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id="toc-Frequent_elements_in_place-names_and_their_cognates_in_modern_Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 European connection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Continental Celtic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continental_Celtic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Continental Celtic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Continental_Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Hungary </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Insular_Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular_Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Insular Celtic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insular_Celtic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Insular Celtic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Insular_Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brittonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brittonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Brittonic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brittonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_(excluding_Cornwall)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_(excluding_Cornwall)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 England (excluding Cornwall) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_(excluding_Cornwall)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Celtic_toponymy" title="Special:EditPage/Celtic toponymy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Celtic+toponymy%22">"Celtic toponymy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Celtic+toponymy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Celtic+toponymy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Celtic+toponymy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Celtic+toponymy%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Celtic+toponymy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/220px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/330px-Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/440px-Celts_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Map of Celtic-influenced regions of Europe, in dark green 1 and 2 : regions where Celtic languages are attested from the Middle Ages until today</figcaption></figure> Celtic toponymy is the study of place names wholly or partially of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> origin. These names are found throughout continental Europe, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and, latterly, through various other parts of the globe not originally occupied by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Celtic languages">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> developed into various daughter languages, including the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a>. In Proto-Celtic ("PC"), the Proto-Indo-European ("PIE") sound *p <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language#Consonants" title="Proto-Celtic language">disappeared</a>, perhaps through an intermediate *ɸ. It is a common point between all the Celtic languages. Examples : Latin pater "father", but Gaulish *atir / ater (atrebo, <a href="/wiki/Dativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dativ">dativ</a> plural), (Old) Irish athair / athir.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-1">[1]</a> After that, languages derived from Proto-Celtic changed PC *kw into either *p or *k (see: <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages</a>). In P-Celtic languages, PC *kw changed into *p. In Q-Celtic dialects it developed into /k/. P-Celtic languages include the Continental <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> branch of Insular Celtic. <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> is the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>. Ancient Q-Celtic languages include the Continental <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> branch of Insular Celtic. Goidelic is the ancestor of the Gaelic languages <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. Examples : PIE *kʷetwóres "four" > <ul><li>Proto-Italic kʷettwōr "four" > Latin quattuor</li> <li>Proto-Celtic kʷetwares "four" > Irish ceathair, Scottish Gaelic ceithir "four", but Gaulish petuar[ios] "fourth", Welsh pedwar "four", Old Breton petguar > Breton pevar "four"<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequent_elements_in_place-names_and_their_cognates_in_modern_Celtic_languages">Frequent elements in place-names and their cognates in modern Celtic languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frequent elements in place-names and their cognates in modern Celtic languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Celtic *-āko-, suffix : Gaulish -(i)acon (Latin -(i)acum / (i)acus) < endings -[a]y, -[e]y, -é, -(i)ac in Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Brittonic *-ocon / -*ogon 'place of, property of'; Old Breton -oc > -euc > -ek / -eg (-ec), Welsh -(i)og, etc.</li> <li>Celtic *bonus, *bona 'base, foundation' > Old Irish bun 'base, stem, stock', Welsh bon 'base, stem, stock'</li> <li>Celtic *briga 'hill, high place'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Welsh bri 'honourable, respected' (not directly related to Welsh bryn 'hill'), Irish brí 'hill; strength, vigour, significance'.</li> <li>Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated'; used as a feminine divine name, rendered <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a> in Latin, Old Irish <a href="/wiki/Brigit" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigit">Brigit</a> 'exalted one', name of a goddess.</li> <li>Celtic *brīwa, *brīua 'bridge'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Celtic *dubros 'water' > Old Irish dobur 'water', Welsh Welsh dw[f]r, Cornish dur, Breton dour 'water'</li> <li>Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Welsh dinas 'city' and din 'fortress', Irish dún 'fortress'</li> <li>Celtic *duro- 'door, gate, forum'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Welsh dor, Breton dor 'door'</li> <li>Celtic *ialo- 'clearing (wood), assart' > Welsh (tir) ial<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Celtic *kwenno- 'head' > Gallo-Brythonic *penn-, Welsh pen 'head, end, chief, supreme', Breton penn, but Old Irish cenn > Irish ceann 'head'</li> <li>Celtic *magos 'field, plain'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Welsh maes 'field', Old Irish mag<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Irish magh 'plain'</li> <li>Celtic *nemeto- 'wood', '<a href="/wiki/Sacred_enclosure" title="Sacred enclosure">sacred enclosure</a>', 'sanctuary'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a> > Old Irish nemed 'sanctuary'</li> <li>Celtic *rito- 'ford' > Welsh rhyd 'ford'<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Celtic *windo- 'white, fair, blessed' > Welsh gwyn/wyn / gwen/wen 'white, blessed', Old Irish find, Irish fionn 'fair'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_connection">European connection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European connection">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brigantes</li> <li>Cambodunum > Champéon (France, Cambdonno / Cambindonno 6-7th century), Champbezon (France, Chambedon 11th century), Kempten (Germany, Camboduno 3rd century)</li> <li>Mediolanum > Meulan (France), Milano (Italy)..</li> <li>Noviomagus > Nouvion, Nogent, Novion, Nijon, etc. (France), Nijmegen (Netherland); former name of Chichester, Crayford (UK)</li> <li>Ebur(i)acum > Ivry, Évry (France), former name of York (UK)</li> <li>Epiacum > Epfig (Alsace, France, Epiaco 12th century); X (unknown location in Great-Britain)</li> <li>Lugdunum > Lyon, Lion, Loudun, Laon, Lauzun (France), Leiden / Leyde (Netherlands)</li> <li>Rigomagus > Riom (France), Remagen (Germany)</li> <li>Segodunum > Suin, Syon (France); X unclear location near Würzburg (Germany)</li> <li>Vuerodunum > several Verdun (France), Verduno (Italy, Piedmont), Verdú (Spain, Catalonia), Birten (Germany, Xanten)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_Celtic">Continental Celtic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continental Celtic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, Latin Brigantium : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>)</li> <li>Wien, English <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> : from Celtic *windo- 'white' (Welsh gwyn) + *bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump', Irish bun 'bottom, base')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, Latin Arduenna Silva : from divine name <a href="/wiki/Arduinna" title="Arduinna">Arduinna</a> : from Celtic *ardu- 'high' (Irish ard) + Latin silva 'forest'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> : from divine name <a href="/wiki/Gontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gontia">Gontia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> Most of the main cities in France have a Celtic name (the original Gaulish one or the name of the Gaulish tribe). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a>, a Celtic tribe, replaces Samarobriva 'bridge on the river Somme'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Andecavi" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a>, a Celtic tribe, replaces Juliomagus 'market place dedicated to Julius'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> : from Argentomagus 'silver market', based on arganto- 'silver' cognate to Old Welsh argant > ariant, Old Breton argant > Breton arc'hant 'silver' + magos 'market' <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Argenton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Argenton (disambiguation)">Argenton</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentorate, now <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> : from Arelate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, a Celtic tribe, replaces Nemetacum, nemeto- 'sacred place' + suffix -acon</li> <li>Augustonemetum, now <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a> : from Augustodunum, 'town dedicated to Augustus'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Baiocasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiocasses">Badiocassi</a> / Bodiocassi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Augustodurum. '<a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bituriges (disambiguation)">Biturigi</a>, a Celtic tribe, replaces Avaricum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a> < Brigantium, from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>) <ul><li>several places called Briançon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brive-la-Gaillarde" title="Brive-la-Gaillarde">Brive</a> < Briva 'bridge' <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Brives_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brives (disambiguation)">Brives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> < Catumagos : from Old Celtic *catu- 'battle' 'fight' 'combat', Old Irish cath 'battle, battalion, troop', Breton -kad /-gad, Welsh cad 'combat, troop'; 'mago- 'field, plain', Old Irish magh. The general meaning seems to be 'battlefield'<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Cahan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cahan (disambiguation)">Cahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahon" title="Cahon">Cahon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a> : from Carentomagus <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Charenton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charenton (disambiguation)">Charenton</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambord_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chambord (disambiguation)">Chambord</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Chambord_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chambord (disambiguation)">Chambord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chambors" title="Chambors">Chambors</a>, Chambourg</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Carnuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnuti">Carnuti</a>, name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Autricum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom,_Gers" title="Condom, Gers">Condom</a> : from Condatomagus <ul><li>other place : <a href="/wiki/Condom-d%27Aubrac" title="Condom-d'Aubrac">Condom-d'Aubrac</a></li></ul></li> <li>Divodurum (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (region)">Lorraine</a>, from Celtic *diwo- 'god, holy, divine' (Scottish Gaelic dia 'god') + **duro- 'fort'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douvres" title="Douvres">Douvres</a> (also the French name of <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>) from Celtic dubron, dubra 'water' <ul><li>several places called Douvres</li></ul></li> <li>Drevant : from Derventum, Celtic dervo 'oak tree' + suffix -entu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a> : from Eburovici replaces Mediolanum (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issoudun" title="Issoudun">Issoudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jort" title="Jort">Jort</a> : from Divoritum 'ford on the river <a href="/wiki/Dives_(river)" title="Dives (river)">Dives</a>' (Dives from Celtic *dewo 'stream')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillebonne" title="Lillebonne">Lillebonne</a> : from Juliobona 'foundation dedicated to Julius'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a> < (Civitas) Lexoviensis; former Noviomagus<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 'new market', Old Celtic *noviios 'new', *magos 'field, plain'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> : from Celtic *lug- '<a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress' <ul><li>several places called Lugdunum : <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion-en-Beauce" title="Lion-en-Beauce">Lion-en-Beauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudun" title="Loudun">Loudun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges" title="Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges">Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li>Mediolanum : from Celtic <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Meillant" title="Meillant">Meillant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meulan">Meulan</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nant">Nant</a> <ul><li>several places called Nant, <a href="/wiki/Nans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nans (disambiguation)">Nans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanteuil" title="Nanteuil">Nanteuil</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Nanteuil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nanteuil (disambiguation)">Nanteuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantheuil" title="Nantheuil">Nantheuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nampteuil-sous-Muret" title="Nampteuil-sous-Muret">Nampteuil</a>, Nanteau..</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> (Nemptu doro 5th century) : from nemeto- 'sacred place' + duro- 'gate', 'forum'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>, Latin Noviomagus Veromanduorum, from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain' <ul><li>several places called Noviomagus : <a href="/wiki/Nouvion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nouvion (disambiguation)">Nouvion</a>, Noyen, <a href="/wiki/Nyons" title="Nyons">Nyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijon" title="Nijon">Nijon</a>, Nojeon, <a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-Trois-Ch%C3%A2teaux" title="Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux">Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oissel" title="Oissel">Oissel</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Oisseau-le-Petit" title="Oisseau-le-Petit">Oisseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ussel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ussel (disambiguation)">Ussel</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Arausio_(god)" title="Arausio (god)">Arausio</a>, a water god</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii (Gaul)</a>, name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Lukotekia / Lutetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Périgueux">Périgueux</a> / <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a> : from Petrocorii 'the four armies'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierremande" title="Pierremande">Pierremande</a> < Petromantalum < petro-mantalo- 'four road' = 'crossing'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> : from <a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a>, a Celtic tribe, replaces Condate <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Condé (disambiguation)">Condé</a>, Condat, Candé, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riom" title="Riom">Riom</a> : from Rigomagus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> < Rotomagus,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> sometimes Ratómagos or Ratumacos (on the coins of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliocassi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliocassi (page does not exist)">Veliocassi</a> tribe). It can be roto-, the word for 'wheel' or 'race', cf. Old Irish roth 'wheel' 'race' or Welsh rhod 'wheel' 'race'. Magos is surer here : 'field', 'plain' or later 'market' cf. Old Irish mag (gen. maige) 'field' 'plain', Old Breton ma 'place'. The whole thing could mean 'hippodrome', 'racecourse' or 'wheel market'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Rouans" title="Rouans">Rouans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruan,_Loiret" title="Ruan, Loiret">Ruan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rom,_Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Rom, Deux-Sèvres">Rom</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand%C5%93uvre-l%C3%A8s-Nancy" title="Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy">Vandœuvre</a> < *vindo-briga 'white fortress' <ul><li>several places called Vandœuvres, <a href="/wiki/Vendeuvre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vendeuvre (disambiguation)">Vendeuvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vend%C5%93uvres" title="Vendœuvres">Vendœuvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, Virodunum or Verodunum, from Celtic *uiro-, *uero- 'high' and *dūnon 'hill, fortress' <ul><li>several places called Verdun</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneuil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Verneuil (disambiguation)">Verneuil</a> : from verno- + ialo- 'clearing, plain with alder-trees' <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Verneuil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Verneuil (disambiguation)">Verneuil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Eure" title="Vernon, Eure">Vernon</a> < Vernomagus. There are other Vernons in France, but they come directly from Vernō 'place of the alder-trees'. 'plain of the alder-trees'. uernā 'alder-tree', Old Irish fern, Breton, Welsh gwern, dial. French verne / vergne. <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Vernon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vernon (disambiguation)">Vernon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veuves" title="Veuves">Veuves</a> : from vidua 'forest' <a href="/wiki/Voves" title="Voves">Voves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vion,_Sarthe" title="Vion, Sarthe">Vion</a> <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Voves" title="Voves">Voves</a>, Vove</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vion,_Sarthe" title="Vion, Sarthe">Vion</a> : from Vidumagus 'forest market' <ul><li>several places called <a href="/wiki/Vion,_Ard%C3%A8che" title="Vion, Ardèche">Vion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vions" title="Vions">Vions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau" title="Alzenau">Alzenau</a></li></ul> From Celtic *alisa, s.f., '<a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>'. (Compare the modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlenbach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Erlenbach (disambiguation)">Erlenbach</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> (OHG) aha, s.n., 'flowing water'. <ul><li>de Amarahe (?), a lost river name near <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> c. 800 CE</li> <li>Amerbach, a stream near <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Umstadt" title="Groß-Umstadt">Groß-Umstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babenhausen,_Hesse" title="Babenhausen, Hesse">Babenhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ober-Ramstadt" title="Ober-Ramstadt">Ober-Ramstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammer_(Neckar)" title="Ammer (Neckar)">Ammer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammerbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammerbach (page does not exist)">Ammerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammergraben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammergraben (page does not exist)">Ammergraben</a>, a stream near <a href="/wiki/Babenhausen,_Hesse" title="Babenhausen, Hesse">Harpertshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorbach" title="Amorbach">Amorbach</a>, a stream near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCmling" title="Mümling">Mümling</a> and the village named after it.