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accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Muralla" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Muralla" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Muralla" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Muralla" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Muralles_a_l'antiguitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muralles_a_l'antiguitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Muralles a l'antiguitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muralles_a_l'antiguitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_muralles_modernes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_muralles_modernes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Les muralles modernes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_muralles_modernes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desaparició_de_les_muralles,_de_passeig_verd_a_autopista_urbana_i…" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desaparició_de_les_muralles,_de_passeig_verd_a_autopista_urbana_i…"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Desaparició de les muralles, de passeig verd a autopista urbana i…</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desaparició_de_les_muralles,_de_passeig_verd_a_autopista_urbana_i…-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muralla</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 52 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9)" title="سور (دفاع) - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سور (دفاع)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89" title="سور دفاعى - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سور دفاعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralla" title="Muralla - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muralla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCdafi%C9%99_divar%C4%B1" title="Müdafiə divarı - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müdafiə divarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Абарончая сцяна - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абарончая сцяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Отбранителна стена - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отбранителна стена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogeriadur" title="Mogeriadur - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mogeriadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradba" title="Hradba - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hradba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bymur" title="Bymur - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bymur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goondaa" title="Goondaa - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Goondaa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmauer" title="Wehrmauer - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wehrmauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Defensive wall" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remparo" title="Remparo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Remparo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralla" title="Muralla - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muralla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitsevall" title="Kaitsevall - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaitsevall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harresi" title="Harresi - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harresi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="دیوار دفاعی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار دفاعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupunginmuuri" title="Kaupunginmuuri - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupunginmuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraille" title="Muraille - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muraille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralla" title="Muralla - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muralla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="חומה - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պաշտպանական պատ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաշտպանական պատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_pertahanan" title="Tembok pertahanan - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembok pertahanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remparo" title="Remparo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Remparo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_(fortificazione)" title="Mura (fortificazione) - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mura (fortificazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A3%81" title="城壁 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="城壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%BD" title="방벽 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenia" title="Moenia - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waermoer" title="Waermoer - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waermoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бедем - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бедем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_pertahanan" title="Tembok pertahanan - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembok pertahanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weermuur" title="Weermuur - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weermuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bymur" title="Bymur - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bymur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsvarsmur" title="Forsvarsmur - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forsvarsmur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha" title="Muralha - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Muralha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_obronny" title="Mur obronny - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mur obronny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فصیل - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فصیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha" title="Muralha - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muralha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Городские