CINXE.COM
The molecular mechanism by which special antibodies protect the body against HIV infection – Creative Biolabs Blog
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/xmlrpc.php"> <title>The molecular mechanism by which special antibodies protect the body against HIV infection – Creative Biolabs Blog</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Creative Biolabs Blog » Feed" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Creative Biolabs Blog » Comments Feed" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.creative-biolabs.com\/blog\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.3.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='imax-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CRoboto%3A300%2C400%2C700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/fonts/genericons.css?ver=2.09' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='animate-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/animate.min.css?ver=2014-01-12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='side-menu-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/jquery.sidr.dark.css?ver=2014-01-12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='owl-carousel-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/owl.carousel.css?ver=2014-01-12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='owl-carousel-theme-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/owl.theme.css?ver=2014-01-12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='owl-carousel-transitions-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/owl.transitions.css?ver=2014-01-12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='imax-style-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/style.css?ver=2018-04-24' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='imax-extra-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/css/extra-style.css?ver=2014-03-11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-menu-css' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/inc/responsive-menu/css/wprmenu.css?ver=1.01' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.0' id='jquery-core-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/1945" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.3.1" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/the-molecular-mechanism-by-which-special-antibodies-protect-the-body-against-hiv-infection/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/?p=1945' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creative-biolabs.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2Fthe-molecular-mechanism-by-which-special-antibodies-protect-the-body-against-hiv-infection%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creative-biolabs.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2Fthe-molecular-mechanism-by-which-special-antibodies-protect-the-body-against-hiv-infection%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css"> body {font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pxpx; line-height: 1.8; color: #575757;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.comment-reply-title,.widget .widget-title, .entry-header h1.entry-title {font-family: Roboto, Georgia, serif; font-weight: 500;}.themecolor {color: #264656;}.themebgcolor {background-color: #264656;}.themebordercolor {border-color: #264656;}.tx-slider .owl-pagination .owl-page > span { border-color: #264656; }.tx-slider .owl-pagination .owl-page.active > span { background-color: #264656; }.tx-slider .owl-controls .owl-buttons .owl-next, .tx-slider .owl-controls .owl-buttons .owl-prev { background-color: #264656; }a,a:visited,.blog-columns .comments-link a:hover, .utilitybar.colored-bg .socialicons ul.social li a:hover .socico {color: #264656;}input:focus,textarea:focus,.site-footer .widget-area .widget .wpcf7 .wpcf7-submit {border: 1px solid #264656;}button,input[type="submit"],input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],.tx-service.curved .tx-service-icon span,.tx-service.square .tx-service-icon span {background-color: #264656;}.nav-container .sub-menu,.nav-container .children {border-top: 2px solid #264656;}.ibanner,.da-dots span.da-dots-current,.tx-cta a.cta-button, .utilitybar.colored-bg {background-color: #264656;}#ft-post .entry-thumbnail:hover > .comments-link,.tx-folio-img .folio-links .folio-linkico,.tx-folio-img .folio-links .folio-zoomico {background-color: #264656;}.entry-header h1.entry-title a:hover,.entry-header > .entry-meta a:hover {color: #264656;}.featured-area div.entry-summary > p > a.moretag:hover {background-color: #264656;}.site-content div.entry-thumbnail .stickyonimg,.site-content div.entry-thumbnail .dateonimg,.site-content div.entry-nothumb .stickyonimg,.site-content div.entry-nothumb .dateonimg {background-color: #264656;}.entry-meta a,.entry-content a,.comment-content a,.entry-content a:visited {color: #264656;}.format-status .entry-content .page-links a,.format-gallery .entry-content .page-links a,.format-chat .entry-content .page-links a,.format-quote .entry-content .page-links a,.page-links a {background: #264656;border: 1px solid #264656;color: #ffffff;}.format-gallery .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.format-audio .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.format-status .