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amorsbrunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amorsbrunn (page does not exist)">Amorsbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald-Amorbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald-Amorbach (page does not exist)">Wald-Amorbach</a> < Perhaps from Celtic *ambara, 'channel, river'. Compare <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> *amer-, 'channel, river' > <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἀμάρη (amárē), 'channel'. Or, from Celtic *amara, '<a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, a type of grain'.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annelsbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annelsbach (page does not exist)">Annelsbach</a> a suburb of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst_im_Odenwald" title="Höchst im Odenwald">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mittelfranken" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelfranken">Mittelfranken</a> originally Onoltesbah 837 CE : from Celtic *onno-, '<a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash tree</a>' plus an OHG bach, 'small river'.</li> <li>Boiodurum, now <a href="/wiki/Passau#Subdivisions" title="Passau">Innstadt</a>, Passau, Niederbayern : first element is Celtic *Boio-, tribal name (<a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>), possibly 'cattle-owner' (cf. Irish bó 'cow') or 'warrior'. Second element is Celtic *duro- 'fort'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> : from Celtic *bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boppard" title="Boppard">Boppard</a> : from Gaulish Boudobriga, "hill of victory". Containing the elements *boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') + *briga, 'hill'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a>, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Latin Durum : from Celtic *duro- 'fort'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynia Silva</a> (Latin), a vast forest including the modern <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> : from Celtic *(φ)erkunos 'oak' or divine name <a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">Perkwunos</a> + Latin silva 'forest'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempten_im_Allg%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempten im Allgäu">Kempten im Allgäu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Latin Cambodūnum : Celtic cambodūnom, *cambo- 'curved, bent, bowed, crooked', dūnon 'fortress'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a>, Latin Moguntiacum : from Celtic *mogunt-, 'mighty, great, powerful', used as a divine name (see <a href="/wiki/Mogons" title="Mogons">Mogons</a>) + Celtic suffix -(i)acon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meggingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meggingen (page does not exist)">Meggingen</a> : from Celtic *mago- 'plain, field'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumagen-Dhron" title="Neumagen-Dhron">Neumagen-Dhron</a>, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Noviomagus Trevirorum</li> <li>Noviomagus Nemetum (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, Rheinland-Pfalz : from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a>, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Rigomagus or Ricomagus : second element is from Celtic *magos 'field, plain'. The first may be a variant of Celtic *rigi- 'king, chief of *touta'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> : maybe hybrid form comprising a Celtic element and a Germanic suffix -ingen.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The element tub- in Tübingen could possibly arise from a Celtic dubo-, s.m., 'dark, black; sad; wild'. As found in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> placenames of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devlin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Devlin (disambiguation)">Devlin</a>, Dowling, <a href="/wiki/Doolin" title="Doolin">Doolin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballindoolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballindoolin (page does not exist)">Ballindoolin</a>. Perhaps the reference is to the darkness of the river waters that flow near the town cf. river <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a> (France) and Dove (GB); if so, then the name can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Tubney" title="Tubney">Tubney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubbanford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubbanford (page does not exist)">Tubbanford</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tub_Hole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tub Hole (page does not exist)">Tub Hole</a> in England. Compare the late Vulgar Latin tubeta 'morass', from <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>. The root is found in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> dub > <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> dubh, <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> dub > <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> du, <a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Cornish">Old Cornish</a> duw > <a href="/wiki/Middle_Cornish" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cornish">Middle Cornish</a> du, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> du, <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> dubo-, dubis, all meaning 'black; dark'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Borbetomagus : second element from Celtic *magos, 'plain, field', first perhaps related to Old Irish borb 'fierce, violent, rough, arrogant; foolish'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynium jugum</a> (Latin) : from Celtic *(φ)erkunos 'oak' or divine name <a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">Perkwunos</a> + Latin jugum 'summit'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">List of Celtic place names in Italy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianza" title="Brianza">Brianza</a>, Lombardy, Latin Brigantia : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genova" class="mw-redirect" title="Genova">Genova</a>, Liguria, English <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Latin Genua : Perhaps from Celtic *genu- 'mouth [of a river]'. (However, this <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a> place-name, as well as that of Genava (modern <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>), probably derive the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *ĝenu- 'knee'.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>)</li> <li>Milano, Lombardy, English <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> : from Celtic medio- 'middle, central' > Old Irish mide 'middle, centre', Old Breton med, met > Breton mez 'middle', etc.<a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-10">[10]</a> and *ɸlan- > *lan-, a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Cognate_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (etymology)">cognate</a> of Latin plānus 'plain', with typical Celtic loss of /p/ or *ɸlānos > Old Irish lán, Welsh llawn, Breton leun 'full'<a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belluno" title="Belluno">Belluno</a>, Veneto, Latin Bellunum : from Celtic **Bhel- 'bright' and *dūnon 'fortress'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, Lombardy, Latin Bergomum : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, Lombardy, Latin Brixia : from Celtic *briga- 'rocky height or outcrop'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Emilia Romagna, Latin Bononia : from Celtic **bona 'base, foundation' (Welsh bôn 'base, bottom, stump')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum_Batavorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunum Batavorum">Lugdunum Batavorum</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a>, Zuid-Holland : from Celtic *lug- '<a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, Gelderland, Latin Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum : from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Lugidunum</a> (Latin), now (maybe) <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">List of Celtic place names in Portugal</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, Braga Municipality, Portugal : from Celtic *bracari- after the <a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a> Celts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragan%C3%A7a_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragança Municipality">Bragança</a>, Alto Trás-os-Montes, Portugal : from Celtic *brigant- 'divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(Portugal)" title="Beira (Portugal)">Beira</a> : from Celtic *beira- Cailleach/ Cale's other name Cailleach-Bheura or Beira, the Celtic Goddess of mountains, water and Winter. Three Portuguese provinces: Beira-Baixa, Beira-Alta and Beira-Litoral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_de_Cambra_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale de Cambra Municipality">Vale de Cambra</a>, Portugal : from Celtic *cambra- 'chamber, room'.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C3%ADmbriga" title="Conímbriga">Conímbriga</a>, Coimbra, Portugal : from Celtic *briga- 'rocky height or outcrop'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, Alentejo, Portugal : from Celtic *ebora- 'plural genitive of the word eburos (trees)'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacobriga" title="Lacobriga">Lacobriga</a>, Algarve, Portugal : from Celtic *Lacobriga- 'Lake of Briga'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83i%C8%99oara" title="Băișoara">Băișoara</a> and other sites in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazna" title="Bazna">Boian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boianu_Mare" title="Boianu Mare">Boianu Mare</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor County</a>, villages coming from <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lan" title="Călan">Călan</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Hunedoara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a>, capital of Hunedoara, originally a city of the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviodunum" title="Noviodunum">Noviodunum</a> now <a href="/wiki/Isaccea" title="Isaccea">Isaccea</a> means "new fortress" *nowijo- + *dūn-.