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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of rogue wave knowledge subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_rogue_wave_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1995_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1995_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-1995 research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1995_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_cross-swell_waves_and_their_contribution_to_rogue_wave_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_cross-swell_waves_and_their_contribution_to_rogue_wave_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Research on cross-swell waves and their contribution to rogue wave studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_cross-swell_waves_and_their_contribution_to_rogue_wave_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1995_Draupner_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1995_Draupner_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The 1995 Draupner wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1995_Draupner_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Subsequent research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_rogue_wave_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_rogue_wave_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Extreme rogue wave events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_rogue_wave_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reported_encounters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_encounters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reported encounters </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reported_encounters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reported encounters subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reported_encounters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifying_the_impact_of_rogue_waves_on_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifying_the_impact_of_rogue_waves_on_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Quantifying the impact of rogue waves on ships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifying_the_impact_of_rogue_waves_on_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Design standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extreme_seas_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_seas_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Extreme seas project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_seas_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MaxWave_report_and_WaveAtlas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MaxWave_report_and_WaveAtlas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 MaxWave report and WaveAtlas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MaxWave_report_and_WaveAtlas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rogue wave</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" title="موجة مارقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة مارقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatil_dal%C4%9Falar%C4%B1" title="Qatil dalğaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qatil dalğaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onada_gegant" title="Onada gegant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Onada gegant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%95-%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вĕлеревçĕ-хум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕлеревçĕ-хум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rogue wave" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrem_havb%C3%B8lge" title="Ekstrem havbølge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ekstrem havbølge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterwelle" title="Monsterwelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monsterwelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_gigante" title="Ola gigante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ola gigante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganta_ondo" title="Giganta ondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Giganta ondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="موج عظیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج عظیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vague_sc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rate" title="Vague scélérate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vague scélérate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_raksasa" title="Gelombang raksasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang raksasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_anomala" title="Onda anomala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onda anomala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90" title="גל פרא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גל פרא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მკვლელი ტალღები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მკვლელი ტალღები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangos-%C5%BEudik%C4%97s" title="Bangos-žudikės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangos-žudikės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstergolf" title="Monstergolf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monstergolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%A2" title="巨大波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="巨大波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterb%C3%B8lge" title="Monsterbølge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monsterbølge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterb%C3%B8lgje" title="Monsterbølgje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monsterbølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaventsmann" title="Kaventsmann – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kaventsmann" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_wyj%C4%85tkowa" title="Fala wyjątkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fala wyjątkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagalh%C3%A3o" title="Vagalhão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vagalhão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B-%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Волны-убийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волны-убийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morilski_val" title="Morilski val – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morilski val" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%B6kyaalto" title="Hyökyaalto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyökyaalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterv%C3%A5g" title="Monstervåg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monstervåg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C" title="คลื่นยักษ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นยักษ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_dalgalar" title="Dev dalgalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dev dalgalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%B2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Хвилі-вбивці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хвилі-вбивці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c" title="Sóng độc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sóng độc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%8B%E7%8B%97%E6%B5%AA" title="瘋狗浪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瘋狗浪" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the natural phenomenon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rogue wave (disambiguation)">Rogue wave (disambiguation)</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wea00800,1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wea00800%2C1.jpg/260px-Wea00800%2C1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wea00800%2C1.jpg/390px-Wea00800%2C1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wea00800%2C1.jpg/520px-Wea00800%2C1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ship</a> in heavy seas as a large wave looms ahead, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1940</figcaption></figure> Rogue waves (also known as freak waves or killer waves) are large and unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave" title="Surface wave">surface waves</a> that can be extremely dangerous to ships and isolated structures such as <a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">lighthouses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-1">[1]</a> They are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, which are long wavelength waves, often almost unnoticeable in deep waters and are caused by the displacement of water due to other phenomena (such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>). A rogue wave at the shore is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Sneaker_wave" title="Sneaker wave">sneaker wave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, rogue waves are more precisely defined as waves whose <a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">height</a> is more than twice the <a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">significant wave height</a> (Hs or SWH), which is itself defined as the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record. Rogue waves do not appear to have a single distinct cause but occur where physical factors such as high winds and strong currents cause waves to merge to create a single large wave.<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-1">[1]</a> Recent research suggests <a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">sea state</a> crest-trough correlation leading to linear <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">superposition</a> may be a dominant factor in predicting the frequency of rogue waves.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Among other causes, studies of <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear system">nonlinear</a> waves such as the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_soliton" title="Peregrine soliton">Peregrine soliton</a>, and waves modeled by the <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Nonlinear Schrödinger equation">nonlinear Schrödinger equation</a> (NLS), suggest that <a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">modulational instability</a> can create an unusual <a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">sea state</a> where a "normal" wave begins to draw energy from other nearby waves, and briefly becomes very large. Such phenomena are not limited to water and are also studied in liquid helium, nonlinear optics, and microwave cavities. A 2012 study reported that in addition to the Peregrine soliton reaching up to about three times the height of the surrounding sea, a hierarchy of higher order wave solutions could also exist having progressively larger sizes and demonstrated the creation of a "super rogue wave" (a <a href="/wiki/Breather" title="Breather">breather</a> around five times higher than surrounding waves) in a <a href="/wiki/Wave_tank" title="Wave tank">water-wave tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-super-4">[4]</a> A 2012 study supported the existence of oceanic rogue holes, the inverse of rogue waves, where the depth of the hole can reach more than twice the significant wave height.