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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_of_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_of_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Range of characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Range_of_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Range of characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Range_of_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clear_and_cloudy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clear_and_cloudy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clear and cloudy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clear_and_cloudy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crushed_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crushed_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crushed ice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crushed_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice cube</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-kak" title="Peng-kak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-kak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Кубікі лёду – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кубікі лёду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%C3%A7%C3%B3" title="Glaçó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glaçó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isterning" title="Isterning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isterning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisw%C3%BCrfel" title="Eiswürfel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiswürfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo_de_hielo" title="Cubo de hielo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cubo de hielo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacibloketo" title="Glacibloketo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glacibloketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotz-koskor" title="Izotz-koskor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izotz-koskor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%C3%A7on" title="Glaçon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glaçon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EC%96%BC%EC%9D%8C" title="각얼음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각얼음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_batu" title="Es batu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Es batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97" title="קוביית קרח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוביית קרח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88s_watu" title="Ès watu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ès watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mw%C3%A2_gal%C3%A1si" title="Mwâ galási – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mwâ galási" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsblokje" title="IJsblokje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsblokje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="クラッシュドアイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラッシュドアイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isbit" title="Isbit – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isbit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%C3%A7on" title="Glaçon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glaçon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кубики льда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кубики льда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ice cube" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%B5" title="خشتەی سەھۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خشتەی سەھۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4pala" title="Jääpala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jääpala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isbit" title="Isbit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isbit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz_k%C3%BCp%C3%BC" title="Buz küpü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buz küpü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Frozen water in a cubic shape</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cubed ice. For the American rapper and actor, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a>. For cubic crystalline ice, see <a href="/wiki/Cubic_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic ice">Cubic ice</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_cube_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ice cube (disambiguation)">Ice cube (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg/220px-Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg/330px-Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg/440px-Ice_cubes_openphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ice cubes stacked</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ice cube</b> is a small piece of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, which is typically <a href="/wiki/Rectangle" title="Rectangle">rectangular</a> as viewed from above and <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoidal</a> as viewed from the side. Ice cubes are products of mechanical <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and are usually produced to cool <a href="/wiki/Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverages">beverages</a>. They may be made at home in a <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezer</a> with an ice tray or in an automated ice-making accessory. They may also be produced industrially and sold commercially. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_production">Origin of production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png/220px-Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png/330px-Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Gorrie's ice machine</figcaption></figure> <p>American physician and inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Gorrie" title="John Gorrie">John Gorrie</a> built a refrigerator in 1844 to produce ice in cool air. His refrigerator produced ice which hung from the ceiling in a basin to lower the ambient room temperature. During his time, <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Miasma theory of disease">bad air quality was thought to cause disease</a>. Therefore, in order to help prevent and treat sickness, he pushed for the <a href="/wiki/Swamp#Draining" title="Swamp">draining of swamps</a> and the cooling of sickrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trays_and_bags">Trays and bags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trays and bags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ice tray" redirects here. For the 2017 song by Quavo & Lil Yachty, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_Tray_(song)" title="Ice Tray (song)">Ice Tray (song)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cube_tray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ice_cube_tray.jpg/220px-Ice_cube_tray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ice_cube_tray.jpg/330px-Ice_cube_tray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ice_cube_tray.jpg/440px-Ice_cube_tray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Ice cubes in a <a href="/wiki/Tray" title="Tray">tray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, then placed in a <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezer</a> until the water freezes into <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, producing ice cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice trays are often flexible, so the frozen cubes can be easily removed by flexing the tray. "Twist ice trays" have a simple spring-loaded mechanism with a lever that is used to turn the tray upside down and flex at the same time, such that the cubes that drop are collected in a removable tray below. The spring returns the ice cube tray to its upright position without having to remove it from the freezer, which can save time and reduce accidental mess—though the tray has to be removed to be collected, the ice cube tray still has to be removed to be refilled. An alternative system is an <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes, freeing them from the tray.