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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization - Egidio Ivetic - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Adriatic.html?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Adriatic.html?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ"/><meta name="title" content="History of the Adriatic"/><meta name="description" content="The Adriatic is ‘the small Mediterranean’ – a sea within a sea, part of the Mediterranean and at the same time detached from it, a largely enclosed sea with stunning coastlines and a long history of commercial, political and cultural exchange. Silent witness to the flow of civilizations, the Adriatic is the meeting point of East and West where many empires had their frontiers and some overlapped. With Italy on one side and the Balkans on the other, the Adriatic is the area where the Latin West became intertwined with the Greek and Ottoman East. This book tells the history of the Adriatic from the first cultures of the Neolithic Age through to the present day. All of the great civilizations and cultures that bordered and crossed the Adriatic are discussed: Ancient Greece and Rome, Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Ottomans, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Byzantium was replaced by Venice, queen of the Adriatic, which reached its zenith at the beginning of the sixteenth century and maintained commercial and military hegemony in its Gulf, sharing the sea with the Turks, the Habsburgs, the Pope and the Spanish vice-kingdom of Naples. It was Napoleon who ended Venice’s reign in 1797. In the nineteenth century, the Austrian Empire prevailed, and Central Europe reached the Mediterranean through the Adriatic. United Italy placed its most symbolic frontier in the eastern Adriatic, clashing with Austria-Hungary in the First World War. The twentieth century was marked by the prolonged conflicts and eventually peace between Yugoslavia, Albania and Italy. Today the Adriatic is a region increasingly integrated into the European Union, experiencing a new era of cooperation following the dramatic collapse of Yugoslavia. 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Ivetic","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Wiley.com","Url":"http://www.wiley.com/remtitle.cgi?ISBN=9781509552535","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.wiley.com/remtitle.cgi%3FISBN%3D9781509552535\u0026usg=AOvVaw3dJVsSXLflbGdhp7GjFIqf","IsPublisher":true},{"Seller":"Amazon.com","Url":"http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books\u0026linkCode=qs\u0026keywords=9781509552535","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9781509552535\u0026usg=AOvVaw22MuKHAZEcLfM9WuxPckei"},{"Seller":"MPH","Url":"http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail\u0026pcode=9781509552535","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9781509552535\u0026usg=AOvVaw2NSimYgjwP5ymbIPuCfrsh"},{"Seller":"Popular","Url":"https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9781509552535","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026q=https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9781509552535\u0026usg=AOvVaw1cRiPiikOpqd0mXclsImZH"}],"AboutUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ","PreviewUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ","allowed_syndication_flags":{"allow_disabling_chrome":true},"online_access":{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026rdid=book-q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026rdot=1","price":"SGD 31.99","list_price":"SGD 31.99"},"TocLine":[{"Title":"A Minimal Mediterranean ","Pid":"PP16","PgNum":"","Order":15},{"Title":"The Upper Sea 1000 bc500 ","Pid":"PP32","PgNum":"","Order":31},{"Title":"The Third Antiquity 5001000 ","Pid":"PP59","PgNum":"","Order":58},{"Title":"The Carrier Sea 10001500 ","Pid":"PR8","PgNum":"viii","Order":81},{"Title":"The Antemural 15001797 ","Pid":"PR43","PgNum":"xliii","Order":116},{"Title":"Imperial Borders National Frontiers 17971914 ","Pid":"PR77","PgNum":"lxxvii","Order":150},{"Title":"Contrasts and Integrations 19142018 ","Pid":"PR108","PgNum":"cviii","Order":181},{"Title":"Place Names According to Language ","Pid":"PR144","PgNum":"cxliv","Order":217},{"Title":"Index ","Pid":"PA13","PgNum":"13","Order":236}]}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PP2","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1927,"num_toc_pages":2,"quality_info":"We have no quality information about this book.","volume_id":"q91xEAAAQBAJ","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR27\u0026q=http://www.wiley.com\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw289BhlDWNoUvewOcs5o8tE\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eJohn Wiley \u0026amp; Sons\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":true,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons","publication_date":"2022.05.27","subject":"History","num_pages":380,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"The Adriatic is ‘the small Mediterranean’ – a sea within a sea, part of the Mediterranean and at the same time detached from it, a largely enclosed sea with stunning coastlines and a long history of commercial, political and cultural exchange. Silent witness to the flow of civilizations, the Adriatic is the meeting point of East and West where many empires had their frontiers and some overlapped. With Italy on one side and the Balkans on the other, the