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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قضايا بيئية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضايا بيئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji_probleml%C9%99r" title="Ekoloji problemlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekoloji problemlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्यावरणी मुद्दा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्यावरणी मुद्दा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltproblem" title="Umweltproblem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltproblem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingurumen_arazo" title="Ingurumen arazo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingurumen arazo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issue" title="Environmental issue – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Environmental issue" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="مسائل زیست‌محیطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسائل زیست‌محیطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" title="환경 문제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환경 문제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan_da_suka_shafi_muhalli" title="Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էկոլոգիական խնդիրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոլոգիական խնդիրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87" title="पर्यावरणीय मुद्दे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्यावरणीय मुद्दे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalah_lingkungan" title="Masalah lingkungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masalah lingkungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhverfis%C3%A1hrif" title="Umhverfisáhrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umhverfisáhrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danno_ambientale" title="Danno ambientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danno ambientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экологиялық проблема – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық проблема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жердин экологиялык маселелери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жердин экологиялык маселелери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieu-impact" title="Milieu-impact – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milieu-impact" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="環境問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環境問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8problem" title="Miljøproblem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miljøproblem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problemas_ambientais" title="Problemas ambientais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Problemas ambientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экологическая проблема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экологическая проблема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94" title="පාරිසරික ගැටළු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාරිසරික ගැටළු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingcinamba_letiphatselene_nekunyukubeteka_kwemvelo" title="Tingcinamba letiphatselene nekunyukubeteka kwemvelo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tingcinamba letiphatselene nekunyukubeteka kwemvelo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Еколошки проблеми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еколошки проблеми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6ongelma" title="Ympäristöongelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ympäristöongelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญหาสิ่งแวดล้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evre_sorunlar%C4%B1" title="Çevre sorunları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevre sorunları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Екологічна проблема – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екологічна проблема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="ماحولیاتی مسائل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماحولیاتی مسائل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%A5n_%C4%91%E1%BB%81_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Vấn đề môi trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concerns and policies regarding the biophysical environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Environmental_issues" title="Talk:Environmental issues">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/220px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/330px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/440px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> is an environmental issue that affects many water bodies. This photograph shows foam on the <a href="/wiki/New_River_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="New River (Mexico–United States)">New River</a> as it enters the United States from Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Environmental issues</b> are disruptions in the usual function of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, these issues can be caused by humans (<a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a> is the practice of protecting the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> that addresses environmental issues through advocacy, legislation education, and activism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environment destruction caused by humans is a global, ongoing problem.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water pollution also cause problems to marine life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars think that the project peak global world population of between 9-10 billion people, could live sustainably within the earth's ecosystems if human society worked to live <a href="/wiki/Sustainably" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainably">sustainably</a> within <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of environmental impacts are caused by <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">excessive consumption of industrial goods</a> by the world's wealthiest populations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Environmental Program, in its "Making Peace With Nature" Report in 2021, found addressing key planetary crises, like pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss, was achievable if parties work to address the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters" title="List of environmental disasters">List of environmental disasters</a></div> <p>Major current environmental issues may include <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation movement</a> lobbies for protection of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> and protection of any <a href="/wiki/Ecologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologically">ecologically</a> valuable natural areas, <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. The UN system has adopted international frameworks for environmental issues in three key issues, which has been encoded as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple_planetary_crises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple planetary crises (page does not exist)">triple planetary crises</a>": climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg/148px-Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="124" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/IAEA_Experts_at_Fukushima_%2802813336%29.jpg/279px-IAEA_Experts_at_Fukushima_%2802813336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/IAEA_Experts_at_Fukushima_%2802813336%29.jpg/372px-IAEA_Experts_at_Fukushima_%2802813336%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/166px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/249px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/332px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill,_Beach_2,_Kalaloch_Beach,_Washington_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg/168px-Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg/252px-Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg/336px-Bird_suffering_from_oil_or_tar_spill%2C_Beach_2%2C_Kalaloch_Beach%2C_Washington_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/169px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/254px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/338px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg/165px-Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg/248px-Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg/330px-Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Human impact on the environment. From top left, clockwise: satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> experts investigate the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima disaster</a>; a seabird during an <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>; depiction of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic forest">Atlantic forest</a> by Portuguese settlers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span>–25; <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial fishing">industrial fishing</a> in 1997, a practice that has led to <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">biophysical environments</a><sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused directly or indirectly by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society (as in the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>) is causing severe effects<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a><sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_CSSR2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">mass extinction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a>. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_Crist2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_Crist2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic policies<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">catastrophic risks</a> to the survival of the human species.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The term <i>anthropogenic</i> designates an effect or object resulting from <a href="/wiki/Human_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human activity">human activity</a>. