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autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Licence publique générale GNU</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> licence de distribution de logiciels </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li 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open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GPL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="GPL">GPL</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>La <b>licence publique générale GNU</b>, ou <i><b>GNU General Public License </b></i>(son seul nom officiel en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a>, communément abrégé <i><b>GNU GPL,</b></i> voire simplement « GPL »), est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_(juridique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence (juridique)">licence</a> qui fixe les conditions légales de distribution d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logiciel_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logiciel libre">logiciel libre</a> du projet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU">GNU</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Stallman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, président et fondateur de la <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></span> en est l'auteur. Sa dernière version est la « GNU GPL <span class="nowrap">version 3</span> », publiée le <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="2007-06-29" data-sort-value="2007-06-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 juin">29</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juin_2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juin 2007">juin</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007_en_informatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007 en informatique">2007</a></time> avec le concours juridique d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eben_Moglen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a>.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style=""> <div> Licence publique générale GNU </div> </div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:GPLv3_Logo.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/langfr-220px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/langfr-330px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPLv3_Logo.svg/langfr-440px-GPLv3_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="358"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> Logo de la licence publique générale GNU, version 3. </div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style=""> Données clés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Dernière version</th> <td><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">3</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Approuvée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_Source_Definition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open Source Definition">OSI</a></th> <td>Oui (versions 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et 3.0<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Compatible <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compatibilit%C3%A9">GPL</a></th> <td>Oui</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Identifiant(s) <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPDX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SPDX">SPDX</a></th> <td>GPL-3.0-or-later<br> GPL-3.0-only<br> GPL-2.0-or-later<br> GPL-2.0-only<br> GPL-1.0-or-later<br> GPL-1.0-only</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style=""><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLicence_publique_g%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9rale_GNU%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Licence_de_logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>Cette licence a depuis été adoptée, en tant que document définissant le mode d'utilisation, donc d'usage et de diffusion, par de nombreux auteurs de logiciels libres, en dehors des projets <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU">GNU</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principe_de_la_licence_GPL"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Principe de la licence GPL</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notion_de_copyleft"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notion de copyleft</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#GPL"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">GPL</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#LGPL_et_GFDL"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">LGPL et GFDL</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Esprit_et_objectif"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Esprit et objectif</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Termes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Termes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Droits_garantis"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Droits garantis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Copyleft"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Copyleft</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Licence"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Licence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Facturation_/_%C2%AB_gratuit%C3%A9_%C2%BB_de_source"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Facturation / « gratuité » de source</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clause_%C2%AB_la_libert%C3%A9_ou_la_mort_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Clause « la liberté ou la mort »</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compatibilit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Compatibilité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Copyrights_d%C3%A9tenus"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Copyrights détenus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Valeur_juridique"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Valeur juridique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Identifiants_SPDX"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Identifiants SPDX</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autres_licences_GNU"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Autres licences GNU</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Texte_de_la_licence"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Texte de la licence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aspects_juridiques"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Aspects juridiques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autour_de_la_licence"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autour