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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Software art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Live coding</span> </div> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philip_Galanter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Philip Galanter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philip_Galanter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Margaret_Boden_and_Ernest_Edmonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margaret_Boden_and_Ernest_Edmonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Margaret Boden and Ernest Edmonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margaret_Boden_and_Ernest_Edmonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Generative art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فن توالدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن توالدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_generatiu" title="Art generatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art generatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_Kunst" title="Generative Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generative Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatiivne_kunst" title="Generatiivne kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Generatiivne kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_generativo" title="Arte generativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte generativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="هنر مولد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر مولد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ratif" title="Art génératif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art génératif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_xerativa" title="Arte xerativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte xerativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="생성 예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생성 예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ընթացակարգային արվեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընթացակարգային արվեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_generativa" title="Arte generativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte generativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatieve_kunst" title="Generatieve kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Generatieve kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ジェネレーティブアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェネレーティブアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_generatywna" title="Sztuka generatywna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka generatywna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C4%83_generativ%C4%83" title="Artă generativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artă generativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Процедуральное искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Процедуральное искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_generativa" title="Arte generativa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Arte generativa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Generative art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativna_umetnost" title="Generativna umetnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Generativna umetnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Генеративне мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генеративне мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="生成藝術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生成藝術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="生成艺术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生成艺术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1502032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about all autonomously-created art. For generative AI art, see <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">artificial intelligence art</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg/220px-Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg/330px-Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Condensation_Cube_of_Haacke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a> Cube</i>, <a href="/wiki/Plexiglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexiglass">plexiglass</a> and water, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Haacke" title="Hans Haacke">Hans Haacke</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>, begun 1965, completed 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dombis_1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dombis_1687.jpg/220px-Dombis_1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dombis_1687.jpg/330px-Dombis_1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dombis_1687.jpg/440px-Dombis_1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Installation view of <i>Irrational Geometrics</i> 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Dombis" title="Pascal Dombis">Pascal Dombis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10%27000_moving_cities_V3,_net-and-telepresence-based_installation,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg/220px-10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg/330px-10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg/440px-10%27000_moving_cities_V3%2C_net-and-telepresence-based_installation%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Telepresence-based installation <i>10.000 Moving Cities</i>, 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lee" title="Marc Lee">Marc Lee</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Generative art</b> is <a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">post-conceptual art</a> that has been created (in whole or in part) with the use of an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> system. An <i>autonomous system</i> in this context is generally one that is non-human and can independently determine features of an artwork that would otherwise require decisions made directly by the artist. In some cases the human creator may claim that the <a href="/wiki/Generative_systems" title="Generative systems">generative system</a> represents their own artistic idea, and in others that the system takes on the role of the creator. </p><p>"Generative art" often refers to <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">algorithmic art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algorithmically" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmically">algorithmically</a> determined <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-generated artwork">computer generated artwork</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_media" title="Synthetic media">synthetic media</a> (general term for any algorithmically generated media), but artists can also make generative art using systems