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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_opioid_receptor&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta opioid receptor">Delta opioid receptor</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>The <b>δ-opioid receptor</b>, also known as <b>delta opioid receptor</b> or simply <b>delta receptor</b>, abbreviated <b>DOR</b> or <b>DOP</b>, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptor">G-protein coupled receptor</a> coupled to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub>/G<sub>0</sub></a> and has <a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalins</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous ligand">endogenous ligands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10471416_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10471416-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regions of the brain where the δ-<a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptor</a> is largely expressed vary from species model to species model. In humans, the δ-opioid receptor is most heavily expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortical regions</a> of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">OPRD1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4n6h.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/4n6h.png/250px-4n6h.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/4n6h.png/375px-4n6h.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/4n6h.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="594"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P32300%20or%20P41143">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P32300,P41143">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4N6H">4N6H</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4RWA">4RWA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4RWD">4RWD</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8153">OPRD1</a></span>, OPRD, Δ-opioid receptor, opioid receptor delta 1, DOP, DOR1, DOR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/165195">165195</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:97438">97438</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=20252">20252</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OPRD1">OPRD1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000116329">OPRD1 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">Chromosome 1 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216"></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 28.675469464709px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRD1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRD1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142"></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 34.7px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRD1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRD1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18"></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">1p35.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">28,812,170 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">28,871,267 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 4 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 4 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 4 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 4 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 4 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231"></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 242.40126209522px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRD1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRD1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142"></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 248.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRD1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRD1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18"></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">4 D2.3|4 64.78 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">131,838,037 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">131,871,797 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000116329">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">endothelial cell</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">islet of Langerhans</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary visual cortex</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">prefrontal cortex</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">right frontal lobe</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">middle temporal gyrus</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior frontal gyrus</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">Brodmann area 23</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">Brodmann area 9</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000050511">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">trophoblast giant cell</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">pituitary stalk</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary oocyte</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">secondary oocyte</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">zygote</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior frontal gyrus</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">outer nuclear layer</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary visual cortex</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary trophoblast giant cell</li><br><li style="line-height: 137%;">dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000116329">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_OPRD1_207792_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/4985/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038046">G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004930">G protein-coupled receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042923">neuropeptide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">signal transducer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004985">G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033612">receptor serine/threonine kinase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042277">peptide binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043679">axon terminus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031982">vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045211">postsynaptic membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031226">intrinsic component of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887">integral component of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032590">dendrite membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045121">membrane raft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043005">neuron projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030285">integral component of synaptic vesicle membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097444">spine apparatus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0098992">neuronal dense core vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0099056">integral component of presynaptic membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0099061">integral component of postsynaptic density membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051924">regulation of calcium ion transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007193">adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051930">regulation of sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042755">eating behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008344">adult locomotory behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032460">negative regulation of protein oligomerization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071363">cellular response to growth factor stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007187">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097237">cellular response to toxic substance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010629">negative regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033138">positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051881">regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007200">phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032793">positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038003">G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006955">immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007218">neuropeptide signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071456">cellular response to hypoxia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007268">chemical synaptic transmission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019233">sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019221">cytokine-mediated signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4985&rn=1">4985</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=18386&rn=1">18386</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000116329;db=core">ENSG00000116329</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000050511;db=core">ENSMUSG00000050511</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P41143">P41143</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P32300">P32300</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000911">NM_000911</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_013622">NM_013622</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000902">NP_000902</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_038650">NP_038650</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr1:28812170-28871267">Chr 1: 28.81 – 28.87 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr4:131838037-131871797">Chr 4: 131.84 – 131.87 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18030283" class="extiw" title="d:Q18030283">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18252837" class="extiw" title="d:Q18252837">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Function"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Function</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ligands"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ligands</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Agonists"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Agonists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Antagonists"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Antagonists</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Interactions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Interactions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The endogenous system of opioid receptors is well known for its analgesic potential; however, the exact role of δ-opioid receptor activation in pain modulation is largely up for debate. This also depends on the model at hand since receptor activity is known to change from species to species. Activation of delta receptors produces <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a>, perhaps as significant potentiators of μ-opioid receptor agonists. However, it seems like delta agonism provides heavy potentiation to any mu agonism. Therefore, even selective mu agonists can cause analgesia under the right conditions, whereas under others can cause none whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15567186_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15567186-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alvimopan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvimopan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also suggested however that the pain modulated by the μ-opioid receptor and that modulated by the δ-opioid receptor are distinct types, with the assertion that DOR modulates the nociception of chronic pain, while MOR modulates acute pain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for whether delta agonists produce <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> is mixed; high doses of the delta agonist peptide <a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a> produced respiratory depression in sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9500506_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9500506-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast both the peptide delta agonist <a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin</a> II and the non-peptide delta agonist (+)-BW373U86 actually stimulated respiratory function and blocked the respiratory depressant effect of the potent μ-opioid agonist <a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">alfentanil</a>, without affecting pain relief.