стены - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Городские стены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet-dyke" title="Fleet-dyke - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fleet-dyke" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedem" title="Bedem - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bedem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Defensive wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradby" title="Hradby - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hradby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obzidje" title="Obzidje - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obzidje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бедем - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бедем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กำแพงป้องกัน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำแพงป้องกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagsasanggalang_na_pader" title="Nagsasanggalang na pader - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nagsasanggalang na pader" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur" title="Sur - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Оборонний мур - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оборонний мур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فصیل - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فصیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudofaa_devorlari" title="Mudofaa devorlari - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mudofaa devorlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_th%C3%A0nh" title="Tường thành - vietnamita" lang="vi" 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Muralla_Hostalric_(Catalunya).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg/220px-Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg/330px-Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg/440px-Muralla_Hostalric_%28Catalunya%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Muralla d'<a href="/wiki/Hostalric" title="Hostalric">Hostalric</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg/220px-Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg/330px-Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg/440px-Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Muralles romanes de <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%ADcia" title="Galícia">Galícia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Patrimoni_de_la_Humanitat" title="Patrimoni de la Humanitat">Patrimoni de la Humanitat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/220px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/330px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg/440px-20090529_Great_Wall_8125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Part de la <a href="/wiki/Gran_Muralla_de_la_Xina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Muralla de la Xina">Gran Muralla de la Xina</a>, Patrimoni de la Humanitat</figcaption></figure> <p>Una <b>muralla</b> o <b>murada</b> és un tipus de construcció defensiva destinada a la defensa o protecció d'un indret, entorn d'una població o d'un campament militar com la <a href="/wiki/Muralla_medieval_i_moderna_de_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralla medieval i moderna de Barcelona">muralla medieval i moderna de Barcelona</a>, encara que també existeixen muralles per protegir regions senceres,<sup id="cite_ref-RBA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> com la <a href="/wiki/Gran_Muralla_de_la_Xina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Muralla de la Xina">Gran Muralla de la Xina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Muralla_d%27Anastasi" title="Muralla d'Anastasi">Muralla d'Anastasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mur_Atl%C3%A0ntic" title="Mur Atlàntic">Mur Atlàntic</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Mur_d%27Adri%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mur d'Adrià">Mur d'Adrià</a>. </p><p>Les muralles tenen portes, més conegudes com a portals i algunes vegades per <a href="/wiki/Torre" title="Torre">torres</a>. algunes muralles es complementaven amb <a href="/wiki/Torrassa_(construcci%C3%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrassa (construcció)">torrasses</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fossats" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossats">fossats</a> per augmentar-ne l'inexpugnabilitat. La zona superior, practicable, es denomina <a href="/wiki/Adarb" title="Adarb">adarb</a>. Les muralles més antigues solen ser obres de pedra, ciment o maó, encara que existeixen variants fetes en fusta en forma de <a href="/wiki/Palissada" title="Palissada">palissada</a>. Depenent de la topografia de l'àrea a protegir es podien incorporar altres elements naturals com rius o costes a la línia de defensa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muralles_a_l'antiguitat"><span id="Muralles_a_l.27antiguitat"></span>Muralles a l'antiguitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muralla&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Muralles a l'antiguitat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S'han trobat traces de muralles des de la <a href="/wiki/Prehist%C3%B2ria" title="Prehistòria">prehistòria</a>. Servien de defensa militar i reforçaven la divinitat del seu govern<sup title="El text on hi ha aquest avís necessita una citació." