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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Civilian vehicle modified for combat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvised_fighting_vehicle" title="Special:EditPage/Improvised fighting vehicle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22">"Improvised fighting vehicle"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Improvised+fighting+vehicle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A technical armed with a <a href="/wiki/ZU-23" class="mw-redirect" title="ZU-23">ZU-23</a> <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> during battles against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_Mountains" title="Qalamoun Mountains">Qalamoun Mountains</a>, southern Syria, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>improvised fighting vehicle</b> is an <i>ad hoc</i> <a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">combat vehicle</a> resulting from modified or upgraded civilian or military non-combat vehicle, often constructed and employed by civilian <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">criminal organizations</a> or other forms of non-state <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irregular_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular army">irregular armies</a>. Such modifications usually consist of grafting <a href="/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised armour plating</a> and fixed <a href="/wiki/Crew-served_weapon" title="Crew-served weapon">crew-served weapons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">antiaircraft autocannons</a> mounted onto the back of a <a href="/wiki/Utility_vehicle" title="Utility vehicle">utility vehicle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup truck</a>. </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a> and official militaries have improvised such vehicles ever since the introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> into military service. During the 1910s and 1920s, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them led to a great deal of improvisation in the creation of early <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored cars</a> and similar vehicles. </p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, despite the advent of <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industries</a> producing armored fighting vehicles in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> for which no available vehicle was suitable. </p><p>The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, where various armies and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> forces have used them (e.g. during the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a>), as they are more affordable and accessible than military-grade combat vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_use">Early use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/220px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/330px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG/440px-Polski_automobil_pancerny_z_obrony_Lwowa_1918-19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_Tank" title="Piłsudski's Tank">Piłsudski's Tank</a> improvised armoured car in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daimler-Guinness_Armoured_Lorries">Daimler-Guinness Armoured Lorries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Daimler-Guinness Armoured Lorries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early improvised fighting vehicle was constructed for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in 1916. It was made from a three-ton <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a> truck commandeered from the Dublin <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> brewery. An armoured body was mounted on the truck, built from the <a href="/wiki/Smokebox" title="Smokebox">smokeboxes</a> of several <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>. The body had loopholes cut in it for riflemen to fire through and was painted with black spots that acted as dummy loopholes to confuse snipers. A steel box protected the truck driver and steel plating covered the truck radiator. Construction took less than one day at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Railways" title="Great Southern Railways">Great Southern Railways</a> workshop. After the rising, the locomotive parts were returned to the railway and the truck returned to its owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piłsudski's_Tank"><span id="Pi.C5.82sudski.27s_Tank"></span>Piłsudski's Tank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Piłsudski's Tank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski%27s_Tank" title="Piłsudski's Tank">Piłsudski's Tank</a> was an improvised <a href="/wiki/Armoured_car_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured car (military)">armoured car</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a> military during the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Ukrainian War">Polish-Ukrainian War</a>. It was created on the basis of a truck of unknown brand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAS_jeeps">SAS jeeps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SAS jeeps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg/220px-Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg/330px-Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg/440px-Special_Air_Service_in_North_Africa_E_21337.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>'L' Detachment <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> in their armed <a href="/wiki/Willys_Jeep" class="mw-redirect" title="Willys Jeep">jeeps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Created during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> specialised in carrying out <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run attacks</a>, in particular against <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> airfields. As no vehicle was adapted to this kind of mission, the SAS were forced to build their own. Heavily modified <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">jeeps</a> became the trademark weapon of the SAS. The windscreens, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumper (automobile)">bumper</a> were removed, in order to save weight and permit an extra payload to be carried. The <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a> <a href="/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">grille</a> bars were often removed to allow more airflow to better cool the engine in the hot desert climate. Different weapons