of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart materials">smart materials</a>, manual <a href="/wiki/Randomization" title="Randomization">randomization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_mapping" title="Data mapping">data mapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tiling</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the word "generative" in the discussion of art has developed over time. The use of "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial DNA">Artificial DNA</a>" defines a generative approach to art focused on the construction of a system able to generate unpredictable events, all with a recognizable common character. The use of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous systems</a>, required by some contemporary definitions, focuses a generative approach where the controls are strongly reduced. This approach is also named "emergent". <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a> and Ernest Edmonds have noted the use of the term "generative art" in the broad context of automated <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> in the 1960s, beginning with artwork exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nees" title="Georg Nees">Georg Nees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frieder_Nake" title="Frieder Nake">Frieder Nake</a> in 1965:<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. Michael Noll did his initial computer art, combining randomness with order, in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exhibited it along with works by Bell Julesz in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The terms "generative art" and "computer art" have been used in tandem, and more or less interchangeably, since the very earliest days.<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first such exhibition showed the work of Nees in February 1965, which some claim was titled "Generative Computergrafik".<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Nees does not himself remember, this was the title of his doctoral thesis published a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Nake12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nake12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correct title of the first exhibition and catalog was "computer-grafik".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Generative art" and related terms was in common use by several other early computer artists around this time, including <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mohr" title="Manfred Mohr">Manfred Mohr</a><sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Knowlton" title="Ken Knowlton">Ken Knowlton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vera_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Vera Molnár">Vera Molnár</a> (born 1924) is a French media artist of Hungarian origin. Molnar is widely considered to be a pioneer of generative art, and is also one of the first women to use computers in her art practice. </p><p>The term "Generative Art" with the meaning of dynamic artwork-systems able to generate multiple artwork-events was clearly used the first time for the "Generative Art" conference in Milan in 1998. The term has also been used to describe geometric <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> where simple elements are repeated, transformed, or varied to generate more complex forms. Thus defined, generative art was practiced by the Argentinian artists <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mac_Entyre" title="Eduardo Mac Entyre">Eduardo Mac Entyre</a> and Miguel Ángel Vidal in the late 1960s. In 1972 the Romanian-born <a href="/wiki/Paul_Neagu" title="Paul Neagu">Paul Neagu</a> created the Generative Art Group in Britain. It was populated exclusively by Neagu using aliases such as "Hunsy Belmood" and "Edward Larsocchi". In 1972 Neagu gave a lecture titled 'Generative Art Forms' at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Belfast">Queen's University, Belfast</a> Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970 the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a> created a department called <i><a href="/wiki/Generative_Systems:_Art,_Science_and_Technology" title="Generative Systems: Art, Science and Technology">Generative Systems</a></i>. As described by <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Landy_Sheridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonia Landy Sheridan">Sonia Landy Sheridan</a> the focus was on art practices using the then new technologies for the capture, inter-machine transfer, printing and transmission of images, as well as the exploration of the aspect of time in the transformation of image information. Also noteworthy is <a href="/wiki/John_Dunn_(software_developer)" title="John Dunn (software developer)">John Dunn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first a student and then a collaborator of Sheridan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 Clauser<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified the aspect of systemic autonomy as a critical element in generative art: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It should be evident from the above description of the evolution of generative art that process (or structuring) and change (or transformation) are among its most definitive features, and that these features and the very term 'generative' imply dynamic development and motion. (the result) is not a creation by the artist but rather the product of the generative process - a self-precipitating structure. </p></blockquote> <p>In 1989 Celestino Soddu defined the Generative Design approach to Architecture and Town Design in his book <i>Citta' Aleatorie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 Franke referred to "generative mathematics" as "the study of mathematical operations suitable for generating artistic images."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-1990s <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> popularized the terms <a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">generative music</a> and generative systems, making a connection with earlier <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the end of the 20th century, communities of generative artists, designers, musicians and theoreticians began to meet, forming cross-disciplinary perspectives. The first meeting about generative Art was in 1998, at the inaugural International Generative Art conference at Politecnico di Milano University, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the Iterate conference on generative systems in the electronic arts followed in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On-line discussion has centered around the eu-gene mailing list,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began late 1999, and has hosted much of the debate which has defined