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<span>Ballad form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballad_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traditional ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadsides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadsides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Broadsides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadsides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Literary ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballad_operas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballad_operas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ballad operas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballad_operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beyond Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blues_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blues_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Blues ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blues_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bush ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentimental_ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentimental_ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sentimental ballads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentimental_ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ballad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="بلاد (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মালিতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মালিতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballada" title="Ballada – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ballada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بالاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Балада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баляда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баляда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Балада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баллада – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Баллада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baled" title="Baled – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baled" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade_(sang)" title="Ballade (sang) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ballade (sang)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade" title="Ballade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ballade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaad" title="Ballaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ballaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Μπαλάντα (μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαλάντα (μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balado" title="Balado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بالاد (ادبیات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالاد (ادبیات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade" title="Ballade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ballade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail%C3%A9ad" title="Bailéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bailéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailead" title="Bailead – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bailead" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%89%8C" title="巴剌 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴剌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="발라드 (문학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발라드 (문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Բալլադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալլադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="लोकगाथा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोकगाथा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balado" title="Balado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Balado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_balada" title="Musik balada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik balada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnadans" title="Sagnadans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sagnadans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballata_popolare" title="Ballata popolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ballata popolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94" title="בלדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ბალადა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баллада – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баллада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баллада – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баллада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_epicolyricum" title="Carmen epicolyricum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carmen epicolyricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%81de" title="Balāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad%C4%97" title="Baladė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baladė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballada" title="Ballada – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ballada" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Балада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Балладась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Балладась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ballad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="バラッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade" title="Ballade – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ballade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade" title="Ballade – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ballade" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballada" title="Ballada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ballada" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਬੈਲਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballada" title="Ballada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ballada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada_(forma_po%C3%A9tica)" title="Balada (forma poética) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balada (forma poética)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballada" title="Ballada – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ballada" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad%C4%83" title="Baladă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baladă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баллада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баллада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ballad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="باڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Балада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balladi" title="Balladi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balladi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ballad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balada" title="Balada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="บัลลาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัลลาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Баллада – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баллада" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad" title="Balad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Балада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ballad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A3%E6%9B%B2" title="谣曲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="谣曲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2" title="באלאדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באלאדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%A0%E6%9B%B2" title="謠曲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="謠曲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad%C4%97" title="Baladė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baladė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Verse set to music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the slow form of popular music such as love songs and pop & rock ballads, see <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ballad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ballad (disambiguation)">Ballad (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Balladeering" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Balladeering_(album)" title="Balladeering (album)">Balladeering (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg/220px-Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg/330px-Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg/440px-Maria_Wiik_-_Ballad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wiik" title="Maria Wiik">Maria Wiik</a>, <i>Ballad</i> (1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ballad</b> is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of Great Britain and Ireland from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in Australia, North Africa, North America and South America. </p><p>While ballads have no prescribed structure and may vary in their number of lines and stanzas, many ballads employ <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrains</a> with ABCB or ABAB <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme schemes</a>, the key being a rhymed second and fourth line. Contrary to a popular conception, it is rare if not unheard-of for a ballad to contain exactly 13 lines. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a> rarely appear in ballads. </p><p>Many ballads were written and sold as single-sheet <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">broadsides</a>. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the term took on the meaning of a slow form of popular <a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">love song</a> and is often used for any love song, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">sentimental ballad</a> of pop or rock music, although the term is also associated with the concept of a stylized storytelling song or poem, particularly when used as a title for other media such as a film. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ballad is a form of verse, often a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> set to <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. Ballads derive from the medieval <a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">French</a> <i>chanson balladée</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballade</a></i>, which were originally "dancing songs" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">L</a>: <i>ballare</i>, to dance), yet becoming "stylized forms of solo song" before being adopted in England.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musically they were influenced by the Minnelieder of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesinger">Minnesang</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> is "<a href="/wiki/Judas_(ballad)" title="Judas (ballad)">Judas</a>" in a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N._Bold,_1979_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ballad_form">Ballad form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ballad form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AABA_form" class="mw-redirect" title="AABA form">AABA form</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png/220px-Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png/330px-Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Here_begynneth_a_gest_of_Robyn_Hode.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>A sixteenth-century printed ballad, the <a href="/wiki/A_Gest_of_Robyn_Hode" title="A Gest of Robyn Hode">A Gest of Robyn Hode</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in <a href="/wiki/Couplets" class="mw-redirect" title="Couplets">couplets</a> with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Literature_pg_610-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most northern and west European ballads are written in <a href="/wiki/Ballad_stanza" title="Ballad stanza">ballad stanzas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quatrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatrains">quatrains</a> (four-line <a href="/wiki/Stanzas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanzas">stanzas</a>) of alternating lines of <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamb (foot)">iambic</a> (an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable) <a href="/wiki/Tetrameter" title="Tetrameter">tetrameter</a> (eight syllables) and iambic <a href="/wiki/Trimeter" title="Trimeter">trimeter</a> (six syllables), known as <a href="/wiki/Common_metre#Variants" title="Common metre">ballad meter</a>. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed (in the scheme a, b, c, b), which has been taken to suggest that, originally, ballads consisted of couplets (two lines) of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen in this stanza from "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Thomas_and_Fair_Annet" title="Lord Thomas and Fair Annet">Lord Thomas and Fair Annet</a>": </p><p>The <b>horse</b> | fair <b>Ann</b> | et <b>rode</b> | up<b>on</b> |<br /> He <b>amb</b> | led <b>like</b> | the <b>wind</b> |,<br /> With <b>sil</b> | ver <b>he</b> | was <b>shod</b> | be<b>fore</b>,<br /> With <b>burn</b> | ing <b>gold</b> | be<b>hind</b> |.<sup id="cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. In southern and eastern Europe, and in countries that derive their tradition from them, ballad structure differs significantly, like Spanish <i>romanceros</i>, which are <a href="/wiki/Octosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Octosyllabic">octosyllabic</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">consonance</a> rather than rhyme.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballads usually are heavily influenced by the regions in which they originate and use the common dialect of the people. <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>'s ballads in particular, both in theme and language, are strongly characterised by their distinctive tradition, even exhibiting some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of supernatural elements such as travel to the <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairy</a> Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> ballad "Tam Lin".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ballads do not have any known author or correct version; instead, having been passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages, there are many variations of each. The ballads remained an oral tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(bishop_of_Dromore)" title="Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)">Bishop Thomas Percy</a> (1729–1811) to publish volumes of popular ballads.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Literature_pg_610-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a self-contained story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description, which can be tragic, historical, romantic or comic.<sup id="cite_ref-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Themes concerning rural labourers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas.<sup id="cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars of ballads have been divided into "communalists", such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (1744–1803) and the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, who argue that ballads are originally communal compositions, and "individualists" such as <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a>, who assert that there was one single original author.<sup id="cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N._Bold,_1979_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communalists tend to see more recent, particularly printed, broadside ballads of known authorship as a debased form of the genre, while individualists see variants as corruptions of an original text.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently scholars have pointed to the interchange of oral and written forms of the ballad.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Green,_1997_p._353-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG/220px-Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG/330px-Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG/440px-Scott%27s_Minstrelsy_Of_The_Scottish_Border.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Minstrelsy_of_the_Scottish_Border" title="Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border">Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The transmission of ballads comprises a key stage in their re-composition. In romantic terms this process is often dramatized as a narrative of degeneration away from the pure 'folk memory' or 'immemorial tradition'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the introduction to <i><a href="/wiki/Minstrelsy_of_the_Scottish_Border" title="Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border">Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</a></i> (1802) the romantic poet and historical novelist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> argued a need to 'remove obvious corruptions' in order to attempt to restore a supposed original. For Scott, the process of multiple recitations 'incurs the risk of impertinent interpolations from the conceit of one rehearser, unintelligible blunders from the stupidity of another, and omissions equally to be regretted, from the want of memory of a third.' Similarly, John Robert Moore noted 'a natural tendency to oblivescence'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European Ballads have been generally classified into three major groups: traditional, broadside and literary. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music. For the late 20th century the music publishing industry found a market for what are often termed sentimental ballads, and these are the origin of the modern use of the term 'ballad' to mean a slow love song. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_ballads">Traditional ballads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballads</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/220px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/330px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/440px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> of the Scots ballad "<a href="/wiki/The_Twa_Corbies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twa Corbies">The Twa Corbies</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional, classical or popular (meaning of the people) ballad has been seen as beginning with the wandering <a href="/wiki/Minstrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrels">minstrels</a> of late medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the end of the 15th century there are printed ballads that suggest a rich tradition of popular music. A reference in <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a></i> indicates that ballads about <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is <a href="/wiki/Wynkyn_de_Worde" title="Wynkyn de Worde">Wynkyn de Worde's</a> collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweers2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweers2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early collections of English ballads were made by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1633–1703) and in the <a href="/wiki/Roxburghe_Ballads" title="Roxburghe Ballads">Roxburghe Ballads</a> collected by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley</a>, (1661–1724), which paralleled the work in Scotland by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweers2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweers2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by his reading as a teenager of <i><a href="/wiki/Reliques_of_Ancient_English_Poetry" title="Reliques of Ancient English Poetry">Reliques of Ancient English Poetry</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(bishop_of_Dromore)" title="Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)">Thomas Percy</a>, Scott began collecting ballads while he attended Edinburgh University in the 1790s. He published his research from 1802 to 1803 in a three-volume work, <i><a href="/wiki/Minstrelsy_of_the_Scottish_Border" title="Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border">Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border</a></i>. Burns collaborated with <a href="/wiki/James_Johnson_(engraver)" title="James Johnson (engraver)">James Johnson</a> on the multi-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Scots_Musical_Museum" title="Scots Musical Museum">Scots Musical Museum</a></i>, a miscellany of folk songs and poetry with original work by Burns. Around the same time, he worked with <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson_(musician)" title="George Thomson (musician)">George Thompson</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/A_Select_Collection_of_Original_Scottish_Airs_for_the_Voice" title="A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice">A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Northern English and Southern Scots shared in the identified tradition of <a href="/wiki/Border_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Border ballads">Border ballads</a>, particularly evinced by the cross-border narrative in versions of "<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Chevy_Chase" title="The Ballad of Chevy Chase">The Ballad of Chevy Chase</a>" sometimes associated with the Lancashire-born sixteenth-century minstrel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sheale" title="Richard Sheale">Richard Sheale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg/220px-Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg/330px-Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg/440px-Illustration_to_the_ballad_Young_Beckie_from_%22Some_British_Ballads%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Bekie" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Bekie">Young Bekie</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that the increasing interest in traditional popular ballads during the eighteenth century was prompted by social issues such as the enclosure movement as many of the ballads deal with themes concerning rural laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Davey has suggested that the common themes of sailing and naval battles may also have prompted the use (at least in England) of popular ballads as naval recruitment tools.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key work on the traditional ballad was undertaken in the late 19th century in Denmark by <a href="/wiki/Svend_Grundtvig" title="Svend Grundtvig">Svend Grundtvig</a> and for England and Scotland by the Harvard professor <a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Francis James Child</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N._Bold,_1979_p._5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions. Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_and_Scottish_Popular_Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="The English and Scottish Popular Ballads">The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been many different and contradictory attempts to classify traditional ballads by theme, but commonly identified types are the religious, supernatural, tragic, love ballads, historic, legendary and humorous.<sup id="cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional form and content of the ballad were modified to form the basis for twenty-three bawdy pornographic ballads that appeared in the underground Victorian magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_(magazine)" title="The Pearl (magazine)">The Pearl</a></i>, which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880. Unlike the traditional ballad, these obscene ballads aggressively mocked sentimental nostalgia and local lore.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadsides">Broadsides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Broadsides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">Broadside (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png/220px-Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png/330px-Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png/440px-Tragical_Ballad_18th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century broadside ballad: <i>The tragical ballad: or, the lady who fell in love with her serving-man</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Broadside ballads (also known as 'broadsheet', 'stall', 'vulgar' or 'come all ye' ballads) were a product of the development of cheap print in the 16th century. They were generally printed on one side of a medium to large sheet of poor quality paper. In the first half of the 17th century, they were printed in black-letter or gothic type and included multiple, eye-catching illustrations, a popular tune title, as well as an alluring poem.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, they were printed in white letter or roman type and often without much decoration (as well as tune title). These later sheets could include many individual songs, which would be cut apart and sold individually as "slip songs." Alternatively, they might be folded to make small cheap books or "chapbooks" which often drew on ballad stories.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were produced in huge numbers, with over 400,000 being sold in England annually by the 1660s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tessa Watt estimates the number of copies sold may have been in the millions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were sold by travelling <a href="/wiki/Chapmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapmen">chapmen</a> in city streets or at fairs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject matter varied from what has been defined as the traditional ballad, although many traditional ballads were printed as broadsides. Among the topics were love, marriage, religion, drinking-songs, legends, and early journalism, which included disasters, political events and signs, wonders and prodigies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_ballads">Literary ballads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literary ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary or lyrical ballads grew out of an increasing interest in the ballad form among social elites and intellectuals, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> from the later 18th century. Respected literary figures <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> in Scotland collected and wrote their own ballads. Similarly in England <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> produced a collection of <i><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads" title="Lyrical Ballads">Lyrical Ballads</a></i> in 1798 that included Coleridge's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></i>. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Keats were attracted to the simple and natural style of these folk ballads and tried to imitate it.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Literature_pg_610-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time in Germany <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> on a series of ballads, some of which were later set to music by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later important examples of the poetic form included Rudyard Kipling's "<a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a>" (1892–6) and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a></i> (1897).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ballad_operas">Ballad operas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ballad operas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_Hogarth_016.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_Hogarth_016.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_Hogarth_016.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Painting based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a></i>, Act III Scene 2, <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1728</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century ballad operas developed as a form of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage play">stage entertainment</a>, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of racy and often <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> spoken (English) dialogue, interspersed with songs that are deliberately kept very short to minimize disruptions to the flow of the story. Rather than the more aristocratic themes and music of the Italian opera, the ballad operas were set to the music of popular folk songs and dealt with lower-class characters.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subject matter involved the lower, often criminal, orders, and typically showed a suspension (or inversion) of the high moral values of the Italian opera of the period. </p><p>The first, most important and successful was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a></i> of 1728, with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a> and music arranged by <a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Pepusch" class="mw-redirect" title="John Christopher Pepusch">John Christopher Pepusch</a>, both of whom probably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> vaudeville and the burlesques and musical plays of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_d%27Urfey" title="Thomas d'Urfey">Thomas d'Urfey</a> (1653–1723), a number of whose collected ballads they used in their work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gay produced further works in this style, including a sequel under the title <i>Polly</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>, Arne, Dibdin, Arnold, Shield, Jackson of Exeter, Hook and many others produced ballad operas that enjoyed great popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballad opera was attempted in America and Prussia. Later it moved into a more pastoral form, like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bickerstaffe" title="Isaac Bickerstaffe">Isaac Bickerstaffe's</a> <i>Love in a Village</i> (1763) and <a href="/wiki/William_Shield" title="William Shield">Shield's</a> <i>Rosina</i> (1781), using more original music that imitated, rather than reproduced, existing ballads. Although the form declined in popularity towards the end of the 18th century its influence can be seen in light operas like that of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan's</a> early works like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></i> as well as in the modern musical.