arrays were carried, including different combinations of various <a href="/wiki/Browning_machine_gun" title="Browning machine gun">Browning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_K" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers K">Vickers K</a> machine guns according to available supply. </p><p>The SAS jeeps were used during the whole North African Campaign, and later in Europe, where they were used for <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> missions behind enemy lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_home_guard">British home guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British home guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>, an armed citizen militia of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> as a form of invasion defense, was often inadequately equipped throughout its existence, as the more valuable and modern equipment were issued to the regular British Army. As such, the Home Guard was often outfitted with obsolete or makeshift weapons and vehicles of dubious effectiveness. Among the improvised fighting vehicle developed for use by the Home Guard include the <a href="/wiki/Armadillo_armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle">Armadillo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bison_concrete_armoured_lorry" title="Bison concrete armoured lorry">Bison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_OXA" title="Bedford OXA">OXA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Beaverette" title="Standard Beaverette">Standard Beaverette</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_tractor_tanks">Soviet tractor tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet tractor tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NI_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="NI Tank">NI Tank</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/KhTZ-16" title="KhTZ-16">KhTZ-16</a></div> <p>An improvised Soviet <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicle</a>, based on an STZ-5 agricultural <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>, manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> during the early stages of World War II. The NI tank's name is an abbreviation of "<i>Na Ispug</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">На Испуг</span>), which literally translates to "for fear". It was also called the "Odessa tank" and "terror tank". Another type of vehicle was KhTZ-16 (named after the <a href="/wiki/Malyshev_Factory" title="Malyshev Factory">Kharkiv Tractor Factory</a>) based on the chassis of an STZ-3 tractor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kubuś"><span id="Kubu.C5.9B"></span>Kubuś</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kubuś"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kubu%C5%9B" title="Kubuś">Kubuś</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MWP_Kubus_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/170px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/255px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/340px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Kubu%C5%9B" title="Kubuś">Kubuś</a> car at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_Museum" title="Polish Army Museum">Polish Army Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An improvised <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> built on a <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> 157 truck chassis by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> in 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Croatian improvised infantry fighting vehicle during the Croatian War of Independence 1991–1995."><img alt="A Croatian improvised infantry fighting vehicle during the Croatian War of Independence 1991–1995." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG/240px-Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG/360px-Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG/480px-Oklopnjak_vukovarska_vojarna_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> improvised <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> 1991–1995.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Improvised fighting vehicle from the Croatian War of Independence."><img alt="Improvised fighting vehicle from the Croatian War of Independence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg/230px-Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg/345px-Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg/460px-Armoured_vehicle_Dubrovnik_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Improvised fighting vehicle from the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Croatian improvised armored backhoe with a 70 hp engine. The turntable was equipped with a 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon, a 12.7 mm Browning heavy machine gun or an 82 mm cannon from the Croatian War of Independence."><img alt="Croatian improvised armored backhoe with a 70 hp engine. The turntable was equipped with a 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon, a 12.7 mm Browning heavy machine gun or an 82 mm cannon from the Croatian War of Independence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/240px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/360px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/480px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> improvised armored <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoe</a> with a 70 hp engine. The turntable was equipped with a 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon, a 12.7 mm <a href="/wiki/Browning_heavy_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning heavy machine gun">Browning heavy machine gun</a> or an 82 mm cannon from the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technicals">Technicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">Non-standard tactical vehicles (NSTV)</a></div> <p>Typically a civilian or military non-combat vehicle, modified to provide an offensive capability. It is usually an open-backed civilian <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup truck</a> or <a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a> on which is mounted a <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a>, a light <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">recoilless rifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">rotary cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank weapon">anti-tank weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket pod">rocket pods</a> salvaged from downed attack helicopters or other relatively small weapons system along