the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Galanter2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galanter2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> These activities have more recently been joined by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110174746/http://www.generatorx.no/generatorx-introduction/">Generator.x</a> conference in Berlin starting in 2005. In 2012 the new journal GASATHJ, Generative Art Science and Technology Hard Journal was founded by Celestino Soddu and Enrica Colabella<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jointing several generative artists and scientists in the editorial board. </p><p>Some have argued that as a result of this engagement across disciplinary boundaries, the community has converged on a shared meaning of the term. As Boden and Edmonds<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> put it in 2011: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Today, the term "Generative Art" is still current within the relevant artistic community. Since 1998 a series of conferences have been held in Milan with that title (Generativeart.com), and Brian Eno has been influential in promoting and using generative art methods (Eno, 1996). Both in music and in visual art, the use of the term has now converged on work that has been produced by the activation of a set of rules and where the artist lets a computer system take over at least some of the decision-making (although, of course, the artist determines the rules).</p></blockquote> <p>In the call of the Generative Art conferences in Milan (annually starting from 1998), the definition of Generative Art by Celestino Soddu: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Generative Art is the idea realized as genetic code of artificial events, as construction of dynamic complex systems able to generate endless variations. Each Generative Project is a concept-software that works producing unique and non-repeatable events, like music or 3D Objects, as possible and manifold expressions of the generating idea strongly recognizable as a vision belonging to an artist / designer / musician / architect /mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Discussion on the eu-gene mailing list was framed by the following definition by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Ward_(artist)" title="Adrian Ward (artist)">Adrian Ward</a> from 1999: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Generative art is a term given to work which stems from concentrating on the processes involved in producing an artwork, usually (although not strictly) automated by the use of a machine or computer, or by using mathematic or pragmatic instructions to define the rules by which such artworks are executed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A similar definition is provided by Philip Galanter:<sup id="cite_ref-Galanter2003_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galanter2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Generative art refers to any art practice where the artist creates a process, such as a set of natural language rules, a computer program, a machine, or other procedural invention, which is then set into motion with some degree of autonomy contributing to or resulting in a completed work of art.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_(FLUX_1.1_Pro).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp/220px-Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp/330px-Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp/440px-Astronaut_Riding_a_Horse_Picasso_and_Juan_Gris_%28FLUX_1.1_Pro%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An image generated by <a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a> using the prompt <code>an astronaut riding a horse, by <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a></code>. Generative image models are adept at imitating the visual style of particular artists in their training set, prompting a backlash from some artists who object to having imitations of their style generated on a massive scale without their permission.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the 2020s, generative AI models learned to imitate the distinct style of particular authors. For example, a generative image model such as <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a> is able to model the stylistic characteristics of an artist like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> (including his particular brush strokes, use of colour, perspective, and so on), and a user can engineer a prompt such as "an astronaut riding a horse, by Picasso" to cause the model to generate a novel image applying the artist's style to an arbitrary subject. Generative image models have received significant backlash from artists who object to their style being imitated without their permission, arguing that this harms their ability to profit from their own work.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kirnberger" title="Johann Kirnberger">Johann Kirnberger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Musikalisches_W%C3%BCrfelspiel" title="Musikalisches Würfelspiel">Musikalisches Würfelspiel</a></i> ("Musical Dice Game") of 1757 is considered an early example of a generative system based on randomness. Dice were used to select musical sequences from a numbered pool of previously composed phrases. This system provided a balance of order and disorder. The structure was based on an element of order on one hand, and disorder on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Algorithmic_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algorithmic-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fugues" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugues">fugues</a> of <a href="/wiki/J.S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J.S. Bach">J.S. Bach</a> could be considered generative, in that there is a strict underlying process that is followed by the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> follows strict procedures which, in some cases, can be set up to generate entire compositions with limited human intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–15">: 13–15 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Manual" title="Farmers Manual">Farmers Manual</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> have used <a href="/wiki/Generative_systems" title="Generative systems">generative systems</a> in their works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The artist <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly" title="Ellsworth Kelly">Ellsworth Kelly</a> created paintings by using chance operations to assign colors in a grid. He also created works on paper that he then cut into strips or squares and reassembled using chance operations to determine placement.