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A motorized version of this is found in most automatic ice-making freezers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the usual shape of the ice cube is roughly <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cubical</a>, some ice trays form hemispherical or cylindrical shapes; others produce blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes. Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">edible</a> items are frozen inside ice cubes at home and in commercial production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Groff_Copeman" title="Lloyd Groff Copeman">Lloyd Groff Copeman</a> invented a rubber ice tray after noticing that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup. Recalling this 1928 incident over lunch with his patent attorney, he conducted experiments using rubber cups, which led to practical designs and patents for different types of tray; these included a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups which was invented in 1933, and a tray made completely of rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy L. Tinkham, a household product executive, invented the first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial pre-filled disposable ice trays for home <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> are designed to provide better taste and reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danish inventor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erling_Vangedal-Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erling Vangedal-Nielsen (page does not exist)">Erling Vangedal-Nielsen</a> patented the single-use ice cube bag in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_cube_bag_patent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice_cube_bag_patent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was inspired to do so after spending a night with friends where their need for ice was in excess of that which ice cube trays could provide; he, therefore, filled standard plastic bags with water and froze them, the ice to subsequently be retrieved with a hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_cube_bag_idea_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice_cube_bag_idea-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was subsequently revised to feature individual compartments for each ice cube, with a seal at the bag's entry point. The ice cube bag has subsequently been marketed and adopted worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_cube_bag_marketing_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice_cube_bag_marketing-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG/220px-Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG/330px-Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG/440px-Ice_cubes_for_beverages_-_hollow_cylinders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hollow cylindrical ice "cubes" for cooling beverages</figcaption></figure> <p>Dedicated ice-maker machines can be used to produce ice cubes for laboratories, home, and academic use. Ice cubes are also produced commercially and sold in bulk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_of_characteristics">Range of characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Range of characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clear_and_cloudy">Clear and cloudy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clear and cloudy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg/220px-Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg/330px-Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg/440px-Cloudy_ice_cubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Cloudy ice cubes</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercially made ice cubes may be clear, compared to domestically made ice cubes. Cloudy ice cubes occur when water is frozen quickly, or when the water is high in dissolved solids. When water is cooled to its <a href="/wiki/Freezing_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezing point">freezing point</a>, and ice starts to form, dissolved gases can no longer stay in solution and come out as microscopic bubbles. However, as ice floats in water, once there is enough ice to form a layer on the surface, the ice layer traps all bubbles within the ice cube. Commercial ice-makers use a flowing source of purified water to make ice with cooling elements at the bottom, allowing the bubbles to be washed away from the top as the cube grows.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crushed_ice">Crushed ice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crushed ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crushed ice is the term for ice cubes that are crushed or sheared into irregularly shaped flakes to provide an aesthetic effect to some <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>. Crushed ice is also used when faster cooling is desired since the number and average radius of the ice particles govern the cooling rate. Ice is often also crushed to form <a href="/wiki/Slushy" title="Slushy">slushies</a>, which can be both alcoholic and non-alcoholic. Crushed ice melts faster than solid ice: it has a greater surface area, so heat transfer is faster than solid ice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ice chips</b> are small pieces of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, which can be obtained by crushing cubes. They are often recommended before <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> or an invasive medical procedure. They may help to prevent <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucositis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral mucositis">oral mucositis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mouth_sores" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouth sores">mouth sores</a> associated with high-dose <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives"><span class="anchor" id="Whiskey_rock"></span>Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative to ice cubes for <i><a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a> <a href="/wiki/On_the_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="On the rocks">on the rocks</a></i> are so-called whiskey rocks or stones.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice chips">Ice chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pack" title="Ice pack">Ice pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">Pagophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="On the rocks">On the rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey stone">Whiskey stone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cube&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">3</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="203" data-mwtitle="Ice_cube.