CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.quora.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8ea0fc494d95a08b',cH: 'sISqAtf7wZSpVH.RdwHW2JZFPbdxQPqwXyORH03Rmck-1732866402-1.2.1.1-sf6zHB9MvTVaq9Eh8OmcEDRltEnsHdbnutodAIJhqYZlvfydFNMX388rEMB9G_np',cUPMDTk: "\/topic\/Computational-Science-1?__cf_chl_tk=OWG1jafSenuiZeWovWhgmoMUnb3fJlu5j.gEZbWFMQA-1732866402-1.0.1.1-lkkSrU0sGOVGYQ8KBgZ_SmUjXeJU46YZon83JoqulC0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732866402',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/topic\/Computational-Science-1?__cf_chl_f_tk=OWG1jafSenuiZeWovWhgmoMUnb3fJlu5j.gEZbWFMQA-1732866402-1.0.1.1-lkkSrU0sGOVGYQ8KBgZ_SmUjXeJU46YZon83JoqulC0",md: "w4ih.KbRYhpyQ_zDlg9vop.LMlANkYjZMrsOnMur.4c-1732866402-1.2.1.1-DZ3UDftORbQjgYR_8OU5KtAMXwbiVUZV68xgVXQxOAMNJmsVc.qN9dap4LjUa1zROvKxLdXi9ouT3sH8oqvi359ADtRuzV9L1iiqSqF3Vaw9WNfulc9VcJiwzLqyp72dRmIX46ikfjCTmIlnc5tzCik6vuwYI8K7Iu2EEwB9AfVykbS20TT.vOXekXUhRtAmQapc5Cq2XHjS52mTzjC.9j_Q5.R7NsDCoiFLA7h8gFfpPR2KjGYMrc9xpwK7vjAe7s7sq.DRTlOikSGoyhMJxFX0UNb3phuPLR1HVFb7Efef7WAI.e2ZGItZuwqroERdCD5zq_iV2zJt2EsAHRvBH3cpwBzqyJuQF0ZinyDX0u.WgMCukY98_bbHZ.DcI3yoD1w6UPSRpqZ_vI7Irh_ap1y5EL4mHioLf4ulTp69QfWKorFYDuCZwHap0uziVNFb6Dij1foavYLxeMSWoMfo613EQBYHg9EEmPbVTMR44BPhet25JEejEFqCdaQuqX_aJVgzimQm49am8hJPndqBe0BUMTesqw6Zr9AHlbd_4kWqh.h6AigJLNUreibXYl0Dd0CMInd3_565vEgFDCzIVIC.n2aTKC0vF_6c40sBsewUCugRfa60gMpj5.DndsbAViKatqeWUwWF3tsh74OTfL94snWbdgLBq0xXwJGtPXCP2cj4Wwcd3yJU6mBIwN7Gg5xAriuJJVM95OJu7Nqc3Gsq4Ht.cKMnuvtUygngKptV6oSlEOoF1v1cLbM04ndM8suekTeronwmJ0Bqn9colGmQo2WbyJSQSuAg2ON6mxKsx3s7652JaXf6eBg_Vd7SPSJ_K16foWN4_nX2I2XkmEtBD1zA2JLcShYR2mHlu4rvA4k4aw6M6hcLOIwH3bqC9BzWcxg6TH.m__OrsGgMHJg3yNkaOJpzLO1g2jXjJchZRqI_okTz9JpRFSlFEhS3SvfPkX3HISVLj6AIE9uATBe9e4esXfb2TGYb9lwQAX7mKsrgDvEd29BAxI.ida5R7Fa7l_nN3rHvWj7zRGCaJ9_Tgn05gsz0jMxMRmpGxmBqRU_3KJszV7aVdVlTaHuhDnb1s.pn2jCU86YYiUxpKfliZzHev4LgtEGZT3sm.Ohg7ChhznKyWIHrLDeiKglph2weNQSTDYA5EgT8g4xgc0MkfL_wtpBjhDswx97jjR56l.o0CbG2QwDVfvNpWJcBDndmo2kDrYay3M9YOIbH.Op1HuOS6Ci2k7WHqRM8rdvHQir.c2