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;">[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Citau_les_fonts" title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts"><i>cal citació</i></a>]</span></sup> i facilitaven la taxació d'impostos al comerç exterior, ostentant la riquesa de la ciutat. Les ciutats amb muralles més antigues que es coneixen son <a href="/wiki/Jeric%C3%B3" title="Jericó">Jericó</a>, cap al <a href="/wiki/8000_aC" class="mw-redirect" title="8000 aC">8000 aC</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, cap al <a href="/wiki/3000_aC" class="mw-redirect" title="3000 aC">3000 aC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durant l'edat mitjana la muralla servia per defensar; per demostrar força i independència política; jurídica (separava els proscrits extramurs); fiscal; conformava un límit físic; i, finalment, servia com a ornament. Mentre les muralles de pedra són les que ens han arribat als nostres dies, la major part de les muralles defensives eren de terra, i les de terra i fusta van ser habituals fins al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xv</span>. El dret de construir una muralla de pedra en les fortificacions medievals era un privilegi anomenat «dret d'<a href="/wiki/Merlet" title="Merlet">emmerletatge</a>», i es construïen després de barreres de terreny i un fossat, i contenien les mateixes estructures defensives que es trobaven en els castells, i l'obra es finançava amb taxes sobre el comerç, i treball forçat de subdits que havien de dedidar un temps al senyor feudal, així com treball forçat de presoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth2006100_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth2006100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Trebuchet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trebuchet.jpg/220px-Trebuchet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trebuchet.jpg/330px-Trebuchet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Trebuchet.jpg/440px-Trebuchet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trabuquet" title="Trabuquet">trabuquet</a> al castell dels Baus</figcaption></figure> <p>Els atacants que volien capturar una vila, ciutat o castell sovint es trobaven amb muralles imponents. Aleshores la manera més efectiva de prendre-la era encerclar-la i tallar les línies de subministrament, i sotmetre als residents per gana. Es podien dur eines com escales, torres de fusta amb rodes o cavar túnels sota el mur per substituir pedres per fusta i cremar-les per desestabilitzar l'estructura. Més endavant es van crear les màquines de setge. El <a href="/wiki/Trabuquet" title="Trabuquet">trabuquet</a> era la més eficient abans de l'arribada de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora">pólvora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth200692_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth200692-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Les_muralles_modernes">Les muralles modernes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muralla&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Les muralles modernes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Tra%C3%A7a_italiana" title="Traça italiana">Traça italiana</a></div> <p>Amb la utilització de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora">pólvora</a> contra les muralles a partir del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xiii</span>, que els turcs van fer servir el <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a> en la <a href="/wiki/Conquesta_de_Constantinoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquesta de Constantinoble">conquesta de Constantinoble</a>, al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xv</span> es va desenvolupar la <a href="/wiki/Tra%C3%A7a_italiana" title="Traça italiana">traça italiana</a>, desenvolupat a la <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_It%C3%A0lica" title="Península Itàlica">península Itàlica</a> al pas del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xv</span> al <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvi</span> en resposta a l'intent d'invasió francesa de la península. L'<a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_franc%C3%A8s" title="Exèrcit francès">exèrcit francès</a> estava equipat amb nous canons capaços de destruir fàcilment les fortificacions medievals, castells amb alts murs que eren un objectiu fàcil per a l'<a href="/wiki/Artilleria" title="Artilleria">artilleria</a>. Per contrarestar el poder de les noves armes, els murs defensius de les fortificacions es van fer més baixos i amples, construïts generalment amb pedra i sorra que absorbia millor l'impacte dels projectils llançats pels canons. Un altre canvi important en el disseny va ser l'aparició dels <a href="/wiki/Basti%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastió">bastions</a> i <a href="/wiki/Revell%C3%AD" title="Revellí">revellins</a>, que van caracteritzar a aquest nou tipus de fortaleses. Per millorar la defensa, els bastions oferien la possibilitat d'efectuar un <a href="/wiki/Foc_creuat" title="Foc creuat">foc creuat</a> sobre els atacants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es van construir <a href="/wiki/Glacis_(enginyeria_militar)" title="Glacis (enginyeria militar)">glacis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrapl%C3%A8" title="Terraplè">terraplens</a> amb un pendent suau construït a la part més exterior de la fortificació envoltant-la totalment,<sup id="cite_ref-ciencia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciencia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i finalment un fossat, que podia estar ple d'aigua per evitar el minat de la muralla. El resultat va ser el desenvolupament de les fortaleses en forma d'estrella.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mentre que la muralla medieval tenia diverses funcions, la «muralla de pólvora» tenia una funció específicament militar defensiva. D'altra banda, mentre que la muralla medieval afavoria el comerç a les portes de muralla i mantenia una bona comunicació amb els ravals, la muralla de pólvora aïllava completament la ciutat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desaparició_de_les_muralles,_de_passeig_verd_a_autopista_urbana_i…"><span id="Desaparici.C3.B3_de_les_muralles.2C_de_passeig_verd_a_autopista_urbana_i.E2.80.A6"></span>Desaparició de les muralles, de passeig verd a autopista urbana i…</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muralla&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Desaparició de les muralles, de passeig verd a autopista urbana i…"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:BanAbajoMurallas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BanAbajoMurallas.jpg/220px-BanAbajoMurallas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BanAbajoMurallas.jpg/330px-BanAbajoMurallas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BanAbajoMurallas.jpg/440px-BanAbajoMurallas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>Ban en què es comunica a la població la voluntat d'enderrocar les muralles</figcaption></figure> <p>El creixement de la població de les ciutats europees així com el fet que havien perdut la funció militar als segles <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> i <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> moltes ciutats van enderrocar-la i reemplaçar-la per «bulevards», com s'ha fet, entre d'altres a Lleida, Barcelona, Girona i Perpinya.