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9864259_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9864259-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus seems likely that while δ-opioid agonists can produce respiratory depression at very high doses, at lower doses they have the opposite effect, a fact that may make mixed mu/delta agonists such as DPI-3290 potentially very useful drugs that might be much safer than the μ agonists currently used for pain relief. Many delta agonists may also cause <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> at high doses, although not all delta agonists produce this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16537798_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16537798-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of additional interest is the potential for delta agonists to be developed for use as a novel class of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> drugs, following robust evidence of both antidepressant effects<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12396021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12396021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also upregulation of <a href="/wiki/BDNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BDNF">BDNF</a> production in the brain in <a href="/wiki/Animal_models_of_depression" title="Animal models of depression">animal models of depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16364263_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16364263-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These antidepressant effects have been linked to endogenous opioid peptides acting at δ- and μ-opioid receptors,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16519663_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16519663-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so can also be produced by enkephalinase inhibitors such as RB-101.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16442521_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16442521-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in human models the data for antidepressant effects remains inconclusive. In the 2008 Phase 2 clinical trial by Astra Zeneca, NCT00759395, 15 patients were treated with the selective delta agonist AZD 2327. The results showed no significant effect on mood suggesting that δ-opioid receptor modulation might not participate in the regulation of mood in humans. However, doses were administered at low doses and the pharmacological data also remains inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further trials are required. </p><p>Another interesting aspect of δ-opioid receptor function is the suggestion of μ/δ-opioid receptor interactions. At the extremes of this suggestion lies the possibility of a μ/δ opioid receptor oligomer. The evidence for this stems from the different binding profiles of typical mu and delta agonists such as morphine and DAMGO respectively, in cells that coexpress both receptors compared to those in cells that express them individually. In addition, work by Fan and coworkers shows the restoration of the binding profiles when distal carboxyl termini are truncated at either receptor, suggesting that the termini play a role in the oligomerization.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is exciting, rebuttal by the Javitch and coworkers suggest the idea of oligomerization may be overplayed. Relying on <a href="/wiki/Resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance energy transfer">RET</a>, Javitch and coworkers showed that RET signals were more characteristic of random proximity between receptors, rather than an actual bond formation between receptors, suggesting that discrepancies in binding profiles may be the result of downstream interactions, rather than novel effects due to oligomerization.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, coexpression of receptors remains unique and potentially useful in the treatment of mood disorders and pain. </p><p>Recent work indicates that exogenous ligands that activate the delta receptors mimic the phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_preconditioning" title="Ischemic preconditioning">ischemic preconditioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16514101_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16514101-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimentally, if short periods of transient <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a> are induced the downstream tissues are robustly protected if longer-duration interruption of the blood supply is then affected. <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> with DOR activity mimic this effect. In the rat model, introduction of DOR ligands results in significant cardioprotection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16408774_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16408774-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ligands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Until comparatively recently, there were few pharmacological tools for the study of δ receptors. As a consequence, our understanding of their function is much more limited than those of the other opioid receptors for which selective ligands have long been available. </p><p>However, there are now several selective δ-opioid receptor agonists available, including peptides such as <a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">deltorphin</a> II, and non-peptide drugs such as <a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8035418_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8035418-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the more potent (+)-<a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9057856_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9057856-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a newer drug <a href="/wiki/DPI-287" title="DPI-287">DPI-287</a>, which does not produce the problems with convulsions seen with the earlier agents,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16809477_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16809477-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mixed μ/δ agonist <a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a>, which is a much more potent analgesic than the more highly selective δ agonists.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16584118_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16584118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective antagonists for the δ receptor are also available, with the best known being the opiate derivative <a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">naltrindole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2832195_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2832195-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_opioid_ligands.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Delta_opioid_ligands.png" decoding="async" width="491" height="474" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 491px;height: 474px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Delta_opioid_ligands.png" data-width="491" data-height="474" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agonists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Ligands.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Delta_Ligands.png/220px-Delta_Ligands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Delta_Ligands.png/220px-Delta_Ligands.png" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Delta_Ligands.png/330px-Delta_Ligands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Delta_Ligands.png/440px-Delta_Ligands.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A showing of selective delta opioid ligands. Blue represents a common phenolic moiety, yellow a basic nitrogen, and red a diethyl amide moiety which is not set in stone, but rather a bulky region that fits into a hydrophobic pocket.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Peptides</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-peptides</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18788723_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18788723-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-287" title="DPI-287">DPI-287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a> (partial agonist)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (allosteric modulator, non-selective)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16489449_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16489449-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takayama2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takayama2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takayama2002_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takayama2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a> (peripherally restricted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (allosteric modulator, non-selective)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16489449_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16489449-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonists">Antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antagonists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takayama2002_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takayama2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interactions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>δ-opioid receptors have been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction" title="Protein–protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β<sub>2</sub> adrenergic receptors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11278447_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11278447-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arrestin_beta_1" title="Arrestin beta 1">arrestin β<sub>1</sub></a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11259507_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11259507-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/GPRASP1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRASP1 (gene)">GPRASP1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12142540_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12142540-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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"Coincident signalling between the Gi/Go-coupled delta-opioid receptor and the Gq-coupled m3 muscarinic receptor at the level of intracellular free calcium in SH-SY5Y cells". <i>Journal of Neurochemistry</i>. <b>76</b> (6): 1688–1700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.2001.00185.x">10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00185.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11259487">11259487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2755275">2755275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurochemistry&rft.atitle=Coincident+signalling+between+the+Gi%2FGo-coupled+delta-opioid+receptor+and+the+Gq-coupled+m3+muscarinic+receptor+at+the+level+of+intracellular+free+calcium+in+SH-SY5Y+cells&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1688-1700&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2755275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11259487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.2001.00185.x&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Samways%2C+DS&rft.au=Fowler%2C+CE&rft.au=Gunn-Moore%2C+F&rft.au=Henderson%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CE%94-opioid+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%94-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223091011/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2407">"Opioid Receptors: δ"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. 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