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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiero" title="Ostiero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ostiero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Остиарий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Остиарий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osti%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Ostiář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostiář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostiarius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiario" title="Ostiario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ostiario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portier" title="Portier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostijarij" title="Ostijarij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ostijarij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ostiarius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiario" title="Ostiario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ostiario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ostiarius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiariusz" title="Ostiariusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostiariusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osti%C3%A1rio" title="Ostiário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ostiário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Остиарий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остиарий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osti%C3%A1r" title="Ostiár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostiár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ostiarius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1477230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Profession</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Porter (doorkeeper)" redirects here. For the profession of doorkeeper, see <a href="/wiki/Doorman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Doorman (disambiguation)">Doorman</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="562" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg/440px-Pompeii_-_Villa_del_Cicerone_-_Street_Musicians_Detail_1_-_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic depicting a man in a tunic watching a street scene from the Villa del Cicerone in Pompeii, 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ostiarius</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word sometimes anglicized as <b>ostiary</b> but often literally translated as <b>porter</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Doorman_(profession)" title="Doorman (profession)">doorman</a></b>, originally was an enslaved person or guard posted at the entrance of a building, similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">gatekeeper</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, this "porter" became the lowest of the four <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>. This was the first order a seminarian was admitted to after receiving the <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>. The porter had in ancient times the duty of opening and closing the church-door and of guarding the church, especially to ensure no unbaptised persons would enter during <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">the Eucharist</a>. Later on, the porter would also guard, open and close the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry">baptistry</a> and elsewhere in the church. </p><p>The porter was not a part of <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a> administering sacraments but simply a preparatory job on the way to the <a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">major orders</a>: <a href="/wiki/Subdiaconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdiaconate">subdiaconate</a> (until its suppression, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>), <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">diaconate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priesthood</a>. Like the other minor orders and the subdiaconate, it is retained in societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter">Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiarius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Roman period, an <i>ostiarius</i> was an enslaved person whose duty was to guard the entrance of an upper-class citizen's house, sometimes being chained to the doorway to prevent flight.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> originally served as a Roman court of law, and it was the duty of the ostiarius to regulate the approach of litigants to the judge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When, from the end of the second century, the Christian communities began to own houses for holding church services and for purposes of administration, church ostiaries are soon mentioned, at least for the larger cities. They are first referred to in the letter of Pope Cornelius to Bishop Fabius of Antioch written in 251,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is said that there were then at Rome 46 priests, 7 deacons, 7 subdeacons, 42 acolytes, and 52 exorcists, lectors, and ostiaries, or doorkeepers. According to the statement of the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ostiary named Romanus suffered martyrdom in 258 at the same time as St. Lawrence. </p><p>In Western Europe the office of the ostiary was the lowest grade of the minor clergy. In a law of 377 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended for the Vicariate of Italy, the ostiaries are also mentioned among the clergy who have a right to personal immunity. In his letter of 11 March 494, to the bishops of southern Italy and Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius</a> says that for admission into the clergy it was necessary that the candidate could read (must, therefore, have a certain amount of education), for without this prerequisite an applicant could, at the most, only fill the office of an ostiary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rome itself this office attained to no particular development, as a large part of these duties, namely the physical work necessary in the church building, what is now probably the duty of the sexton, was at Rome performed by the mansionarii. The clergy of the three lower grades (minor orders) were united at Rome into the <i>Schola cantorum</i> (choir) and as such took part in the church ceremonies. There are no special prayers or ceremonies for the ordination of the lower clergy in the oldest <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical books</a> of the Roman Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirsch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a>, short statements concerning the ordination of the lower orders, among them that of the ostiaries, are found in the "Statuta ecclesiæ antiqua" a collection of canons which appeared at Arles about the beginning of the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Sacramentarium Gelasianum" and the "Missale Francorum" contain the same rite with the prayers used on this occasion. </p><p>According to these the ostiaries are first instructed in their duties by the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a>; after this he brings them before the bishop who takes the keys of the church from the altar and hands them to the candidate for ordination with the words: "Fulfil thine office to show that thou knowest that thou wilt give account to God concerning the things that are locked away under these keys." Then follows a prayer for the candidate and a prayer for the occasion that the bishop pronounces over him. This ceremony was also at a later date adopted by the Roman Church in its liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirsch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin Western Europe, outside of Rome, in the late Roman era and the one following, the ostiaries were still actually employed as guardians of the church buildings and of their contents. This is shown by the epitaph of one Ursatius, an ostiary of <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ostiary of the church of <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> is also mentioned in an epitaph.