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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yangginu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">楊吉砮</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yángjínǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yang<sup>2</sup>-ji<sup>2</sup>-nu<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative spelling</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">仰加奴</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yǎngjiānú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yang<sup>3</sup>jia<sup>1</sup>nu<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yangginu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', sans-serif; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨᡠ</span>, died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> December 1583</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Yehe_Nara_clan" title="Yehe Nara clan">Yehe Nara clan</a>. Yangginu and his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinggiyanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinggiyanu (page does not exist)">Cinggiyanu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BD%B3%E7%A0%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:清佳砮">zh</a>]</span> were either the sons or grandsons of the Yehe chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cukungge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cukungge (page does not exist)">Cukungge</a>, who was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Nara_clan#Hada_Nara" title="Nara clan">Hada</a> chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangji_Wailan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangji Wailan (page does not exist)">Wangji Wailan</a> during an invasion. Yangginu and his brothers were made wards and vassals of the Hada Khan <a href="/wiki/Wan_(khan)" title="Wan (khan)">Wan</a>, who had conquered a wide swath of territory and formed the <a href="/wiki/Hulun_(alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulun (alliance)">Hulun</a> confederation. Inheriting the eastern half of the Hada territory, Yangginu secured a marriage with a Mongol noblewoman and eventually gained the clan's independence from Wan, who died soon afterwards. Along with his brother and Mongol allies, he invaded the Hada in 1583, but was ambushed and killed by the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Li_Chengliang" title="Li Chengliang">Li Chengliang</a>, an ally of the Hada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangginu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yangginu and his brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinggiyanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinggiyanu (page does not exist)">Cinggiyanu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BD%B3%E7%A0%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:清佳砮">zh</a>]</span> were <i><a href="/wiki/Beile" class="mw-redirect" title="Beile">beile</a></i> (chieftains) of the <a href="/wiki/Yehe_Nara_clan" title="Yehe Nara clan">Yehe Nara clan</a>, either the sons or grandsons of the clan leader Cukungge. The Yehe were not directly related to the <a href="/wiki/Nara_clan" title="Nara clan">Nara clan</a>, but were descendants of a <a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed Mongol</a> leader named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singgen_Dargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singgen Dargan (page does not exist)">Singgen Dargan</a> who destroyed a group of Jurchen of the Nara clan along the Yehe River and adopted their clan name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943896–897_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943896–897-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the neighboring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hada_tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hada tribe (page does not exist)">Hada tribe</a>, the Yehe were raiders hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. With Ming support, the Hada chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangji_Wailan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangji Wailan (page does not exist)">Wangji Wailan</a> invaded the Yehe and executed Cukungge. Orphaned, Yangginu and Cinggiyanu were made wards and vassals of Wangji Wailan's nephew, the Hada Khan <a href="/wiki/Wan_(khan)" title="Wan (khan)">Wan</a>. Yangginu was married to one of Wan's daughters, while Wan took one of Yangginu's sisters as a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>. Wan conquered a wide territory, incorporated the Yehe, Hoifa, and Ula tribes into his <a href="/wiki/Hulun_(alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulun (alliance)">Hulun</a> confederation. The Yehe were divided between Yangginu and his brother, with Yangginu controlling the eastern portion of their previous territory. He participated in raids on <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou</a> leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Gao_(chieftain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Gao (chieftain) (page does not exist)">Wang Gao</a>. Yangginu also traded with the Ming at the frontier market of Zhenbei. On one occasion, Yangginu dispatched a small force, including Chinese-speaking tribesmen, to meet at the market and distract the local guards while the main force proceeded into Ming territory to raid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2011110–111_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2011110–111-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While under Hada authority, Yangginu and his brother schemed to avenge Cukungge, and grew their power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1572, they had a combined total of 20,000 horsemen under their command. Wan's power began to decline; he grew senile and was weakened by the tyrannical actions of his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurhan (page does not exist)">Hurhan</a>. Gradually increasing his power, Yangginu was able to marry a Mongol noblewoman and secured the independence of both the Yehe and the Ula in 1582. Wan died soon afterwards, and the Hada collapsed into a secession dispute between Hurhan and his illegitimate brother Kangguru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2011132_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2011132-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Jianzhou chieftain <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> sought a marriage connection with the Yehe. Although he was relatively weak in terms of military power, Yangginu was impressed by Nurhaci's abilities and betrothed his youngest daughter <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaocigao_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Empress Xiaocigao (Qing dynasty)">Xiaoce</a> (also known as Monggo-gege, an epithet meaning "Mongol