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Pavlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Pavlov">Alexey Pavlov</a>, and it was first used in English by British ecologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tansley" title="Arthur Tansley">Arthur Tansley</a> in reference to human influences on <a href="/wiki/Climax_plant_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Climax plant communities">climax plant communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmospheric scientist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a> introduced the term "<a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>" in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution produced from human activity since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Human_impact_on_the_environment_Elhacham2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_impact_on_the_environment_Elhacham2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degradation">Degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_degradation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg/220px-Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg/330px-Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg/440px-Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>More than eighty years after the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Wallaroo_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallaroo Mines">Wallaroo Mines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kadina,_South_Australia" title="Kadina, South Australia">Kadina, South Australia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a> remain the only vegetation in some areas of the site's grounds.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a> is the deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> through <a href="/wiki/Depletion_of_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion of resources">depletion of resources</a> such as quality of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>; the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>; <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environmental degradation process amplifies the impact of environmental issues which leave lasting impacts on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the <a href="/wiki/High-level_Panel_on_Threats,_Challenges_and_Change" title="High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change">High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_Strategy_for_Disaster_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction">United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction</a> defines environmental degradation as "the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Environmental degradation comes in many types. When <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">natural habitats are destroyed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> are depleted, the environment is degraded; direct environmental degradation, such as deforestation, which is readily visible; this can be caused by more indirect process, such as the build up of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a> over time or the buildup of greenhouse gases that causes <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping points in the climate system</a>. Efforts to counteract this problem include <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental resources management">environmental resources management</a>. Mismanagement that leads to degradation can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a> where communities organize in opposition to the forces that mismanaged the environment.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_conflict&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_justice" title="Category:Environmental justice">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EJ_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="EJ icon"><img alt="EJ icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EJ_icon.jpg/90px-EJ_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EJ_icon.jpg/135px-EJ_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EJ_icon.jpg/180px-EJ_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="3420" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_reparations" title="Climate reparations">reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_accountability" title="Corporate accountability">Corporate accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_democracy" title="Energy democracy">Energy democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">inequality in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_injustice_in_Europe" title="Environmental injustice in Europe">injustice in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">racism in the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Western Europe">racism in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Rights_Amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Rights Amendments">Rights Amendments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">Decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Justice_Atlas" title="Environmental Justice Atlas">Environmental Justice Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><b>Scholars</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bullard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bullard">Robert Bullard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Gilio-Whitaker" title="Dina Gilio-Whitaker">Dina Gilio-Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Martinez_Alier" title="Joan Martinez Alier">Joan Martinez Alier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Powys_Whyte" title="Kyle Powys Whyte">Kyle Powys Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorceta_Taylor" title="Dorceta Taylor">Dorceta Taylor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Western Europe">Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Russia" title="Environmental racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">US-Mexico border</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockadia" title="Blockadia">Blockadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_accountability_for_human_rights_violations" title="Corporate accountability for human rights violations">Corporate accountability for human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land defender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">Extractivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Global waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locally_unwanted_land_use" title="Locally unwanted land use">Locally unwanted land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_zone" title="Sacrifice zone">Sacrifice zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumak_Kawsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumak Kawsay">Sumak Kawsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_colonialism" title="Toxic colonialism">Toxic colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Zapatismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_justice" title="Category:Environmental justice">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_justice" title="Template:Environmental justice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_justice" title="Template talk:Environmental justice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_justice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental justice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt!_(38600662826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg/220px-Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg/330px-Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg/440px-Der_Hambache_Forst_lebt%21_%2838600662826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hambach_Forest" title="Hambach Forest">Hambach Forest</a> protest against coal mine expansion</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflicts, socio-environmental conflict</a> or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflicts</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">unequal distribution of environmental resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Justice_Atlas" title="Environmental Justice Atlas">Environmental Justice Atlas</a> documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities, states, companies and investors, and social or environmental movements;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Orta-Martinez_2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Orta-Martinez_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically <a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">environmental defenders</a> are protecting their homelands from <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">resource extraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resource extraction and hazardous waste activities often create resource scarcities (such as by <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>), pollute the environment, and degrade the living space for humans and nature, resulting in conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Mason_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Mason-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particular case of environmental conflicts are forestry conflicts, or forest conflicts which "are broadly viewed as struggles of varying intensity between interest groups, over values and issues related to forest policy and the use of forest resources".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last decades, a growing number of these have been identified globally.