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.format-video .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.format-chat .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.format-quote .entry-content .page-links a:hover,.page-links a:hover {color: #264656;}.iheader.front, .vslider_button {background-color: #264656;}.navigation a,.tx-post-row .tx-folio-title a:hover,.tx-blog .tx-blog-item h3.tx-post-title a:hover {color: #264656;}.paging-navigation div.navigation > ul > li a:hover,.paging-navigation div.navigation > ul > li.active > a {color: #264656; border-color: #264656;}.comment-author .fn,.comment-author .url,.comment-reply-link,.comment-reply-login,.comment-body .reply a,.widget a:hover {color: #264656;}.widget_calendar a:hover {background-color: #264656; color: #ffffff; }.widget_calendar td#next a:hover,.widget_calendar td#prev a:hover {background-color: #264656;color: #ffffff;}.site-footer div.widget-area .widget a:hover {color: #264656;}.site-main div.widget-area .widget_calendar a:hover,.site-footer div.widget-area .widget_calendar a:hover {background-color: #264656;color: #ffffff;}.widget a:visited { color: #373737;}.widget a:hover,.entry-header h1.entry-title a:hover,.error404 .page-title:before,.tx-service-icon span i,.tx-post-comm:after {color: #264656;}.da-dots > span > span,.site-footer .widget-area .widget .wpcf7 .wpcf7-submit, .nx-preloader .nx-ispload {background-color: #264656;}.iheader,.format-status,.tx-service:hover .tx-service-icon span,.ibanner .da-slider .owl-item .da-link:hover {background-color: #264656;}.tx-cta {border-left: 6px solid #264656;}.paging-navigation #posts-nav > span:hover, .paging-navigation #posts-nav > a:hover, .paging-navigation #posts-nav > span.current, .paging-navigation #posts-nav > a.current, .paging-navigation div.navigation > ul > li a:hover, .paging-navigation div.navigation > ul > li > span.current, .paging-navigation div.navigation > ul > li.active > a {border: 1px solid #264656;color: #264656;}.entry-title a { color: #141412;}.tx-service-icon span { border: 2px solid #264656;}.utilitybar.colored-bg { border-bottom-color: #264656;}.nav-container .current_page_item > a,.nav-container .current_page_ancestor > a,.nav-container .current-menu-item > a,.nav-container .current-menu-ancestor > a,.nav-container li a:hover,.nav-container li:hover > a,.nav-container li a:hover,ul.nav-container ul a:hover,.nav-container ul ul a:hover {background-color: #264656; }.tx-service.curved .tx-service-icon span,.tx-service.square .tx-service-icon span {border: 6px solid #e7e7e7; width: 100px; height: 100px;}.tx-service.curved .tx-service-icon span i,.tx-service.square .tx-service-icon span i {color: #FFFFFF;}.tx-service.curved:hover .tx-service-icon span,.tx-service.square:hover .tx-service-icon span {background-color: #e7e7e7;}.tx-service.curved:hover .tx-service-icon span i,.tx-service.square:hover .tx-service-icon span i,.folio-style-gallery.tx-post-row .tx-portfolio-item .tx-folio-title a:hover {color: #264656;}.site .tx-slider .tx-slide-button a,.ibanner .da-slider .owl-item.active .da-link { background-color: #264656; color: #FFF; }.site .tx-slider .tx-slide-button a:hover { background-color: #373737; color: #FFF; }.ibanner .da-slider .owl-controls .owl-page span { border-color:#264656; }.ibanner .da-slider .owl-controls .owl-page.active span, .ibanner .da-slider .owl-controls.clickable .owl-page:hover span { background-color: #264656; }.vslider_button, .vslider_button:visited, .ibanner.nxs-max18 .owl-item .nx-slider .da-img:before { background-color:#264656;}.ibanner .sldprev, .ibanner .da-slider .owl-prev, .ibanner .sldnext, .ibanner .da-slider .owl-next { background-color: #264656; }.colored-drop .nav-container ul ul a, .colored-drop ul.nav-container ul a, .colored-drop ul.nav-container ul, .colored-drop .nav-container ul ul {background-color: #264656;}.header-iconwrap .header-icons.woocart > a .cart-counts, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .button {background-color:#264656;}.header-icons.woocart .cartdrop.widget_shopping_cart.nx-animate { border-top-color:#264656;}.woocommerce ul.products li.product .onsale, .woocommerce span.onsale { background-color: #264656; color: #FFF; }.nx-nav-boxedicons .site-header .header-icons > a > span.genericon:before, ul.nav-menu > li.tx-heighlight:before, .woocommerce .nxowoo-box:hover a.button.add_to_cart_button {background-color: #264656}.woocommerce .star-rating::before, .woocommerce .star-rating span::before {color: #264656}.utilitybar .widget ul.menu > li > ul { background-color: #264656; }</style> <style id="wprmenu_css" type="text/css" > /* apply appearance settings */ .menu-toggle { display: none!important; } @media (max-width: 1069px) { .menu-toggle, #navbar { display: none!important; } } #wprmenu_bar { background: #2e2e2e; } #wprmenu_bar .menu_title, #wprmenu_bar .wprmenu_icon_menu { color: #F2F2F2; } #wprmenu_menu { background: #2E2E2E!important; } #wprmenu_menu.wprmenu_levels ul li { border-bottom:1px solid #131212; border-top:1px solid #0D0D0D; } #wprmenu_menu ul li a { color: #CFCFCF; } #wprmenu_menu ul li a:hover { color: #606060; } #wprmenu_menu.wprmenu_levels a.wprmenu_parent_item { border-left:1px solid #0D0D0D; } #wprmenu_menu .wprmenu_icon_par { color: #CFCFCF; } #wprmenu_menu .wprmenu_icon_par:hover { color: #606060; } #wprmenu_menu.wprmenu_levels ul li ul { border-top:1px solid #131212; } #wprmenu_bar .wprmenu_icon span { background: #FFFFFF; } #wprmenu_menu.left { width:80%; left: -80%; right: auto; } #wprmenu_menu.right { width:80%; right: -80%; left: auto; } /* show the bar and hide othere navigation elements */ @media only screen and (max-width: 1069px) { html { padding-top: 42px!important; } #wprmenu_bar { display: block!important; } div#wpadminbar { position: fixed; } } </style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-image: url("https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/images/default-bg.png"); background-position: left top; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/favicon.