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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Saint-Lys)_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/200px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/300px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/400px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6832" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cannons" title="History of cannons">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Artillery in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the US Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery in the US Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannon_operation" title="Cannon operation">Operation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">Breech-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannon_projectiles" title="List of cannon projectiles">List of cannon projectiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cannon" title="English cannon">English cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Japanese cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Filipino cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Majapahit cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal cannon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">Demi-cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">Demi-culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_cannon" title="Double-barreled cannon">Double-barreled cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-mortar">Gun-mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_mortar" title="Hand mortar">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_railgun" title="Helical railgun">Helical railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">Infantry support gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">Large-calibre artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">Minion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">Recoilless rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifled gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege cannon">Siege cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannons" title="Template:Cannons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannons" title="Template talk:Cannons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></b> encompasses the period of roughly 1571–1862: when large, sail-powered wooden naval warships dominated the high seas, mounting a large variety of types and sizes of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> as their main armament. By modern standards, these cannon were extremely inefficient, difficult to load, and short ranged. These characteristics, along with the handling and seamanship of the ships that mounted them, defined the environment in which the <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Sail">naval tactics in the Age of Sail</a> developed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firing">Firing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_(Willem_van_de_Velde_II,_1707).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg/220px-Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg/330px-Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg/440px-Het_Kanonschot_-_Canon_fired_%28Willem_van_de_Velde_II%2C_1707%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption><i>The cannon shot</i> (c. 1680), painted by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cannon_diagram.svg/220px-Cannon_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cannon_diagram.svg/330px-Cannon_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cannon_diagram.svg/440px-Cannon_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Essential parts of a cannon:<br />1. the <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> or cannonball (shot)<br />2. <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a><br />3. touch hole (or vent) in which the <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a> or other ignition device is inserted</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/220px-Tir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/330px-Tir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/440px-Tir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Firing of an 18-pounder aboard a French ship</figcaption></figure> <p>Firing a naval cannon required a great amount of labour and manpower. The propellant was gunpowder, whose bulk had to be kept in the magazine, a special storage area below deck for safety. <i>Powder boys</i>, typically 10–14 years old, were enlisted to run powder from the magazine up to the gun decks of a vessel as required. </p><p>A typical firing procedure follows. A wet swab was used to mop out the interior of the barrel, extinguishing any embers from a previous firing which might set off the next charge of gunpowder prematurely. Gunpowder was placed in the barrel, either loose or in a cloth or parchment cartridge pierced by a metal 'pricker' through the touch hole, and followed by a cloth wad (typically made from canvas and old rope), then rammed home with a rammer. Next the shot was rammed in, followed by another wad to prevent the cannonball from rolling out of the barrel if the muzzle was depressed. The gun in its carriage was then 'run out'; men heaved on the gun tackles until the front of the gun carriage was hard up against the ship's bulwark, the barrel protruding out of the gun port. This took the majority of the gun crew manpower, as the weight of a large cannon in its carriage could total over two tons, and the ship would probably be rolling. </p><p>The touch hole in the rear (breech) of the cannon was primed with finer gunpowder (priming powder) or from a quill (from a porcupine or the skin-end of a feather) pre-filled with priming