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Onlinelibrary.wiley.com_April_16_2016c-5">[5]</a> Although it is often claimed that rogue holes have never been observed in nature despite replication in wave tank experiments, there is a rogue hole recording from an oil platform in the North Sea, revealed in Kharif et al.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The same source also reveals a recording of what is known as the 'Three Sisters'. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/220px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/330px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg/440px-Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>Although commonly described as a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, the titular wave in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a> is more likely an example of a large rogue wave.</figcaption></figure> Rogue waves are waves in open water that are much larger than surrounding waves. More precisely, rogue waves have a <a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">height</a> which is more than twice the <a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">significant wave height</a> (Hs or SWH). They can be caused when <a href="/wiki/Current_(fluid)" title="Current (fluid)">currents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> cause waves to travel at different speeds, and the waves <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">merge</a> to create a single large wave; or when <a href="/wiki/Non-linearity" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linearity">nonlinear effects</a> cause energy to move between waves to create a single extremely large wave. Once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and are known to be natural ocean phenomena. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damage inflicted on ships have long suggested they occur. Still, the first scientific evidence of their existence came with the recording of a rogue wave by the <a href="/wiki/Gorm_Field" title="Gorm Field">Gorm platform</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in 1984. A stand-out wave was detected with a wave height of 11 m (36 ft) in a relatively low sea state.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Soest.hawaii.edu_April_16_2016c-7">[7]</a> However, what caught the attention of the scientific community was the digital measurement of a rogue wave at the <a href="/wiki/Draupner_platform" title="Draupner platform">Draupner platform</a> in the North Sea on January 1, 1995; called the "Draupner wave", it had a recorded maximum wave height of 25.6 m (84 ft) and peak elevation of 18.5 m (61 ft). During that event, minor damage was inflicted on the platform far above sea level, confirming the accuracy of the wave-height reading made by a downwards pointing laser sensor.<a href="#cite_note-haver2003freak-8">[8]</a> The existence of rogue waves has since been confirmed by video and photographs, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a>, radar of the ocean surface,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> stereo wave imaging systems,<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> pressure transducers on the sea-floor, and oceanographic research vessels.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Glerl.noaa.gov_April_16_2016c-11">[11]</a> In February 2000, a British oceanographic research vessel, the <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery_(1962)" title="RRS Discovery (1962)">RRS Discovery</a>, sailing in the <a href="/wiki/Rockall_Trough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockall Trough">Rockall Trough</a> west of Scotland, encountered the largest waves ever recorded by any scientific instruments in the open ocean, with a SWH of 18.5 metres (61 ft) and individual waves up to 29.1 metres (95 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Rockall-12">[12]</a> In 2004, scientists using three weeks of radar images from <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> satellites found ten rogue waves, each 25 metres (82 ft) or higher.<a href="#cite_note-Laird1-13">[13]</a> A rogue wave is a natural ocean phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location, and most often happens far out at sea.<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-1">[1]</a> Rogue waves are considered rare, but potentially very dangerous, since they can involve the spontaneous formation of massive waves far beyond the usual expectations of <a href="/wiki/Ship_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship design">ship designers</a>, and can overwhelm the usual capabilities of ocean-going vessels which are not designed for such encounters. Rogue waves are, therefore, distinct from <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-1">[1]</a> Tsunamis are caused by a massive displacement of water, often resulting from <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">sudden movements</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean floor">ocean floor</a>, after which they propagate at high speed over a wide area. They are nearly unnoticeable in deep water and only become dangerous as they approach the shoreline and the ocean floor becomes shallower;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> therefore, tsunamis do not present a threat to shipping at sea (e.g., the only ships lost in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Asian tsunami</a> were in port.). These are also different from the wave known as a "<a href="/wiki/Hundred-year_wave" title="Hundred-year wave">hundred-year wave</a>", which is a purely <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> description of a particularly high wave with a 1% chance to occur in any given year in a particular body of water. Rogue waves have now been proven to cause the sudden loss of some ocean-going vessels. Well-documented instances include the freighter <a href="/wiki/MS_M%C3%BCnchen" title="MS München">MS München</a>, lost in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFreak-15">[15]</a> Rogue waves have been implicated in the loss of other vessels, including the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Ranger" title="Ocean Ranger">Ocean Ranger</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semisubmersible" class="mw-redirect" title="Semisubmersible">semisubmersible</a> mobile <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore drilling unit</a> that sank in Canadian waters on 15 February 1982.<a href="#cite_note-(Canada)1985-16">[16]</a> In 2007, the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) compiled a catalogue of more than 50 historical incidents probably associated with rogue waves.<a href="#cite_note-chron-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_rogue_wave_knowledge">History of rogue wave knowledge</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of rogue wave knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reports">Early reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early reports">edit</a>]</div> In 1826, French scientist and naval officer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> reported waves as high as 33 m (108 ft) in the Indian Ocean with three colleagues as witnesses, yet he was publicly ridiculed by fellow scientist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a>. In that era, the thought was widely held that no wave could exceed 9 m (30 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Parker2012-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones2008-19">[19]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Susan_Casey" title="Susan Casey">Susan Casey</a> wrote that much of that disbelief came <a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">because there were very few people who had seen a rogue wave and survived</a>; until the advent of steel <a href="/wiki/Double_hull" title="Double hull">double-hulled ships</a> of the 20th century, "people who encountered 100-foot [30 m] rogue waves generally weren't coming back to tell people about it."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1995_research">Pre-1995 research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-1995 research">edit</a>]</div> Unusual waves have been studied scientifically for many years (for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Russell" title="John Scott Russell">John Scott Russell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wave_of_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave of translation">wave of translation</a>, an 1834 study of a <a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">soliton</a> wave). Still, these were not linked conceptually to sailors' stories of encounters with giant rogue ocean waves, as the latter were believed to be scientifically implausible. Since the 19th century, oceanographers, meteorologists, engineers, and ship designers have used a statistical <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">model</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_function" title="Gaussian function">Gaussian function</a> (or Gaussian Sea or standard linear model) to predict wave height, on the assumption that wave heights in any given sea are tightly grouped around a central value equal to the average of the largest third, known as the <a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">significant wave height</a> (SWH).<a href="#cite_note-SoaresSantos2014-21">[21]</a> In a storm sea with an SWH of 12 m (39 ft), the model suggests hardly ever would a wave higher than 15 m (49 ft) occur. It suggests one of 30 m (98 ft) could indeed happen, but only once in 10,000 years. This basic assumption was well accepted, though acknowledged to be an approximation. Using a Gaussian form to model waves has been the sole basis of virtually every text on that topic for the past 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-SoaresSantos2014-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Chl.erdc.usace.army.mil_April_16_2016c-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] The first known scientific article on "freak waves" was written by Professor Laurence Draper in 1964. In that paper, he documented the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre" title="National Oceanography Centre">National Institute of Oceanography</a> in the early 1960s to record wave height, and the highest wave recorded at that time, which was about 20 metres (67 ft). Draper also described freak wave holes.<a href="#cite_note-Draper1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Draper2-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_cross-swell_waves_and_their_contribution_to_rogue_wave_studies">Research on cross-swell waves and their contribution to rogue wave studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research on cross-swell waves and their contribution to rogue wave studies">edit</a>]</div> Before the Draupner wave was recorded in 1995, early research had already made significant strides in understanding extreme wave interactions. In 1979, Dik Ludikhuize and Henk Jan Verhagen at <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">TU Delft</a> successfully generated cross-swell waves in a wave basin. Although only monochromatic waves could be produced at the time, their findings, reported in 1981, showed that individual wave heights could be added together even when exceeding breaker criteria. This phenomenon provided early evidence that waves could grow significantly larger than anticipated by conventional theories of wave breaking.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This work highlighted that in cases of crossing waves, wave steepness could increase beyond usual limits. Although the waves studied were not as extreme as rogue waves, the research provided an understanding of how multidirectional wave interactions could lead to extreme wave heights - a key concept in the formation of rogue waves. The crossing wave phenomenon studied in the Delft Laboratory therefore had direct relevance to the unpredictable rogue waves encountered at sea.