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Ice_cube.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Ice_cube.ogg/Ice_cube.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cube.ogg" title="File:Ice cube.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 10 May 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-05-10</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice_cubes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice cubes">Ice cubes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBjornlund2015" class="citation book cs1">Bjornlund, Lydia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuMuCgAAQBAJ&q=John+Gorrie+built+a+refrigerator"><i>How the Refrigerator Changed History</i></a>. ABDO. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629697710" title="Special:BookSources/9781629697710"><bdi>9781629697710</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113130/https://books.google.com/books?id=XuMuCgAAQBAJ&q=John+Gorrie+built+a+refrigerator">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Refrigerator+Changed+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781629697710&rft.aulast=Bjornlund&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuMuCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BGorrie%2Bbuilt%2Ba%2Brefrigerator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2018" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Jonathan (February 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDZRDwAAQBAJ&q=cube&pg=PA94"><i>Before the Refrigerator: How We Used to Get Ice</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421424590" title="Special:BookSources/9781421424590"><bdi>9781421424590</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113144/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDZRDwAAQBAJ&q=cube&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Refrigerator%3A+How+We+Used+to+Get+Ice&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft.isbn=9781421424590&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDZRDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcube%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1971" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Evan (June 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgAAAAAAMBAJ&q=ice+maker+refrigerator&pg=PA87">"How ice makers work...What to do when they don't"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Bonnier Corporation: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113131/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgAAAAAAMBAJ&q=ice+maker+refrigerator&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+ice+makers+work...What+to+do+when+they+don%27t&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1971-06&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgAAAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dice%2Bmaker%2Brefrigerator%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabadas2006" class="citation web cs1">Cabadas, Joseph (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lloydcopeman.com/biography/CopemanStory.pdf">"DAC member remains forgotten Michigan inventor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DAC NEWS. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517051109/http://www.lloydcopeman.com/biography/CopemanStory.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAC+member+remains+forgotten+Michigan+inventor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=DAC+NEWS&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Cabadas&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lloydcopeman.com%2Fbiography%2FCopemanStory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBounds2006" class="citation news cs1">Bounds, Gwendolyn (July 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115378477152415917">"After Bottled Water? Purified Ice Cubes"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134803/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115378477152415917">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danish+Inventions+%26%23124%3B+Costa+Tropical+Gazette+News&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theseasidegazette.com%2F2012%2F04%2F10228%2Fdanish-inventions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ice_cube_bag_marketing-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ice_cube_bag_marketing_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728105121/http://www.buddeschou.dk/Frontpage/IPINPRACTICE/Cases1/The-Icecube-Bag">"The Icecube Bag"</a>. <i>www.buddeschou.dk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddeschou.dk/Frontpage/IPINPRACTICE/Cases1/The-Icecube-Bag">the original</a> on July 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9757-4603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9757-4603-2"><bdi>978-1-9757-4603-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113130/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOKttAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Ice+Machines+Only%3A+Commercial+Ice+Products+and+Systems+Explained+for+Any+Level&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-9757-4603-2&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcOKttAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirz2017" class="citation book cs1">Wirz, Dick (January 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULbODQAAQBAJ&q=commercial+ice+cube&pg=PA341"><i>Commercial Refrigeration for Air Conditioning Technicians</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">341–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781337514699" title="Special:BookSources/9781337514699"><bdi>9781337514699</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113139/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULbODQAAQBAJ&q=commercial+ice+cube&pg=PA341">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Refrigeration+for+Air+Conditioning+Technicians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.isbn=9781337514699&rft.aulast=Wirz&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULbODQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcommercial%2Bice%2Bcube%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauch1975" class="citation book cs1">Rauch, Jeffrey (1975). "The mathematical theory of crushed ice". <i>Partial differential equations and related topics (Program, Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La., 1974)</i>. Berlin, New York (the state): <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">370–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0427863">0427863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+mathematical+theory+of+crushed+ice&rft.btitle=Partial+differential+equations+and+related+topics+%28Program%2C+Tulane+Univ.%2C+New+Orleans%2C+La.%2C+1974%29&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York+%28the+state%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0427863%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIce+cube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cancerconnect.com/treatment-care/side-effects-of-cancer-treatment-mouth-sores-or-mucositis-kSsFwOa60U2CBUTYEct4lw/">"Side Effects of Cancer Treatment: Mouth Sores or Mucositis"</a>. <i>Cancerconnect</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929094023/https://news.cancerconnect.com/treatment-care/side-effects-of-cancer-treatment-mouth-sores-or-mucositis-kSsFwOa60U2CBUTYEct4lw">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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