MQAX_MnjyUVE0U0uV5wfsfVx63z3dk9begzClreo4H3wfDumbcXhSzM4Y7ld2M_N5znb9OB.Pbt5YN2oWicYGRAnkFFf8Y1DxavZsWBj0kd5jmQ._NQ5Joey5MO5d.tNqRyNXsqVhKsj0XZUvE9Q0upC2vqh._E7GeC._Hn.ZVwUEr2k2mhoxPx7Wvu8MNYiTeRkNQJBZS_zDAsUrSocuBgbkVR429Csm_Pmgg4EFGGjMSu1s1vdWofxwHaFHaTWrZpTu3a1FnTATb3VIcyijFEH5pA13D2H8jvp2z.mDfZvA8E0v7Acs71i96A9an7PLJYiTJDRG2HGAwEQLh3yEsIXI4CtmLolT.ckhySg5fSTcsQ1poCpYL0MyAwgJwnuypOPLd1RM8vo8vKFDFMtJrvNFRY9ha.m5sj3kJwNS0X79IP0Bqp2OaT5iCVvj4rIMFpFyGr_S8fhxaDg1AmsXmztUmSL3KpW9WEnNtF8fLO7OM3jd2iIzZ0I671F184ZVwXm3g29DCVJjqYOkN38V9Zjn4JHhrHAyz9yIm9EvIeYJzKqPjvVsOWx7ce5k82TNovBzqofkNdZK.FNHue1xiycY2LfI0Xkt3btG6lujkRDUIgkcxoAm43T_1WuKklm2uiz6i4B9ZuQpCBQNC.EcLFEtYkdBJZs.F_faZSf6TgTqK8MzeZa2gDFGFlEjkuGw6oxU6jBjVs1Hz35C1H1c8QJgDBOx3YgI4LfrnnS1LxYwSTpej7l.mfrjphxZFS5UvYGbCmFZANsyBK5qVQOLEFtht0dxmZ6VAPGej424JMRyNJeS16WgZxbb84edcxJDW9w_WEqtn9dcqnpJi1pSMvZQvYrvnCmuFy7cSrIogLg_aQTkHEZRS676Xn0vDJvHrKS6dMVIny0lJXyDaROJceNFcKGhwGwNgFNCoj0m2fly7Y.U5XEo88hpUicUOnyaQ7iAujQ9xDovhRzf0qf6axaIjDL.fUOvwz.Jtbm2bvATHCjasFOLRvR.7CJaB.3lme9Z50eVImar8Mdbxa_46sY_K9sVUk7HfC5bXzMrbF_3pFnp3kM8qNn7GlM3nfswcMmRtufoSZo.dghMRd9EKRTtKMFDNURRPNirKAh247hezzaNEKiEMpl6ix0c7_nE7ISmP7I.ACNYBt6UWlHgftNvXL0WuUykp_4cY3KUWBprQwpmhox7zDJ3LyyrVULDnjPdb2H5hKxDbH3L_mgtyOzqvBRYZelRaamlm41325Pz3BXDb1psHiNjTW2609Logko8BOvPievmXI_qACuB3y4ZVK57f_IWsXM9eDLz6N2ilr17Bzo_SXJp82QnPjKtcXzP5Zh5ctUiH4NI48DdnwU6p0P8f.ong1ZKqc0EYxzj.23t2hFFhppQ5JLQtR__U.DabmXcans9op4iPlJi.VdznH3c26JMRjt2X0vewoP6DfxsO1rlMbEwqoqEZsKi.IvLMr6EzpeMJnbjEbe_PlR54NBwYXaUWHHhRCvi.1u2.zQ32DU509V5eG08X4OZiy15qNNePII_i5wq3QZpF_WMPMIRX0ySyZ4x_i8fNQmbFPwTjLdABclSvjurcgZFfuXHGzWlkmj.gUBp.6zB7h0YwCJCMbKs6e2cWGheRFdAR2g6FFSQwDif6sJVFb5z4pwZu2O8a8xTqeBO0Z_vPwZdZlvc9W3Of_w",mdrd: "dAUERj8Qm3jMW4YLaPJBZwNLHrJrTqG6hUSnO3OX.9M-1732866402-1.2.1.1-unbtM_OJpKfTHSO_aM7GKqx3MkbiI9z7kgypHWc4r_W0RlgAZqzNh_1Q8m_4lL5WpaEE7LdEv8LD5N4UWHOmULO2fbKLJpUISxM1MV2Dfo0vdySKAXvjWyid7XLrP4IW2JJeaA8CHFSO04cXnCwIckT8qlxETJPrRvfRqGM5QfOw8zDZL5SX9u6QyNw.xSYHh3YH6XzQQRiB3G2old6oJvBWRU0sZNbT3aqBrINQJ9zELhllRlOFxqidgKLqYwqiVMlC6