Adriatic is the area where the Latin West became intertwined with the Greek and Ottoman East. This book tells the history of the Adriatic from the first cultures of the Neolithic Age through to the present day. All of the great civilizations and cultures that bordered and crossed the Adriatic are discussed: Ancient Greece and Rome, Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Ottomans, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Byzantium was replaced by Venice, queen of the Adriatic, which reached its zenith at the beginning of the sixteenth century and maintained commercial and military hegemony in its Gulf, sharing the sea with the Turks, the Habsburgs, the Pope and the Spanish vice-kingdom of Naples. It was Napoleon who ended Venice’s reign in 1797. In the nineteenth century, the Austrian Empire prevailed, and Central Europe reached the Mediterranean through the Adriatic. United Italy placed its most symbolic frontier in the eastern Adriatic, clashing with Austria-Hungary in the First World War. The twentieth century was marked by the prolonged conflicts and eventually peace between Yugoslavia, Albania and Italy. Today the Adriatic is a region increasingly integrated into the European Union, experiencing a new era of cooperation following the dramatic collapse of Yugoslavia. Across centuries, this book illustrates the rich cultural and artistic heritage of diverse civilizations as they left their mark on the cities, shores and states of the Adriatic.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA87","order":310,"title":"87"}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3Dq91xEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Drule%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PR27","flags":8,"order":100,"vq":"rule"}]},null,{"number_of_results":75,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PP33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erules\u003c/b\u003e and customs were formed, where impressed ceramic wares were produced, as were the first jars for food storage. The relationship with the land and the sea also changed: dwellings became more complex, and a barter system evolved, as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e the Adriatic; nevertheless, Dionysus\u0026#39; plan was the first to be documented and was the first political vision of a dominion over the Adriatic. Evidence then languished, and there is no information that allows us to trace a clear\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of Gentius, son of Pleuratus, who allied himself with Perseus, king of Macedonia. It was the final phase for both kingdoms (the Third Macedonian War). In 168, Lucius Aemilius Paullus conclusively defeated the Macedonians, and, in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e in Praevalitana and Epirus. One sign of continuity was Christianity, which had taken root along the coasts, which in turn were consolidated in the recent context of the dioceses: from Aquileia, Istria and Dalmatia to Apulia\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. Under Emperor Heraclius I (610–641), institutional reform was brought to these places during the first Byzantine renaissance, and the provinces were further militarized under the leadership of a strategus, or military general. The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e the former Byzantine lands. A new state, the Papal State, was therefore formed in central Italy, stretching ... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over the Duchy of Spoleto, but not that of Benevento which, under the \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of Arechis II, Desiderius\u0026#39;s son-in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP64","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e had encouraged population of the countryside by Slavs. The year 812 was an important one in the history of the Adriatic. Venetiae managed to retain wide-ranging autonomy and avoided being drawn under Carolingian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e, thanks to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e, both regarding militia operations and the superiority in maritime activity and trade. Often the relations between Venice and Istria were misinterpreted as proof of superiority of the former over the latter. In actual fact, it was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e as early as 1030. The hinterlands of Durrës and Vlorë, and Epirus, continued to be a key region for the Byzantine control of Via Egnatia and access to the Adriatic. Romagna and Pentapolis were gifted to the papacy and then, with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. The Lombard Theme was created, which included Apulia and part of present-day Basilicata; the capital was Bari, headed by a military general and, from 875, by a catepan. It was an important shift in regional history. After Greek\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of Tomislav, and had consolidated its independence, placing itself at the border of the Byzantine Empire but outside the post-Carolingian world. The Croats had access to the sea at Senj, Nin and the area between Zadar and Trogir\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. Until 802, when, as an expression of the times, Doge Obelerio, a Frankish supporter opposed to Byzantium, came to power. In the Frankish–Byzantine conflicts, Venetiae remained loyal to the East. Aachen confirmed the jurisdiction\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. In 