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Research published in 2024 by TU Delft and other institutions has subsequently demonstrated that waves coming from multiple directions can grow up to four times steeper than previously imagined.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1995_Draupner_wave">The 1995 Draupner wave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The 1995 Draupner wave">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drauper_freak_wave.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Drauper_freak_wave.png/220px-Drauper_freak_wave.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Drauper_freak_wave.png/330px-Drauper_freak_wave.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Drauper_freak_wave.png/440px-Drauper_freak_wave.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Measured amplitude graph showing the Draupner wave (spike in the middle)</figcaption></figure> The Draupner wave (or New Year's wave) was the first rogue wave to be detected by a <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">measuring instrument</a>. The wave was recorded in 1995 at Unit E of the <a href="/wiki/Draupner_platform" title="Draupner platform">Draupner platform</a>, a gas pipeline support complex located in the North Sea about 160 km (100 miles) southwest from the southern tip of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-TheWeek-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[a]</a> The rig was built to withstand a calculated 1-in-10,000-years wave with a predicted height of 20 m (64 ft) and was fitted with state-of-the-art sensors, including a <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a> wave recorder on the platform's underside. At 3 pm on 1 January 1995, the device recorded a rogue wave with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">wave height</a> of 25.6 m (84 ft). Peak elevation above still water level was 18.5 m (61 ft).<a href="#cite_note-PTaylor2005-31">[30]</a> The reading was confirmed by the other sensors.<a href="#cite_note-Sciencenordic.com-32">[31]</a> The platform sustained minor damage in the event. In the area, the SWH at the time was about 12 m (39 ft), so the Draupner wave was more than twice as tall and steep as its neighbors, with characteristics that fell outside any known wave model. The wave caused enormous interest in the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-TheWeek-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sciencenordic.com-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_research">Subsequent research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsequent research">edit</a>]</div> Following the evidence of the Draupner wave, research in the area became widespread. The first scientific study to comprehensively prove that freak waves exist, which are clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves, was published in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Some research confirms that observed wave height distribution, in general, follows well the <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_distribution" title="Rayleigh distribution">Rayleigh distribution</a>. Still, in shallow waters during high energy events, extremely high waves are rarer than this particular model predicts.<a href="#cite_note-Laird1-13">[13]</a> From about 1997, most leading authors acknowledged the existence of rogue waves with the caveat that wave models could not replicate rogue waves.<a href="#cite_note-Parker2012-18">[18]</a> Statoil researchers presented a paper in 2000, collating evidence that freak waves were not the rare realizations of a typical or slightly non-gaussian sea surface population (classical extreme waves) but were the typical realizations of a rare and strongly non-gaussian sea surface population of waves (freak extreme waves).<a href="#cite_note-2000_ISOPE_Conference-34">[33]</a> A workshop of leading researchers in the world attended the first Rogue Waves 2000 workshop held in Brest in November 2000.<a href="#cite_note-2000_Ifremnr_Conference-35">[34]</a> In 2000, British oceanographic vessel <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery_(1962)" title="RRS Discovery (1962)">RRS Discovery</a> recorded a 29 m (95 ft) wave off the coast of Scotland near <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>. This was a scientific research vessel fitted with high-quality instruments. Subsequent analysis determined that under severe gale-force conditions with wind speeds averaging 21 metres per second (41 kn), a ship-borne wave recorder measured individual waves up to 29.1 m (95.5 ft) from crest to trough, and a maximum SWH of 18.5 m (60.7 ft). These were some of the largest waves recorded by scientific instruments up to that time. The authors noted that modern wave prediction models are known to significantly under-predict extreme sea states for waves with a significant height (Hs) above 12 m (39.4 ft). The analysis of this event took a number of years and noted that "none of the state-of-the-art weather forecasts and wave models‍— the information upon which all ships, oil rigs, fisheries, and passenger boats rely‍— had predicted these behemoths." In simple terms, a scientific model (and also ship design method) to describe the waves encountered did not exist. This finding was widely reported in the press, which reported that "according to all of the theoretical models at the time under this particular set of weather conditions, waves of this size should not have existed".<a href="#cite_note-Econ1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rockall-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheWeek-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-RRS_Discovery-37">[36]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> MaxWave project identified more than 10 individual giant waves above 25 m (82 ft) in height during a short survey period of three weeks in a limited area of the South Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-SEASAR_2006-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA2004-39">[38]</a> By 2007, it was further proven via satellite radar studies that waves with crest-to-trough heights of 20 to 30 m (66 to 98 ft) occur far more frequently than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-SmithConference-40">[39]</a> Rogue waves are now known to occur in all of the world's oceans many times each day. Rogue waves are now accepted as a common phenomenon. Professor Akhmediev of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> has stated that 10 rogue waves exist in the world's oceans at any moment.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Anu.edu.au_April_16_2016c-41">[40]</a> Some researchers have speculated that roughly three of every 10,000 waves on the oceans achieve rogue status, yet in certain spots‍— such as coastal inlets and river mouths‍— these extreme waves can make up three of every 1,000 waves, because wave energy can be focused.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Rogue waves may also occur in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>. A phenomenon known as the "Three Sisters" is said to occur in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> when a series of three large waves forms. The second wave hits the ship's deck before the first wave clears. The third incoming wave adds to the two accumulated backwashes and suddenly overloads the ship deck with large amounts of water. The phenomenon is one of various theorized causes of the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="SS Edmund Fitzgerald">SS Edmund Fitzgerald</a> on Lake Superior in November 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff-43">[42]</a> A 2012 study reported that in addition to the Peregrine soliton reaching up to about 3 times the height of the surrounding sea, a hierarchy of higher order wave solutions could also exist having progressively larger sizes, and demonstrated the creation of a "super rogue wave"— a <a href="/wiki/Breather" title="Breather">breather</a> around 5 times higher than surrounding waves‍— in a <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-super-4">[4]</a> Also in 2012, researchers at the Australian National University proved the existence of "rogue wave holes", an inverted profile of a rogue wave. Their research created rogue wave holes on the water surface in a water-wave tank.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Onlinelibrary.wiley.com_April_16_2016c-5">[5]</a> In maritime <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, stories of rogue holes are as common as stories of rogue waves. They had followed from theoretical analysis but had never been proven experimentally. "Rogue wave" has become a near-universal term used by scientists to describe isolated, large-amplitude waves that occur more frequently than expected for normal, Gaussian-distributed, statistical events. Rogue waves appear ubiquitous and are not limited to the oceans. They appear in other contexts and have recently been reported in liquid helium, nonlinear optics, and microwave cavities. Marine researchers universally now accept that these waves belong to a specific kind of sea wave, not considered by conventional models for sea wind waves.<a href="#cite_note-2008AnnualReview-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-2003Physical-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-2013Generating-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogue_waters-47">[46]</a> A 2015 paper studied the wave behavior around a rogue wave, including optical and the Draupner wave, and concluded, "rogue events do not necessarily appear without warning but are often preceded by a short phase of relative order".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 2019, researchers succeeded in producing a wave with similar characteristics to the Draupner wave (steepness and breaking), and proportionately greater height, using multiple <a href="/wiki/Wave_packet" title="Wave packet">wavetrains</a> meeting at an angle of 120°. Previous research had strongly suggested that the wave resulted from an interaction between waves from different directions ("crossing seas"). Their research also highlighted that wave-breaking behavior was not necessarily as expected. If waves met at an angle less than about 60°, then the top of the wave "broke" sideways and downwards (a "plunging breaker"). Still, from about 60° and greater, the wave began to break vertically upwards, creating a peak that did not reduce the wave height as usual but instead increased it (a "vertical jet"). They also showed that the steepness of rogue waves could be reproduced in this manner. Lastly, they observed that optical instruments such as the laser used for the Draupner wave might be somewhat confused by the spray at the top of the wave if it broke, and this could lead to uncertainties of around 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 to 5 ft) in the wave height. They concluded, "... the onset and type of wave breaking play a significant role and differ significantly for crossing and noncrossing waves. Crucially, breaking becomes less crest-amplitude limiting for sufficiently large crossing angles and involves the formation of near-vertical jets".