de la licence</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Principe_de_la_licence_GPL">Principe de la licence GPL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principe de la licence GPL" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notion_de_copyleft">Notion de copyleft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notion de copyleft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La GPL met en œuvre la notion de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyleft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a></i>, un jeu de mots anglais faisant référence à la notion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright">copyright</a> (<i>right</i> en anglais signifie à la fois le droit, c'est-à-dire la règle juridique, et la droite, qui marque une direction) que l'on peut transposer en français en parlant de « gauche d'auteur » ou plutôt de « copiage laissé » par opposition au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit d'auteur">droit d'auteur</a>. Pour autant le copyleft n'est pas l'antithèse du copyright, au contraire, puisque le premier s'appuie sur le second. Ainsi le copyleft comme le copyright définissent et encadrent les droits des utilisateurs de façon contraignante. Le mécanisme est identique, mais les objectifs diffèrent : le copyright garantit exclusivement les droits de l'auteur, le copyleft s'attarde tout particulièrement aux droits des utilisateurs, et vise à préserver la liberté d'utiliser, d'étudier, de modifier et de diffuser le logiciel et ses versions dérivées.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="GPL">GPL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : GPL" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">La GPL est la licence de logiciel libre la plus utilisée. En avril 2004, 74,6 % des 23 479 projets libres listés sur le site <i>Freshmeat</i> — devenu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freecode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freecode">Freecode</a>, en octobre 2011 — et 68,5 % des 52 183 projets libres listés sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SourceForge.net?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SourceForge.net">SourceForge.net</a> étaient publiés sous licence GPL.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf. nécessaire]</a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="LGPL_et_GFDL">LGPL et GFDL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : LGPL et GFDL" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La GNU GPL a une licence sœur, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_limit%C3%A9e_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence publique générale limitée GNU">LGPL</a> (<i>GNU <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lesser General Public License</span></i> et plus anciennement <i>GNU <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Library General Public License</span></i>), une version modifiée pour être moins contraignante quant à son utilisation dans un contexte de cohabitation avec des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logiciel_propri%C3%A9taire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logiciel propriétaire">logiciels propriétaires</a>. Elle a une autre licence sœur, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_de_documentation_libre_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence de documentation libre GNU">GFDL</a> (<i>GNU Free Documentation License</i>) qui, elle, est applicable aux manuels, livres ou autres documents écrits. Cette dernière présente toutefois des inconvénients, mis en avant par le projet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Debian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Debian">Debian</a> ; on peut choisir à sa place la GPL, qui est tout à fait applicable à un livre, article de carnet Web ou autre création.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Esprit_et_objectif">Esprit et objectif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Esprit et objectif" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>L'objectif de la licence GNU GPL, selon ses créateurs est de garantir à l'utilisateur les droits suivants (appelés <i>libertés</i>) sur un programme informatique<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li>Liberté 0. La liberté d'exécuter le logiciel, pour n'importe quel usage ;</li> <li>Liberté 1. La liberté d'étudier le fonctionnement d'un programme et de l'adapter à ses besoins, ce qui passe par l'accès aux codes sources ;</li> <li>Liberté 2. La liberté de redistribuer des copies ;</li> <li>Liberté 3. La liberté de faire bénéficier la communauté des versions modifiées.</li> </ul> <p>Pour la première liberté, cela exclut donc toutes limitations d'utilisation d'un programme par rapport à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_(informatique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture (informatique)">architecture</a> (notamment le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Processeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Processeur">processeur</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système d'exploitation">système d'exploitation</a>) ou à l'utilisation qui va en être faite.</p> <p>La quatrième liberté passe par un choix : la deuxième autorisant de modifier un programme, il n'est pas tenu de publier une version modifiée tant qu'elle est pour un usage personnel ; en revanche, en cas de distribution d'une version modifiée, la quatrième liberté amène l'obligation à ce que les modifications soient retournées à la communauté sous la même licence.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Rms-gplv3.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rms-gplv3.png/220px-Rms-gplv3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rms-gplv3.png/220px-Rms-gplv3.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rms-gplv3.png/330px-Rms-gplv3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rms-gplv3.png/440px-Rms-gplv3.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Stallman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> en discussion au deuxième jour de la première conférence GPLv3 le 17 janvier 2006. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La GNU GPL (abrégé GPL) est écrite par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Stallman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> pour être utilisée sur les programmes du projet GNU. Elle est basée sur l'assemblage des licences utilisées par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU_Emacs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU_Debugger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> (GDB) et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC). Ces licences contiennent des clauses identiques, mais elles sont spécifiques à chaque programme. Le but de Stallman est de produire une licence unique qui pourra être utilisée pour chaque projet et qui permettra au plus grand nombre d'entre eux de partager leur code source. La GPL version 1 nait en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-02" data-sort-value="1989-02">février 1989</time><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1990, il devient évident qu'une licence moins restrictive serait utile pour quelques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_logicielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque logicielle">bibliothèques logicielles</a>. Ainsi, quand la version 2 de la GPL apparaît en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-06" data-sort-value="1991-06">juin 1991</time>, une nouvelle licence est créée, la <i>GNU Library General Public License</i> (abrégé GNU LGPL ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_limit%C3%A9e_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence publique générale limitée GNU">LGPL</a>) conservant la numérotation de <i>version 2</i> afin de marquer le lien de parenté. Les numéros de versions deviennent différents en 1999 à la sortie de la version 2.1 de LGPL. La LGPL change alors de nom afin de mieux refléter l'esprit GNU, et s'appelle désormais la <i>GNU Lesser General Public License</i> (toujours abrégée en GNU LGPL ou LGPL).</p> <p>En 2005, Richard Stallman commence l'écriture de la version 3. En 2006, la <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></span> consulte le public pendant 12 mois sur les possibles changements de la GPL version 3. Le processus est géré par la <i>Free Software Foundation</i>, la <i>Software Freedom Law Center</i> et la <i>Free Software Foundation Europe</i>. La troisième version de la GPL est publiée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-06-29" data-sort-value="2007-06-29">29 juin 2007</time><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le premier projet à utiliser la nouvelle version de la licence est le logiciel d'archivage <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tar_(informatique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tar (informatique)">tar</a>, version 1.18<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, publié par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> elle-même.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-20" data-sort-value="2007-11-20">20 novembre 2007</time>, 1 162 projets avaient migré vers la GPL version 3<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Termes">Termes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Termes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Droits_garantis">Droits garantis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Droits garantis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les termes de la GPL autorisent toute personne à recevoir une copie d'un travail sous GPL. Chaque personne qui adhère aux termes et aux conditions de la GPL a la permission de modifier le travail, de l'étudier et de redistribuer le travail ou un travail dérivé. Cette personne peut toucher de l'argent pour ce service ou bien ne rien toucher. Ce dernier point distingue la GPL des autres licences de logiciels qui interdisent la redistribution dans un but commercial. Stallman pense que le logiciel libre ne devrait pas placer de restriction sur l'utilisation commerciale, et la GPL indique explicitement qu'un travail sous GPL peut être (re)vendu. En cas de modification, le résultat doit être placé sous la même licence.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Copyleft">Copyleft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Copyleft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La GPL ne donne pas à l'utilisateur des droits de redistribution sans limite. Le droit de redistribuer est garanti seulement si l'utilisateur fournit le code source de la version modifiée. En outre, les copies distribuées, incluant les modifications, doivent être aussi sous les termes de la GPL.</p> <p>Cette condition est connue sous le nom de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyleft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a></i>, et il obtient son origine légale du fait que le programme est « copyrighté ». Puisqu'il est copyrighté, l'utilisateur n'a aucun droit de le modifier ou de le redistribuer, sauf sous les termes du <i>copyleft</i>. On est obligé d'adhérer à la GPL si on souhaite exercer des droits normalement limités (voire interdits) par le <i>copyright</i>, comme la redistribution. Ainsi, si on distribue des copies du <i>travail</i> sans respecter les termes de la GPL (en gardant le code source secret par exemple), on peut être poursuivi par l'auteur original en vertu du <i>copyright</i>.</p> <p>Le <i>copyleft</i> emploie ainsi le <i>copyright</i> pour accomplir l'opposé de son but habituel : au lieu des restrictions imposées, il accorde des droits d'utilisation. C'est pour cette raison que la GPL est décrite comme un <i>détournement</i> du copyright. Elle assure également qu'on n'accorde pas de droits illimités de redistribution par l'intermédiaire de n'importe quelle faille légale trouvée dans les termes du <i>copyleft</i>.</p> <p>Beaucoup de distributeurs de programmes sous GPL fournissent le code source avec l'exécutable. Pour s'acquitter des obligations du <i>copyleft</i>, une autre possibilité est de fournir sur demande le code source sur un support physique, par exemple un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVD">DVD</a>. Dans la pratique, beaucoup de programmes sous GPL sont distribués sur Internet et leur code source est disponible sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concurrent_versions_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concurrent versions system">CVS</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Git?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Git">Git</a>… Cette distribution par Internet étant compatible avec la licence GPL.</p> <p>Le <i>copyleft</i> s'applique uniquement quand une personne veut redistribuer le programme. On est autorisé à faire des versions modifiées privées, sans aucune obligation de divulguer les modifications effectuées sur le programme s'il n'est distribué à personne. Le <i>copyleft</i> s'applique uniquement au programme et non à ses sorties. Par exemple, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail web">portail Web</a> utilisant une version modifiée privée d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Content_Management_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Content Management System">CMS</a> sous GPL ne sera pas obligé de livrer ses sources. Cette situation est corrigée par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affero_General_Public_License?