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiș River">Timiș River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (Latin), now Beograd, English <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a>, Latinized Celeia in turn from *keleia, meaning 'shelter' in Celtic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neviodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviodunum">Neviodunum</a> (Latin), now Drnovo : second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asturias_and_Cantabria">Asturias and Cantabria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asturias and Cantabria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(river)" title="Deva (river)">Deva</a>, several rivers in northern Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Pontedeva" title="Pontedeva">Pontedeva</a>, Galicia, Spain : from Celtic *diwā- 'goddess; holy, divine'</li> <li>Mons Vindius (now the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a>), NW Spain : from Celtic *windo- 'white'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castile">Castile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Castile">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, Spain, Greek <a href="/wiki/Segovia#Name" title="Segovia">Segoubía</a> : from *segu-, conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (<a href="/wiki/Segedunum#Etymology" title="Segedunum">theories</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galicia">Galicia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Galicia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">List of Celtic place names in Galicia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambre_(river)" title="Tambre (river)">Tambre</a>, a river in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia (Spain)</a>, Latin Tamaris : possibly from Celtic *tames- 'dark' (cf. Celtic *temeslos > Welsh tywyll 'darkness'). <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester#Toponomy" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">Other theories</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Grove" title="O Grove">O Grove</a>, Medieval Latin Ogrobre 912:<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> from Celtic *ok-ro- 'acute; promontory'<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and Celtic *brigs 'hill'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berganti%C3%B1os" title="Bergantiños">Bergantiños</a>, Medieval Latin Bregantinos 830 : from Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated', or divine name <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>, or from Celtic *brigantīnos 'chief, king'.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbr%C3%ADa" title="Dumbría">Dumbría</a>, Medieval Latin Donobria 830 : from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress' + Celtic **brīwa 'bridge'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_do_Dubra" title="Val do Dubra">Val do Dubra</a> and Dubra River, Galicia : from Celtic *dubr- 'water', *dubrās 'waters' (Welsh dwfr).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monforte_de_Lemos" title="Monforte de Lemos">Monforte de Lemos</a> (region), Latin Lemavos, after the local tribe of the Lemavi : from Celtic *lemo- 'elm' + suffix -avo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nendos" title="Nendos">Nendos</a> (region), Medieval Latin Nemitos 830 : from Celtic *nemeton 'sanctuary'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noia" title="Noia">Noia</a>, Galicia, Spain, Greek Nouion:<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> Switzerland, especially the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a>, has many Celtic (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>) toponyms. This old layer of names was overlaid with Latin names in the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> period,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and, from the medieval period, with <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and Romance<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> names. For some names, there is uncertainty as to whether they are Gaulish or Latin in origin. In some rare cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Frick,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frick, Switzerland">Frick, Switzerland</a>, there have even been competing suggestions of Gaulish, Latin and Alemannic etymologies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Examples of toponyms with established Gaulish etymology: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, from Salodurum. The *-durum element means "doors, gates; palisade; town". The etymology of the *salo- element is unclear.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a>, Bern: *dunum "fort"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windisch,_Aargau" class="mw-redirect" title="Windisch, Aargau">Windisch, Aargau</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Vindonissa" title="Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a>: first element from *windo- "white"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a>, Zürich, Latin <a href="/wiki/Vitudurum" title="Vitudurum">Vitudurum</a> or Vitodurum, from *vitu "willow" and *durum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yverdon-les-Bains" title="Yverdon-les-Bains">Yverdon-les-Bains</a>, from Eburodunum, from *eburo- "<a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>" and *dunum "fort".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Turicum" title="Turicum">Turicum</a>, from a Gaulish personal name Tūros</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmat" title="Limmat">Limmat</a>, from Lindomagos "lake-plain", originally the name of the plain formed by the <a href="/wiki/Linth" title="Linth">Linth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zurich" title="Lake Zurich">Lake Zurich</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insular_Celtic">Insular Celtic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Insular Celtic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_generic_forms_in_place_names_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generic forms in place names in the United Kingdom and Ireland">List of generic forms in place names in the United Kingdom and Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brittonic">Brittonic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Brittonic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_(excluding_Cornwall)">England (excluding Cornwall)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: England (excluding Cornwall)">edit</a>]</div> The main survey of Celtic place-names in this region is by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coates" title="Richard Coates">Richard Coates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Evidence for a Celtic root to place names in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> is widely strengthened by early monastic charters, chronicles and returns: examples relate to Leatherhead and Lichfield. To describe a place as of the Celts, the Old English <a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">wealh</a> becoming Wal/Wall/Welsh is often used. This was the main Germanic term for Romano-Celtic peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a>. Such names are a minority, but are widespread across England. For example, a smattering of villages around the heart and east of <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> hint at this: <a href="/wiki/West_Walton" title="West Walton">West Walton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walsoken" title="Walsoken">Walsoken</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Walpole,_Norfolk" title="Walpole, Norfolk">Walpoles</a> indicate their continued presence. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chatteris" title="Chatteris">Chatteris</a> have Celtic topographical elements. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arden,_Warwickshire" title="Arden, Warwickshire">Arden</a> (forest of), Warwickshire - from Celtic *ardu- 'high' (Irish ard)</li> <li>From Brythonic *abona 'river' (Welsh afon): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Bristol)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Bristol)">Avon</a> (river), Gloucestershire/Wiltshire/Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Hampshire)">Avon</a> (river), Wiltshire/Hampshire/Dorset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Warwickshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Warwickshire)">Avon</a> (river), Northamptonshire/Warwickshire/Worcestershire/Gloucestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Devon" title="River Avon, Devon">Avon</a> or Aune (river), Devon</li></ul></li> <li>From Celtic *iska 'water' (Irish uisce): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)" title="River Axe (Lyme Bay)">Axe</a> (river), Devon/Dorset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Bristol_Channel)" title="River Axe (Bristol Channel)">Axe</a> (river), Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axminster" title="Axminster">Axminster</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axmouth" title="Axmouth">Axmouth</a>, Devon</li></ul></li> <li>First element from Celtic *briga 'hill': <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brean" title="Brean">Brean</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredon" title="Bredon">Bredon</a>, Worcestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breedon_on_the_Hill" title="Breedon on the Hill">Breedon on the Hill</a>, Leicestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewood" title="Brewood">Brewood</a>, Staffordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill,_Buckinghamshire" title="Brill, Buckinghamshire">Brill</a>, Buckinghamshire</li></ul></li> <li>From Celtic *brigant- 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Brent" title="River Brent">Brent</a> (river), Greater