with optional add-ons like <a href="/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised vehicle armour</a>. </p><p>The term "technical" used to describe such a vehicle appears to have originated in Somalia. The name is thought to have derived from use by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> there who were often forced to bribe local <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> or be the victim of robbery and attacks. The money used for the bribe was then written off as "technical expenses". They are also known as battlewagons<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gunwagons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among irregular armies, often centered around the perceived strength and charisma of warlords, the prestige power of technicals is strong. According to one article, "The Technical is the most significant symbol of power in southern Somalia. It is a small truck with large tripod machine guns mounted on the back. A warlord's power is measured by how many of these vehicles he has."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_trucks">Gun trucks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gun trucks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun_Truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/220px-Gun_Truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/330px-Gun_Truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/440px-Gun_Truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an <a href="/wiki/M939_Truck" class="mw-redirect" title="M939 Truck">M939</a> five-ton truck</figcaption></figure> <p>An improvised military armoured vehicle used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military transport truck</a>, that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armor. They have poor off-road performance, so have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> by guerrilla forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narco_tanks">Narco tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narco tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narco_tank" title="Narco tank">Narco tank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narco-tank-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Narco-tank-1.jpg/220px-Narco-tank-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Narco-tank-1.jpg/330px-Narco-tank-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Narco-tank-1.jpg/440px-Narco-tank-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_F-350" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford F-350">Ford F-350</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Monstruo 2010" featuring a <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a>, captured by Mexican authorities in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Narco tanks</b>, also called as <b>rhino trucks</b> and <b>monstruos</b> is a type of improvised fighting vehicles used by <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartels" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug cartels">drug cartels</a>. They are civilian <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dump_truck" title="Dump truck">dump trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-truck">semi-trucks</a> or other large vehicles fitted with armaments, <a href="/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised vehicle armour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firing_port" title="Firing port">firing ports</a>. Some narco tanks are even fitted with improvised <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a> to break through <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblocks</a>. All this adds <a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">operational mobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> and defensive capabilities to fight <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> and rivals during <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIS_and_YPG_armored_vehicles">ISIS and YPG armored vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: ISIS and YPG armored vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple examples of improvised fighting vehicles have been created from multiple factions in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil war</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War In Iraq.</a> </p><p>Armament, and thickness of armor varies on different examples, along with the chassis they are designed on. They are used as <a href="/wiki/SVBIED" class="mw-redirect" title="SVBIED">SVBIED's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored cars</a>, improvised <a href="/wiki/Tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks">tanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">improvised armored personnel carriers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_and_Russian_improvised_armoured_vehicles">Ukrainian and Russian improvised armoured vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ukrainian and Russian improvised armoured vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makeshift_IFV_(%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg/220px-Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg/330px-Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg/440px-Makeshift_IFV_%28%C2%ABAidar%C2%BB_battalion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> armed <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a> in 2014; with <a href="/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised vehicle armour</a> under use as an improvised <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">APC</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout both the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">2014 War in Donbas</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a>, both sides used improvised fighting vehicles for purposes such as hit-and-run attacks or anti-drone defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian forces reportedly used rocket launchers recovered from downed helicopters, mounted on technicals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killdozer" class="mw-redirect" title="Killdozer">Killdozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">Technical (vehicle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_tank" title="Narco tank">Narco tank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.1/snu-1.44">Somali Warlords Moving Gunwagons from Mogadishu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110955/http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.1/snu-1.44">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Somalia News Update</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/photo/061204/photos_pl_afp/4d556aadc7d2846f7ec811e4bf90f3bc">Somalia transitional government soldiers keep watch from a battlewagon over the parliament at Baidoa in November 2006.