powder, then ignited. </p><p>The earlier method of firing a cannon was to apply a <a href="/wiki/Linstock" title="Linstock">linstock</a>—a wooden staff holding a length of smoldering match at the end—to the touch-hole of the gun. This was dangerous and made accurate shooting difficult from a moving ship, as the gun had to be fired from the side to avoid its recoil, and there was a noticeable delay between the application of the linstock and the gun firing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, the British began using <i>gunlocks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flintlock_mechanism" title="Flintlock mechanism">flintlock mechanisms</a> fitted to cannon). </p><p>The gunlock, by contrast, was operated by pulling a cord or <a href="/wiki/Lanyard" title="Lanyard">lanyard</a>. The gun-captain could stand behind the gun, safely beyond its range of recoil, and sight along the barrel, firing when the roll of the ship lined the gun up with the enemy, and so reduce the chance of the shot hitting the sea or flying high over the enemy's deck.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their advantages, gunlocks spread gradually as they could not be retrofitted to older guns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British adopted them faster than the French, who had still not generally adopted them by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> (1805),<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing them at a disadvantage, as the new technology was in general use by the Royal Navy at this time. After the introduction of gunlocks, linstocks were retained, but only as a backup means of firing. </p><p>The linstock slow match or the spark from the flintlock ignited the priming powder, which in turn set off the main charge, which propelled the shot out of the barrel. When the gun discharged, the recoil sent it backwards until it was stopped by the breech rope, a sturdy rope made fast to ring bolts let into the bulwarks, with a turn taken about the gun's cascabel (the knob at the end of the gun barrel). </p><p>A typical broadside of a Royal Navy ship of the late 18th century could be fired 2–3 times in approximately 5 minutes, depending on the training of the crew, a well trained one being essential to the simple yet detailed process of preparing to fire. The British Admiralty did not see fit to provide additional powder to captains to train their crews, generally only allowing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the powder loaded onto the ship to be fired in the first six months of a typical voyage,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> barring hostile action. Instead of live fire practice, many captains exercised their crews by "running" the guns in and out, performing all the steps associated with firing but without the actual discharge. Some wealthy captains, those who had made money <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">capturing prizes</a> or who came from wealthy families, were known to purchase powder with their own funds to enable their crews to fire real discharges at real targets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artillery_types">Artillery types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Artillery types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/220px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/330px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/440px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/36-pounder_long_gun" title="36-pounder long gun">36-pounder long gun</a> at the ready. The pointing system and accessories can be seen clearly</figcaption></figure> <p>A complete and accurate listing of the types of naval guns requires analysis both by nation and by time period. The types used by different nations at the same time often were very different, even if they were labelled similarly. The types used by a given nation would shift greatly over time, as technology, tactics, and current weapon fashions changed. </p><p>Some types include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">Demi-cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">Demi-culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans gun</a></li></ul> <p>In 1712, Colonel Albert Borgard was appointed to the head of the British Royal Ordnance, and introduced a new method of classification by which guns were defined by their <b>pound</b> rating — theoretically, the weight of a single solid iron shot fired by that bore of cannon. The standard sizes were: </p> <ul><li>42-pounders (7 in (180 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/36-pounder_long_gun" title="36-pounder long gun">36-pounders</a> (6.7 in (170 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-pounder_long_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="32-pounder long gun">32-pounders</a> (6.4 in (160 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-pounder_long_gun" title="24-pounder long gun">24-pounders</a> (5.5 in (140 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-pounder_long_gun" title="18-pounder long gun">18-pounders</a> (5 in (130 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-pounder_long_gun" title="12-pounder long gun">12-pounders</a> (4.7 in (120 mm)),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-pounder_long_gun" title="8-pounder long gun">8-pounders</a> (4 in (100 mm)),</li> <li>6-pounders (3.5 in (89 mm)),</li></ul> <p>and various smaller calibres. </p><p>French ships used similarly standardized caliber guns of <a href="/wiki/36-pounder_long_gun" title="36-pounder long gun">36-pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/24-pounder_long_gun" title="24-pounder long gun">24-pounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/18-pounder_long_gun" title="18-pounder long