London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford" title="Brentford">Brentford</a>, Greater London</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bryn, Greater Manchester">Bryn</a>, Greater Manchester - from Welsh bryn, 'hill'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, Essex - from *kamulos '<a href="/wiki/Camulus" title="Camulus">Camulus</a>' (divine name) + Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'</li> <li>From Brythonic *crüg 'hill'<a href="#cite_note-Mills,_AD._1991-22">[22]</a> (Irish cruach) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creech_St_Michael" title="Creech St Michael">Creech St Michael</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewkerne" title="Crewkerne">Crewkerne</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crich" title="Crich">Crich</a>, Derbyshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_St_Thomas" title="Cricket St Thomas">Cricket St Thomas</a>, Somerset</li> <li>Crickheath, Shropshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricklade" title="Cricklade">Cricklade</a>, Wiltshire</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>, Cheshire - from Old Welsh *criu 'river crossing'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> - from tribal name <a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a> or Dumnones, from Celtic *dumno- 'deep', 'world'</li> <li>From Celtic *dubr- 'water', *dubrās 'waters' (Welsh dwfr; Breton dour): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, Kent, Latin Dubris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a>, Hampshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover" title="Wendover">Wendover</a>, Buckinghamshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dever" title="River Dever">Dever</a> (river), Hampshire</li> <li>Deverill (river), Wiltshire</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, County Durham, Latin Dunelm - first element is possibly dun, ' hill fort' (Welsh ddin, 'fort').</li> <li>First element from Celtic *duro- 'fort'; in Dūrobrīvae, Celtic *brīwa 'bridge': <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durobrivae_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durobrivae (Rochester)">Durobrivae</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a>, Kent and <a href="/wiki/Water_Newton" title="Water Newton">Water Newton</a>, Cambridgeshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, Kent</li></ul></li> <li>From Celtic *iska 'water' (Irish uisce); second element in Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) is a tribal name (see Devon): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">Exe</a> (river), Devon/Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Exe" title="Nether Exe">Nether Exe</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Exe" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Exe">Up Exe</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exebridge" title="Exebridge">Exebridge</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exford,_Somerset" title="Exford, Somerset">Exford</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, Devon, Latin <a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exminster" title="Exminster">Exminster</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmouth" title="Exmouth">Exmouth</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exton,_Somerset" title="Exton, Somerset">Exton</a>, Somerset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exwick" title="Exwick">Exwick</a>, Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskeleth" title="Eskeleth">Eskeleth</a>, North Yorkshire</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Holland" title="Parts of Holland">Holland</a>, Lincolnshie, possibly from haiw- ("a swamp") (+ OE land).<a href="#cite_note-hawkins-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesteven" title="Kesteven">Kesteven</a>, Lincolnshire, from <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_place-names_containing_reflexes_of_Celtic_*kaitos_%22woodland%22" title="List of British place-names containing reflexes of Celtic *kaitos "woodland"">cēt</a>- ("a wood") (+ Old Norse stefna ("a meeting place") added later).<a href="#cite_note-mills03-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a>, Surrey - from Brythonic *lēd- [from Celtic *leito-] + *rïd- [from Celtic *(φ)ritu-] = "Grey Ford"<a href="#cite_note-Mills,_AD._1991-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a>, Lincolnshire, Latin Lindum Colonia - from Celtic *lindo- 'pool' + Latin colonia 'colony'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a> or Mancunium - from Celtic *mamm- 'breast' (referring to the shape of a hill)</li> <li>Noviomagus (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, West Sussex and <a href="/wiki/Crayford" title="Crayford">Crayford</a>, Kent - from Celtic *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd) + *magos 'field, plain'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_y_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen y Ghent">Pen y Ghent</a>, Yorkshire - equivalent with Welsh pen-y-gant ("summit of the border") or pen-y-gynt ("summit of the heathen").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Pengethley, Herefordshire - from Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen) + possibly *kelli 'to stand' (Welsh gelli)</li> <li>From Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen) + *koid- 'wood' (Welsh coed), or *cēd- 'wood':<a href="#cite_note-Mills,_AD._1991-22">[22]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencoyd" title="Pencoyd">Pencoyd</a>, Herefordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penge" title="Penge">Penge</a>, Greater London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penketh" title="Penketh">Penketh</a>, Cheshire</li></ul></li> <li>First element from Brittonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh pen 'head, end, chief, supreme') = Irish ceann 'head', from Proto-Celtic *kwenno-: <ul><li>Pencraig, Herefordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendlebury" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a>, Greater Manchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton,_Lancashire" title="Pendleton, Lancashire">Pendleton</a>, Lancashire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendock" title="Pendock">Pendock</a>, Worcestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensnett" title="Pensnett">Pensnett</a>, West Midlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn,_Buckinghamshire" title="Penn, Buckinghamshire">Penn</a>, Buckinghamshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn,_West_Midlands" title="Penn, West Midlands">Penn</a>, West Midlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Penn" title="Lower Penn">Lower Penn</a>, Staffordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penshaw" title="Penshaw">Penshaw</a>, Sunderland</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sarum" title="Old Sarum">Old Sarum</a>, Wiltshire, Latin Sorviodūnum - second element from Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a>, Tyne and Wear - from Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (<a href="/wiki/Segedunum#Etymology" title="Segedunum">theories</a>). Second element is Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodun_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinodun Hills">Sinodun Hills</a>, south Oxfordshire - from Celtic *seno- 'old' + *dūnon 'fortress'</li> <li>Possibly from Celtic *tames- 'dark' (cf. Celtic *temeslos > Welsh tywyll 'darkness'): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a> (river), Devon/Cornwall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">Tame</a> (river), Greater Manchester</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Tame,_North_Yorkshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Tame, North Yorkshire (page does not exist)">Tame</a> (river), North Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_West_Midlands" title="River Tame, West Midlands">Tame</a> (river), West Midlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Team" title="River Team">Team</a> (river), Tyne and Wear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Teme" title="River Teme">Teme</a> (river), Welsh Tefeidiad, Wales/Shropshire/Worcestershire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> (river), Latin <a href="/wiki/Tamesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamesis">Tamesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a> (Latin), now London - 'Of the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a>', a tribal name, perhaps 'very energetic people' from Celtic *tri- (intensive) + *now- 'energetic', related to *nowijo- 'new' (Welsh newydd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> (Latin), now <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, Hertfordshire - from Brittonic *weru- 'broad' + *lam- 'hand' [from Celtic *(φ)lāmā] (Welsh llaw, Irish láimh)</li> <li>First element from Celtic *windo- 'white' (Welsh gwyn); in Vindolanda, Celtic *landā 'land, place' (Welsh llan). In Vindomora, second element could be 'sea' (Welsh môr, Irish muir): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a> (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a> (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindomora" title="Vindomora">Vindomora</a> (Latin), Roman fort in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, Greek Ebōrakon, Latin Eboracum or Eburacum - from Celtic *eburo- 'yew'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scotland">edit</a>]</div> The post-6th century AD Brittonic languages of Northern England and Scotland were <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a>. Cumbric place-names are found in Scotland south of the River Forth,<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a> while Pictish names are found to the north.<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-26">[26]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, Aberdeenshire - from **aber ("river mouth").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecross" title="Applecross">Applecross</a>, Ross-shire - formerly Abercrosan, from aber ("river mouth").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a> - possibly equivalent to Middle Welsh aran ("high place").<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviemore" title="Aviemore">Aviemore</a>, Inverness-shire - An Aghaidh Mhòr in Gaelic, possibly involving Brittonic *ag- ("a cleft").