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequently environmental conflicts focus on <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> issues, the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of indigenous people">rights of indigenous people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of peasants">rights of peasants</a>, or threats to communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcomes of local conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks that comprise the global environmental justice movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Scheidel_et_al-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_:23_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_:23-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Environmental conflict can complicate response to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> or exacerbate existing conflicts – especially in the context of <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> disputes or where communities have been displaced to create <a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">environmental migrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_conflict_Mason_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_conflict_Mason-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of these conflicts is related to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a>, and environmental justice.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost of pollution">Cost of pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost of global warming">Cost of global warming</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action">Action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice">Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_justice&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that addresses injustice that occurs when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">resource extraction</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land uses</a> from which they do not benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_justice_:8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_justice_:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlosberg2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlosberg2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has generated hundreds of studies showing that exposure to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental harm">environmental harm</a> is inequitably distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_justice_Malin-2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_justice_Malin-2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">began in the United States</a> in the 1980s. It was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">American civil rights movement</a> and focused on <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> within rich countries. The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups. As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a> (as for example through <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractivism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">global waste trade</a>). The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The movement overlaps with movements for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Indigenous land rights</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">human right to a healthy environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez-Alier2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez-Alier2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaning_environment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cleaning_environment.jpg/220px-Cleaning_environment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cleaning_environment.jpg/330px-Cleaning_environment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cleaning_environment.jpg/440px-Cleaning_environment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Cleaning environment</figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">agency</a> for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives. The global environmental justice movement arises from local <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflicts</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">environmental defenders</a> frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries. Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_justice_Scheidel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_justice_Scheidel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_justice_Martinez_Alier-2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_justice_Martinez_Alier-2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> literature that includes contributions to <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental laws">environmental law</a>, and theories on <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlosberg2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlosberg2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><p>The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> report highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on vulnerable populations. The report's findings make it clear that every increment of global warming exacerbates challenges such as extreme heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and other weather extremes, which in turn amplify risks for human health and ecosystems. With nearly half of the world's population residing in regions highly susceptible to climate change, the urgency for global actions that are both rapid and sustained is underscored. The importance of integrating diverse knowledge systems, including scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge, into climate action is highlighted as a means to foster inclusive solutions that address the complexities of climate impacts across different communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the report points out the critical gap in adaptation finance, noting that developing countries require significantly more resources to effectively adapt to climate challenges than what is currently available. This financial disparity raises questions about the global commitment to equitable climate action and underscores the need for a substantial increase in support and resources. The IPCC's analysis suggests that with adequate financial investment and international cooperation, it is possible to embark on a pathway towards resilience and sustainability that benefits all sections of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental laws</a> are laws that protect the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental law is the collection of laws, <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, agreements and common law that governs how humans interact with their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes environmental regulations; laws governing management of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, or fisheries; and related topics such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessments</a>. Environmental law is seen as the body of laws concerned with the protection of living things (human beings inclusive) from the harm that human activity may immediately or eventually cause to them or their species, either directly or to the media and the habits on which they depend.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a> (EIA) is the assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental consequences</a> of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment" title="Strategic environmental assessment">strategic environmental assessment</a>" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a tool of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">environmental management</a> forming a part of project approval and decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative procedure</a> regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review. </p> The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment" title="International Association for Impact Assessment">International Association for Impact Assessment</a> (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysical</a>, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">account for environmental values</a> in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed <a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">environmental studies</a> and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_movement&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg/300px-StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg/450px-StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg/600px-StRolloxChemical_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Levels of air pollution rose during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, sparking the first modern <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental laws</a> to be passed in the mid-19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement) is a social movement that aims to protect the natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalists</a> advocate the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> management of resources and <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> through changes in public policy and <a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(individual)" title="Behavior change (individual)">individual behavior.</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not an enemy of) <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, the movement is centered on <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. </p> The environmental movement is an international movement, represented by a range of environmental organizations, from enterprises to <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> and varies from country to country. Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">religious devotees</a>, politicians, scientists, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>, and individual advocates like former Wisconsin Senator <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Gaylord Nelson</a> and Rachel Carson in the 20th century.