<a href="#cite_note-McAllister_2019-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-McAllister_2019_media_report-50">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles,_McAllister_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png/600px-Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png/900px-Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png/1200px-Rogue_waves_breaking_behavior_at_different_crossing_angles%2C_McAllister_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Images from the 2019 simulation of the Draupner wave show how the steepness of the wave forms, and how the crest of a rogue wave breaks when waves cross at different angles. (Click image for full resolution) <ul><li>In the first row (0°), the crest breaks horizontally and plunges, limiting the wave size.</li> <li>In the middle row (60°), somewhat upward-lifted breaking behavior occurs.</li> <li>In the third row (120°), described as the most accurate simulation achieved of the Draupner wave, the wave breaks upward, as a vertical jet, and the wave crest height is not limited by breaking.</li></ul></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_rogue_wave_events">Extreme rogue wave events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extreme rogue wave events">edit</a>]</div> On 17 November 2020, a buoy moored in 45 metres (148 ft) of water on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphitrite_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphitrite Bank (page does not exist)">Amphitrite Bank</a> in the Pacific Ocean 7 kilometres (4.3 mi; 3.8 nmi) off <a href="/wiki/Ucluelet" title="Ucluelet">Ucluelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rogue_wave&params=48.9_N_125.6_W_">48°54′N 125°36′W / 48.9°N 125.6°W / 48.9; -125.6</a> recorded a lone 17.6-metre (58 ft) tall wave among surrounding waves about 6 metres (20 ft) in height.<a href="#cite_note-gemmrich20220202-51">[50]</a> The wave exceeded the surrounding significant wave heights by a factor of 2.93. When the wave's detection was revealed to the public in February 2022, one scientific paper<a href="#cite_note-gemmrich20220202-51">[50]</a> and many news outlets christened the event as "the most extreme rogue wave event ever recorded" and a "once-in-a-millennium" event, claiming that at about three times the height of the waves around it, the Ucluelet wave set a record as the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded at the time in terms of its height in proportion to surrounding waves, and that a wave three times the height of those around it was estimated to occur on average only once every 1,300 years worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The Ucluelet event generated controversy. Analysis of scientific papers dealing with rogue wave events since 2005 revealed the claims for the record-setting nature and rarity of the wave to be incorrect. The paper Oceanic rogue waves<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> by Dysthe, Krogstad and Muller reports on an event in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in 2004 which was far more extreme than the Ucluelet wave, where the Datawell Waverider buoy reported a wave whose height was 10.32 metres (33.86 ft) higher and 3.91 times the significant wave height, as detailed in the paper. Thorough inspection of the buoy after the recording revealed no malfunction. The authors of the paper that reported the Black Sea event<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> assessed the wave as "anomalous" and suggested several theories on how such an extreme wave may have arisen. The Black Sea event differs in the fact that it, unlike the Ucluelet wave, was recorded with a high-precision instrument. The Oceanic rogue waves paper also reports even more extreme waves from a different source, but these were possibly overestimated, as assessed by the data's own authors. The Black Sea wave occurred in relatively calm weather. Furthermore, a paper<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> by I. Nikolkina and I. Didenkulova also reveals waves more extreme than the Ucluelet wave. In the paper, they infer that in 2006 a 21-metre (69 ft) wave appeared in the Pacific Ocean off the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Coos_Bay" title="Port of Coos Bay">Port of Coos Bay</a>, Oregon, with a significant wave height of 3.9 metres (13 ft). The ratio is 5.38, almost twice that of the Ucluelet wave. The paper also reveals the <a href="/wiki/MV_Pont-Aven" title="MV Pont-Aven">MV Pont-Aven</a> incident as marginally more extreme than the Ucluelet event. The paper also assesses a report of an 11-metre (36 ft) wave in a significant wave height of 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in), but the authors cast doubt on that claim. A paper written by Craig B. Smith in 2007 reported on an incident in the North Atlantic, in which the submarine Grouper was hit by a 30-meter wave in calm seas.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> Because the phenomenon of rogue waves is still a matter of active research, clearly stating what the most common causes are or whether they vary from place to place is premature. The areas of highest predictable risk appear to be where a strong <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a> runs counter to the primary direction of travel of the waves; the area near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> off the southern tip of Africa is one such area. The warm <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> runs to the southwest, while the dominant winds are <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>, but since this thesis does not explain the existence of all waves that have been detected, several different mechanisms are likely, with localized variation. Suggested mechanisms for freak waves include: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffractive</a> <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focusing</a></dt> <dd>According to this hypothesis, coast shape or seabed shape directs several small waves to meet in phase. Their crest heights combine to create a freak wave.<a href="#cite_note-OPC-59">[58]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Focusing by currents</dt> <dd>Waves from one current are driven into an opposing current. This results in shortening of wavelength, causing shoaling (i.e., increase in wave height), and oncoming wave trains to compress together into a rogue wave.<a href="#cite_note-OPC-59">[58]</a> This happens off the South African coast, where the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> is countered by westerlies.<a href="#cite_note-Iopscience.iop.org_April_17_2016c-60">[59]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Nonlinear effects (<a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">modulational instability</a>)</dt> <dd>A rogue wave may occur by natural, nonlinear processes from a random background of smaller waves.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFreak-15">[15]</a> In such a case, it is hypothesized, an unusual, unstable wave type may form, which "sucks" energy from other waves, growing to a near-vertical monster itself, before becoming too unstable and collapsing shortly thereafter. One simple model for this is a wave equation known as the <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Nonlinear Schrödinger equation">nonlinear Schrödinger equation</a> (NLS), in which a normal and perfectly accountable (by the standard linear model) wave begins to "soak" energy from the waves immediately fore and aft, reducing them to minor ripples compared to other waves. The NLS can be used in deep-water conditions. In shallow water, waves are described by the <a href="/wiki/Korteweg%E2%80%93de_Vries_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korteweg–de Vries equation">Korteweg–de Vries equation</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq equation</a>. These equations also have nonlinear contributions and show solitary-wave solutions. The terms <a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">soliton</a> (a type of self-reinforcing wave) and <a href="/wiki/Breather" title="Breather">breather</a> (a wave where energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion) are used for some of these waves, including the well-studied <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_soliton" title="Peregrine soliton">Peregrine soliton</a>. Studies show that nonlinear effects could arise in bodies of water.<a href="#cite_note-Iopscience.iop.org_April_17_2016c-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Sciencealert.com_April_15_2016c-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Bris.ac.uk_April_15_2016c-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> A small-scale rogue wave consistent with the NLS on (the Peregrine soliton) was produced in a laboratory <a href="/wiki/Wave_tank" title="Wave tank">water-wave tank</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Normal part of the wave spectrum</dt> <dd>Some studies argue that many waves classified as rogue waves (with the sole condition that they exceed twice the SWH) are not freaks but just rare, random samples of the <a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height#Statistical_distribution_of_the_heights_of_individual_waves" title="Significant wave height">wave height distribution</a>, and are, as such, statistically expected to occur at a rate of about one rogue wave every 28 hours.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> This is commonly discussed as the question "Freak Waves: Rare Realizations of a Typical Population Or Typical Realizations of a Rare Population?"<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> According to this hypothesis, most real-world encounters with huge waves can be explained by linear wave theory (or weakly nonlinear modifications thereof), without the need for special mechanisms like the <a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">modulational instability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Recent studies analyzing billions of wave measurements by <a href="/wiki/Weather_buoy" title="Weather buoy">wave buoys</a> demonstrate that rogue wave occurrence rates in the ocean can be explained with linear theory when the finite <a href="/wiki/Spectral_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral bandwidth">spectral bandwidth</a> of the wave spectrum is taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> However, whether weakly nonlinear dynamics can explain even the largest rogue waves (such as those exceeding three times the significant wave height, which would be exceedingly rare in linear theory) is not yet known. This has also led to criticism questioning whether defining rogue waves using only their relative height is meaningful in practice.<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[68]</a>:</dd> <dt>Constructive interference of elementary waves</dt> <dd>Rogue waves can result from the constructive interference (dispersive and directional focusing) of elementary three-dimensional waves enhanced by nonlinear effects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>:</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> interactions</dt> <dd>While wind alone is unlikely to generate a rogue wave, its effect combined with other mechanisms may provide a fuller explanation of freak wave phenomena. As the wind blows over the ocean, energy is transferred to the sea surface. When strong winds from a storm blow in the ocean current's opposing direction, the forces might be strong enough to generate rogue waves randomly. Theories of instability mechanisms for the generation and growth of wind waves – although not on the causes of rogue waves – are provided by Phillips<a href="#cite_note-JFM-72">[71]</a> and Miles.