<a href="#cite_note-MacBain-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Lomond" title="Ben Lomond">Ben Lomond</a>, Stirlingshire - Lomond is equivalent to Welsh llumon ("beacon").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a>, Lanarkshire - equivalent to Welsh blaen ("extremes, source, front") + tir ("land").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blebo_Craigs" title="Blebo Craigs">Blebo</a>, Fife - formerly Bladebolg, from Brittonic *blawd ("meal") + *bolg ("sack").<a href="#cite_note-PNF-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Burnturk, Fife - formerly Brenturk, equivalent to Welsh bryntwrch ("boar hill").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Moray" title="Dallas, Moray">Dallas</a>, Moray - equivalent to Welsh dôl ("haugh, meadow") + gwas ("abode").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Darnaway, Moray - possibly from ancient Brittonic Taranumagos ("thunder-plain").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviot,_Highland" title="Daviot, Highland">Daviot</a>, Inverness-shire - perhaps from Brittonic *dem- meaning "sure, strong".<a href="#cite_note-MacBain-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dull,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Dull, Perth and Kinross">Dull</a>, Perthshire - equivalent to Welsh dôl ("haugh, meadow").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclefechan" title="Ecclefechan">Ecclefechan</a>, Dumfriesshire - equivalent to Welsh eglwysfechan ("small church").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Midlothian - from Din Ediyn, from a Brittonic form meaning "fort of Ediyn" (c.f. Welsh din).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslemont_Castle" title="Esslemont Castle">Esslemont</a>, Aberdeenshire - equivalent to Welsh iselfynydd ("low hill").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Glasgo, Aberdeenshire - see Glasgow, Lanarkshire below.<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Lanarkshire - equivalent to Welsh glascau ("blue hollow").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> - Ebudes in Ptolemy (c. 140 AD), possibly from ancient Brittonic ep- ("a horse"; c.f. Welsh ebol).<a href="#cite_note-woolf-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith,_Moray" title="Keith, Moray">Keith</a>, Banffshire - equivalent to Welsh coed ("wood, forest").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a>, Lanarkshire - equivalent to Welsh llanerch ("a glade").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Landrick, Perthshire - see Lanark, Lanarkshire.<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Lanrick, Perthshire - see Lanark, Lanarkshire.<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauder" title="Lauder">Lauder</a>, Berwickshire - equivalent either to Middle Breton louazr or Welsh llawedrawr.<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Lendrick, Kinross-shire - see Lanark, Lanarkshire.<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Lendrick, Perthshire - see Lanark, Lanarkshire.<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomond_Hills" title="Lomond Hills">Lomond Hills</a>, Fife - see Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire.<a href="#cite_note-PNF-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Mayish, Arran - possibly from Brittonic maɣes ("field"; Welsh maes).<a href="#cite_note-MacAnTailleir-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meggernie_Castle" title="Meggernie Castle">Meggernie</a>, Perthshire - from an element cognate with Welsh migwernydd ("boggy meadow").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methven,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Methven, Perth and Kinross">Methven</a>, Perthshire - equivalent to Welsh meddfaen ("meadstone").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midmar" title="Midmar">Midmar</a>, Aberdeenshire - equivalent to Welsh mig(n) ("bog, swamp") + <a href="/wiki/Mar_(Scottish_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar (Scottish province)">Mar</a> (a district name).<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migvie_Castle" title="Migvie Castle">Migvie</a>, Aberdeenshire - equivalent to Welsh mig(n) ("bog, swamp").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounth" title="Mounth">Mounth</a>, Perthshire, Angus and Aberdeenshire - equivalent to Welsh mynydd ("mountain, moor, hill").<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochil_Hills" title="Ochil Hills">Ochil Hills</a>, Fife - probably from Common Brittonic *okelon ("a ridge").<a href="#cite_note-UGlas-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Orchy" title="River Orchy">Orchy</a>, Argyll (river) - in Gaelic Urchaidh, from ancient Brittonic are-cētia ("on the wood").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbride" title="Panbride">Panbride</a>, Angus - from pant ("a hollow").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Panlathy, Angus - from pant ("a hollow").<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Panmure, Angus - equivalent to Welsh pantmawr ("big hollow").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Pendewen, Angus - first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penicuik" title="Penicuik">Penicuik</a>, Midlothian - equivalent to Welsh pen-y-cog ("summit of the cuckoo").<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennan" title="Pennan">Pennan</a>, Aberdeenshire - probably equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").</li> <li>Pennygant Hill, Roxburghshire - see Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire, England.<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, Perthshire - probably equivalent to Welsh perth ("bush").</li> <li>Pinderachy, Angus - first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").<a href="#cite_note-pp-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Pinnel, Fife - possibly equivalent to Welsh pen ("head, top, summit, source").<a href="#cite_note-PNF-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulrossie" title="Pulrossie">Pulrossie</a>, Sutherland - possibly equivalent to Welsh pwllrhos ("promontory pool").<a href="#cite_note-TGSI-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattray,_Aberdeenshire" title="Rattray, Aberdeenshire">Rattray</a>, Aberdeenshire - equivalent to Welsh rhawdtref ("ramparts town").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Urquhart, Ross-shire - formerly Airdchartdan, equivalent to Middle Welsh ar-cardden ("on the enclosure").<a href="#cite_note-cpns-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yell,_Shetland" title="Yell, Shetland">Yell</a>, Shetland - probably from Common Brittonic iâla ("unfruitful land, pasture").<a href="#cite_note-uglasforsyth-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Welsh toponymy</a></div> The vast majority of placenames in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (part of the United Kingdom) are either <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> or anglicized Welsh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cornwall">Cornwall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cornwall">edit</a>]</div> The vast majority of placenames in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> are either <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> or anglicized Cornish. For examples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cornwall" title="List of places in Cornwall">List of places in Cornwall</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brittany">Brittany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Brittany">edit</a>]</div> The vast majority of placenames in the west of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) are either <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> or derived from Breton. For examples, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Brittany" title="Category:Populated places in Brittany">Category:Populated places in Brittany</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goidelic">Goidelic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Goidelic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> Place names in England derived partly or wholly from Goidelic languages include: <ul><li>Aireyholme, Yorkshire (<a href="/wiki/Great_Ayton" title="Great Ayton">Great Ayton</a>), recorded as Erghum (1138), from Old Irish airgh ("summer pastures").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Ben, Yorkshire (<a href="/wiki/Sedbergh" title="Sedbergh">Sedbergh</a>), probably from the Gaelic benn ("a peak").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambois" title="Cambois">Cambois</a>, Northumberland, possibly from Old Irish cambas ("bay, creek")<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>†Crosskelloc, Lancashire (<a href="/wiki/Ulverston" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a>), from Irish cros ("a cross") + Chelloc (personal name).<a href="#cite_note-ekwalllanc-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunmallard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunmallard">Dunmallard</a>, Cumberland, possibly from Middle Irish dùn-mallacht ("fort of curses")<a href="#cite_note-BLITON-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Durdar, Cumberland (<a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Without" title="St Cuthbert Without">St Cuthbert Without</a>), from Gaelic doiredarach ("oak copse").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysouthen" title="Greysouthen">Greysouthen</a>, Cumberland, from Irish craicc-Suthan ("Suthán's rock/cliff").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Kilmond, Yorkshire (<a href="/wiki/Bowes" title="Bowes">Bowes</a>), possibly from Gaelic ceann-monadh ("head of the hill").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Knockupworth, Cumberland (<a href="/wiki/Grinsdale" title="Grinsdale">Grinsdale</a>), from Irish cnocc ("hillock") (+ the Germanic personal-name Hubert).<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrigg" title="Latrigg">Latrigg</a>, Cumberland, possibly from Old Irish lettir ("a slope").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latterbarrow" title="Latterbarrow">Latterbarrow</a>, Lancashire (<a href="/wiki/Hawkshead" title="Hawkshead">Hawkshead</a>), possibly from Irish lettir ("a slope").<a href="#cite_note-ekwalllanc-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liscard" title="Liscard">Liscard</a>, Cheshire, possibly from Irish Gaelic lios na carraige meaning "fort of the rock".<a href="#cite_note-D._Mills,_2011-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctorum" title="Noctorum">Noctorum</a>, Cheshire, from Irish cnocc-tírim ("dry hill").