948, when Venice intervened with 33 ships and imposed an armed pact on the Narantines, it was acting as an armed Byzantine force. Therefore, from the Venetian perspective, the upper Adriatic sphere stood out as being more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR1","page_number":"i","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e in Otranto, while there was a positive upturn in Venice during the Carolingian period. Considering the Adriatic as a system that was necessary first and foremost for itself and the regions that lined it, it is clear that in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR3","page_number":"iii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. Although Piazza del Popolo still shows symbols of its Venetian past, the papal age was more anonymous, and Ravenna became one of the sleepy papal provinces. Byron lived here from 1819 to 1821; poets such as Oscar Wilde, Aleksandr\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR8","page_number":"viii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. It was Venice that built the great maritime route that led from Lido to Constantinople, Alexandria, to the Eastern Mediterranean and then to the Western Mediterranean. The convoys laden with all manner of goods were Venetian, as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR9","page_number":"ix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e; and the lower area, Ragusa, Kotor, Bar, Ulcinj and, further south, Durrës and Vlorë, under Byzantine \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e but in fact autonomous. Venice gave considerable importance to Apulia, where settlements had to be negotiated. In 1139\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR10","page_number":"x","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over the entrance to the sea, in a crucial point of the Mediterranean. In addition, the complex relationship ... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over Ragusa, Bar, Ulcinj and, finally, Kotor. Now Serbia, too, reached to the Adriatic and became part of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR11","page_number":"xi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e that lasted from 1185 to 1192. These were seven years in which the Kingdom of Sicily controlled the lower Adriatic. Zadar, fearless, signed a treaty with Pisa in 1188. Not even a second Venetian expedition in Dalmatia in 1190 had\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR12","page_number":"xii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e strengthened, new hierarchies and new military and administrative powers evolved. The spread of feudal relations in the definition of the territorial structures was decisive. The class of the Norman milites emerged alongside the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR14","page_number":"xiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e in Apulia and began the age of the House of Anjou, which lasted until the fifteenth century. Under the Normans, the term Aprutium – Abruzzo (including Molise) – began to be used to refer to the lands at the northern borders of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR17","page_number":"xvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e with the papal legates. Ravenna long housed the archbishopric and was the location favoured by the German emperors when in Italy. Between 1106 and 1118, the archbishopric lost ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the development of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR18","page_number":"xviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the bishops, early communal structures were established at Osor, Krk, Rab, Zadar, Trogir, Split, Ragusa and Kotor, with arengos, popular assemblies, maiores and minores (major and minor gentry), judges, tribunes, priors and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR19","page_number":"xix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of Istria and Dalmatia, essential lands for navigation, and therefore also for dominance in the gulf.19 From the dedizione of Poreč in 1267, Istria, the marquisate of the Patriarch of Aquileia, gradually moved under the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR20","page_number":"xx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over most of the western Adriatic. Between 1204 and 1358, Dalmatia was not properly a province of Venice. It was, at most, a series of dominions: from 1204, Zadar and Ragusa were subjugated; Mljet and Lastovo were already Ragusa\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR21","page_number":"xxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over Dalmatia laid the basis for further expansion. The devotions of Cres, Osor, Nin and Rab were renewed in 1409; of Split, Brač and Korčula in 1420, and of Hvar in 1421. There were new devotions in Kotor in 1420 and Pastrovići in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR22","page_number":"xxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the city for over six decades, until 1509. This was completed by the acquisition of Cervia in 1463. This \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e was unique in the area south of the Po River for its duration. The shadow of Venice also lay constantly over Ferrara\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR23","page_number":"xxiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of