IvJ2LN8y7384qWiYITAqXH4yc99s9u3aBWlbvjZdIWN7rZgMFlVmEG_UXaEdgKm71SHcUMGeGHS8euooyUP_GAJvJjnU4EKXvfbGCuBNmSTZ0C9qb2I.rKD7wyJ_b_ggIVrq6MksiyRf_7S23NxsyrjjAoVB3qcJ57Wdx3fFoq7pvWcfMlw3z8V.sKchI5vynSBWBOUs79Wus.gAtSLppp4a55ujcy71F5iBP5q6t9f0NAQK.lp8272rGL79U7fpfwmi16Be_7bKOXkf2iPYkcR1fmkKECItTOpJbiry7blSgzv7.NzIjlMOH5AbJohf.aKu.ljwbTGyYmj_isF_gQk0b0FStqPva8KjcFFTlyG0iqqpCcvQq.7QSGrMZUUA0YDxuHF4FNbAk3c76NfBLYITCt62QUFwnefIVzbyYhtW4nDMcq_2jAUZgx6NxhXzetYWQMcT49sl8hum0G_kPOWW4sqiQisuFI2xBTEfUmR3FrPS4dNtRSAAkml1WZjINM1GPeXXIaYAPfr2XWEw4B7bH2BEMMIsXjoxpnYVAjAxDU3P14or5hy2PgtflqHvoFmYRaLQ6UPY1CK.3bmERTHnXbCJfdshH4woDg52iUEwRCcYljAy03sTPt2QnUh0VjXrHZfBcPoZyu.U0Tur.ozZQIgF.xpktEVmjwt5EbmG1vGuayC1v7CYdIUjhurC7Ou6xTAVUe5n_yOZX3tyQl3Bh53VOmP09SCWUglBkcENkGTQ2fAw7dVNQPFhmRaQtBIycagvouFjyqqiyFo5idsp6ECghkG.5Ja3ZlE10pEz1Q2H4y0jZDDmrv0op31cocZZRbg3VpG_3l7eSWk7FtQCTd9G84NRW4MoGQRrinpTH8pGvrHzwUi7gZxtpespym_cz4vNXwDuYrFNGzyGKruG85yrE0HpkyhfKYZROyrhhSBF0808vTfevCnkSeVLdOcIEJeqpOjq7EVlwF2zrluRqXWa66i.8gVyaBp4jg6je1W1xSe4UEceWC1BIQHkFPfJ0uz8BL9.zsGq6_Gow_qF9g3eMCi1zA5XMUp.wELc1MHTXApU8xY4y6EbimEpy92FWzcJmZnBjUOjkkuyVYSDLj5RPrxuOXdIkisjsY2s4dmEdFBgXTCiy1nA9.uEdttx7DEWUKVyCMId9HqSUOlhzTEP_kYDsG_ioDCw6smZzjvg3ycjO2bo54N2MFNo_b5sthyONnFNV5cyV7rvNodU3bw9PrMlGW.12n.CclVNpxOYItT5f1OKcSt_FanmjCtUWdljonTqYtd8Qnf9x8VrgxILPmgRUfnnmdFkG_zXRMZk8Uc5d1Bg_sysqXY1qt0WPhe915hoEz94d_T7KeoTIrgJwHbufHXfG4UkFliVepc_Xs7jNXKeVQVTpM9gVXnkJCydg0nAAz7zyxvjLUtkINdYykxaiX7CGwXLhraxBPB6yJovSfFd2zo3tx6eu5.7zj6P5T9feGZljUdCh5wlBFeq8SvWBDwtMilWVb4n1yQwrRdjh3v2IB46MjvDtovqUa1fsRbxr5A2gGirxen0rQc4Wp.JpohDXBYRXlUOtw.dCMwp_Ai3fdO0ToDSAj9bLxPjIkmm1MH5hzi56e_.fRfMxyoGBT1V2cnmbutInP3A0MshxErs8eCGl8s3lCHpD.0B6YjgUTx1cicAFCsg5ehw.8PzMpWJMo"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8ea0fc494d95a08b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/topic\/Computational-Science-1?__cf_chl_rt_tk=OWG1jafSenuiZeWovWhgmoMUnb3fJlu5j.gEZbWFMQA-1732866402-1.0.1.1-lkkSrU0sGOVGYQ8KBgZ_SmUjXeJU46YZon83JoqulC0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>