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Affero General Public License">Affero General Public License</a>, une version de la GPL 3 qui ajoute un paragraphe pour accorder aux utilisateurs d’un programme accédé par un réseau les mêmes droits que les utilisateurs d’un programme installé localement.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Licence">Licence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Licence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La GPL a été conçue comme une licence, plutôt que comme un contrat<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les juridictions de droit commun (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Common Law</span></i>, notamment les pays anglo-saxons, membres ou issus du Commonwealth), la distinction entre une licence et un contrat est importante : les contrats relèvent du droit des contrats, tandis que les licences (et donc la GPL) relèvent du droit d’auteur (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">copyright</span></i>). Cependant, cette distinction n’est pas utile dans les nombreuses juridictions où il n’y a pas de différences entre les contrats et les licences, comme dans les systèmes de droit civil (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_civil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit civil">Code civil</a> ou <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Civil Law</span></i>, notamment nombre de pays latins et de pays continentaux européens ainsi que leurs anciennes colonies). Dans les pays de droit islamique ou appliquant un double droit civil et coutumier, la distinction est aussi importante pour savoir quel droit s'applique.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></sup></p> <p>Le principe appliqué par l'auteur de la GPL est le suivant :</p> <ul> <li>le droit d'auteur interdit la copie, la distribution et les travaux dérivés, sans permission de l'auteur ;</li> <li>une violation d'une de ces interdictions n'est pas une violation de licence, mais une violation de la loi ;</li> <li>à travers la GPL, l'auteur donne unilatéralement des permissions, soigneusement limitées, mais sans contrepartie ;</li> <li>ne pas respecter une des clauses de la GPL revient donc à commettre sans permission un acte interdit par le droit d'auteur, donc à violer la loi ;</li> <li>comme aucune contrepartie n'est demandée à l'utilisateur, les logiciels sous GPL peuvent en principe être installés sans accepter les termes de la licence (en cliquant sur un bouton <i>J'accepte</i>). En effet, l'auteur ne demande rien à l'utilisateur, ce dernier n'a donc rien à accepter.</li> </ul> <p>Bien que l'utilisateur n'ait rien à accepter, il doit cependant prendre garde au fait que les permissions qui lui sont accordées à travers la GPL sont très soigneusement limitées, et qu'une grande attention est nécessaire pour utiliser toute l'étendue de ces permissions sans dépasser la limite.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Facturation_/_«_gratuité_»_de_source"><span id="Facturation_.2F_.C2.AB_gratuit.C3.A9_.C2.BB_de_source"></span>Facturation / « gratuité » de source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Facturation / « gratuité » de source" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le principe de licence libre n’interdit pas en effet de faire payer l’accès à l’œuvre, il garantit juste des libertés sur l’œuvre une fois celle-ci obtenue. Cela est d’autant moins bien compris que dans les faits, la majorité des œuvres sous licences libres sont disponibles gratuitement. D’autant que si une œuvre sous licence libre n’est au départ disponible que contre paiement, dès la première diffusion l’œuvre peut être rediffusée gratuitement en toute légalité.</p> <p>Malgré de nombreux rappels de la <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Free Software Foundation</span>, notamment celui sur sa propre page d’accueil<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, même certains membres des communautés du logiciel libre pensent que facturer un logiciel GPL est illégal. Des dizaines de sociétés, parmi lesquelles <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Red Hat</span> et Novell, qui continuent à facturer des logiciels libres, prouvent quotidiennement le contraire.</p> <p>Les seules mentions du prix dans la GPL apparaissent dans la section 1, qui dit que : <span class="citation">« Vous pouvez faire payer l’acte physique de transmission d’une copie, et vous pouvez, à votre discrétion, proposer une garantie contre rémunération. »</span>, et, dans la section 3b, stipule que le code source doit être fourni <span class="citation">« à un tarif qui ne doit pas être supérieur à ce que vous coûte l’acte physique de réaliser une distribution source. »</span></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Clause_«_la_liberté_ou_la_mort_»"><span id="Clause_.C2.AB_la_libert.C3.A9_ou_la_mort_.C2.BB"></span>Clause « la liberté ou la mort »</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Clause « la liberté ou la mort »" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La section 7 de la GPL est parfois étiquetée comme la clause « la liberté ou la mort » parce qu’elle stipule que les obligations imposées par les décisions de justice ou les allégations de contrefaçon de brevet ne libèrent pas les utilisateurs des conditions de la licence. À la place, s’ils ne peuvent pas satisfaire simultanément les obligations imposées et celles de la GPL, ils doivent stopper la distribution du programme. Selon Fontana, beaucoup d’utilisateurs interprètent la section 7 de manière beaucoup trop rigoureuse. Bien que la section ne s’applique qu’aux licences de brevet qui interdisent aux utilisateurs de disposer pleinement des droits de la GPL, Fontana déclare « Quelques-uns interprètent cette section comme interdisant la distribution de code sous GPL qui serait soumis à une quelconque licence de brevet non sous-licenciable. » De plus, « d’autres se sont inquiétés de l’existence d’un brevet potentiellement applicable, ou de quelque loi ou régulation qui puisse potentiellement s’appliquer à toute personne dans un ressort particulier et qui suffise à saisir cette juridiction. » Aucune de ces interprétations n’est soutenue par le texte actuel de la licence.</p> <p>L’application réelle de la licence GPL est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système complexe">complexe</a> car la réalité, les intérêts de chaque partie, et les moyens de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9mun%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rémunération">rémunération</a> sont complexes : il faut donc analyser <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pensée complexe">globalement</a>.