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Pool Darkin, Westmorland (<a href="/wiki/Beetham" title="Beetham">Beetham</a>), possibly from Gaelic poll ("pool") + the personal name *Dercan.<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenglass" title="Ravenglass">Ravenglass</a>, Cumberland, from Irish rann-Glas ("Glas's part/share").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Torkin, Cumberland (<a href="/wiki/Thursby" title="Thursby">Thursby</a>), from Irish tor-cheann ("peak-head").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li></ul> Furthermore, some non-Goidelic place-names in mainly Northern and Midland England reference Irish personal names, due to <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse-Gaelic</a> settlement Britain during the 10th century. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carperby" title="Carperby">Carperby</a>, Yorkshire containing the Irish Gaelic given-name Cairpe<a href="#cite_note-stenton-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovenby" title="Dovenby">Dovenby</a>, from personal name Dufan of Irish origin (OIr 'Dubhán')</li> <li>Dunkenhalgh, Lancashire (<a href="/wiki/Hyndburn" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a>), from the Gaelic personal name Donnchad (> English <a href="/wiki/Duncan_(given_name)" title="Duncan (given name)">Duncan</a>) (+ Old English halh, "haugh").<a href="#cite_note-ekwalllanc-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixby" title="Fixby">Fixby</a>, Yorkshire, from the Gaelic Irish personal name Fiach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatenby" title="Gatenby">Gatenby</a>, Yorkshire, from the Irish personal name Gaithen (+ Old Norse byr, "farm").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassonby" title="Glassonby">Glassonby</a>, from the Irish personal name Glassan</li> <li>†Iocemhil, Lincolnshire (<a href="/wiki/South_Killingholme" title="South Killingholme">Killingholme</a>), possibly contains the Irish personal name Eogan.<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a>, Wiltshire, from the Irish founder of the abbey <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Máel Dub</a></li> <li>Mellishaw, Lancashire (<a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>), possibly the Irish personal name Mdeldn (+ Old Norse haugr).<a href="#cite_note-ekwalllanc-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melmerby,_Richmondshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Melmerby, Richmondshire">Melmerby</a>, Yorkshire, from the Old Irish personal name <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_(female_name)" title="Máel Muire (female name)">Máel Muire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yockenthwaite" title="Yockenthwaite">Yockenthwaite</a>, Yorkshire, contains the Irish personal name Eogan (+ Old Norse þveit, "clearing").<a href="#cite_note-epnssepn-36">[36]</a></li></ul> Place names that directly reference the Irish include <a href="/wiki/Irby,_Merseyside" title="Irby, Merseyside">Irby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irby_upon_Humber" title="Irby upon Humber">Irby upon Humber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireby,_Lancashire" title="Ireby, Lancashire">Ireby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Askam_and_Ireleth" title="Askam and Ireleth">Ireleth</a>. Place names with Scot- or similar, such as <a href="/wiki/Scothern" title="Scothern">Scothern</a> in Lincolnshire or <a href="/wiki/Scotton,_Richmondshire" title="Scotton, Richmondshire">Scotton</a> in the North Riding of Yorkshire, may refer to Gaelic speakers from Scotland or Ireland, since Old English Scottas originally had connotations of Irish Gaels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names in Ireland</a></div> The vast majority of placenames in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> are anglicized <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland_2">Scotland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scotland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Scottish toponymy</a></div> The majority of placenames in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) are either <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> or anglicized Scottish Gaelic. Gaelic-derived placenames are very common in the rest of mainland <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> also. <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a>-derived placenames can be found in the northeast, while Brythonic-derived placenames can be found in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Isle of Man">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of places in the Isle of Man">List of places in the Isle of Man</a></div> Many placenames on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">Crown dependency</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> or anglicised Manx, although there are also many Norse-derived place names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aber_and_Inver_as_place-name_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Aber and Inver as place-name elements">Aber and Inver as place-name elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">List of Celtic place names in Portugal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Pierre-Yves Lambert</a>, La Langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 16 - 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Pierre-Yves Lambert</a>, La langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert2_3-8">i</a> Lambert, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, 2nd edn. (Paris: Errance, 2003), p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> See Noviomagus and <a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Ruan,_Loiret" title="Ruan, Loiret">Ruan</a> (Rothomago 1233 / Rotomagus 5th century), <a href="/wiki/Rom,_Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Rom, Deux-Sèvres">Rom</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Delamarre 2003, pp. 261-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bahlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bahlow (page does not exist)">Bahlow, Hans</a>. 1955. Namenforschung als Wissenschaft. Deutschlands Ortsnamen als Denkmäler keltischer Vorzeit. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211921/http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?flags=eygtnrl&single=1&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpokorny&text_recno=571&root=leiden">see Pokorny, IEW</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delamarre-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre_10-1">b</a> Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris (éditions errance) 2001, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.eecs.qub.ac.uk/DMLCS/frameset_letter_C.html">"RIA - Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Celtic Sources"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIA+-+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Latin+from+Celtic+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.eecs.qub.ac.uk%2FDMLCS%2Fframeset_letter_C.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2002" class="citation book cs1">Prósper, Blanca María (2002). Lenguas y Religiones Prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica. Universidad de Salamanca. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7800-818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7800-818-6"><bdi>978-84-7800-818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenguas+y+Religiones+Prerromanas+del+Occidente+de+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-7800-818-6&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17336-1&rft.aulast=Matasovic&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17336-1&rft.aulast=Matasovic&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Ptolemy II 6.21. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Latin Basilea, from the personal name Basilius, ultimately of Greek origin, </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, founded 1191 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, founded 1011 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Frick has been derived from (a) a Celtic word for "confluence", cognate with fork, (b) an Alemannic personal name Fricco and (c) Latin ferra ricia "iron mine, ironworks". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Bernhard Maier, Kleines Lexikon der Namen und Wörter keltischen Ursprungs, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVCyYuBGQ5sC&pg=PA51">p. 51</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Julius Pokorny</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEW" class="mw-redirect" title="IEW">IEW</a> (1959:325), s.v. "ē̆reb(h)-, ō̆rob(h)- 'dark reddish-brown colour'": "alb.-ligur.-kelt.-germ. eburo- 'rowan, mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles'." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatesBreeze2000" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Richard; Breeze, Andrew (2000). Celtic Voices, English Places: Studies of the Celtic Impact on Place-Names in Britain. Stamford: Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1900289415" title="Special:BookSources/1900289415"><bdi>1900289415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Voices%2C+English+Places%3A+Studies+of+the+Celtic+Impact+on+Place-Names+in+Britain&rft.place=Stamford&rft.pub=Tyas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1900289415&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Breeze%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills,_AD._1991-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills,_AD._1991_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills,_AD._1991_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills,_AD._1991_22-2">c</a> Mills, AD. Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press, 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-hawkins-23"><a href="#cite_ref-hawkins_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Jillian Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.winchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/2545372/hawkins_Jillian_PhD.pdf">"The significance of the place-name element *funta in the early middle ages"</a> (PDF). University of Winchester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Winchester&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+the+place-name+element+%2Afunta+in+the+early+middle+ages.