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/favicon.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/favicon.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/favicon.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> article .post-mainpart > .entry-content { padding-right: 0px; hyphens: none; } </style> <style id="kirki-inline-styles">.nav-container li a{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;}.footer-bg, .site-footer .sidebar-container{background-color:#383838;}.site-footer .widget-area .widget .widget-title{color:#FFFFFF;}.site-footer .widget-area .widget, .site-footer .widget-area .widget li{color:#bbbbbb;}.site-footer .widget-area .widget a{color:#dddddd;}.site-footer{background-color:#272727;}.site-footer .site-info, .site-footer .site-info a{color:#777777;}.go-top{visibility:visible;}/* cyrillic-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4taVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F; } /* cyrillic */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4kaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116; } /* greek-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4saVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF; } /* greek */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4jaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF; } /* hebrew */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4iaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0307-0308, U+0590-05FF, U+200C-2010, U+20AA, U+25CC, U+FB1D-FB4F; } /* math */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B5caVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0302-0303, U+0305, U+0307-0308, U+0310, U+0312, U+0315, U+031A, U+0326-0327, U+032C, U+032F-0330, U+0332-0333, U+0338, U+033A, U+0346, U+034D, U+0391-03A1, U+03A3-03A9, U+03B1-03C9, U+03D1, U+03D5-03D6, U+03F0-03F1, U+03F4-03F5, U+2016-2017, U+2034-2038, U+203C, U+2040, U+2043, U+2047, U+2050, U+2057, U+205F, U+2070-2071, U+2074-208E, U+2090-209C, U+20D0-20DC, U+20E1, U+20E5-20EF, U+2100-2112, U+2114-2115, U+2117-2121, U+2123-214F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-21AE, U+21B0-21E5, U+21F1-21F2, U+21F4-2211, U+2213-2214, U+2216-22FF, U+2308-230B, U+2310, U+2319, U+231C-2321, U+2336-237A, U+237C, U+2395, U+239B-23B7, U+23D0, U+23DC-23E1, U+2474-2475, U+25AF, U+25B3, U+25B7, U+25BD, U+25C1, U+25CA, U+25CC, U+25FB, U+266D-266F, U+27C0-27FF, U+2900-2AFF, U+2B0E-2B11, U+2B30-2B4C, U+2BFE, U+3030, U+FF5B, U+FF5D, U+1D400-1D7FF, U+1EE00-1EEFF; } /* symbols */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B5OaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0001-000C, U+000E-001F, U+007F-009F, U+20DD-20E0, U+20E2-20E4, U+2150-218F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-2199, U+21AF, U+21E6-21F0, U+21F3, U+2218-2219, U+2299, U+22C4-22C6, U+2300-243F, U+2440-244A, U+2460-24FF, U+25A0-27BF, U+2800-28FF, U+2921-2922, U+2981, U+29BF, U+29EB, U+2B00-2BFF, U+4DC0-4DFF, U+FFF9-FFFB, U+10140-1018E, U+10190-1019C, U+101A0, U+101D0-101FD, U+102E0-102FB, U+10E60-10E7E, U+1D2C0-1D2D3, U+1D2E0-1D37F, U+1F000-1F0FF, U+1F100-1F1AD, U+1F1E6-1F1FF, U+1F30D-1F30F, U+1F315, U+1F31C, U+1F31E, U+1F320-1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F378, U+1F37D, U+1F382, U+1F393-1F39F, U+1F3A7-1F3A8, U+1F3AC-1F3AF, U+1F3C2, U+1F3C4-1F3C6, U+1F3CA-1F3CE, U+1F3D4-1F3E0, U+1F3ED, U+1F3F1-1F3F3, U+1F3F5-1F3F7, U+1F408, U+1F415, U+1F41F, U+1F426, U+1F43F, U+1F441-1F442, U+1F444, U+1F446-1F449, U+1F44C-1F44E, U+1F453, U+1F46A, U+1F47D, U+1F4A3, U+1F4B0, U+1F4B3, U+1F4B9, U+1F4BB, U+1F4BF, U+1F4C8-1F4CB, U+1F4D6, U+1F4DA, U+1F4DF, U+1F4E3-1F4E6, U+1F4EA-1F4ED, U+1F4F7, U+1F4F9-1F4FB, U+1F4FD-1F4FE, U+1F503, U+1F507-1F50B, U+1F50D, U+1F512-1F513, U+1F53E-1F54A, U+1F54F-1F5FA, U+1F610, U+1F650-1F67F, U+1F687, U+1F68D, U+1F691, U+1F694, U+1F698, U+1F6AD, U+1F6B2, U+1F6B9-1F6BA, U+1F6BC, U+1F6C6-1F6CF, U+1F6D3-1F6D7, U+1F6E0-1F6EA, U+1F6F0-1F6F3, U+1F6F7-1F6FC, U+1F700-1F7FF, U+1F800-1F80B, U+1F810-1F847, U+1F850-1F859, U+1F860-1F887, U+1F890-1F8AD, U+1F8B0-1F8BB, U+1F8C0-1F8C1, U+1F900-1F90B, U+1F93B, U+1F946, U+1F984, U+1F996, U+1F9E9, U+1FA00-1FA6F, U+1FA70-1FA7C, U+1FA80-1FA89, U+1FA8F-1FAC6, U+1FACE-1FADC, U+1FADF-1FAE9, U+1FAF0-1FAF8, U+1FB00-1FBFF; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4vaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4uaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4gaVQUwaEQXjM.