</p> <ul> <li>La licence octroyant une redistribution <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logiciel_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logiciel libre">libre</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code source">code source</a>, « à un tarif qui ne soit pas supérieur à ce que vous coûte l’acte physique de réaliser une distribution source ». Et ce, même s’il a été acheté ou vendu une première fois (relation simple et unique acheteur/vendeur)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>La GPL n’a pas été adaptée à un système complexe, et ne devrait pas s’y appliquer telle quelle, car une règle ou licence simple dans un système complexe peut toujours être contournée et ceci constitue tout de même une infraction à ladite licence et c’est ce manquement qu’il faut pointer du doigt et affirmer que la licence ne peut s’appliquer telle quelle dans certaines conditions de marché. En cas de manque dans la licence, c’est la législation du pays quant au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit d'auteur">droit d'auteur</a> qui s’applique ici.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Dans un marché qui serait mixte avec des moyens de rémunération publicitaire (ex. : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google">Google</a>), ou d’autres rémunérations indirectes (c’est-à-dire autre que la relation achat du client), avec pour exemple concret l’achat de place sur le marché mixte et la création de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monopole">monopole</a> selon le nombre d’utilisateurs potentiels touchables par la publicité (ou dans le marché). <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage est confus." style="cursor:help;">L’actualité dans le logiciel libre pour Ubuntu et sa logithèque qui pourrait proposer des logiciels libres et des logiciels propriétaires et créer des rémunérations tierces, comment alors identifier le code source « gratuit »<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, constituant un marché rémunérateur mixte (du code, des applications compilées, libres et propriétaires) est en plus complexe en condition de monopole.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Style_encyclop%C3%A9dique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clair" title="Wikipédia:Style encyclopédique">[pas clair]</a></sup> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monopole">Monopole</a> que la GPL était censée annihiler (dans sa philosophie, et dans les dires de ses créateurs<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), avec un marché ouvert tendant vers les prix les plus bas et compétitifs, c’est-à-dire un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalisme">capitalisme</a> parfait. On remarque alors que l’erreur commune, en plus de croire que la licence signifie la gratuité (même s’il faut affirmer également que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gratuit%C3%A9_(%C3%A9conomie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratuité (économie)">gratuité</a> est un non-dit lié à l’intention de la licence, au niveau <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inconscient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inconscient">inconscient</a>, c’est-à-dire que la licence a été faite pour un marché parfait qui tend vers le plus bas prix, la gratuité, si vous avez la liberté de faire ce que vous voulez du code source et compilé, de le redistribuer, de le modifier et de l’échanger comme bon vous semble<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), est de croire que la licence GPL vise le capitalisme parfait alors qu’elle n’est pas adaptée à un système complexe.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Compatibilité"><span id="Compatibilit.C3.A9"></span>Compatibilité</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Compatibilité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Certaines licences libres ne peuvent pas se combiner avec la licence GPL. Les contraintes imposées par chaque licence sont parfois incompatibles et il est alors interdit de les mélanger. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> publie la liste des licences considérées comme compatibles avec la GPL<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Copyrights_détenus"><span id="Copyrights_d.C3.A9tenus"></span>Copyrights détenus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Copyrights détenus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Le texte de la GPL est lui-même copyrighté, et le détenteur de ce copyright est la <i>Free Software Foundation</i> (FSF). Or, la FSF ne détient pas de copyright sur un travail réalisé sous la GPL, sans que l'auteur ait explicitement accordé le <i>copyright</i> à la FSF. À l'inverse du travail réalisé sous la GPL, la GPL n'est pas elle-même modifiable librement : copier et distribuer le texte est autorisé, mais le changer est strictement interdit. La FSF autorise la création de nouvelles licences basées sur la GPL, tant que les licences dérivées n'utilisent pas le début de la GPL sans permission.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Valeur_juridique">Valeur juridique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Valeur juridique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, le projet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netfilter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a> a obtenu gain de cause à la suite d'une violation de GPL de la part de la société Sitecom GmbH.</p> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal de grande instance de Paris">tribunal de grande instance de Paris</a> a jugé applicable la licence GPL (version 2) en France le <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="2007-03-28" data-sort-value="2007-03-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 mars">28</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars 2007">mars</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007_en_informatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007 en informatique">2007</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange_(entreprise)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orange (entreprise)">Orange</a> est condamnée en 2024 pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contrefa%C3%A7on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contrefaçon">contrefaçon</a> pour ne pas avoir respecté les termes de la licence GNU GPL v2, notamment en ne communiquant pas le code source modifié. L'entreprise a causé un préjudice économique à une coopérative de développement logiciel <span class="citation">« puisque si les sociétés Orange avaient respecté le contrat de licence et conclu une licence payante, elles auraient dû lui verser une redevance »</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harald_Welte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a>, fondateur du projet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gpl-violations.org?