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La paraula bulevard, d'altra banda, és una reminiscència de l'antiga funció defensiva. Prové del francès <i>boulevard</i>, que al seu torn és un manlleu del neerlandès <i>bolwerk</i>, que significa ‘fortificació’.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquests amples passejos verds, concebuts com llocs de lleure, en moltes ciutats es van transformar en autopistes urbanes i pàrquings a la segona meitat del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> i els vianants van ser exiliats a voreres estretes. Des del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xxi</span> moltes ciutats tornen a transformar aquests espais morts en llocs de vida urbana.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Vegeu també: <a href="/wiki/Adarb" title="Adarb">Adarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avantmuralla" title="Avantmuralla">Avantmuralla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortina_(arquitectura)" title="Cortina (arquitectura)">Cortina (arquitectura)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setge" title="Setge">Setge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliorc%C3%A8tica" title="Poliorcètica">Poliorcètica</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Merlet" title="Merlet">Merlet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muralla&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RBA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RBA_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Diccionario de Arte II</i> (en castellà).  Barcelona: Biblioteca de Consulta Larousse. Spes Editorial SL (RBA), 2003, p.106. DL M-50.522-2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-8332-391-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-8332-391-5">ISBN 84-8332-391-5</a></span> [Consulta: 5 desembre 2014].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+Arte+II&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Biblioteca+de+Consulta+Larousse.+Spes+Editorial+SL+%28RBA%29&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=p.106&rft.isbn=84-8332-391-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0125308.xml">Muralla</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKenyon1957"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kenyon</span>, Kathleen Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=3naFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Digging up Jericho: the results of the Jericho excavations, 1952-1956</i></a>.  Praeger, 1957, p. 6 [Consulta: 9 juliol 2011].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+up+Jericho%3A+the+results+of+the+Jericho+excavations%2C+1952-1956&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Mary&rft.date=1957&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.pages=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3naFAAAAIAAJ"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNightingale2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nightingale</span>, Carl H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=15ElEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=uruk+oldest+wall&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAh7__rt7zAhXkyYUKHYcYAP4Q6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=uruk%20oldest%20wall&f=false"><i>Segregation: A Global History of Divided Cities</i></a>.  University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 24. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/022637971X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/022637971X">ISBN 022637971X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segregation%3A+A+Global+History+of+Divided+Cities&rft.aulast=Nightingale&rft.aufirst=Carl+H.&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.pages=24&rft.isbn=022637971X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15ElEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24%26dq%3Duruk%2Boldest%2Bwall%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiAh7__rt7zAhXkyYUKHYcYAP4Q6AF6BAgDEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Duruk%2520oldest%2520wall%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth2006100-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth2006100_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigelsworth2006">Wigelsworth, 2006</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth200692-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigelsworth200692_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigelsworth2006">Wigelsworth, 2006</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200552_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2005">Carpenter, 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciencia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ciencia_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCenturion_Guerrero_de_Torres1757"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Centurion Guerrero de Torres</span>, Manuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=W3vbp2A2i34C&printsec=frontcover&hl=ca#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Ciencia de militares</i></a> (en castellà).  Cadis: Manuél Espinosa de los Monteros, 1757 [Consulta: 3 març 2014].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ciencia+de+militares&rft.aulast=Centurion+Guerrero+de+Torres&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.date=1757&rft.pub=Manu%C3%A9l+Espinosa+de+los+Monteros&rft.place=Cadis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3vbp2A2i34C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dca%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/arxiumunicipal/arxiuhistoric/ca/documents-de-la-barcelona-historica/lenderroc-de-les-muralles">L’enderroc de les muralles |</a>».  Arxiu Històric | de Barcelona. [Consulta: 1r febrer 2024].