gun">18-pounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/12-pounder_long_gun" title="12-pounder long gun">12-pounders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8-pounder_long_gun" title="8-pounder long gun">8-pounders</a>, augmented by carronades and smaller pieces. The word <i>pound</i> in this context refers to the French pre-metric unit of weight - the <i>livre</i>, which was 7.916 percent more than the English/British equivalent; thus, as an example, the French "36-pounder" actually equated in British terms to 38lb 13.6oz. A similar qualification must be placed on references to size of guns (i.e. weight of projectile) for every other nation, since each country had its own system of weights and measures. The Spanish "pound", or <i>libra</i>, as another example, equated to 0.4608 kg (1.016 lb) (the British pound equals 0.4536 kg (1.000 lb)); and thus the Spanish 36-libra projectile actually weighed 36lb 9.143oz in British measurements. </p><p>In general, larger ships carried more guns and the guns they carried were of a larger calibre. </p><p>The muzzle-loading design and weight of the iron placed design constraints on the length and size of naval guns. Muzzle-loading required the cannon to be positioned within the hull of the ship for loading. The hull width, guns lining both sides, and hatchways in the centre of the deck also limited the room available. Weight is always a great concern in ship design as it affects speed, stability, and buoyancy. The desire for longer guns for greater range and accuracy, and greater weight of shot for more destructive power, led to some interesting gun designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_nine">Long nine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Long nine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One unique naval gun was the <b>long nine</b>. It was a proportionately longer-barrelled 9-pounder (4.2 in (110 mm)). It was typically mounted as a bow or stern chaser where it was not perpendicular to the keel, and this also allowed room to operate this longer weapon. In a chase situation, the gun's greater range came into play. However, the desire to reduce weight in the ends of the ship and the relative fragility of the bow and stern portions of the hull limited this role to a 9-pounder, rather than one which used a 12- or 24-pound shot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carronade">Carronade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carronade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png/220px-HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png/330px-HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png/440px-HMS_Victory_68lb_Carronade.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>68-pounder British naval <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</a> mounted on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>carronade</b> was another compromise design. It fired an extremely heavy shot but, to keep down the weight of the gun, it had a very short barrel, giving it shorter range and lesser accuracy. However, at the short range of many naval engagements, these "smashers" were very effective. Their lighter weight and smaller crew requirement allowed them to be used on smaller ships than would otherwise be needed to fire such heavy projectiles. It was used from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paixhans_gun">Paixhans gun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paixhans gun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans gun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaixhansCanonImage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PaixhansCanonImage.jpg/220px-PaixhansCanonImage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PaixhansCanonImage.jpg/330px-PaixhansCanonImage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PaixhansCanonImage.jpg/440px-PaixhansCanonImage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans gun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans gun</a> (French: <i>Canon Paixhans</i>) was the first naval gun using explosive shells. It was developed by French general <a href="/wiki/Henri-Joseph_Paixhans" title="Henri-Joseph Paixhans">Henri-Joseph Paixhans</a> in 1822–1823 by combining the flat trajectory of a gun with an explosive shell that could rip apart and set on fire the bulkheads of enemy warships. The Paixhans gun ultimately doomed the wooden sailship, and forced the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Battle of Sinop</a> in 1853. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shot">Shot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to varying shot weights and projectiles, different types of shot were employed for various situations: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></dt> <dd>Solid spherical cast-iron shot, the standard fare in naval battles.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">Canister shot</a></dt> <dd>Cans filled with dozens of musket balls. The cans broke open on firing to turn the gun into a giant shotgun for use against enemy personnel.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">Grapeshot</a></dt> <dd>Canvas-wrapped stacks of smaller round shot which fitted in the barrel, typically three or more layers of three. Some grape shot was made with thin metal or wood disks between the layers, held together by a central bolt. The packages broke open when fired and the balls scattered with deadly effect. Grape was often used against the enemy quarterdeck to kill or injure the officers, or against enemy boarding parties.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Chain-shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain-shot">Chain-shot</a></dt> <dd>Two iron balls joined together with a chain. This type of shot was particularly effective against <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a>, boarding netting, and sails, since the balls and chain would whirl like <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a> when fired.