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg/220px-Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg/330px-Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Album_de_10_s%C3%A9rigraphies_sur_10_ans_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption> Album de 10 sérigraphies sur 10 ans, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Morellet" title="François Morellet">François Morellet</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Haacke" title="Hans Haacke">Hans Haacke</a> have explored processes of physical and social systems in artistic context. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Morellet" title="François Morellet">François Morellet</a> has used both highly ordered and highly disordered systems in his artwork. Some of his paintings feature regular systems of radial or parallel lines to create <a href="/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_Patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Moiré Patterns">Moiré Patterns</a>. In other works he has used chance operations to determine the coloration of grids.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sol_LeWitt" title="Sol LeWitt">Sol LeWitt</a> created generative art in the form of systems expressed in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> and systems of geometric <a href="/wiki/Permutation" title="Permutation">permutation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AARON" title="AARON">AARON</a> system is a longstanding project combining software artificial intelligence with robotic painting devices to create physical artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steina_and_Woody_Vasulka" title="Steina and Woody Vasulka">Steina and Woody Vasulka</a> are video art pioneers who used analog video feedback to create generative art. Video feedback is now cited as an example of deterministic chaos, and the early explorations by the Vasulkas anticipated contemporary science by many years. Software systems exploiting <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary computing">evolutionary computing</a> to create visual form include those created by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a>. The digital artist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nechvatal" title="Joseph Nechvatal">Joseph Nechvatal</a> has exploited models of viral contagion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rinaldo" title="Ken Rinaldo">Ken Rinaldo</a> includes fifteen musical and <a href="/wiki/Robotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic">robotic</a> sculptures that interact with the public and modify their behaviors based on both the presence of the participants and each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144–145">: 144–145 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Hebert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Pierre Hebert">Jean-Pierre Hebert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a> are founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Algorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorists">Algorists</a>, a group of artists who create their own algorithms to create art. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Noll">A. Michael Noll</a>, of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, programmed computer art using mathematical equations and programmed randomness, starting in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iapetus_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iapetus_1985.jpg/220px-Iapetus_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iapetus_1985.jpg/330px-Iapetus_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iapetus_1985.jpg/440px-Iapetus_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><i>Iapetus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Max_Albert" title="Jean-Max Albert">Jean-Max Albert</a>, 1985</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmoduline_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Calmoduline_Monument.jpg/170px-Calmoduline_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Calmoduline_Monument.jpg/255px-Calmoduline_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Calmoduline_Monument.jpg/340px-Calmoduline_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><i>Calmoduline Monument</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Max_Albert" title="Jean-Max Albert">Jean-Max Albert</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The French artist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Max_Albert" title="Jean-Max Albert">Jean-Max Albert</a>, beside environmental sculptures like <i>Iapetus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>O=C=O</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a project dedicated to the vegetation itself, in terms of biological activity. The <i>Calmoduline Monument</i> project is based on the property of a protein, <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>, to bond selectively to calcium. Exterior physical constraints (wind, rain, etc.) modify the electric potential of the cellular membranes of a plant and consequently the flux of calcium. However, the calcium controls the expression of the calmoduline gene.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant can thus, when there is a stimulus, modify its "typical" growth pattern. So the basic principle of this monumental sculpture is that to the extent that they could be picked up and transported, these signals could be enlarged, translated into colors and shapes, and show the plant's "decisions" suggesting a level of fundamental biological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini" title="Maurizio Bolognini">Maurizio Bolognini</a> works with generative machines to address conceptual and social concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Napier_(artist)" title="Mark Napier (artist)">Mark Napier</a> is a pioneer in data mapping, creating works based on the streams of zeros and ones in Ethernet traffic, as part of the "Carnivore" project. <a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a> pushed this theme further, transforming "data sets" as diverse as musical scores (in "Shape of Song", 2001) and Wikipedia edits (<a href="/wiki/History_Flow" class="mw-redirect" title="History Flow">History Flow</a>, 2003, with <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Viegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernanda Viegas">Fernanda Viegas</a>) into dramatic visual compositions. The Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/San_Base" title="San Base">San Base</a> developed a "Dynamic Painting" algorithm in 2002. Using computer algorithms as "brush strokes", Base creates sophisticated imagery that evolves over time to produce a fluid, never-repeating artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996 there have been <a href="/wiki/Ambigram#Ambigram_generators" title="Ambigram">ambigram generators</a> that auto generate <a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">ambigrams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Grossi" title="Pietro Grossi">Pietro Grossi</a>, pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a> since 