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gpl-violations.org">gpl-violations.org</a>, poursuit les sociétés et les programmeurs coupables, selon lui, d'une violation de la GPL. Il a déjà obtenu, depuis 2004, une trentaine de conciliations, après avoir engagé des poursuites dans certains cas.</p> <p>Les licences <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_CeCILL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence CeCILL">CeCILL</a> ont été mises en place afin de permettre à des établissements publics de publier leurs travaux logiciels sous licence libre rédigée selon le droit français. La licence CeCILL est compatible, depuis sa version 2, avec la licence publique générale GNU.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Identifiants_SPDX">Identifiants SPDX</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Identifiants SPDX" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Les identifiants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPDX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SPDX">SPDX</a> sont maintenant GPL-1.0-only, GPL-1.0-or-later, GPL-2.0-only, GPL-2.0-or-later, GPL-3.0-only et GPL-3.0-or-later. Les anciens identifiants SPDX GPL-1.0, GPL-1.0+, GPL-2.0, GPL-2.0+, GPL-3.0 et GPL-3.0+ sont dépréciés.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autres_licences_GNU">Autres licences GNU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autres licences GNU" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_limit%C3%A9e_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence publique générale limitée GNU">LGPL</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_de_documentation_libre_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence de documentation libre GNU">GFDL</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Affero_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence publique générale Affero GNU">AGPL</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gpl-violations.org?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gpl-violations.org">Gpl-violations.org</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a> (AGPL)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_de_documentation_libre_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence de documentation libre GNU">Licence de documentation libre GNU</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence libre">Licence libre</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU">GNU</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Stallman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eben_Moglen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logiciel_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logiciel libre">Logiciel libre</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_de_logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence de logiciel">Licence de logiciel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_CeCILL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence CeCILL">Licence CeCILL</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GPL?uselang%3Dfr">documents sous GPL</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wikiquote"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Licence_publique_g%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9rale_GNU" class="extiw" title="q:Licence publique générale GNU">Licence publique générale GNU</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiquote</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Texte_de_la_licence">Texte de la licence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Texte de la licence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">version 2.0</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Aspects_juridiques">Aspects juridiques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aspects juridiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fsffrance.org/gpl/multitudes-gpl.fr.html">Considérations sur la valeur juridique de la GPL</a>, article paru le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-05-16" data-sort-value="2001-05-16">16 mai 2001</time> ;</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gpl-violations.org/">Site d’Harald Welte</a>, qui poursuit les auteurs de violations de la GNU-GPL ;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.fr.html">Liste de licences compatibles avec la GNU GPL</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Autour_de_la_licence">Autour de la licence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autour de la licence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html">Foire aux questions de la GNU GPL</a> ;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://linuxfr.org/2006/12/06/21705.html">Transcriptions des discours de Richard Stallman et de Ciarán O'Riordan</a> lors de l'annonce officielle de la GPLv3, Tokyo 2006.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php">GPL v2 sur le site de l'OSI</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?3:mss:13952:glnafboacibelpajkbhi"><i>License Committee Report for August 2007</i></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Définition du logiciel libre</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">gnu.org</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-1.0.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Free Software Foundation</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">gnu.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-23" data-sort-value="2023-05-23">23 mai 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html"><i>GPLv3</i></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">LWN. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lwn.net/Articles/240285/">GPLv3 is out</a></i>. 29 juin 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Free Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/tar.html%23releases">Tar - GNU Project</a>. 29 juin 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.linuxfr.org/2007/11/20/23377.html">Articles : Publication de la licence « GNU Affero General Public Licence Version 3 »</a> qui se base sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gpl3.palamida.com:8080/index.jsp">Palamida GPLv3 and LGPLv3 information</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eben_Moglen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/lu-12.html">« <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Free Software Matters: Enforcing the</span> GPL, <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr> »</a>, <i>emoglen.law.columbia.edu</i>, 12 août 2001</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Pamela Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lwn.net/Articles/61292/">« <span class="lang-en" lang="en">The GPL Is a License, not a Contract</span> »</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LWN.net?