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, one of the most influential plays, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht's</a> (1928) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> was a reworking of <i>The Beggar's Opera</i>, setting a similar story with the same characters, and containing much of the same satirical bite, but only using one tune from the original.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term ballad opera has also been used to describe musicals using folk music, such as <i>The Martins and the Coys</i> in 1944, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellamy" title="Peter Bellamy">Peter Bellamy's</a> <i>The Transports</i> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satiric elements of ballad opera can be seen in some modern musicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(musical)" title="Chicago (musical)">Chicago</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)" title="Cabaret (musical)">Cabaret</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Europe">Beyond Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beyond Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_ballads">American ballads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henry-27527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Henry-27527.jpg/220px-John_Henry-27527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Henry-27527.jpg/330px-John_Henry-27527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Henry-27527.jpg/440px-John_Henry-27527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a> outside the town of Talcott in <a href="/wiki/Summers_County,_West_Virginia" title="Summers County, West Virginia">Summers County, West Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some 300 ballads sung in North America have been identified as having origins in Scottish traditional or broadside ballads.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include '<a href="/wiki/The_Streets_of_Laredo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Streets of Laredo">The Streets of Laredo</a>', which was found in Great Britain and Ireland as 'The Unfortunate Rake'; however, a further 400 have been identified as originating in America, including among the best known, '<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Davy_Crockett" title="The Ballad of Davy Crockett">The Ballad of Davy Crockett</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_(folk_song)" title="Jesse James (folk song)">Jesse James</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became an increasing area of interest for scholars in the 19th century and most were recorded or catalogued by <a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Laws" title="George Malcolm Laws">George Malcolm Laws</a>, although some have since been found to have British origins and additional songs have since been collected.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually considered closest in form to British broadside ballads and in terms of style are largely indistinguishable, however, they demonstrate a particular concern with occupations, journalistic style and often lack the ribaldry of British broadside ballads.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Green,_1997_p._353-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blues_ballads">Blues ballads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blues ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">Blues ballad</a></div> <p>The blues ballad has been seen as a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles of music from the 19th century. Blues ballads tend to deal with active protagonists, often anti-heroes, resisting adversity and authority, but frequently lacking a strong narrative and emphasizing character instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were often accompanied by banjo and guitar which followed <a href="/wiki/The_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="The blues">the blues</a> musical format.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Green,_1997_p._353-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous blues ballads include those about <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casey_Jones" title="Casey Jones">Casey Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_ballads">Bush ballads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bush ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">Bush ballad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/220px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/330px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/440px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption>Cover to <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>'s seminal 1905 collection of bush ballads, entitled <i>The Old Bush Songs</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Great Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a>. The rhyming songs, <a href="/wiki/Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Poems">poems</a> and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in <a href="/wiki/The_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bush">The Bush</a>, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including <a href="/wiki/John_Meredith_(folklorist)" title="John Meredith (folklorist)">John Meredith</a> whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abc.net.au_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">sheep shearing</a>, wanderings, war stories, the <a href="/wiki/1891_Australian_shearers%27_strike" title="1891 Australian shearers' strike">1891 Australian shearers' strike</a>, class conflicts between the landless working class and the <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(pastoral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting (pastoral)">squatters</a> (landowners), and <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaws</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a>, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">trucking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous bush ballad is "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>", which has been called "the unofficial national anthem of Australia".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sentimental_ballads">Sentimental ballads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sentimental ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a></div> <p>Sentimental ballads, sometimes called "tear-jerkers" or "drawing-room ballads" owing to their popularity with the middle classes, had their origins in the early "<a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>" music industry of the later 19th century. They were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> (descendants perhaps of <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">broadside ballads</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">printed music</a>, and usually newly composed). Such songs include "Little Rosewood Casket" (1870), "<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>" (1892) and "<a href="/wiki/Danny_Boy" title="Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association with sentimentality led to the term "ballad" being used for slow <a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">love songs</a> from the 1950s onwards. Modern variations include "<a href="/wiki/Jazz_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz ballads">jazz ballads</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Pop_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop ballads">pop ballads</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rock_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock ballads">rock ballads</a>", "<a href="/wiki/R%26B_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B