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; }/* cyrillic-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F; } /* cyrillic */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116; } /* greek-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF; } /* greek */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxMKTU1Kg.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; }/* cyrillic-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4taVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F; } /* cyrillic */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4kaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116; } /* greek-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4saVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF; } /* greek */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4jaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF; } /* hebrew */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4iaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0307-0308, U+0590-05FF, U+200C-2010, U+20AA, U+25CC, U+FB1D-FB4F; } /* math */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B5caVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0302-0303, U+0305, U+0307-0308, U+0310, U+0312, U+0315, U+031A, U+0326-0327, U+032C, U+032F-0330, U+0332-0333, U+0338, U+033A, U+0346, U+034D, U+0391-03A1, U+03A3-03A9, U+03B1-03C9, U+03D1, U+03D5-03D6, U+03F0-03F1, U+03F4-03F5, U+2016-2017, U+2034-2038, U+203C, U+2040, U+2043, U+2047, U+2050, U+2057, U+205F, U+2070-2071, U+2074-208E, U+2090-209C, U+20D0-20DC, U+20E1, U+20E5-20EF, U+2100-2112, U+2114-2115, U+2117-2121, U+2123-214F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-21AE, U+21B0-21E5, U+21F1-21F2, U+21F4-2211, U+2213-2214, U+2216-22FF, U+2308-230B, U+2310, U+2319, U+231C-2321, U+2336-237A, U+237C, U+2395, U+239B-23B7, U+23D0, U+23DC-23E1, U+2474-2475, U+25AF, U+25B3, U+25B7, U+25BD, U+25C1, U+25CA, U+25CC, U+25FB, U+266D-266F, U+27C0-27FF, U+2900-2AFF, U+2B0E-2B11, U+2B30-2B4C, U+2BFE, U+3030, U+FF5B, U+FF5D, U+1D400-1D7FF, U+1EE00-1EEFF; } /* symbols */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B5OaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0001-000C, U+000E-001F, U+007F-009F, U+20DD-20E0, U+20E2-20E4, U+2150-218F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-2199, U+21AF, U+21E6-21F0, U+21F3, U+2218-2219, U+2299, U+22C4-22C6, U+2300-243F, U+2440-244A, U+2460-24FF, U+25A0-27BF, U+2800-28FF, U+2921-2922, U+2981, U+29BF, U+29EB, U+2B00-2BFF, U+4DC0-4DFF, U+FFF9-FFFB, U+10140-1018E, U+10190-1019C, U+101A0, U+101D0-101FD, U+102E0-102FB, U+10E60-10E7E, U+1D2C0-1D2D3, U+1D2E0-1D37F, U+1F000-1F0FF, U+1F100-1F1AD, U+1F1E6-1F1FF, U+1F30D-1F30F, U+1F315, U+1F31C, U+1F31E, U+1F320-1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F378, U+1F37D, U+1F382, U+1F393-1F39F, U+1F3A7-1F3A8, U+1F3AC-1F3AF, U+1F3C2, U+1F3C4-1F3C6, U+1F3CA-1F3CE, U+1F3D4-1F3E0, U+1F3ED, U+1F3F1-1F3F3, U+1F3F5-1F3F7, U+1F408, U+1F415, U+1F41F, U+1F426, U+1F43F, U+1F441-1F442, U+1F444, U+1F446-1F449, U+1F44C-1F44E, U+1F453, U+1F46A, U+1F47D, U+1F4A3, U+1F4B0, U+1F4B3, U+1F4B9, U+1F4BB, U+1F4BF, U+1F4C8-1F4CB, U+1F4D6, U+1F4DA, U+1F4DF, U+1F4E3-1F4E6, U+1F4EA-1F4ED, U+1F4F7, U+1F4F9-1F4FB, U+1F4FD-1F4FE, U+1F503, U+1F507-1F50B, U+1F50D, U+1F512-1F513, U+1F53E-1F54A, U+1F54F-1F5FA, U+1F610, U+1F650-1F67F, U+1F687, U+1F68D, U+1F691, U+1F694, U+1F698, U+1F6AD, U+1F6B2, U+1F6B9-1F6BA, U+1F6BC, U+1F6C6-1F6CF, U+1F6D3-1F6D7, U+1F6E0-1F6EA, U+1F6F0-1F6F3, U+1F6F7-1F6FC, U+1F700-1F7FF, U+1F800-1F80B, U+1F810-1F847, U+1F850-1F859, U+1F860-1F887, U+1F890-1F8AD, U+1F8B0-1F8BB, U+1F8C0-1F8C1, U+1F900-1F90B, U+1F93B, U+1F946, U+1F984, U+1F996, U+1F9E9, U+1FA00-1FA6F, U+1FA70-1FA7C, U+1FA80-1FA89, U+1FA8F-1FAC6, U+1FACE-1FADC, U+1FADF-1FAE9, U+1FAF0-1FAF8, U+1FB00-1FBFF; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4vaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4uaVQUwaEQXjN_mQ.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/open-sans/memSYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVZyOOSr4dVJWUgsjZ0B4gaVQUwaEQXjM.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; }/* cyrillic-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F; } /* cyrillic */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116; } /* greek-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF; } /* greek */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF; } /* vietnamese */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB; } /* latin-ext */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxMKTU1Kvnz.