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></i>, 3 décembre 2003.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/home.fr.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le système d'exploitation GNU et le mouvement du logiciel libre</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">gnu.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-23" data-sort-value="2023-05-23">23 mai 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">Le projet GNU, par Richard Stallman</a> : * Vous avez la liberté de l’exécuter, pour quelque motif que ce soit. * Vous avez la liberté de modifier le programme afin qu’il corresponde mieux à vos besoins (dans la pratique, pour que cette liberté prenne effet, il vous faut pouvoir accéder au code source, puisqu’opérer des modifications au sein d’un programme dont on ne dispose pas du code source est un exercice extrêmement difficile). * Vous disposez de la liberté d’en redistribuer des copies, que ce soit gratuitement ou contre une somme d’argent. * Vous avez la liberté de distribuer des versions modifiées du programme, afin que la communauté puisse bénéficier de vos améliorations. Le mot anglais «<i>free</i>» se réfère ici à la liberté, et non au prix, il n’est donc pas contradictoire de vendre des copies de logiciels libres. En réalité, cette liberté est cruciale : les compilations de logiciels libres vendues sur CD-ROM sont importantes pour la communauté, et le produit de leur vente permet de lever des fonds pour le développement du logiciel libre.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://forum.ubuntu-fr.org/viewtopic.php?id%3D342483%26p%3D1">« Logithèque Ubuntu » remplacera « Synaptic » dans la prochaine LTS</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">Stallman</a> : The enemy is proprietary software.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas — a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">Did You Say « Intellectual Property »?</a> It’s a Seductive Mirage by Richard M. Stallman, accessed on 18 February 2005</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">* Liberté parce que l’utilisateur est libre de faire ce qu’il veut avec le programme. * Égalité parce que tous les utilisateurs disposent des mêmes libertés. * Fraternité parce que chaque utilisateur a la possibilité de partager le programme avec le monde. (…) On peut comparer cette philosophie du logiciel libre avec la «source ouverte ». Cette dernière ne mentionne jamais et ne critique pas le problème social de la domination des utilisateurs par les développeurs du logiciel privateur de liberté ; il propose seulement une méthode de développement logiciel. Or, interdire la coopération entre les gens est insupportable, parce que l’aide au voisin est la base de la société : interdire le partage, c’est attaquer la société à sa base. (…) Le problème est de reconnaître que le logiciel doit être libre et que n’importe quel logiciel privateur est une menace sociale.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.fr.html">Liste de licences compatibles avec la GPL</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pcinpact.com/actu/news/37313-GPL-GNU-licence-libre.htm">La licence Gnu GPL reconnue par la justice française - PC INpact</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://next.ink/brief_article/orange-condamnee-a-860-000-euros-pour-contrefacon-et-violation-de-la-licence-libre-gnu-gpl/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Orange condamnée à 860 000 euros pour contrefaçon et violation de la licence libre GNU GPL</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Next</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-03-05" data-sort-value="2024-03-05">5 mars 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Noisette2024"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thierry_Noisette2024">Thierry <span class="nom_auteur">Noisette</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.zdnet.fr/blogs/l-esprit-libre/non-respect-de-la-licence-gpl-orange-condamne-en-appel-39964312.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Non-respect de la licence GPL: Orange condamné en appel</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">ZDNet France</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-16" data-sort-value="2024-02-16">16 février 2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-03-05" data-sort-value="2024-03-05">5 mars 2024</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_publique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_GNU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216164701/https://web.archive.org/web/20240216164701/https://www.legalis.net/actualite/orange-condamne-a-650-000-e-pour-non-respect-de-la-licence-gpl/">Orange condamné à 650 000 € pour non-respect de la licence GPL</a> »</span>, sur <i>legalis.net</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-16" data-sort-value="2024-02-16">16 février 2024</time> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-16" data-sort-value="2024-02-16">16 février 2024</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Logiciels_libres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des logiciels libres"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/25px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 24px;" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Algemene_Publieke_Lisensie" title="GNU Algemene Publieke Lisensie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GNU Algemene Publieke Lisensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a 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javna licenca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwydded_Gyhoeddus_Gyffredinol_GNU" title="Trwydded Gyhoeddus Gyffredinol GNU – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trwydded Gyhoeddus Gyffredinol GNU" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2586%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1_%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582_%25CE%25A7%25CF%2581%25CE%25AE%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_GNU" title="Γενική Άδεια Δημόσιας Χρήσης GNU – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική Άδεια Δημόσιας Χρήσης GNU" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%259Cenerala_Publika_Permesilo_de_GNU" title="Ĝenerala Publika Permesilo de GNU – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala Publika Permesilo de GNU" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GPL" title="GNU GPL – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lizentzia_Publiko_Orokorra" title="GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorra – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9_%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25DA%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%2588" title="پروانه جامع همگانی