ballads">R&B ballads</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Power_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Power ballads">power ballads</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2005p297_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2005p297-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Perceval_Graves" title="Alfred Perceval Graves">Alfred Perceval Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcocorrido" title="Narcocorrido">Narcocorrido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Child_Ballads" title="List of the Child Ballads">List of the Child Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_song_collections" title="List of folk song collections">List of folk song collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">List of Irish ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rock ballads">List of rock ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index" title="Roud Folk Song Index">Roud Folk Song Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_structure_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song structure (popular music)">Song structure (popular music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_song" title="Torch song">Torch song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaar" title="Vaar">Vaar</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFApel1944" class="citation web cs1">Apel, Willi (December 20, 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215605">"Harvard Dictionary Of Music"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+Dictionary+Of+Music&rft.date=1944-12-20&rft.aulast=Apel&rft.aufirst=Willi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.215605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houseman1952-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1952_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Housman, <i>British Popular Ballads</i> (1952, London: Ayer Publishing, 1969), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Jacobs, <i>A Short History of Western Music</i> (Penguin 1972, 1976), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N._Bold,_1979_p._5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N._Bold,_1979_p._5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. N. Bold, <i>The Ballad</i> (Routledge, 1979), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Literature_pg_610-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Literature_pg_610_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Popular Ballads", <i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century</i>, p. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I._Ousby,_2006_p._66_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Head and I. Ousby, <i>The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Green, <i>Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art</i> (<a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, 1997), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Popular Ballads" <i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century</i>, pp. 610-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/980">"Songs of Protest, Songs of Love: Popular Ballads in Eighteenth-Century Britain | Reviews in History"</a>. <i>www.history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Songs+of+Protest%2C+Songs+of+Love%3A+Popular+Ballads+in+Eighteenth-Century+Britain+%7C+Reviews+in+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hawkins-Dady, <i>Reader's Guide to Literature in English</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1996), p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Green,_1997_p._353-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A._Green,_1997_p._353_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Green, <i>Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art</i> (ABC-CLIO, 1997), p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Finnegan" title="Ruth Finnegan">Ruth Finnegan</a>, <i>Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance and Social Context</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Influence of transmission on the English Ballads", <i>Modern Language Review</i> 11 (1916), p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweers2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweers2005_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweers2005_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Sweers, <i>Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2006" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, E. David (April 13, 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoriansonghun0000greg"><i>Victorian Songhunters: The Recovery and Editing of English Vernacular Ballads and Folk Lyrics, 1820-1883</i></a></span>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoriansonghun0000greg/page/42">42</a>–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7417-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7417-7"><bdi>978-1-4616-7417-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Songhunters%3A+The+Recovery+and+Editing+of+English+Vernacular+Ballads+and+Folk+Lyrics%2C+1820-1883&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-7417-7&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=E.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoriansonghun0000greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Gregory, '"The Songs of the People for Me": The Victorian Rediscovery of Lancashire Vernacular Song', <i>Canadian Folk Music/Musique folklorique canadienne</i>, 40 (2006), pp. 12-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Ganev,<i>Songs of Protest, Songs of Love: Popular Ballads in 18th Century Britain</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024235716/http://enterprise.gre.ac.uk/news/articles/2011/gmi-ballads-talk">"Talk examines ballads and naval recruitment in the 18th century - 2011 News - Articles - News - University of Greenwich Business and Enterprise"</a>. 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Brown, <i>Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1997), pp. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Capp, 'Popular literature', in B. Reay, ed., <i>Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England</i> (Routledge, 1985), p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Watt, <i>Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Spufford, <i>Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 111-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Capp, 'Popular literature', in B. Reay, ed., <i>Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England</i> (Routledge, 1985), p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Williams, <i>The Life of Goethe</i> (Blackwell Publishing, 2001), pp. 106-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ledger, S. McCracken, <i>Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Lubbock, <i>The Complete Book of Light Opera</i> (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962) pp. 467-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50485/ballad-opera">"Ballad opera"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, retrieved 7 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Kidson, <i>The Beggar's Opera: Its Predecessors and Successors</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Lubbock, <i>The Complete Book of Light Opera</i> (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962), pp. 467-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Wren, <i>A Most Ingenious Paradox: The Art of Gilbert and Sullivan</i> (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Lawrence, <i>Decolonizing Tradition: New Views of Twentieth-century "British" Literary Canons</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Aby and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gruchow" title="Paul Gruchow">P. Gruchow</a>, <i>The North Star State: A Minnesota History Reader</i>, (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2002), p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Lehrman, <i>Marc Blitzstein: A Bio-bibliography</i> (Greenwood, 2005), p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2005-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Cohen, <i>Folk Music: a Regional Exploration</i> (Greenwood, 2005), pp. 14-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc.net.au-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc.net.au_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc.net.au_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_O%27Brien_(journalist)" title="Kerry O'Brien (journalist)">Kerry O'Brien</a> December 10, 2003 7:30 Report, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2003/s1007523.htm">abc.net.