</dd> <dt>Bar shot</dt> <dd>Two balls or hemispheres joined by a solid bar. Their effect was similar to chain shot.</dd> <dt>Expanding bar shot</dt> <dd>Bar shot connected by a telescoping bar which extended upon firing.</dd> <dt>Link shot</dt> <dd>A series of long chain links which unfolded and extended upon firing.</dd> <dt>Langridge</dt> <dd>Bags of any junk (scrap metal, bolts, rocks, gravel, old musket balls, etc.) fired to injure enemy crews.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">Fire arrows</a></dt> <dd>A thick dartlike incendiary projectile with a barbed point, wrapped with pitch-soaked canvas which took fire when the gun was fired. The point stuck in sails, hulls, or spars and set fire to the enemy ship.</dd> <dt>Heated shot</dt> <dd>Shore forts sometimes heated iron shot red-hot in a special furnace before loading it (with water-soaked wads to prevent it from setting off the powder charge prematurely). The hot shot lodging in a ship's dry timbers would set the ship afire. Because of the danger of fire aboard, heated shot were seldom used aboard ships.</dd> <dt>Molten iron shell</dt> <dd>A variation on heated shot, where molten metal from a furnace is poured into a hollowed out shell and then allowed to cool briefly to seal the molten metal in before firing. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i> (1860)</a> was outfitted to fire molten shells.</dd> <dt>Double shot</dt> <dd>Two round shot or other projectiles loaded in one gun and fired at the same time. Double-shotting lowered the effective range and accuracy of the gun, but could be devastating within <b>pistol shot</b> range; that is, when ships drew close enough for a pistol shot to reach between the two ships. To avoid bursting the gun, reduced powder charges were used. Guns sometimes were double-shotted with canister or grape on top of ball, or even triple-shotted with very small powder charges which still were enough to cause horrible wounds at close range.</dd> <dt>Exploding shell</dt> <dd>Ammunition that worked like a grenade, exploding and sending shrapnel everywhere, either by a burning fuse which was cut to a calculated length depending on the range, or (after 1861) on contact with the target. Shells were often used in mortars, and specialized and reinforced "<a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">bomb vessels</a>" (often <a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">ketch</a>-rigged so that there was less rigging to obstruct the high-angle mortar shell) were adapted to fire huge mortars for shore bombardment. The "bombs bursting in air" over <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">American national anthem</a> were this type of projectile.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Sail">Naval tactics in the Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannon_projectiles" title="List of cannon projectiles">List of cannon projectiles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rodger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Rodger">Rodger, Nicholas</a> (2004). <i>The Command of the Ocean:A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815</i>. Penguin Books. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028896-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028896-1"><bdi>0-14-028896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3AA+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649-1815&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-028896-1&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+artillery+in+the+Age+of+Sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Howard, Frank, "Early Ship Guns. Part I: Built-up Breech-loaders", <i>Mariner's Mirror</i> 72 (1986), pp. 439–53.</li> <li>Howard, Frank, "Early Ship Guns. Part II: Swivels", <i>Mariner's Mirror</i> 73 (1987), pp. 49–55.</li> <li>Rodger, Nicholas A. M., "The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450-1650." <i>Mariner's Mirror</i> 82, No. 3 (1996), pp. 301–24.</li> <li>Rodger, Nicholas, "Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century Naval Tactics." <i>Mariner's Mirror</i> 89, No. 3 (2003), pp. 281–96.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&oldid=1255551164">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail&oldid=1255551164</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_artillery" title="Category:Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Modern_weapons" title="Category:Early Modern weapons">Early Modern weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_warfare_tactics" title="Category:Naval warfare tactics">Naval warfare tactics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_conflicts" title="Category:19th-century conflicts">19th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_warfare_of_the_Early_Modern_period" title="Category:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period">Naval warfare of the Early Modern period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_late_modern_period" title="Category:Naval battles of the late modern period">Naval battles of the late modern period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Sail_naval_ships" title="Category:Age of Sail naval ships">Age of Sail naval ships</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Sail" title="Category:Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2008" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2008">Articles needing additional references from July 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 14:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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