گنو – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروانه جامع همگانی گنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead%25C3%25BAnas_Ginear%25C3%25A1lta_Poibl%25C3%25AD_GNU" title="Ceadúnas Ginearálta Poiblí GNU – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceadúnas Ginearálta Poiblí GNU" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599_%25D7%2594%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%259C%25D7%2599_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595" title="הרישיון הציבורי הכללי של גנו – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרישיון הציבורי הכללי של גנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentia_Public_General_de_GNU" title="Licentia Public General de GNU – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Licentia Public General de GNU" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisensi_Publik_Umum_GNU" title="Lisensi Publik Umum GNU – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lisensi Publik Umum GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenco_GNU_GPL" title="Licenco GNU GPL – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Licenco GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_%25EC%259D%25BC%25EB%25B0%2598_%25EA%25B3%25B5%25EC%25A4%2591_%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%259A%25A9_%25ED%2597%2588%25EA%25B0%2580%25EC%2584%259C" title="GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL" title="GPL – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="GPL" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GPL" title="GNU GPL – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="GNU GPL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Visp%25C4%2581r%25C4%2593j%25C4%2581_publisk%25C4%2581_licence" title="GNU Vispārējā publiskā licence – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU Vispārējā publiskā licence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%259D%25D0%25A3-%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="ГНУ-ова општа јавна лиценца – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ГНУ-ова општа јавна лиценца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2582_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2595_%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ഗ്നൂ സാർവ്വജനിക അനുവാദപത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്നൂ സാർവ്വജനിക അനുവാദപത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2582_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ग्नू सार्वजनिक परवाना – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्नू सार्वजनिक परवाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesen_Awam_Am_GNU" title="Lesen Awam Am GNU – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lesen Awam Am GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%2588_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%2581" title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licen%25C8%259Ba_Public%25C4%2583_General%25C4%2583_GNU" title="Licența Publică Generală GNU – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Licența Publică Generală GNU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liss%25C3%25A8ntzia_GPL" title="Lissèntzia GPL – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lissèntzia GPL" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%2588_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2588" title="گنو عام عوامي اجازت نامو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گنو عام عوامي اجازت نامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_op%25C4%2587a_javna_licenca" title="GNU opća javna licenca – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GNU opća javna licenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splo%25C5%25A1na_licenca_GNU" title="Splošna licenca GNU – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splošna licenca GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenca_Publike_e_P%25C3%25ABrgjithshme_GNU" title="Licenca Publike e Përgjithshme GNU – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Licenca Publike e Përgjithshme GNU" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU-%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="GNU-ова општа јавна лиценца – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GNU-ова општа јавна лиценца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%2582_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2589%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="குனூ பொதுமக்கள் உரிமம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குனூ பொதுமக்கள் உரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2582_%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2588%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D" title="గ్నూ జనరల్ పబ్లిక్ లైసెన్స్ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్నూ జనరల్ పబ్లిక్ లైసెన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B9" title="สัญญาอนุญาตสาธารณะทั่วไปของกนู – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญญาอนุญาตสาธารณะทั่วไปของกนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Genel_Kamu_Lisans%25C4%25B1" title="GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GNU General Public License" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%2588_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%2581" title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنو عام عوامی اجازت نامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%25E1%25BA%25A5y_ph%25C3%25A9p_C%25C3%25B4ng_c%25E1%25BB%2599ng_GNU" title="Giấy phép Công cộng GNU – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy phép Công cộng GNU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licince_di_libe_documint%25C3%25A5cion_GNU" title="Licince di libe documintåcion GNU – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Licince di libe documintåcion GNU" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%2594%25A8%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%2585%25B1%25E8%25AE%25B8%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%25AF%2581" title="GNU通用公共许可证 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="GNU通用公共许可证" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%2594%25A8%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%2585%25B1%25E8%25AE%25B8%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%25AF%2581" title="GNU通用公共许可证 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GNU通用公共许可证" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%25E9%2580%259A%25E7%2594%25A8%25E5%2585%25AC%25E7%259C%25BE%25E7%2589%25B9%25E8%25A8%25B1%25E6%25A2%259D%25E6%25AC%25BE" title="GNU通用公眾特許條款 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="GNU通用公眾特許條款" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 5 mars 2024 à 18:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de 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