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110082829/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2003/s1007523.htm">Archived</a> 2010-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Smith, <i>Singing Australian: A History of Folk and Country Music</i> (Pluto Press Australia, 2005), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030602190448/http://www.nla.gov.au/epubs/waltzingmatilda/index.html">"Who'll come a waltzing Matilda with me?"</a>. <i>National Library of Australia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/epubs/waltzingmatilda/">the original</a> on 2 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Who%27ll+come+a+waltzing+Matilda+with+me%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nla.gov.au%2Fepubs%2Fwaltzingmatilda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2005p297-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2005p297_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Cohen, <i>Folk Music: a Regional Exploration</i> (Greenwood, 2005), p. 297.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dugaw, Dianne. <i>Deep Play: John Gay and the Invention of Modernity</i>. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 2001. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(musicologist)" title="Richard Middleton (musicologist)">Middleton, Richard</a> (13 January 2015) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43179pg1">"Popular Music (I)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+Music+%28I%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F43179pg1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Randel, Don (1986). <i>The New Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5">0-674-61525-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperley2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Temperley, Nicholas (25 July 2013) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/01879">"Ballad (from Lat. ballare: 'to dance')"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ballad+%28from+Lat.+ballare%3A+%E2%80%98to+dance%E2%80%99%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F01879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Winton, Calhoun. <i>John Gay and the London Theatre</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitmer2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Witmer, Robert (14 October 2011) [20 January 2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/J023200">"Ballad (jazz)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ballad+%28jazz%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Witmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2FJ023200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marcello Sorce Keller, "Sul castel di mirabel: Life of a Ballad in Oral Tradition and Choral Practice", Ethnomusicology, XXX(1986), no. 3, 449- 469.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ballads" class="extiw" title="q:Ballads">Ballads</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311221232/http://literaryballadarchive.com/en.html">The British Literary Ballads Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/ballads.htm">The Bodleian Library Ballad Collection: view facsimiles of printed ballads</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu">The English Broadside Ballad Archive: searchable database of ballad images, citations, and recordings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/special-collections/subject-guides/welsh-ballads">Welsh Ballads resource guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balladindex.org">The Traditional Ballad Index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/broadside-ballads/broadside-ballads.html">Black-letter Broadside Ballads Of The years 1595-1639 From the Collection of Samuel Pepys</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426114919/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org/archives_05.aspx">Smithsonian Global Sound: The Music of Poetry</a>—audio samples of poems, hymns and songs in ballad meter.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/243/">The Oxford Book of Ballads, complete 1910 book by Arthur Quiller-Couch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu">English Broadside Ballad Archive</a>—an archive of images and recordings of over 4,000 pre-1700 broadside ballads</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_libretto" title="Electronic libretto">Electronic libretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Musical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_cycle" title="Song cycle">Song cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Answer_song" title="Answer song">Answer song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">Art song</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ballad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_ballad" title="Execution ballad">Execution ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_song" title="Car song">Car song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Campfire song">Campfire song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">Cumulative song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_song" title="Repetitive song">Repetitive song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_song" title="Advent song">Advent song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_song" title="Hit song">Hit song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">Sleeper hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_hit" title="Summer hit">Summer hit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_song" title="List song">List song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">Love song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torch_song" title="Torch song">Torch song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_song" title="Breakup song">Breakup song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_song" title="Nonsense song">Nonsense song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_song" title="Revolutionary song">Political or revolutionary song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_song" title="Campaign song">Campaign song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_tune" title="Show tune">Show tune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22I_Want%22_song" title=""I Want" song">"I Want" song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signature_songs" title="List of signature songs">Signature song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">Fight song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_chant" title="Football chant">Football chant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_tragedy_song" title="Teenage tragedy song">Tragedy song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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