<a href="#cite_note-Iopscience.iop.org_April_17_2016c-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-JFM2-73">[72]</a></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Spatiotemporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatiotemporal">spatiotemporal</a> focusing seen in the <a href="/wiki/NLS_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="NLS equation">NLS equation</a> can also occur when the non-linearity is removed. In this case, focusing is primarily due to different waves coming into phase rather than any energy-transfer processes. Further analysis of rogue waves using a fully nonlinear model by R. H. Gibbs (2005) brings this mode into question, as it is shown that a typical wave group focuses in such a way as to produce a significant wall of water at the cost of a reduced height. A rogue wave, and the deep trough commonly seen before and after it, may last only for some minutes before either breaking or reducing in size again. Apart from a single one, the rogue wave may be part of a wave packet consisting of a few rogue waves. Such rogue <a href="/wiki/Wave_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave group">wave groups</a> have been observed in nature.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_efforts">Research efforts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Research efforts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: Some universities' names are only listed. No information about their research is provided. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A number of research programmes are currently underway or have concluded whose focus is/was on rogue waves, including: <ul><li>In the course of Project MaxWave, researchers from the GKSS Research Centre, using data collected by <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, identified a large number of radar signatures that have been portrayed as evidence for rogue waves. Further research is underway to develop better methods of translating the radar echoes into sea surface elevation, but at present this technique is not proven.<a href="#cite_note-SEASAR_2006-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li>The Australian National University, working in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Technology" title="Hamburg University of Technology">Hamburg University of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, have been conducting experiments in nonlinear dynamics to try to explain rogue or killer waves. The "Lego Pirate" video has been widely used and quoted to describe what they call "super rogue waves", which their research suggests can be up to five times bigger than the other waves around them.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Phys.org_April_15_2016c-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Homelandsecuritynewswire.com_April_15_2016c-77">[76]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> continues to do research into rogue waves by radar satellite.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_The_New_York_Times_April_15_2016c-78">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a>, the science arm of the Navy and Marine Corps published results of their modelling work in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_The_New_York_Times_April_15_2016c-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Maritime-executive.com_April_15_2016c-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Thenewstribune.com_April_15_2016c-80">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)</a>'s research in this field is ongoing. Two researchers there partially supported by the Naval Engineering Education Consortium (NEEC) considered the problem of short-term prediction of rare, extreme water waves and developed and published their research on a predictive tool of about 25 wave periods. This tool can give ships and their crews a two to three-minute warning of a potentially catastrophic impact allowing crew some time to shut down essential operations on a ship (or offshore platform). The authors cite landing on an aircraft carrier as a prime example.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Thenewstribune.com_April_15_2016c-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Cio.com_April_8_2016c-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Sandlab.mit.edu_April_8_2016c-82">[81]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stellenbosch">University of Stellenbosch</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_The_New_York_Times_April_15_2016c-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Education.nationalgeographic.org_April_16_2016c-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Oceanwave.jp_April_15_2016c-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a> in Australia recently published work on the probabilities of rogue waves.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Abc.net_April_15_2016c-85">[84]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> Department of Engineering Science published a comprehensive review of the science of rogue waves in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_April_15_2016c-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iopscience.iop.org_April_17_2016c-60">[59]</a> In 2019, A team from the Universities of Oxford and Edinburgh recreated the Draupner wave in a lab.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_April_15_2016c-86">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Technology" title="Tallinn University of Technology">Tallinn University of Technology</a> in Estonia<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Smh.com_April_16_2016c-88">[87]</a></li> <li>Extreme Seas Project funded by the EU.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Smh.com_April_16_2016c-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Cordis.europa.eu_April_16_2016c-89">[88]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a> in Sweden, a research group in August 2006 showed that normal <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> wind-driven waves can suddenly give rise to monster waves. The nonlinear evolution of the instabilities was investigated by means of direct simulations of the time-dependent system of nonlinear equations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Environmental_Research_Laboratory" title="Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory">Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory</a> did research in 2002, which dispelled the long-held contentions that rogue waves were of rare occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Glerl.noaa.gov_April_16_2016c-11">[11]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> has conducted research into crossing sea state and rogue wave probability during the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige accident</a>; nonlinear wind-waves, their modification by tidal currents, and application to Norwegian coastal waters; general analysis of realistic ocean waves; modelling of currents and waves for sea structures and extreme wave events; rapid computations of steep surface waves in three dimensions, and comparison with experiments; and very large internal waves in the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Mn.uio.no_April_17_2016c-91">[90]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre" title="National Oceanography Centre">National Oceanography Centre</a> in the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps Institute of Oceanography">Scripps Institute of Oceanography</a> in the United States<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ritmare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ritmare (page does not exist)">Ritmare</a> project in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Ritmare_Project-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/220px--Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv/Super_Rogue_Wave.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Experimental demonstration of rogue wave generation through <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear">nonlinear</a> processes (on a small scale) in a <a href="/wiki/Wave_tank" title="Wave tank">wave tank</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm/220px--Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="560" data-height="420" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm/Linear_evolution_of_a_Gaussian_wave_envelop.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The linear part solution of the nonlinear <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> describing the evolution of a complex wave envelope in deep water</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_media">Other media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Optical_rogue_waves" title="Optical rogue waves">Optical rogue waves</a></div> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> observed rogue-wave phenomena in microstructured <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fibers</a> near the threshold of soliton <a href="/wiki/Supercontinuum" title="Supercontinuum">supercontinuum</a> generation and characterized the initial conditions for generating rogue waves in any medium.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Research in <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> has pointed out the role played by a Peregrine soliton that may explain those waves that appear and disappear without leaving a trace.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Rogue waves in other media appear to be ubiquitous and have also been reported in liquid <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, in quantum mechanics,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Optical_rogue_waves" title="Optical rogue waves">nonlinear optics</a>, in microwave cavities,<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl_2010-100">[99]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> in heat and diffusion,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> and in finance.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Onorato_2013-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reported_encounters">Reported encounters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reported encounters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rogue_waves" title="List of rogue waves">List of rogue waves</a></div> Many of these encounters are reported only in the media, and are not examples of open-ocean rogue waves. Often, in popular culture, an endangering huge wave is loosely denoted as a "rogue wave", while the case has not been established that the reported event is a rogue wave in the scientific sense – i.e. of a very different nature in characteristics as the surrounding waves in that sea state] and with a very low probability of occurrence. This section lists a limited selection of notable incidents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Island_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Island lighthouse">Eagle Island lighthouse</a> (1861) – Water broke the glass of the structure's east tower and flooded it, implying a wave that surmounted the 40 m (130 ft) cliff and overwhelmed the 26 m (85 ft) tower.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannan_Isles_Lighthouse" title="Flannan Isles Lighthouse">Flannan Isles Lighthouse</a> (1900) – Three lighthouse keepers vanished after a storm that resulted in wave-damaged equipment being found 34 m (112 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Kronprinz_Wilhelm" title="SS Kronprinz Wilhelm">SS Kronprinz Wilhelm</a>, September 18, 1901 – The most modern German ocean liner of its time (winner of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a>) was damaged on its maiden voyage from Cherbourg to New York by a huge wave. The wave struck the ship head-on.