1986, he extended his experiments to images, (same procedure used in his musical work) precisely to computer graphics, writing programs with specific auto-decisions, and developing the concept of <i>HomeArt</i>, presented for the first time in the exhibition <i>New Atlantis: the continent of electronic music</i> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 1986. </p><p>Some contemporary artists who create generative visual artworks are <a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shiffman" title="Daniel Shiffman">Daniel Shiffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Levin" title="Golan Levin">Golan Levin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giles_Whitaker_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Whitaker (artist)">Giles Whitaker (artist)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_art">Software art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></div> <p>For some artists, graphic user interfaces and computer code have become an independent art form in themselves. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Ward_(artist)" title="Adrian Ward (artist)">Adrian Ward</a> created Auto-Illustrator as a commentary on software and generative methods applied to art and design.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987 <a href="/wiki/Celestino_Soddu" title="Celestino Soddu">Celestino Soddu</a> created the artificial DNA of Italian Medieval towns able to generate endless <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> models of cities identifiable as belonging to the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hansmeyer" title="Michael Hansmeyer">Michael Hansmeyer</a> generated architectural columns in a project called "Subdivided Columns – A New Order (2010)". The piece explored how the simple process of repeated subdivision can create elaborate architectural patterns. Rather than designing any columns directly, Hansmeyer designed a process that produced columns automatically. The process could be run again and again with different parameters to create endless permutations. Endless permutations could be considered a hallmark of generative design.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generative_literature" title="Generative literature">Generative literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Eureka" title="The Eureka">The Eureka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spam_Lit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam Lit">Spam Lit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Digital_Poetry" title="Prehistoric Digital Poetry">Prehistoric Digital Poetry</a></div> <p>Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brion_Gysin" title="Brion Gysin">Brion Gysin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Burroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="William Burroughs">William Burroughs</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">cut-up technique</a> to introduce randomization to literature as a generative system. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Mac_Low" title="Jackson Mac Low">Jackson Mac Low</a> produced computer-assisted poetry and used algorithms to generate texts; <a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Parker#Automatically_generated_books" title="Philip M. Parker">Philip M. Parker</a> has written software to automatically generate entire books. <a href="/wiki/Jason_Nelson" title="Jason Nelson">Jason Nelson</a> used generative methods with speech-to-text software to create a series of digital poems from movies, television and other audio sources.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 2010s, authors began to experiment with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> trained on large language datasets. <a href="/wiki/David_Jhave_Johnston" title="David Jhave Johnston">David Jhave Johnston</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/ReRites" title="ReRites">ReRites</a></i> is an early example of human-edited AI-generated poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_coding">Live coding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Live coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Live_coding" title="Live coding">Live coding</a></div> <p>Generative systems may be modified while they operate, for example by using interactive programming environments such as <a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluxus_(programming_environment)" title="Fluxus (programming environment)">Fluxus</a> and <a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>, including patching environments such as <a href="/wiki/Max/MSP" class="mw-redirect" title="Max/MSP">Max/MSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vvvv" title="Vvvv">vvvv</a>. This is a standard approach to programming by artists, but may also be used to create live music and/or video by manipulating generative systems on stage, a performance practice that has become known as <a href="/wiki/Live_coding" title="Live coding">live coding</a>. As with many examples of <a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">software art</a>, because live coding emphasizes human authorship rather than autonomy, it may be considered in opposition to generative art.<sup id="cite_ref-McLean11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLean11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockchain">Blockchain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blockchain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromie_Squiggle_7515.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Chromie_Squiggle_7515.png/220px-Chromie_Squiggle_7515.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Chromie_Squiggle_7515.png 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Chromie Squiggle #7515, from the first generative art collection of Art Blocks</figcaption></figure><p> In 2020, Erick "Snowfro" Calderon launched the Art Blocks platform<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for combining the ideas of generative art and the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, with resulting artworks created as <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">NFTs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> blockchain. One of the key innovations with the generative art created in this way is that all the source code and algorithm for creating the art has to be finalized and put on the blockchain permanently, without any ability to alter it further. Only when the artwork is sold ("minted"), the artwork is generated; the result is random yet should reflect the overall aesthetic defined by the artist. Calderon argues that this process forces the artist to be very thoughtful of the algorithm behind the art:</p><blockquote><p>Until today, a [generative] artist would create an algorithm, press the spacebar 100 times, pick five of the best ones and print them in high quality. Then they would frame them, and put them in a gallery. <i>Maybe.