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, however, in the Latin Church the office of ostiary universally remained only one of the degrees of ordination and the actual work of the ostiary was transferred to the laity (<a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sextons</a>, etc.). </p><p>In the ordination of ostiaries their duties are thus enumerated in the Pontifical: "Percutere cymbalum et campanam, aperire ecclesiam et sacrarium, et librum ei aperire qui prædicat" (to ring the bell, to open the church and sacristy, to open the book for the preacher). The forms of prayer for the ordination are similar to those in the old Gallican Rite.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirsch_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the East there were also doorkeepers in the service of the Church. They are enumerated as ecclesiastical persons by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> (c. 343–381).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the acolytes and exorcists, they were only appointed to serve the church, but received no actual ordination and were not regarded as belonging to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. According to the "Apostolic Constitutions" belonging to the end of the fourth century the guarding of the door of the church during the service was the duty of the deacons and subdeacons. Thus the doorkeepers exercised their office only when service was not being held. </p><p>The minor order no longer exists officially in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> and was abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in his apostolic letter, <i>Ministeria quaedam</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of August 15, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordDict3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordDict3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewCathEncy2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewCathEncy2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiarius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanus_Ostiarius" title="Romanus Ostiarius">Romanus Ostiarius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiarius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeWitt1920" class="citation journal cs1">DeWitt, Norman W. (January 1920). "The Primitive Roman Household". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 219. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3288304">3288304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Primitive+Roman+Household&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1920-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3288304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DeWitt&rft.aufirst=Norman+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius1914" class="citation book cs1">Suetonius (1914). Rolfe, J.C. (ed.). <i>Lives of the Caesars, Volume II: Claudius. Nero. Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. Vespasian. Titus, Domitian. Lives of Illustrious Men: Grammarians and Rhetoricians. Poets (Terence. Virgil. Horace. Tibullus. Persius. Lucan). Lives of Pliny the Elder and Passienus Crispus</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 443.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Caesars%2C+Volume+II%3A+Claudius.+Nero.+Galba%2C+Otho%2C+and+Vitellius.+Vespasian.+Titus%2C+Domitian.+Lives+of+Illustrious+Men%3A+Grammarians+and+Rhetoricians.+Poets+%28Terence.+Virgil.+Horace.+Tibullus.+Persius.+Lucan%29.+Lives+of+Pliny+the+Elder+and+Passienus+Crispus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Suetonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZbYAAAAMAAJ&dq=ostiarius&pg=PA1528">"Ostiarius", <i>A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities</i>, vol.2, (William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, eds.), J. Murray, 1880</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, VI, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchesne, <i>Origines du culte chrétien</i> (5th ed., Paris, 1909). I, 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lib. XVI, tit. II, num. XXIV; ed. Gothofredi, VI, I, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a></i>, LVI, 691.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirsch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirsch_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirsch_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirsch_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12284b.htm">Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Porter." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 9 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maassen" title="Friedrich Maassen">Friedrich Maassen</a>, "Quellen des Kirchenrechts", I, 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corpus inscript. latin., XIII, 3789.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corpus inscr. Iatin., III, 13142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>, ed. (1900). "Canon XXIV, Synod of Laodicea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.vii.iii.xxviii.html"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2</i></a>. Vol. 14: The Seven Ecumenical Councils. <q>No one of the priesthood, from presbyters to deacons, and so on in the ecclesiastical order to subdeacons, readers, singers, exorcists, door-keepers, or any of the class of the Ascetics, ought to enter a tavern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV%2C+Synod+of+Laodicea&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Series+2&rft.date=1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.viii.vii.iii.xxviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1972" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (15 August 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam.html">"Ministeria quaedam"</a>. <i>Vatican.va</i> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Ministeria+quaedam&rft.date=1972-08-15&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordDict3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordDict3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/501">"doorkeeper"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd. ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/501">501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211655-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211655-X"><bdi>0-19-211655-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=doorkeeper&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=501&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-211655-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00late%2Fpage%2F501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewCathEncy2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewCathEncy2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileyCatholic_University_of_America2003" class="citation book cs1">Riley, T. J.; Catholic University of America, eds. (2003). "porter". <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 11 (2nd. ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. pp. 525–526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4015-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4015-8"><bdi>0-7876-4015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=porter&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=525-526&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Thomson%2FGale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7876-4015-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Porter,_doorkeeper" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Porter, doorkeeper">Porter, doorkeeper</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porter%2C+doorkeeper&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstiarius" class="Z3988"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostiarius&oldid=1223428329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostiarius&oldid=1223428329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minor_orders" title="Category:Minor orders">Minor orders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 May 2024, at 01:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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