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1910) – On the night of 10 January 1910, a 23 m (75 ft) wave struck the ship over the bow, damaging the forecastle deck and smashing the bridge windows.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</a> (1916) – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ernest_Shackleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ernest Shackleton">Sir Ernest Shackleton</a> encountered a wave he termed "gigantic" while piloting a lifeboat from <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Müller,_et_al.-110">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(ACR-10)" title="USS Tennessee (ACR-10)">USS Memphis</a>, August 29, 1916 – An <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a>, formerly known as the USS Tennessee, wrecked while stationed in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, with 43 men killed or lost, by a succession of three waves, the largest estimated at 70 feet.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Homeric_(1913)" title="RMS Homeric (1913)">RMS Homeric</a> (1924) – Hit by a 24 m (80 ft) wave while sailing through a hurricane off the East Coast of the United States, injuring seven people, smashing numerous windows and portholes, carrying away one of the lifeboats, and snapping chairs and other fittings from their fastenings.<a href="#cite_note-Kerbrech-112">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ramapo_(AO-12)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Ramapo (AO-12)">USS Ramapo</a> (1933) – Triangulated at 34 m (112 ft).<a href="#cite_note-broad-113">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">RMS Queen Mary</a> (1942) – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/broadside" class="extiw" title="wikt:broadside">Broadsided</a> by a 28 m (92 ft) wave and listed briefly about 52° before slowly righting.<a href="#cite_note-Parker2012-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo (ship)">SS Michelangelo</a> (1966) – Hole torn in superstructure, heavy glass was smashed by the wave 24 m (80 ft) above the waterline, and three deaths.<a href="#cite_note-broad-113">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="SS Edmund Fitzgerald">SS Edmund Fitzgerald</a> (1975) – Lost on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, a Coast Guard report blamed water entry to the hatches, which gradually filled the hold, or errors in navigation or charting causing damage from running onto <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a>. However, another nearby ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Arthur_M._Anderson" title="SS Arthur M. Anderson">SS Arthur M. Anderson</a>, was hit at a similar time by two rogue waves and possibly a third, and this appeared to coincide with the sinking around 10 minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff-43">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_M%C3%BCnchen" title="MS München">MS München</a> (1978) – Lost at sea, leaving only scattered wreckage and signs of sudden damage including extreme forces 20 m (66 ft) above the water line. Although more than one wave was probably involved, this remains the most likely sinking due to a freak wave.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFreak-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esso_Languedoc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esso Languedoc (page does not exist)">Esso Languedoc</a> (1980) – A 25-to-30 m (80-to-100 ft) wave washed across the deck from the stern of the French <a href="/wiki/Supertanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertanker">supertanker</a> near <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastnet_Lighthouse" title="Fastnet Lighthouse">Fastnet Lighthouse</a> – Struck by a 48-metre (157 ft) wave in 1985<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li> <li>Draupner wave (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, 1995) – The first rogue wave confirmed with scientific evidence, it had a maximum height of 26 metres (85 ft).<a href="#cite_note-esa.int-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a> (1995) – Encountered a 29 m (95 ft) wave in the North Atlantic, during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Luis" title="Hurricane Luis">Hurricane Luis</a>. The master said it "came out of the darkness" and "looked like the <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a>."<a href="#cite_note-skuld-118">[117]</a> Newspaper reports at the time described the cruise liner as attempting to "<a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surf</a>" the near-vertical wave in order not to be sunk.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> ocean-floor <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">pressure sensors</a> detected a freak wave caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 2004. The wave was around 27.7 m (91 ft) high from peak to trough, and around 200 m (660 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-ElReg-119">[118]</a> Their computer models also indicated that waves may have exceeded 40 metres (130 ft) in the eyewall.<a href="#cite_note-ivan-120">[119]</a></li> <li>Aleutian Ballad, (<a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, 2005) footage of what is identified as an 18 m (60 ft) wave appears in an episode of <a href="/wiki/Deadliest_Catch" title="Deadliest Catch">Deadliest Catch</a>. The wave strikes the ship at night and cripples the vessel, causing the boat to tip for a short period onto its side. This is one of the few video recordings of what might be a rogue wave.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li> <li>In 2006, researchers from <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a> theorized rogue waves may be responsible for the unexplained loss of low-flying aircraft, such as U.S. Coast Guard helicopters during <a href="/wiki/Search-and-rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Search-and-rescue">search-and-rescue</a> missions.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></li> <li>MS <a href="/wiki/Louis_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Majesty">Louis Majesty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, March 2010) was struck by three successive 8 m (26 ft) waves while crossing the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean cruise</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. Two passengers were killed by flying glass when the second and third waves shattered a lounge window. The waves, which struck without warning, were all abnormally high in respect to the <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">sea swell</a> at the time of the incident.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></li> <li>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd</a> vessel <a href="/wiki/MV_Brigitte_Bardot" title="MV Brigitte Bardot">MV Brigitte Bardot</a> was damaged by a rogue wave of 11 m (36.1 ft) while <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society_operations#Operation_Divine_Wind_(2011–2012)" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations">pursuing the Japanese whaling fleet</a> off the western coast of Australia on 28 December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The MV Brigitte Bardot was escorted back to <a href="/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle, Western Australia">Fremantle</a> by the SSCS flagship, <a href="/wiki/MV_Steve_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Steve Irwin">MV Steve Irwin</a>. The main hull was cracked, and the port side <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoon</a> was being held together by straps. The vessel arrived at Fremantle Harbor on 5 January 2012. Both ships were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cetacean_Research" title="Institute of Cetacean Research">ICR</a> security vessel <a href="/wiki/MV_Sh%C5%8Dnan_Maru_2" title="MV Shōnan Maru 2">MV Shōnan Maru 2</a> at a distance of 5 nautical miles (9 km).<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></li> <li>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Hurricane Dorian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical remnant</a> generated a 30 m (100 ft) rogue wave off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100_foot_rogue_wave-127">[126]</a></li> <li>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Cruises" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Cruises">Viking</a> cruise ship <a href="/wiki/Viking_Octantis" title="Viking Octantis">Viking Polaris</a> was hit by a rogue wave on its way to <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. One person died, four more were injured, and the ship's scheduled route to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> was canceled.<a href="#cite_note-viking_cruise_incident-128">[127]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantifying_the_impact_of_rogue_waves_on_ships">Quantifying the impact of rogue waves on ships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Quantifying the impact of rogue waves on ships">edit</a>]</div> The loss of the <a href="/wiki/MS_M%C3%BCnchen" title="MS München">MS München</a> in 1978 provided some of the first physical evidence of the existence of rogue waves. München was a state-of-the-art cargo ship with multiple water-tight compartments and an expert crew. She was lost with all crew, and the wreck has never been found. The only evidence found was the starboard lifeboat recovered from floating wreckage sometime later. The lifeboats hung from forward and aft blocks 20 m (66 ft) above the waterline. The pins had been bent back from forward to aft, indicating the lifeboat hanging below it had been struck by a wave that had run from fore to aft of the ship and had torn the lifeboat from the ship. To exert such force, the wave must have been considerably higher than 20 m (66 ft). At the time of the inquiry, the existence of rogue waves was considered so statistically unlikely as to be near impossible. Consequently, the Maritime Court investigation concluded that the severe weather had somehow created an "unusual event" that had led to the sinking of the München.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFreak-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCloskey2014-129">[128]</a> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/MV_Derbyshire" title="MV Derbyshire">MV Derbyshire</a> was lost during <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Orchid_(1980)" title="Typhoon Orchid (1980)">Typhoon Orchid</a> south of Japan, along with all of her crew. The Derbyshire was an ore-bulk oil combination carrier built in 1976. At 91,655 gross register tons, she was‍— and remains to be‍— the largest British ship ever lost at sea. The wreck was found in June 1994. The survey team deployed a remotely operated vehicle to photograph the wreck. A private report published in 1998 prompted the British government to reopen a formal investigation into the sinking. The investigation included a comprehensive survey by the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a>, which took 135,774 pictures of the wreck during two surveys. The formal forensic investigation concluded that the ship sank because of structural failure and absolved the crew of any responsibility. Most notably, the report determined the detailed sequence of events that led to the structural failure of the vessel. A third comprehensive analysis was subsequently done by Douglas Faulkner, professor of marine architecture and ocean engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. His 2001 report linked the loss of the Derbyshire with the emerging science on freak waves, concluding that the Derbyshire was almost certainly destroyed by a rogue wave.