</i> Because Art Blocks forces the artist to accept every single output of the algorithm as their signed piece, the artist has to go back and tweak the algorithm until it's perfect. They can't just cherry pick the good outputs. That elevates the level of algorithmic execution because the artist is creating something that they know they're proud of before they even know what's going to come out on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philip_Galanter">Philip Galanter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philip Galanter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Philip Galanter published the most widely cited theory of generative art which describes generative art systems in the context of complexity theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Galanter2003_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galanter2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular the notion of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seth_Lloyd" title="Seth Lloyd">Seth Lloyd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Effective_complexity" title="Effective complexity">effective complexity</a> is cited. In this view both highly ordered and highly disordered generative art can be viewed as simple. Highly ordered generative art minimizes <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> and allows maximal <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>, and highly disordered generative art maximizes entropy and disallows significant data compression. Maximally complex generative art blends order and disorder in a manner similar to biological life, and indeed biologically inspired methods are most frequently used to create complex generative art. This view is at odds with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> influenced views of <a href="/wiki/Max_Bense" title="Max Bense">Max Bense</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Moles" title="Abraham Moles">Abraham Moles</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where complexity in art increases with disorder. </p><p>Galanter notes further that given the use of visual symmetry, pattern, and repetition by the most ancient known cultures generative art is as old as art itself. He also addresses the mistaken equivalence by some that rule-based art is synonymous with generative art. For example, some art is based on constraint rules that disallow the use of certain colors or shapes. Such art is not generative because constraint rules are not constructive, i.e. by themselves they do not assert what is to be done, only what cannot be done.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margaret_Boden_and_Ernest_Edmonds">Margaret Boden and Ernest Edmonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Margaret Boden and Ernest Edmonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their 2009 article, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a> and Ernest Edmonds agree that generative art need not be restricted to that done using computers, and that some rule-based art is not generative. They develop a technical vocabulary that includes Ele-art (electronic art), C-art (<a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a>), D-art (digital art), CA-art (computer assisted art), G-art (generative art), CG-art (computer based generative art), Evo-art (evolutionary based art), R-art (robotic art), I-art (<a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">interactive art</a>), CI-art (computer based interactive art), and VR-art (virtual reality art).<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions">Questions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discourse around generative art can be characterized by the theoretical questions which motivate its development. McCormack et al. propose the following questions, shown with paraphrased summaries, as the most important:<sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Can a machine originate anything? <i>Related to <a href="/wiki/Machine_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine intelligence">machine intelligence</a> - can a machine generate something new, meaningful, surprising and of value: a poem, an artwork, a useful idea, a solution to a long-standing problem?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What is it like to be a computer that makes art? <i>If a computer could originate art, what would it be like from the computer's perspective?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Can human aesthetics be formalized?<sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What new kinds of art does the computer enable? <i>Many generative artworks do not involve digital computers, but what does generative computer art bring that is new?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In what sense is generative art representational, and what is it representing?<sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What is the role of randomness in generative art? <i>For example, what does the use of randomness say about the place of intentionality in the making of art?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What can computational generative art tell us about creativity? <i>How could generative art give rise to artifacts and ideas that are new, surprising and valuable?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What characterizes good generative art? <i>How can we form a more critical understanding of generative art?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What can we learn about art from generative art? <i>For example, can the art world be considered a complex generative system involving many processes outside the direct control of artists, who are agents of production within a stratified global art market?</i><sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What future developments would force us to rethink our answers?<sup id="cite_ref-McC_52-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Another question is of postmodernism—are generative art systems the ultimate expression of the postmodern condition, or do they point to a new synthesis based on a complexity-inspired world-view?<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_morphogenesis" title="Digital morphogenesis">Digital morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-conceptualism">Post-conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boden-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boden_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artist-Programmers+and+Programming+Languages+for+the+Arts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Goldsmiths%2C+University+of+London+%28PhD+Thesis%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaxu.org%2Fwriting%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante-De_Mattei2021" class="citation web cs1">Escalante-De Mattei, Shanti (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/erick-calderon-art-blocks-1234604108/">"Meet Erick Calderon, Founder of Art Blocks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Erick+Calderon%2C+Founder+of+Art+Blocks&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Escalante-De+Mattei&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Ferick-calderon-art-blocks-1234604108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante-De_Mattei2021" class="citation web cs1">Escalante-De Mattei, Shanti (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/algorithm-generated-nfts-art-blocks-1234603548/">"Algorithm-Generated NFTs Are Quickly Rising in Value. Can Art Blocks Up the Quality?