lady") to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley2002154_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley2002154-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1583, Yangginu and Cinggiyanu invaded the Hada alongside a large force of Mongol allies, and ransacked the territory of the chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menggebulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menggebulu (page does not exist)">Menggebulu</a>. They then moved south to attack the Chinese trading centers. The forces of General <a href="/wiki/Li_Chengliang" title="Li Chengliang">Li Chengliang</a> came to the aid of the Hada. Li was able to lure Yangginu and Cinggiyanu to the North Pass, where they were ambushed and killed by his forces around December 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yangginu's son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narimbulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narimbulu (page does not exist)">Narimbulu</a> succeeded him as <i>beile</i> of the Yehe and continued his fight against the Ming, although was eventually subdued after a long campaign. Honoring his father's agreement, he escorted Xiaoce, aged 14, to Nurhaci in 1588. This was Nurhaci's first diplomatic marriage. She became his favored consort, was proclaimed the Empress Xiaocigao, and bore him a son named <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a>, who would go on to become the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752–53_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752–53-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangginu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943896–897-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943896–897_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1943">Kennedy 1943</a>, pp. 896–897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1943799–800,_896–897_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1943">Kennedy 1943</a>, pp. 799–800, 896–897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWada1957">Wada 1957</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2011110–111-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2011110–111_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2011">Huang 2011</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195751–52_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWada1957">Wada 1957</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2011132-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2011132_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2011">Huang 2011</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo1998329–331_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo1998">Guo 1998</a>, pp. 329–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley2002154-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley2002154_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossley2002">Crossley 2002</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWada195752–53-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWada195752–53_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWada1957">Wada 1957</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangginu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2002" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). <i>A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520234246" title="Special:BookSources/9780520234246"><bdi>9780520234246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Translucent+Mirror%3A+History+and+Identity+in+Qing+Imperial+Ideology&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520234246&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangginu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuo1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Guo, Songyi (1998). "Empress Xiao Ci Gao of the Nara Clan". In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (eds.). <i>Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women</i>. Vol. 1: The Qing Period, <span class="nowrap">1644–</span>1911. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317475873" title="Special:BookSources/9781317475873"><bdi>9781317475873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empress+Xiao+Ci+Gao+of+the+Nara+Clan&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Women&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781317475873&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Songyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangginu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuang2011" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Pei (2011). <i>Reorienting the Manchus: A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933947921" title="Special:BookSources/9781933947921"><bdi>9781933947921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorienting+the+Manchus%3A+A+Study+of+Sinicization%2C+1583%E2%80%931795&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781933947921&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Pei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangginu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Kennedy_(sinologist)" title="George A. Kennedy (sinologist)">Kennedy, George A.</a> (1943). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eminentchineseof0000na"><i>Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feminentchineseof0000na&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangginu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWada1957" class="citation journal cs1">Wada, Sei (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/3415/files/memoirs16_02.pdf">"Some Problems Concerning the Rise of T'ai-tsu the Founder of Manchu Dynasty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko</i> (16). <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Bunko" title="Tōyō Bunko">Tōyō Bunko</a>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department+of+the+T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunko&rft.atitle=Some+Problems+Concerning+the+Rise+of+T%27ai-tsu+the+Founder+of+Manchu+Dynasty&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wada&rft.aufirst=Sei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F3415%2Ffiles%2Fmemoirs16_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangginu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangginu&oldid=1263157629">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangginu&oldid=1263157629</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1584_deaths" title="Category:1584 deaths">1584 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jurchen_chieftains" title="Category:Jurchen chieftains">Jurchen chieftains</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2024">Use dmy dates from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown" title="Category:Year of birth unknown">Year of birth unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 December 2024, at 01:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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