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF; } /* latin */ @font-face { font-family: 'Roboto'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxMKTU1Kg.woff) format('woff'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; }</style></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-1945 single-format-standard custom-background wp-embed-responsive nx-wide onecol-blog single-author nx-show-search" style=" "> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="utilitybar" class="utilitybar colored-bg"> <div class="ubarinnerwrap"> <div class="socialicons"> <ul class="social"><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/CreativeBiolabs" title="facebook" target="_blank"><i class="genericon socico genericon-facebook"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/CreativeBiolabs" title="twitter" target="_blank"><i class="genericon socico genericon-twitter"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@CreativeBiolabs" title="youtube" target="_blank"><i class="genericon socico genericon-youtube"></i></a></li><li><a href="#" title="pinterest" target="_blank"><i class="genericon socico genericon-pinterest"></i></a></li><li><a href="#" title="linkedin" target="_blank"><i class="genericon socico genericon-linkedin"></i></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="headerwrap"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="headerinnerwrap"> <a class="home-link" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/" title="Creative Biolabs Blog" rel="home"> <span><img src="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/biolabs.com-logo.jpg" alt="Creative Biolabs Blog" class="imax-logo" /></span> </a> <div id="navbar" class="navbar colored-drop"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="navigation main-navigation" role="navigation"> <h3 class="menu-toggle">Menu</h3> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a> <div class="nav-container"><ul id="menu-creative-biolabs-blog" class="nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-1119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1119"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/drug-discovery-research/">Drug Discovery Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1121" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1121"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/immunotherapy-research/">Immunotherapy Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1122" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1122"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/antibody-engineering-eesearch/">Antibody Engineering Research</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- #site-navigation --> <div class="topsearch"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div><!-- #navbar --> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> </div> <!-- #Banner --> <div class="iheader nx-titlebar" style=""> <div class="titlebar"> <h1 class="entry-title">The molecular mechanism by which special antibodies protect the body against HIV infection</h1> </div> </div> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-1945" class="post-1945 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-immunotherapy-research tag-antibody-development tag-hiv-1 tag-neutralizing-antibodies"> <div class="post-mainpart"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="date"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/the-molecular-mechanism-by-which-special-antibodies-protect-the-body-against-hiv-infection/" title="Permalink to The molecular mechanism by which special antibodies protect the body against HIV infection" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2023-10-31T04:17:12-05:00">October 31, 2023</time></a></span><span class="categories-links"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/immunotherapy-research/" rel="category tag">Immunotherapy Research</a></span><span class="tags-links"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/tag/antibody-development/" rel="tag">antibody development</a>, <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/tag/hiv-1/" rel="tag">HIV-1</a>, <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/tag/neutralizing-antibodies/" rel="tag">neutralizing antibodies</a></span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/author/biolabs/" title="View all posts by biolabs" rel="author">biolabs</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV-1 Env have now been shown to protect against systemic infection. Recently, scientists from the University of Bochum in Germany and other institutions have discovered through research that HIV antibodies may provide sterilizing immunity by inhibiting the infection of the first cell.</p> <p><a href="http://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/HIV-1-neutralizing-antibodies-provide-sterilizing-immunity-by-blocking-infection-of-the-first-cells.-Viktoria-Stab-2023.jpg"><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="aligncenter wp-image-1946" src="http://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/HIV-1-neutralizing-antibodies-provide-sterilizing-immunity-by-blocking-infection-of-the-first-cells.-Viktoria-Stab-2023.jpg" alt="" width="414" height="414" srcset="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/HIV-1-neutralizing-antibodies-provide-sterilizing-immunity-by-blocking-infection-of-the-first-cells.-Viktoria-Stab-2023.jpg 664w, https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/HIV-1-neutralizing-antibodies-provide-sterilizing-immunity-by-blocking-infection-of-the-first-cells.-Viktoria-Stab-2023-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/HIV-1-neutralizing-antibodies-provide-sterilizing-immunity-by-blocking-infection-of-the-first-cells.