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algorithm-Generated+NFTs+Are+Quickly+Rising+in+Value.+Can+Art+Blocks+Up+the+Quality%3F&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Escalante-De+Mattei&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Falgorithm-generated-nfts-art-blocks-1234603548%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Bense" title="Max Bense">Bense, Max</a> <i>Aesthetica; Einfuehrung in die neue Aesthetik</i>, Agis-Verlag</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Moles" title="Abraham Moles">Moles, Abraham</a>. <i>Information theory and esthetic perception</i>, University of Illinois Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galanter, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipgalanter.com/downloads/vague_terrain_2006.pdf"><i>Generative art and rules-based art.</i></a>, Vague Terrain (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McC-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McC_52-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormackOliver_BownAlan_DorinJonathan_McCabe2012" class="citation journal cs1">McCormack, Jon; Oliver Bown; Alan Dorin; Jonathan McCabe; Gordon Monro; Mitchell Whitelaw (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121129225520/http://diotima.infotech.monash.edu.au/~jonmc/sa/news/ten-questions-concerning-generative-computer-art/">"Ten Questions Concerning Generative Computer Art"</a>. <i>Leonardo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diotima.infotech.monash.edu.au/~jonmc/sa/news/ten-questions-concerning-generative-computer-art/">the original</a> on 2012-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Ten+Questions+Concerning+Generative+Computer+Art&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Oliver+Bown&rft.au=Alan+Dorin&rft.au=Jonathan+McCabe&rft.au=Gordon+Monro&rft.au=Mitchell+Whitelaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiotima.infotech.monash.edu.au%2F~jonmc%2Fsa%2Fnews%2Ften-questions-concerning-generative-computer-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galanter, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipgalanter.com/downloads/complexism_chapter.pdf"><i>Complexism and the role of evolutionary art</i></a> in "The art of artificial evolution : a handbook on evolutionary art and music", Springer</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Matt Pearson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zenbullets.com/book.php">Generative art : a practical guide</a> (Manning 2011).</i></li> <li>Wands, Bruce (2006). <i>Art of the Digital Age</i>, London: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-23817-0">0-500-23817-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Grau" title="Oliver Grau">Oliver Grau</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leonardo.info/isast/leobooks/books/grau.html"><i>Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion</i></a> (MIT Press/Leonardo Book Series). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-07241-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-07241-6">0-262-07241-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720202319/http://fora.tv/2006/06/26/Will_Wright_and_Brian_Eno">Playing with Time</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> A conversation between Will Wright and Brian Eno on generative creation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2170070010">Off Book: Generative Art - Computers, Data, and Humanity</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Off_Book_(web_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off Book (web series)">Off Book (web series)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Indexe.html">Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art</a>, chap.III.2, IV.3, VIII.1</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.verostko.com/epigenet.html">[2]</a>"Epigenetic Painting:Software as Genotype", Roman Verostko(International Symposium on Electronic Art, Utrecht, 1988); Leonardo, 23:1,1990, pp. 17–23</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_3D_printing" title="Applications of 3D printing">3D printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal-generating_software" title="Fractal-generating software">Fractal-generating software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation software">Animation software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art_scene" title="Computer art scene">Computer art scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_art" title="Glitch art">Glitch art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering#Artistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Elwes" title="Jake Elwes">Jake Elwes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Em" title="David Em">David Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Klingemann" title="Mario Klingemann">Mario Klingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson" title="Lynn Hershman Leeson">Lynn Hershman Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Paglen" title="Trevor Paglen">Trevor Paglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ridler" title="Anna Ridler">Anna Ridler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rubin_(artist)" title="Ben Rubin (artist)">Ben Rubin (artist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Utterback" title="Camille Utterback">Camille Utterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_Van_Arman" title="Pindar Van Arman">Pindar Van Arman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dress_Up" title="Jesus Dress Up">Jesus Dress Up</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listening_Post_(artwork)" title="Listening Post (artwork)">Listening Post (artwork)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_To_Rise" title="Remember To Rise">Remember To Rise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&oldid=1264551851">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generative_art&oldid=1264551851</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_media" title="Category:Visual arts media">Visual arts media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_art" title="Category:Computer art">Computer art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_art" title="Category:Digital art">Digital 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