </th> <th>-C#<a href="#cite_note-67">[iii]</a> /p/ > /f/ </th> <th> </th> <th>-C(-) /k/ > /x/ </th> <th>#C- /k/ > /kx/ </th> <th>-CC- /kk/ > /kx/ </th> <th>-[l/r]C- /k/ > /kx/ </th> <th>-C#<a href="#cite_note-68">[iv]</a> /k/ > /x/ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Low Saxon / North Low Franconian </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Low Franconian </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ripuarian </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Moselle Franconian </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N/<img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<a href="#cite_note-69">[v]</a> </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rhine Franconian </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>East Central German </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<a href="#cite_note-70">[vi]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N<a href="#cite_note-71">[vii]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Upper German </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <th> </th> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N/<img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<a href="#cite_note-72">[viii]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N/<img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<a href="#cite_note-73">[ix]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N/<img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<a href="#cite_note-74">[x]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/40px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="18"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Only in *wat, *dat etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> In most dialects /f/ </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Only in *u(ː)p </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Only in *ik, *dik, *mik, *auk </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Only in the southeastern half of the Moselle Franconian area </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> /pf/ only in the south, northern and central dialects have /f/ </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> A small transitional area in Thuringia has shifted /pf/ </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Only in the southern part, in Swiss varieties mostly /x/ </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Only in the southern part </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Only in the southern part </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_theory" title="Glottalic theory">Glottalic theory</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_gorgia" title="Tuscan gorgia">Tuscan gorgia</a>, a similar evolution differentiating the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialects</a> from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">Standard Italian</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The shift of voiceless to voiced stops is reversed in many Upper and Central German dialects by a process of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>, beginning around 1300 in parts of Bavarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018204,_261–262-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The examples are from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The simplification of /lpf/ and /rpf/ to /lf/ and /rf/ began in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998118-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The examples are from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The examples are from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Prior to this shift, the West Germanic fricatives /ð ƀ ʒ/ had shifted to /d b g/ in all positions except in the Central German Middle Franconian dialect, where /ƀ/ and /ʒ/ remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134,_136-33">[25]</a> In many other German dialects, /g/ and /b/ <a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">spirantize</a> word internally; however, this appears to be later development, as shown by their partaking in <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">final devoicing</a> as stop consonants rather than fricatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120-34">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> In Middle High German, the series /nt/ mostly changes to /nd/, as found in modern standard German: <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: binden vs. <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: bintan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018201-39">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Examples from <a href="#CITEREFSchweikle1996">Schweikle 1996</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The lack of a return of shifted /t/ (=earlier /d/) to /d/ in those dialects that underwent the shift is likely related to the subsequent shift of /þ/ (=/θ) to /d/ throughout the West Germanic area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432–33-44">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> In modern dialects, the shift is further disguised in northern Bavarian and Alemannic dialects by inner-German lenition, a shift of /t/, /p/, and /k/ to /d/, /b/, and /g/ that takes place after 1350.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018261–262-47">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> A special case is observed with the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Wermelskirchen" title="Wermelskirchen">Wermelskirchen</a> spoken right where the Benrath and Uerdingen lines meet. Here, next to the South Low Franconian shift of absolute final /k/ to /x/ in ich etc, intervocalic and root-final /p/, /t/ and /k/ only undergo a shift when preceded by a historically short high or mid vowel (e.g. etan > esən 'eat'); after long vowels, diphthongs and the low vowels /a/ and /aː/, and also in all other positions, they remain unshifted (e.g. laːtan > lɔːtən 'let').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014104-59">[40]</a> This phonologically conditioned distribution of shifted and unshifted voiceless stops is highly regular and not the result of <a href="/wiki/Lexical_diffusion" title="Lexical diffusion">lexical diffusion</a>; it even occurs in the conjugation paradigms of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong verbs</a>, e.g. riːtən 'tear' vs. jəresən 'torn'; jriːpən 'seize' vs. jəjrefən 'seized'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2005266–268-60">[41]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKönig199463-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKönig199463_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKönig199463_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKönig199463_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKönig199463_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKönig199463_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKönig1994">König 1994</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickl2023-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickl2023_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickl2023_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickl2023">Pickl 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018118-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018118_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöder2015-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöder2015_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöder2015_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöder2015">Höder 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–120-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–120_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124–125-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124–125_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018204,_261–262-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018204,_261–262_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, pp. 204, 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoungGloning2004">Young & Gloning 2004</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979124–126-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979124–126_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSonderegger1979">Sonderegger 1979</a>, pp. 124–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200434-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200434_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoungGloning2004">Young & Gloning 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998114_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200484-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200484_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–121-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018119–121_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, pp. 119–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIversonSalmons200650-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIversonSalmons200650_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIversonSalmons2006">Iverson & Salmons 2006</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979128-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979128_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonderegger1979128_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSonderegger1979">Sonderegger 1979</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018122-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018122_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200485-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200485_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018136-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018136_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018136_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998162–163-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998162–163_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998118-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998118_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein2004126-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein2004126_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018123_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200487-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200487_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134,_136-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134,_136_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, pp. 134, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse1998120_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134–135-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018134–135_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018125-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018125_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018125_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018201-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018201_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200488_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432–33-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200432–33_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoungGloning2004">Young & Gloning 2004</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.199388-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.199388_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbert_et_al.1993">Ebert et al. 1993</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018261–262-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018261–262_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, pp. 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200482-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200482_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauneReiffenstein200482_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004">Braune & Reiffenstein 2004</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200435-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200435_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungGloning200435_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoungGloning2004">Young & Gloning 2004</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2018124_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmons2018">Salmons 2018</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolenz202046-48-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolenz202046-48_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolenz2020">Polenz 2020</a>, p. 46-48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolenz202047–48-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolenz202047–48_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolenz2020">Polenz 2020</a>, p. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014101–103_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrijver2014">Schrijver 2014</a>, pp. 101–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014104-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014104_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver2014104_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrijver2014">Schrijver 2014</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2005266–268-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2005266–268_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2005">Davis 2005</a>, pp. 266–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrijver201499–100-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver201499–100_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrijver201499–100_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrijver2014">Schrijver 2014</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse19984-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaulWiehlGrosse19984_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaulWiehlGrosse1998">Paul, Wiehl & Grosse 1998</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.1993129-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbert_et_al.1993129_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbert_et_al.1993">Ebert et al. 1993</a>, p. 129. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrauneReiffenstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Braune, Wilhelm; Reiffenstein, Ingo (2004). 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Irish Middle English <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weser <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li>Southern</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul><li>Old West Norse</li> <li>Old East Norse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#Gothic_language" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a></li> <li>Visigoth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids#Language" title="Gepids">Gepid</a> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli#Language" title="Heruli">Herulian</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri#Language" title="Sciri">Skirian</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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