-Viktoria-Stab-2023-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px" /></a></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies provide sterilizing immunity by blocking infection of the first cells. (Viktoria Stab, 2023)</p> <p>Researcher Dr. Klaus Uberla said HIV is a virus that can be transmitted through body fluids. In most cases, it is able to pass through the mucosa of the reproductive tract or rectum with the help of HIV envelope proteins, passing through single cells of the immune system located in the mucosa. And here it begins to cause the virus to spread throughout the body, thereby weakening the host’s immune system. Since scientists first discovered HIV infection in 1981, the virus has spread rapidly among the population. According to data from the United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, as of 2022, approximately 39 million people worldwide will be infected with HIV. There is currently no effective cure for HIV, and a vaccine has not yet been developed, but scientists are constantly researching to develop treatments for new HIV infections.</p> <p>For more than 20 years, we have known about special antibodies that protect the body against HIV infection and render many HIV variants harmless. This means that it can produce a broad neutralizing effect. But researchers currently don’t know exactly how this process works, nor do they know when antibodies will block the spread of the virus throughout the host body. In a joint study, researchers have shown that HIV antibodies inhibit infection of the first cells and that the concentration of antibodies in the mucosa is sufficient to do this.</p> <p>In this study, researchers developed a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based challenge virus that uses HIV-1 Env to enter target cells during its first replication cycle but then switches to using SIV Env. Antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but not SIV block HIV-1 Env-mediated infectious events after rectal exposure of nonhuman primates to switch-challenge virus. Following natural exposure to HIV-1, the reduction in the number of first infection events should be sufficient to provide immunity to sterilization in the strictest sense for most exposed individuals. Since blocking infection of the first cells avoids the formation of latently infected cells and reduces the risk of the emergence of antibody-resistant mutants, it may be the best mode of protection.</p> <p>This type of elimination immunity (complete protection against infection) is particularly important for HIV. It ensures that infected cells do not initially form viral proteins, even though they carry the virus’s genome. Years later, when the body’s antibody levels drop, these latently infected cells can reactivate the virus and still cause infection. Finally, the researchers stated that the antibody used in this study is still in the clinical development stage, but once approved, it can serve as a very promising method to protect individuals against HIV infection. (Learn more about out <span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="/custom-antibody-development.html">custom antibody discovery</a></strong></span> services.)</p> <p> </p> <p>Reference</p> <p>Stab V, Stahl-Hennig C, Ensser A, Richel E, Fraedrich K, Sauermann U, Tippler B, Klein F, Burton DR, Tenbusch M, 脺berla K. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies provide sterilizing immunity by blocking infection of the first cells. <em>Cell Rep Med</em>. 2023 Oct 17;4(10):101201. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101201. Epub 2023 Oct 6. PMID: 37804829; PMCID: PMC10591032.</p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </div> </article><!-- #post --> <nav class="navigation post-navigation" role="navigation"> <h1 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h1> <div class="nav-links"> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/multispecific-antibodies-enhance-cancer-immunotherapy/" rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav">←</span> Multispecific antibodies enhance cancer immunotherapy</a> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/scientists-identify-a-special-gene-that-produces-key-antibodies-in-large-quantities/" rel="next">Scientists identify a special gene that produces key antibodies in large quantities <span class="meta-nav">→</span></a> </div><!-- .nav-links --> </nav><!-- .navigation --> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> </div><!-- #comments --> </div><!-- #content --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #main --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-bg clearfix"> <div class="widget-wrap"> <div id="secondary" class="sidebar-container" role="complementary"> <div class="widget-area" id="footer-widgets"> <aside id="categories-7" class="widget widget_categories"><h3 class="widget-title">Categories</h3> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/antibody-engineering-eesearch/">Antibody Engineering Research</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/biologicalknowledge/">Biological Knowledge</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/drug-discovery-research/">Drug Discovery Research</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/immunotherapy-research/">Immunotherapy Research</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/news-antibody-engineering-eesearch/">News</a> </li> </ul> </aside> <aside id="recent-posts-5" class="widget widget_recent_entries"> <h3 class="widget-title">Recent