noble families; this kind of minor dynasty was present in the cities of Romagna or the Montefeltro lands in Marche, and took the form of large feuds and major counties in the Istrian, Croatian, Dalmatian, Serbian and Albanian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR24","page_number":"xxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the counts of Duino. This was a maritime town built on the remains of Tarsatica, a Roman city of the Julian limes, the crossroads between the various trade routes that traditionally merged in Kvarner (Quarnero), the small gulf\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR25","page_number":"xxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e after Serbia in 1463. In the fifteenth century, the Kosača family became stronger in the south of Bosnia in the Mediterranean region. It was led by Stjepan Vukčić, who in 1448 presented himself to Emperor Frederick III as the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR26","page_number":"xxvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over the Balkans, and therefore over the Adriatic coasts, was inexorable.25 The fragmentation of the local potentates and signorie took place on a widespread scale, both in the Balkans, which were not yet Ottoman, and in Italy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR27","page_number":"xxvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the city by the Malatesta family; in 1348–1349, with the papacy in crisis, the Malatestas attacked the Marquisate of Ancona and continued on to Ascoli until Cardinal Gil de Albornoz halted their conquest. Nevertheless, in 1355\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR30","page_number":"xxx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e, the city was gifted to Sforza Maria Sforza in 1464 and then to Gian Galeazzo, duke of Milan. In these decades, a Milanese community was established in the city. The duchy then passed to Gian Galeazzo\u0026#39;s widow Isabella of Aragon who\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR34","page_number":"xxxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e (1358–1409), and then dropped with the recovery and expansion of Venetian jurisdiction in Dalmatia. These were men who integrated the city cultures between the two coasts, contributing to the introduction of the first examples of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR41","page_number":"xli","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRule\u003c/b\u003e of the Este, 1350–1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). 31 Tra San Marino e Rimini, secoli XIII–XX (San Marino: Centro Sammarinese di Studi Storici, 2001). 32 G. Galasso, Storia del Regno di Napoli 1., Il Mezzogiorno\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR44","page_number":"xliv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the Balsa and of Serbia, was named Montenegro at the end of the fifteenth century by the Venetians. Ragusa, the republic proud of its libertas, also grew in this period. They were the two exceptions tolerated by Istanbul. This\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR45","page_number":"xlv","snippet_text":"A Sea and Its Civilization Egidio Ivetic. to Croatian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e south of Mount Velebit, and left the Venetian territories in a weaker position as they were now in direct contact with the Ottomans. This battle sealed the dualism between Venice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR46","page_number":"xlvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e, interrupted by the internal political crisis in 1648. Austrian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the kingdom followed from 1713 to 1735. These were decades in which the Habsburgs extended their claims on."},{"page_id":"PR47","page_number":"xlvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the Adriatic. During the eighteenth century, the establishment of the free ports of Trieste, Ancona and Rijeka, the forays by the French fleet (1701–1710) and the Russian flotilla (1770), and the growing number of Dutch and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR49","page_number":"xlix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e and therefore the whole public life of the podesterie, the districts ruled by the podestà. The process was further hindered by wars and slowed by the vast territorial extension of the province. Dalmatia was a chain of cities and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR51","page_number":"li","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e was Venetian. In these environments Croat literature emerged through the work of Marko Marulić, the Latin and Croat scholar from Split, Petar Hektorović from Hvar and Juraj Baraković from Zadar. In short, under the political aegis\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR53","page_number":"liii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. As a consequence, they moved more extensively between Ottoman, Venetian and Habsburg dominions. These were migrations that transformed and greatly destabilized social and religious contexts in a wide range of regions adjoining the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR59","page_number":"lix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e, which was not without obstacles, given the friction between the aristocratic factions and banditry in the countryside.20 Further north, under the duchy