</a>AFP Photo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426144256/https://news.yahoo.com/photo/061204/photos_pl_afp/4d556aadc7d2846f7ec811e4bf90f3bc">Archived</a> 2020-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107083203/https://www.psywarrior.com/SomaliaHerb.html">United States Psyop in Somalia </a> Herbert A. Friedman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019191917/https://www.autoblog.com/2011/05/28/mexican-police-seize-armored-f-350-narco-tank-with-machine-gun/">Mexican police seize armored F-350 'narco tank' with machine gun turret</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109205936/http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/photo/samodelnye_broneavtomobili_donbassa.shtml">"Самодельные бронеавтомобили Донбасса"</a> [The homemade armored vehicles of Donbass]. <i>Gazeta.Ru</i> (in Russian). 2014-11-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/photo/samodelnye_broneavtomobili_donbassa.shtml">the original</a> on 2015-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta.Ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.ru%2Fauto%2Fphoto%2Fsamodelnye_broneavtomobili_donbassa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine2021" class="citation news cs1">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (2021-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409201342/https://www.osce.org/files/2021-04-17%20Daily%20Report_.pdf?itok=80371">"Daily Report 88/2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/2021-04-17%20Daily%20Report_.pdf?itok=80371">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daily+Report+88%2F2021&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.au=OSCE+Special+Monitoring+Mission+to+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2F2021-04-17%2520Daily%2520Report_.pdf%3Fitok%3D80371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409201320/https://informnapalm.org/en/osce-spots-15-newest-russian-uaz-esaul-armored-vehicles-in-donbas-drone-photo/">"OSCE spots 15 newest Russian UAZ Esaul armored vehicles in Donbas (Drone photo)"</a>. <i>InformNapalm.org (English)</i>. 2021-05-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://informnapalm.org/en/osce-spots-15-newest-russian-uaz-esaul-armored-vehicles-in-donbas-drone-photo/">the original</a> on April 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InformNapalm.org+%28English%29&rft.atitle=OSCE+spots+15+newest+Russian+UAZ+Esaul+armored+vehicles+in+Donbas+%28Drone+photo%29&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformnapalm.org%2Fen%2Fosce-spots-15-newest-russian-uaz-esaul-armored-vehicles-in-donbas-drone-photo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Omt6cFTVFnA">"Ukrainian anti-drone unit receives heavy gun pick-up trucks to defend Kyiv"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a>. May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+anti-drone+unit+receives+heavy+gun+pick-up+trucks+to+defend+Kyiv&rft.pub=The+Sun&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOmt6cFTVFnA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNava2022" class="citation news cs1">Nava, Victor (March 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421030711/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/russia-reportedly-using-isis-style-pickup-trucks-in-ukraine">"Russia reportedly using ISIS-style pickup trucks in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/russia-reportedly-using-isis-style-pickup-trucks-in-ukraine">the original</a> on April 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+reportedly+using+ISIS-style+pickup+trucks+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Nava&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Frussia-reportedly-using-isis-style-pickup-trucks-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe2022" class="citation web cs1">Axe, David (December 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527224651/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=www.forbes.com">"Bolting Random Weapons On Random Chassis, the Ukrainian Army Proves Its Ingenuity ... And Desperation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/19/bolting-random-weapons-on-random-chassis-the-ukrainian-army-proves-its-ingenuity--and-desperation/?sh=3c32906478bc">the original</a> on May 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolting+Random+Weapons+On+Random+Chassis%2C+the+Ukrainian+Army+Proves+Its+Ingenuity+...+And+Desperation&rft.pub=Forbes&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2022%2F12%2F19%2Fbolting-random-weapons-on-random-chassis-the-ukrainian-army-proves-its-ingenuity--and-desperation%2F%3Fsh%3D3c32906478bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503205931/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU5_n_j9hag"><i>Gomel, Belarus - Russian SOF (02/24)</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU5_n_j9hag">the original</a> on May 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gomel%2C+Belarus+-+Russian+SOF+%2802%2F24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHU5_n_j9hag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Defense_of_Ukraine2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense of Ukraine">Ministry of Defense of Ukraine</a> [@DefenceU] (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221954/https://twitter.com/DefenceU/status/1539569465087692800">"So, now rus weapons are really in a good hands. 🇺🇦 warriors have installed a rocket launcher from a shot down 🇷🇺 🚁 Ka-52 on their car and use it against the occupiers. P.S. Thank you to 🇺🇦 volunteers for the Mitsubishi L200. P.P.S. But we are still waiting for HIMARS and M270!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/DefenceU/status/1539569465087692800">the original</a> on August 7, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So%2C+now+rus+weapons+are+really+in+a+good+hands.+%F0%9F%87%BA%F0%9F%87%A6+warriors+have+installed+a+rocket+launcher+from+a+shot+down+%F0%9F%87%B7%F0%9F%87%BA+%F0%9F%9A%81+Ka-52+on+their+car+and+use+it+against+the+occupiers.+P.S.+Thank+you+to+%F0%9F%87%BA%F0%9F%87%A6+volunteers+for+the+Mitsubishi+L200.+P.P.S.+But+we+are+still+waiting+for+HIMARS+and+M270%21&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.au=Ministry+of+Defense+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FDefenceU%2Fstatus%2F1539569465087692800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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