<a href="#cite_note-FaulknerD-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FaulknerConference-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanUnionSurvey-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-HansardJune2002-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-WoodsHoleNavigation-134">[133]</a> Work by sailor and author Craig B. Smith in 2007 confirmed prior forensic work by Faulkner in 1998 and determined that the Derbyshire was exposed to a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a> of a "static head" of water of about 20 m (66 ft) with a resultant <a href="/wiki/Static_pressure" title="Static pressure">static pressure</a> of 201 kilopascals (2.01 bar; 29.2 psi).<a href="#cite_note-135">[b]</a> This is in effect 20 m (66 ft) of seawater (possibly a super rogue wave)<a href="#cite_note-136">[c]</a> flowing over the vessel. The deck cargo hatches on the Derbyshire were determined to be the key point of failure when the rogue wave washed over the ship. The design of the hatches only allowed for a static pressure less than 2 m (6.6 ft) of water or 17.1 kPa (0.171 bar; 2.48 psi),<a href="#cite_note-137">[d]</a> meaning that the typhoon load on the hatches was more than 10 times the design load. The forensic structural analysis of the wreck of the Derbyshire is now widely regarded as irrefutable.<a href="#cite_note-SmithConference-40">[39]</a> In addition, fast-moving waves are now known to also exert extremely high dynamic pressure. Plunging or breaking waves are known to cause short-lived impulse pressure spikes called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gifle_peaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gifle peaks (page does not exist)">Gifle peaks</a>. These can reach pressures of 200 kPa (2.0 bar; 29 psi) (or more) for milliseconds, which is sufficient pressure to lead to brittle fracture of mild steel. Evidence of failure by this mechanism was also found on the Derbyshire.<a href="#cite_note-FaulknerD-130">[129]</a> Smith documented scenarios where hydrodynamic pressure up to 5,650 kPa (56.5 bar; 819 psi) or over 500 metric tonnes/m2 could occur.<a href="#cite_note-138">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithConference-40">[39]</a> In 2004, an extreme wave was recorded impacting the Alderney Breakwater, <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> is exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. The peak pressure recorded by a shore-mounted transducer was 745 kPa (7.45 bar; 108.1 psi). This pressure far exceeds almost any design criteria for modern ships, and this wave would have destroyed almost any merchant vessel.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Soest.hawaii.edu_April_16_2016c-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_standards">Design standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Design standards">edit</a>]</div> In November 1997, the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>(IMO) adopted new rules covering survivability and structural requirements for bulk carriers of 150 m (490 ft) and upwards. The bulkhead and double bottom must be strong enough to allow the ship to survive flooding in hold one unless loading is restricted.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Rogue waves present considerable danger for several reasons: they are rare, unpredictable, may appear suddenly or without warning, and can impact with tremendous force. A 12 m (39 ft) wave in the usual "linear" model would have a breaking force of 6 metric tons per square metre [t/m2] (8.5 psi). Although modern ships are typically designed to tolerate a breaking wave of 15 t/m2, a rogue wave can dwarf both of these figures with a breaking force far exceeding 100 t/m2.<a href="#cite_note-skuld-118">[117]</a> Smith presented calculations using the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Common Structural Rules for a typical bulk carrier.<a href="#cite_note-140">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithConference-40">[39]</a> Peter Challenor, a scientist from the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre" title="National Oceanography Centre">National Oceanography Centre</a> in the United Kingdom, was quoted in <a href="/wiki/Susan_Casey" title="Susan Casey">Casey</a>'s book in 2010 as saying: "We don’t have that random messy theory for nonlinear waves. At all." He added, "People have been working actively on this for the past 50 years at least. We don’t even have the start of a theory."<a href="#cite_note-TheWeek-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-36">[35]</a> In 2006, Smith proposed that the IACS recommendation 34 pertaining to standard wave data be modified so that the minimum design wave height be increased to 19.8 m (65 ft). He presented analysis that sufficient evidence exists to conclude that 20.1 m (66 ft) high waves can be experienced in the 25-year lifetime of oceangoing vessels, and that 29.9 m (98 ft) high waves are less likely, but not out of the question. Therefore, a design criterion based on 11.0 m (36 ft) high waves seems inadequate when the risk of losing crew and cargo is considered. Smith also proposed that the dynamic force of wave impacts should be included in the structural analysis.<a href="#cite_note-SmithBook-141">[135]</a> The Norwegian offshore standards now consider extreme severe wave conditions and require that a 10,000-year wave does not endanger the ships' integrity.<a href="#cite_note-rosenthal-142">[136]</a> W. Rosenthal noted that as of 2005, rogue waves were not explicitly accounted for in Classification Society's rules for ships' design.<a href="#cite_note-rosenthal-142">[136]</a> As an example, <a href="/wiki/DNV_GL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNV GL">DNV GL</a>, one of the world's largest international certification bodies and classification society with main expertise in technical assessment, advisory, and risk management publishes their Structure Design Load Principles which remain largely based on the Significant Wave Height, and as of January 2016, still have not included any allowance for rogue waves.<a href="#cite_note-DNVGL-143">[137]</a> The U.S. Navy historically took the design position that the largest wave likely to be encountered was 21.4 m (70 ft). Smith observed in 2007 that the navy now believes that larger waves can occur and the possibility of extreme waves that are steeper (i.e. do not have longer wavelengths) is now recognized. The navy has not had to make any fundamental changes in ship design due to new knowledge of waves greater than 21.4 m because the ships are built to higher standards than required.<a href="#cite_note-SmithConference-40">[39]</a> The more than 50 classification societies worldwide each has different rules. However, most new ships are built to the standards of the 12 members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Classification_Societies" title="International Association of Classification Societies">International Association of Classification Societies</a>, which implemented two sets of common structural rules - one for oil tankers and one for bulk carriers, in 2006. These were later harmonised into a single set of rules.<a href="#cite_note-IACS_Common_Structural_Rules-144">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Oceanography, currents and regions</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> – Ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> – Western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean that flows down the east coast of Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a> – Urban legend based on region in North Atlantic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> – Warm Atlantic Ocean current</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio Current</a> – North flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a> – Directional mass flow of oceanic water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> – Surface waves generated by wind on open water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a> – Interaction between surface gravity waves and a mean flow</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Waves</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branched_flow" title="Branched flow">Branched flow</a> – Scattering phenomenon in wave dynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_value_theory" title="Extreme value theory">Extreme value theory</a> – Branch of statistics focusing on large deviations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a> – Non-breaking standing wave pattern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker_wave" title="Sneaker wave">Sneaker wave</a> – Disproportionately large coastal wave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a> – Self-reinforcing single wave packet (and especially, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_soliton" title="Peregrine soliton">Peregrine soliton</a> – Analytic solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_squall" title="White squall">White squall</a> – Sudden and violent windstorm at sea not accompanied by black clouds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">Resonance</a> – Physical characteristic of oscillating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteotsunami" title="Meteotsunami">Meteotsunami</a> – Tsunami-like wave of meteorological origin</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The location of the recording was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rogue_wave&params=58_11_19.30_N_2_28_0.00_E_">58°11′19.30″N 2°28′0.00″E / 58.1886944°N 2.4666667°E / 58.1886944; 2.4666667</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Equivalent to 20,500 kgf/m2 or 20.5 t/m2. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> The term "super rogue wave" had not yet been coined by ANU researchers at that time. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Equivalent to 1,744 kgf/m2 or 1.7 t/m2. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Equivalent to 576,100 kgf/m2 or 576.1 t/m2. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Smith has presented calculations for a hypothetical bulk carrier with a length of 275 m and a displacement of 161,000 metric tons where the design hydrostatic pressure 8.75 m below the waterline would be 88 kN/m2 (8.9 t/m2). For the same carrier the design hydrodynamic pressure would be 122 kN/m2 (12.44 t/m2). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Econ1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ1_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ1_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14446734">"Rogue Waves – Monsters of the Deep: Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 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Retrieved April 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chl.erdc.usace.army.mil&rft.atitle=US+Army+Engineer+Waterways+Experimental+Station%3A+Coastal+Engineering+Technical+Note+CETN+I-60&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchl.erdc.usace.army.mil%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fchetn%2Fpdf%2Fcetn-i-60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper1-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Draper1_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1964" class="citation journal cs1">Draper, Laurence (July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oceanusv1004wood/page/12/mode/2up">"'Freak' Ocean Waves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>. 