of Alfonso II (1559–1597), Ferrara – which is to be considered an Adriatic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR60","page_number":"lx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e the middle Adriatic; Florence aimed to become the main state in central Italy, lying between the Tyrrhenian and the Adriatic seas. Duke Francesco Maria II Della Rovere had no heirs and, at his death in 1631, Rome under Urban VIII\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR62","page_number":"lxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e on the alert. In the face of these attacks, the small papal fleets were nearly always powerless, as were the other weak coastal artillery forces. The defence operations were less effective and late compared with those along the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR64","page_number":"lxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the kingdom. However, once order had been re-established, Apulian society was unable to recover, for in 1656 it was hit hard by an epidemic of plague, especially in Capitanata and in Terra di Bari, while Terra d\u0026#39;Otranto was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR70","page_number":"lxx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. The strengthening of Serbian Orthodoxy in the western Balkans, and hence in the eastern Adriatic, was a process linked to the Ottoman affairs of those lands. The division between the Venetian dominions and those of the Ottomans\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR72","page_number":"lxxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of the Papal States. In the Middle Ages, merchants and ships from Ancona travelled between the Adriatic, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea and Egypt. In the fourteenth century, the city drew up its maritime statutes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR74","page_number":"lxxiv","snippet_text":"... 1860 (Belgrade: Narodna knjiga, 1986). 15 H. Šabanović, Bosanski pašaluk, postanak i upravna podjela (Sarajevo: Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1959). 16 E. Zachariadou (ed.), The Via Egnatia under Ottoman \u003cb\u003eRule\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PR75","page_number":"lxxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eRule\u003c/b\u003e (1380–1699) (Rethymnon: Crete University Press, 1996). 17 Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj. 18 E. Ivetic, L\u0026#39;Istria moderna. Una regione confine (Sommacampagna: Cierre, 2010), 12– 35. 19 A. Stella, \u0026#39;Il comune di Trieste\u0026#39;, in L. Marini\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR81","page_number":"lxxxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e: Joseph Bonaparte (1806–1808) and Joachim Murat (1808–1815), Napoleon\u0026#39;s brotherin-law. The French decade was characterized by reforms: the public debt was paid off, new legislative codes were introduced, ecclesiastic goods were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR112","page_number":"cxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e to an end. Faced with the Council of Zagreb\u0026#39;s hesitation as to whether to send a delegation to Belgrade or not, the Council of Split gave an ultimatum saying that they would join Serbia, regardless of what the Croatin capital did\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR122","page_number":"cxxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e. Committees of national liberation (CLNs) were created along the coast of Istria and Trieste, while in the inland rural villages, which were under the close control of the Yugoslav forces, a new order founded on the so-called\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 133, 138, 161, 176, 180–1, 234 partitioning of during First World War 259 political instability (1921-1924) 268–9 population 17, 205 post-war determining of borders 268 relations with China 293 relations with Soviet Union 292–3\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of by French 221 service economy 209, 210 sieges of 122 trade and maritime commerce 139–40, 151, 191, 208–9, 210, 297 treaty with Venice (1281) 128 Ancona-Ragusa axis 191 Angevins 119, 120, 145 animals, prehistoric 36,"},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 116–17 plague epidemic (1656) 195 rebellion (1820) 220 Roman 65, 66 Romanesque style 117 Saracen attacks 89 and Second World War 279 Swabian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 117–19 trade 197, 201 under the Duchy of Benevento 88 under Manfred 118 universitates\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e in Apulia and Italy 90 expedition (806-808) 100, 102 Gothic War 77 and Hungary 111 and Justinian 76, 77, 81 limes maritimus 78–9 militarization of Adriatic 78–9, 81 peace treaty with the Franks (812) 84 possessions of in Adriatic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of by Venice 97, 99, 102, 103, 110, 127–9, 131, 157, 170–2 religion 204 Roman 30, 58, 59, 60–1, 63–4, 65 and Slavs 80, 93 sub-regions 24 unification with Croatia (1918) 265 Dalmatian (language) 93, 154 Danilo culture 38 D\u0026#39;Annunzio\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 133, 161, 176 population 17 Roman 61 \u0026#39;eastern question\u0026#39; 232 economy, Adriatic 18, 202 education 199–200 elementary 229 higher 199–200 Egidian Constitutions 139 Elbasan 176, 177, 180 emigration 163, 229–30, 306 Emilia Romagna 17, 