</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since d’octubre 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBarrufetEnjuanes_AlzuriaSesma2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Barrufet</span>, Albert; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Enjuanes Alzuria</span>, Yolanda; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sesma</span>, Mònica «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6594511">De l'enderroc de les muralles de la ciutat de Lleida a l'obra de Josep Fontseré: Plànol geomètric de Lleida</a>». <i>Shikar: revista del Centre d'Estudis Comarcals del Segrià</i>, 4, 2017, pàg. 70–76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2385-412X">2385-412X</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMirambell_i_Belloc06·05·18"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mirambell i Belloc</span>, Enric «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diaridegirona.cat/opinio/2018/05/06/enderrocar-muralles-construir-ponts-48942346.html">Enderrocar muralles, construir ponts</a>». <i>Diari de Griona</i>, 06·05·18.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.les-pyrenees-orientales.com/Decouvrir/Histoire/Histoire-moderne.php">L'histoire moderne en Roussillon – Démolition des remparts de Perpignan</a>» (en francès). [Consulta: 1r febrer 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVeenSijs1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Veen</span>, P.A.F. van; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sijs</span>, Nicoline van der. «boulevard». A: <i>Etymologisch Woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En neerlandès">(neerlandès)</span> (Diccionari etimològic: l'origen dels nostres mots)</i>.  Utrecht/Antwerpen: Van Dale Lexicografie, 1997, p. 118. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/90-6648-312-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/90-6648-312-1">ISBN 90-6648-312-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisch+Woordenboek%3A+de+herkomst+van+onze+woorden+%3Cspan+class%3D%22languageicon%22+title%3D%22En+neerland%C3%A8s%22%3E%28neerland%C3%A8s%29%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28Diccionari+etimol%C3%B2gic%3A+l%27origen+dels+nostres+mots%29&rft.atitle=boulevard&rft.aulast=Veen&rft.aufirst=P.A.F.+van&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Van+Dale+Lexicografie&rft.place=Utrecht%2FAntwerpen&rft.pages=118&rft.isbn=90-6648-312-1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBruguera_i_TalledaFluvià_i_Figueras1996"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Bruguera_i_Talleda" title="Jordi Bruguera i Talleda"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bruguera i Talleda</span>, Jordi</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assumpta_Fluvi%C3%A0_i_Figueras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assumpta Fluvià i Figueras (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fluvià i Figueras</span>, Assumpta</a>. «bulevar». A: <i>Diccionari etimològic</i>. 4a edició 2004, 1996, p. 147. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788441225169" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788441225169">ISBN 9788441225169</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionari+etimol%C3%B2gic&rft.atitle=bulevar&rft.aulast=Bruguera+i+Talleda&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=4a+edici%C3%B3+2004&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=147&rft.isbn=9788441225169"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kleinering.be/stappenplan/">Van stadssnelweg naar publieke ruimte - Stappenplan [D'una autopista urbana a un espai públic - Un pla en etapes ]</a>» (en neerlandès).  Ajuntament de Brussel·les, 06-05-2016. [Consulta: 1r febrer 2024].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muralla&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCarpenter2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Carpenter</span>, Stanley D.M.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=I0W6wuSgKFQC&pg=PA53&dq=1580+battalion+english&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwj92gs-fzAhWByoUKHdyZCCkQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=battalion&f=false"><i>Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642-1651: "the Genius of this Age"</i></a> (en anglès).  Psychology Press, 2005. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0714655449" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0714655449">ISBN 0714655449</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Leadership+in+the+British+Civil+Wars%2C+1642-1651%3A+%22the+Genius+of+this+Age%22&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+D.M.&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=0714655449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0W6wuSgKFQC%26pg%3DPA53%26dq%3D1580%2Bbattalion%2Benglish%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwj92gs-fzAhWByoUKHdyZCCkQ6AF6BAgKEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dbattalion%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWigelsworth2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wigelsworth</span>, Jeffrey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=VPDqnGGHpHYC&pg=PA100&dq=city+walls+europe&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGpI2fgfrzAhVqS_EDHaxEAcQQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=city%20walls%20europe&f=false"><i>Science and Technology in Medieval European Life</i></a> (en anglès).  Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0313337543" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0313337543">ISBN 0313337543</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+Medieval+European+Life&rft.aulast=Wigelsworth&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=0313337543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPDqnGGHpHYC%26pg%3DPA100%26dq%3Dcity%2Bwalls%2Beurope%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjGpI2fgfrzAhVqS_EDHaxEAcQQ6AF6BAgKEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dcity%2520walls%2520europe%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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title="Fortalesa">Fortalesa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fortificaci%C3%B3" title="Fortificació">Fortificació</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Limites_romani" title="Limites romani">Limites romani</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muralla</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Porta_de_fortificaci%C3%B3" title="Porta de fortificació">Porta de fortificació</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Palissada" title="Palissada">Palissada</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sudis" title="Sudis">Sudis</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wagenburg (encara no existeix)">Wagenburg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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