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Environmental organization</a></div> <p>Environmental issues are addressed at a regional, national or international level by government organizations. </p><p>The largest international agency, set up in 1972, is the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Government_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Government organizations">together</a> 83 states, 108 government agencies, 766 Non-governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10,000 experts, scientists from countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> include <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>. Governments enact <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Government organizations">enforce</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> and this is done to differing degrees around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in film and television">Environmental issues in film and television</a></div> <p>There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Al Gore's 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i> gained commercial success and a high media profile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_environmental_articles" title="Index of environmental articles">Index of environmental articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_planetary_crisis" title="Triple planetary crisis">Triple planetary crisis</a></li></ul> <p><b>Issues</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a> (includes mitigation and conservation)</li></ul> <p><b>Specific issues</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Environmental impact of reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Environmental impact of the energy industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">Environmental impact of mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">Environmental impact of paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">Environmental impact of pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_implications_of_nanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental implications of nanotechnology">Environmental implications of nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jhariya et al. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128229767/natural-resources-conservation-and-advances-for-sustainability">"Natural Resources Conservation and Advances for Sustainability"</a> Chapter 7.5 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822976-7">978-0-12-822976-7</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-human-impacts-environment">"Human Impacts on the Environment"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Human+Impacts+on+the+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fresource-library-human-impacts-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental"><i>Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+best+way+to+reduce+your+carbon+footprint+is+one+the+government+isn%27t+telling+you+about&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fbest-way-reduce-your-carbon-footprint-one-government-isn-t-telling-you-about&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordströmShogrenThunström2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nordström, Jonas; Shogren, Jason F.; Thunström, Linda (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159189">"Do parents counter-balance the carbon emissions of their children?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): e0231105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1531105N">2020PLoSO..1531105N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0231105">10.1371/journal.pone.0231105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159189">7159189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32294098">32294098</a>. <q>It is well understood that adding to the population increases CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Do+parents+counter-balance+the+carbon+emissions+of+their+children%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0231105&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32294098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0231105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1531105N&rft.aulast=Nordstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Shogren%2C+Jason+F.&rft.au=Thunstr%C3%B6m%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-brief-history-of-neoliberalism-9780199283279?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>A Brief History of Neoliberalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199283279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199283279"><bdi>978-0199283279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199283279&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fa-brief-history-of-neoliberalism-9780199283279%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Rees" title="William E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>A new study evaluating models of future climate scenarios has led to the creation of the new risk categories "catastrophic" and "unknown" to characterize the range of threats posed by rapid global warming. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20660-2"><bdi>978-0-253-20660-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408120118/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Paradise%3A+The+Global+Environmental+Movement&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20660-2&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxC16yGp9-HUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, Catherine A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5833">"Sustainability, human rights, and environmental justice: Critical connections for contemporary social work"</a>. <i>Critical Social Work</i>. <b>11</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22329%2Fcsw.v11i3.5833">10.22329/csw.v11i3.5833</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-9372">1543-9372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211405454">211405454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305031304/https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5833">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Sustainability%2C+human+rights%2C+and+environmental+justice%3A+Critical+connections+for+contemporary+social+work&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211405454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-9372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22329%2Fcsw.v11i3.5833&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.uwindsor.ca%2Findex.php%2Fcsw%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/about">"About"</a>. <i>IUCN</i>. 2014-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapinMatsonVitousek2011" class="citation book cs1">Chapin, F. Stuart; Matson, Pamela A.; Vitousek, Peter (September 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68nFNpceRmIC"><i>Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9504-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-9504-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Terrestrial+Ecosystem+Ecology&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-9504-9&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=F.+Stuart&rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela+A.&rft.au=Vitousek%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68nFNpceRmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksworthBull2008" class="citation book cs1">Hawksworth, David L.; Bull, Alan T. (2008). <i>Biodiversity and Conservation in Europe</i>. Springer. p. 3390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402068645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402068645"><bdi>978-1402068645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation+in+Europe&rft.pages=3390&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1402068645&rft.aulast=Hawksworth&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Bull%2C+Alan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-Alier2002" class="citation book cs1">Martinez-Alier, Joan (2002). <i>The Environmentalism of the Poor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781843765486">10.4337/9781843765486</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-548-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-548-6"><bdi>978-1-84376-548-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environmentalism+of+the+Poor&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781843765486&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-548-6&rft.aulast=Martinez-Alier&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 544–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">2936204</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106856">20106856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-547&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffenSandersonTysonJäger2006" class="citation book cs1">Steffen, Will; Sanderson, Regina Angelina; Tyson, Peter D.; Jäger, Jill; Matson, Pamela A.; Moore III, Berrien; Oldfield, Frank; Richardson, Katherine; Schellnhuber, Hans-Joachim (January 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXUIwfmdgZwC"><i>Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26607-5"><bdi>978-3-540-26607-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Change+and+the+Earth+System%3A+A+Planet+Under+Pressure&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-3-540-26607-5&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Regina+Angelina&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Jill&rft.au=Matson%2C+Pamela+A.&rft.au=Moore+III%2C+Berrien&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Frank&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXUIwfmdgZwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlosberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Schlosberg, David (2007). <i>Defining Environmental Justice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199286294.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286294.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928629-4"><bdi>978-0-19-928629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Environmental+Justice&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199286294.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928629-4&rft.aulast=Schlosberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Robert (1999). <i>Environmental Public Awareness Handbook: Case Studies and Lessons Learned in Mongolia</i>. Ulaanbaatar: DSConsulting. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99929-50-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/99929-50-13-7"><bdi>99929-50-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Public+Awareness+Handbook%3A+Case+Studies+and+Lessons+Learned+in+Mongolia&rft.place=Ulaanbaatar&rft.pub=DSConsulting&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=99929-50-13-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+issues" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_problems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental problems">Environmental problems</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> 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