&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Jillian+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcris.winchester.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F2545372%2Fhawkins_Jillian_PhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mills03-24"><a href="#cite_ref-mills03_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Anthony David (2003). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191578472" title="Special:BookSources/9780191578472"><bdi>9780191578472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+Place-Names&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191578472&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Anthony+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLITON-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLITON_25-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf">"The Brittonic Language in the Old North"</a> (PDF). Scottish Place Name Society. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Place+Name+Society&rft.atitle=The+Brittonic+Language+in+the+Old+North&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspns.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FAlan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UGlas-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UGlas_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys" class="citation web cs1">Rhys, Guto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6285/7/2015RhysPhD.pdf">"Approaching the Pictish language: historiography, early evidence and the question of Pritenic"</a> (PDF). University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Glasgow&rft.atitle=Approaching+the+Pictish+language%3A+historiography%2C+early+evidence+and+the+question+of+Pritenic&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Guto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F6285%2F7%2F2015RhysPhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpns-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpns_27-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Watson, W.J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (reprint ed.). Birlinn LTD. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906566357" title="Special:BookSources/9781906566357"><bdi>9781906566357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Place-Names+of+Scotland&rft.pages=387&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Birlinn+LTD&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781906566357&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1931" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, William Cook (1931). Scottish Place-names. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Place-names&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Company&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=William+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacBain-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacBain_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacBain_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBain1922" class="citation book cs1">MacBain, Alexander (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028080533">Place names Highlands & Islands of Scotland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028080533/page/n193">156</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+names+Highlands+%26+Islands+of+Scotland&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=MacBain&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028080533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNF-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNF_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonMarkus2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Taylor; Markus, Gilbert (2006). The Place-names of Fife (Illustrated ed.). Shaun Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900289771" title="Special:BookSources/9781900289771"><bdi>9781900289771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-names+of+Fife&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781900289771&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.au=Markus%2C+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-woolf-31"><a href="#cite_ref-woolf_31-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502702/Ancient_Kindred_Dal_Riata_and_the_Cruthin">Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin</a>. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_32-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallDriscollGeddess2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mark A; Driscoll, Stephen T; Geddess, Jane (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ">Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004188013" title="Special:BookSources/9789004188013"><bdi>9789004188013</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictish+Progress%3A+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.isbn=9789004188013&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Stephen+T&rft.au=Geddess%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6d55DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAnTailleir-33"><a href="#cite_ref-MacAnTailleir_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_an_Tàilleir" class="citation web cs1">Mac an Tàilleir, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116011540/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesK-O.pdf">"Gaelic Place Names (K-O)"</a> (PDF). The Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesK-O.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2021-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Parliament&rft.atitle=Gaelic+Place+Names+%28K-O%29&rft.aulast=Mac+an+T%C3%A0illeir&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2FGaelic%2FplacenamesK-O.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGSI-34"><a href="#cite_ref-TGSI_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/transactionsgae03invegoog/transactionsgae03invegoog_djvu.txt">Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness</a> (Volume XX ed.). The Society. 1899. p. 330. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+Gaelic+Society+of+Inverness&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=Volume+XX&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftransactionsgae03invegoog%2Ftransactionsgae03invegoog_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uglasforsyth-35"><a href="#cite_ref-uglasforsyth_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth" class="citation web cs1">Forsyth, Katherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/222539/1/222539.pdf">"Protecting a Pict?: Further thoughts on the inscribed silver chape from St Ninian's Isle, Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (2020)"</a> (PDF). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Glasgow&rft.atitle=Protecting+a+Pict%3F%3A+Further+thoughts+on+the+inscribed+silver+chape+from+St+Ninian%27s+Isle%2C+Shetland.+Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland+%282020%29&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F222539%2F1%2F222539.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epnssepn-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epnssepn_36-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/">"Survey of English Place-Names"</a>. English Place-Name Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Place-Name+Society&rft.atitle=Survey+of+English+Place-Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepns.nottingham.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html">http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html</a> (appendix at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html">http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215004340/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/p.l.younger/documents/TheGaelicFoundationsoftheGoldenAgeofNorthumbria.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/p.l.younger/documents/TheGaelicFoundationsoftheGoldenAgeofNorthumbria.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2009-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.ncl.ac.uk%2Fp.l.younger%2Fdocuments%2FTheGaelicFoundationsoftheGoldenAgeofNorthumbria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ekwalllanc-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ekwalllanc_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekwalllanc_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekwalllanc_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekwalllanc_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkwall1922" class="citation book cs1">Ekwall, Eilert (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/placenamesoflanc00ekwauoft/placenamesoflanc00ekwauoft_djvu.txt">The Place Names of Lancashire</a>. The University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353897918" title="Special:BookSources/9789353897918"><bdi>9789353897918</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+Names+of+Lancashire&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=9789353897918&rft.aulast=Ekwall&rft.aufirst=Eilert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fplacenamesoflanc00ekwauoft%2Fplacenamesoflanc00ekwauoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Mills,_2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-D._Mills,_2011_39-0">^</a> A. D. Mills, A Dictionary of British Place Names (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), s.v. </li> <li id="cite_note-stenton-40"><a href="#cite_ref-stenton_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1970" class="citation book cs1">Stenton, Frank Merry (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1hMck3rF-MC">Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England: The Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton</a>. Clarendon. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198223145" title="Special:BookSources/0198223145"><bdi>0198223145</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparatory+to+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+The+Collected+Papers+of+Frank+Merry+Stenton&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0198223145&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+Merry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1hMck3rF-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+toponymy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&oldid=1254118187">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_toponymy&oldid=1254118187</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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