Posts</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/scientists-identify-a-special-gene-that-produces-key-antibodies-in-large-quantities/">Scientists identify a special gene that produces key antibodies in large quantities</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/the-molecular-mechanism-by-which-special-antibodies-protect-the-body-against-hiv-infection/" aria-current="page">The molecular mechanism by which special antibodies protect the body against HIV infection</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/multispecific-antibodies-enhance-cancer-immunotherapy/">Multispecific antibodies enhance cancer immunotherapy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/scientists-have-cracked-hivs-new-way-of-entering-the-host-cell-nucleus-which-may-lead-to-new-therapeutic-drugs/">Scientists have cracked HIV’s new way of entering the host cell nucleus, which may lead to new therapeutic drugs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/antibody-sequencing-provides-a-new-path-for-antibody-therapy-research/">Antibody sequencing provides a new path for antibody therapy research</a> </li> </ul> </aside><aside id="archives-8" class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-8">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-8" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/12/'> December 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/10/'> October 2023 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/08/'> August 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/07/'> July 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/06/'> June 2023 (3)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/04/'> April 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/03/'> March 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2023/02/'> February 2023 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/10/'> October 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/09/'> September 2022 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/08/'> August 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/06/'> June 2022 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/05/'> May 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/04/'> April 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/03/'> March 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/02/'> February 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2022/01/'> January 2022 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/12/'> December 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/11/'> November 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/10/'> October 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/09/'> September 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/08/'> August 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/07/'> July 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/06/'> June 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/04/'> April 2021 (3)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/03/'> March 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/02/'> February 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2021/01/'> January 2021 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/12/'> December 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/11/'> November 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/10/'> October 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/09/'> September 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/08/'> August 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/07/'> July 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/06/'> June 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/05/'> May 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/04/'> April 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/03/'> March 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2020/01/'> January 2020 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/12/'> December 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/11/'> November 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/10/'> October 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/09/'> September 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/08/'> August 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/07/'> July 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/06/'> June 2019 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/05/'> May 2019 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/04/'> April 2019 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/03/'> March 2019 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2019/02/'> February 2019 (3)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/12/'> December 2018 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/10/'> October 2018 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/09/'> September 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/08/'> August 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/07/'> July 2018 (4)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/06/'> June 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/05/'> May 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/03/'> March 2018 (5)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/02/'> February 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2018/01/'> January 2018 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/12/'> December 2017 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/11/'> November 2017 (3)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/10/'> October 2017 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/09/'> September 2017 (5)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/08/'> August 2017 (10)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/07/'> July 2017 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/06/'> June 2017 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/05/'> May 2017 (3)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/04/'> April 2017 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/02/'> February 2017 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2017/01/'> January 2017 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/12/'> December 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/11/'> November 2016 (2)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/10/'> October 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/09/'> September 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/08/'> August 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/07/'> July 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2016/06/'> June 2016 (1)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2015/11/'> November 2015 (4)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2015/10/'> October 2015 (9)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2015/09/'> September 2015 (14)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2015/08/'> August 2015 (13)</option> <option value='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/2015/07/'> July 2015 (8)</option> </select> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-8" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); /* ]]> */ </script> </aside><aside id="text-7" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title">Contact Us</h3> <div class="textwidget"><p><strong><a style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: 520;" href="/contactus.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">USA</a></strong> – <strong><a style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: 520;" href="/contactus.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UK</a></strong></p> </div> </aside> </div><!-- .widget-area --> </div><!-- #secondary --> </div> </div> <div class="site-info"> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © Creative Biolabs Blog </div> <div class="credit-info"> <a href="http://wordpress.org/" title="Semantic Personal Publishing Platform"> Powered by WordPress </a> , Theme <a href="http://www.templatesnext.org/i-max/" title="Multi-purpose WordPress WooCommerce Theme" rel="designer"> i-max </a> by TemplatesNext. </div> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=4.1.4' id='imagesloaded-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2' id='masonry-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.masonry.min.js?ver=3.1.2b' id='jquery-masonry-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/js/waypoints.min.js?ver=2014-01-13' id='imax-waypoint-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/js/jquery.sidr.min.js?ver=2014-01-13' id='imax-sidr-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/js/owl.carousel.min.js?ver=2014-01-13' id='owl-carousel-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/js/functions.js?ver=2018-04-24' id='imax-script-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/inc/responsive-menu/js/jquery.transit.min.js?ver=2017-03-16' id='jquery.transit-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/inc/responsive-menu/js/jquery.sidr.js?ver=2017-03-16' id='sidr-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' id='wprmenu.js-js-extra'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wprmenu = {"zooming":"yes","from_width":"1069","swipe":"yes"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/wp-content/themes/i-max/inc/responsive-menu/js/wprmenu.js?ver=2017-03-16' id='wprmenu.js-js'></script> <div id="wprmenu_bar" class="wprmenu_bar"> <div class="wprmenu-inner"> <div class="wprmenu_icon"> <span class="wprmenu_ic_1"></span> <span class="wprmenu_ic_2"></span> <span class="wprmenu_ic_3"></span> </div> <div class="menu_title"> MENU </div> </div> </div> <div id="wprmenu_menu" class="wprmenu_levels top wprmenu_custom_icons"> <ul id="wprmenu_menu_ul"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1119"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/drug-discovery-research/">Drug Discovery Research</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1121"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/immunotherapy-research/">Immunotherapy Research</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1122"><a href="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/index.php/category/antibody-engineering-eesearch/">Antibody Engineering Research</a></li> </ul> <div class="wpr_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.creative-biolabs.com/blog/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> </body> </html>