18\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 187, 189 war with Venice (1308-1313) 128 war with Venice (1482-1484) 132, 143 feudalism 158, 221 abandoning of under Austrian Empire 225 and Kingdom of Naples 144–5, 192, 193, 195, 218 First Crusade 110–11 First World War 249, 254\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... length of shoreline 14 Ottoman \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 161, 176 Slavs in 94 uprising of Serb-Orthodox peasants 232 see also Bosnia and Herzegovina higher education 199–200 hilltop forts 40, 41, 42 Himara 180, 205 Histoire de l\u0026#39;Adriatique 10 Histrians 45, 47,"},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 84, 85 Germany takes control of (1943-1945) 281 and Habsburgs 139, 183, 213, 221–2, 228 and Holy Roman Empire 85 immigration to its abandoned districts 172 involvement of the state in society 221 Italian attitude towards Slovenes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 188, 190–1 politics 290 and railways 230 twentieth century 289–90 uprising against French 215 Mare Adriatico 12 Marghera 290 Maria Theresa of Austria 185 maritime commerce 119–20, 297-8; see also trade; individual countries/cities\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of and characteristics of 116–17 North Sea 10, 13, 48, 223 notaries 127, 153, 194 Obelerio, Doge 84, 96 Oberdan, Guglielmo 248 oceanography 34 Odoacer, King 68, 69 oil production/trade 30, 63, 72, 107, 144, 150, 169, 173, 184, 194\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e and rebellion against 220–1 Buon Governo (Good Government) 189 consolidation of 186–7 and Ferrara 187 formation 82 and Habsburgs 224–5 higher education/universities 200 invasion of by Napoleon 214 and Marche 188–9 Ottoman pirate\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA50\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of by Normans 113–14, 117 ruling class of 134 and Serenissima Republic 207 structure of 206 tourism 208 trade 150, 151, 163, 206, 208 twentieth century 207, 208 and Venice 128, 129 railways 226, 229, 230, 289 Rapallo, Treaty of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA53\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of (1441-1509) 107, 124, 128, 132 regionalization 20, 22, 102, 110 Reis, Piri 33 relics, translation of saints\u0026#39; 86 religion 28, 173, 174, 203–4 Byzantium 81 division between Orthodoxy and Catholicism 204–5 Lutheranism 199 and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA54\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 253, 254, 255, 282 today 255 Rimini (Ariminum) 48, 55, 74–5 boats 203 as a commune 123 fishing 190 and Malatesta family 140 Ottoman pirates 191 rebellion against Austrian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 220 Roman 74 seaside tourism 230 today 75 trade 189–90\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA55\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 187, 189–90 road network 188 seaside tourism 230 trade 189 and Venice 132 Romako, Anton Erzherzog Ferdinand Max 225 Romance language 93, 95, 154 Romanelli grotto (Salento) 37 Romanization 56, 62–4 Romans/Roman Empire 12, 43, 52, 54\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA56\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 190 trade 202 Senj (Segna) 165, 182, 183, 185 Senonas Gauls 54–5 Sephardi Jews 163 Serb Rascians 94 Serb-Ottoman War (1876-1877) 232 Serbs/Serbia 113, 120, 136, 268, 304 bombing of (1999) 299 collapse of in First World War 260 in\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA58\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of Kingdom of Naples 160, 166, 192, 195 Spanish Civil War 282 Spartan colonies 53 Spina 49, 50, 53, 61 Split 25, 67, 73, 111, 171, 191, 206, 250 advancement of 163 conquering of by Hungary 113 Council of 265 Diocletian Palace 73\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA60\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e and administration of subject cities 156–7, 158 \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e of bordering and rural feuds 158 salt trade 98, 130–1, 149–50 Saracen attacks on 98 satellite islands of 125 Slav attacks 97, 98 trade and maritime commerce 85, 86, 97, 98, 100\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA66\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 176 von Trapp, Georg 259 Vučedol culture 39 Vukčić, Stjepan 137 Vuković, Janko 262 Warrior of Capestrano (statue) 50 watchtowers 163, 166, 172, 193, 197 white cities 198–9 Wickham, Chris 102 William I of Sicily, King 117 William II\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA67\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... Soviet Union 294 republics making up 294 road network 274 \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e over Rijeka 253, 254, 255, 282 and socialism 288 Tito\u0026#39;s plan to expand (1944) 283–4 Zadar, Treaty of (1358) 130 Zadar (Zara) 6, 8, 25, 103, 111, 139, 143, 164,","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA68\u0026vq=rule"},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"... 151 treaty with Pisa (1188) 114 under Hungarian \u003cb\u003erule\u003c/b\u003e 113 and Venice 128, 129, 143 Zagreb 250, 283 Zara see Zadar Zeri, Federico 198 Zeta 7, 120, 138, 177; see also Montenegro Zog, King 276 Zogu, Ahmet (Zog I) 268–9 Zrinski family 184\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA69\u0026vq=rule"}],"search_query_escaped":"rule"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>