10 (4): 12–15 – via The Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanus&rft.atitle=%27Freak%27+Ocean+Waves&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=1964-07&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foceanusv1004wood%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Olagnon,_Marc_Prevosto2004" class="citation book cs1">Michel Olagnon, Marc Prevosto (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1VWoCgPTJMC">Rogue Waves 2004: Proceedings of a Workshop Organized by Ifremer and Held in Brest, France, 20-21-22 October 2004, Within the Brest Sea Tech Week 2004</a>. Editions Quae. pp. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782844331502" title="Special:BookSources/9782844331502"><bdi>9782844331502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Waves+2004%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Workshop+Organized+by+Ifremer+and+Held+in+Brest%2C+France%2C+20-21-22+October+2004%2C+Within+the+Brest+Sea+Tech+Week+2004&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Editions+Quae&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782844331502&rft.au=Michel+Olagnon%2C+Marc+Prevosto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1VWoCgPTJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Draper2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1971" class="citation journal cs1">Draper, Laurence (July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/fullpapers/draper.pdf">"Severe Wave Conditions at Sea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Institute_of_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Institute of Navigation (page does not exist)">Journal of the Institute of Navigation</a>. 24 (3): 274–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0373463300048244">10.1017/s0373463300048244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131050298">131050298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=Severe+Wave+Conditions+at+Sea&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-277&rft.date=1971-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0373463300048244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131050298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifremer.fr%2Fweb-com%2Fstw2004%2Frw%2Ffullpapers%2Fdraper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudikhuizeVerhagen1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ludikhuize, D.; Verhagen, H.J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:525da0fd-09ba-40f2-88c6-22faf17ae4b7">"Cross-swell: A comparison of mathematical derivations with the results of laboratory tests"</a>. TU Delft Reports. Retrieved 18 October 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TU+Delft+Reports&rft.atitle=Cross-swell%3A+A+comparison+of+mathematical+derivations+with+the+results+of+laboratory+tests&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Ludikhuize&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Verhagen%2C+H.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Frecord%2Fuuid%3A525da0fd-09ba-40f2-88c6-22faf17ae4b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudikhuizeVerhagenBijker1978" class="citation thesis cs1">Ludikhuize, D.; Verhagen, H.J.; Bijker, E.W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b7a0999d-2c4a-42af-96d0-1070087d1452">Bengkulu Harbour Project</a>. Hydraulic Engineering (CEG) (Master's thesis). <a href="/wiki/TU_Delft" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Delft">TU Delft</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Bengkulu+Harbour+Project&rft.inst=TU+Delft&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ludikhuize&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Verhagen%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Bijker%2C+E.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.tudelft.nl%2Fuuid%3Ab7a0999d-2c4a-42af-96d0-1070087d1452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllisterDraycottCalvertDavey2024" class="citation journal cs1">McAllister, M. L.; Draycott, S.; Calvert, R.; Davey, T.; Dias, F.; van den Bremer, T. S. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07886-z">"Three-dimensional wave breaking"</a>. Nature. 633 (8030): 601–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07886-z">10.1038/s41586-024-07886-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11410657">11410657</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+wave+breaking&rft.volume=633&rft.issue=8030&rft.pages=601-607&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11410657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07886-z&rft.aulast=McAllister&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Draycott%2C+S.&rft.au=Calvert%2C+R.&rft.au=Davey%2C+T.&rft.au=Dias%2C+F.&rft.au=van+den+Bremer%2C+T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-024-07886-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheWeek-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheWeek_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheWeek_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheWeek_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheWeek_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/articles/490823/last-word-terrors-sea">"The last word: Terrors of the sea"</a>. theweek.com. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theweek.com&rft.atitle=The+last+word%3A+Terrors+of+the+sea&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F490823%2Flast-word-terrors-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTaylor2005-31"><a href="#cite_ref-PTaylor2005_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Paul H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810055739/http://www.icms.org.uk/archive/meetings/2005/roguewaves/presentations/Taylor.pdf">"The shape of the Draupner wave of 1st January"</a> (PDF). Department of Engineering Science. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 20 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+shape+of+the+Draupner+wave+of+1st+January&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icms.org.uk%2Farchive%2Fmeetings%2F2005%2Froguewaves%2Fpresentations%2FTaylor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciencenordic.com-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sciencenordic.com_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sciencenordic.com_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjarne_Røsjø,_Kjell_Hauge2011" class="citation web cs1">Bjarne Røsjø, Kjell Hauge (2011-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018055020/http://sciencenordic.com/proof-monster-waves-are-real">"Proof: Monster Waves are real"</a>. ScienceNordic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenordic.com/proof-monster-waves-are-real">the original</a> on 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2016-08-23. <q>"Draupner E had only been operating in the North Sea for around half a year, when a huge wave struck the platform like a hammer. When we first saw the data, we were convinced it had to be a technological error," says Per Sparrevik. He is the head of the underwater technology, instrumentation, and monitoring at the Norwegian NGI ... but the data were not wrong. When NGI looked over the measurements and calculated the effect of the wave that had hit the platform, the conclusion was clear: The wave that struck the unmanned platform Draupner E on 1 January 1995 was indeed extreme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proof%3A+Monster+Waves+are+real&rft.pub=ScienceNordic&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft.au=Bjarne+R%C3%B8sj%C3%B8%2C+Kjell+Hauge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenordic.com%2Fproof-monster-waves-are-real&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkourupHansenAndreasen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Skourup, J; Hansen, N.-E. O.; Andreasen, K. K. (1997-08-01). "Non-Gaussian Extreme Waves in the Central North Sea". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. 119 (3): 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.2829061">10.1115/1.2829061</a>. <q>The area of the Central North Sea is notorious for very high waves in certain wave trains. The short-term distribution of these wave trains includes waves far steeper than the Rayleigh distribution predicted. Such waves are often termed "extreme waves" or "freak waves". An analysis of the extreme statistical properties of these waves has been made. The analysis is based on more than 12 years of wave records from the Mærsk Olie og Gas AS operated Gorm Field, located in the Danish sector of the Central North Sea. From the wave recordings, more than 400 freak wave candidates were found. The ratio between the extreme crest height and the significant wave height (20-min value) is about 1.8, and the ratio between extreme crest height and extreme wave height is 0.69. The latter ratio is clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves, and it is higher than the maximum value for steep nonlinear long-crested waves, thus indicating that freak waves are not of a permanent form, and probably of short-crested nature. The extreme statistical distribution is represented by a Weibull distribution with an upper bound, where the upper bound is the value for a depth-limited breaking wave. Based on the measured data, a procedure for determining the freak wave crest height with a given return period is proposed. A sensitivity analysis of the extreme value of the crest height is also made.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Offshore+Mechanics+and+Arctic+Engineering&rft.atitle=Non-Gaussian+Extreme+Waves+in+the+Central+North+Sea&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.2829061&rft.aulast=Skourup&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hansen%2C+N.-E.+O.&rft.au=Andreasen%2C+K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000_ISOPE_Conference-34"><a href="#cite_ref-2000_ISOPE_Conference_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaver_S_and_Andersen_O_J2010" class="citation conference cs1">Haver S and Andersen O J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512192003/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202000/pdffiles/papers/Vol3/020.pdf">Freak waves: rare realizations of a typical population or typical realizations of a rare population?</a> (PDF). Proc. 10th Conf. of Int. Society for Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISOPE). Seattle: ISOPE. pp. 123–130. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202000/pdffiles/papers/Vol3/020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Freak+waves%3A+rare+realizations+of+a+typical+population+or+typical+realizations+of+a+rare+population%3F&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=123-130&rft.pub=ISOPE&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Haver+S+and+Andersen+O+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isope.org%2Fpublications%2Fproceedings%2FISOPE%2FISOPE%25202000%2Fpdffiles%2Fpapers%2FVol3%2F020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000_Ifremnr_Conference-35"><a href="#cite_ref-2000_Ifremnr_Conference_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/metocean/conferences/wk.htm">Rogue Waves 2000</a>. Ifremer and IRCN organised a workshop on "Rogue waves", 29–30 November 2000, during SeaTechWeek 2000, Le Quartz, Brest, France. Brest: iFremer. 2000. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rogue+Waves+2000&rft.place=Brest&rft.pub=iFremer&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifremer.fr%2Fmetocean%2Fconferences%2Fwk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2010-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Casey2010" class="citation book cs1">Susan Casey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wave00susa">The Wave: In the Pursuit of the Rogues, Freaks and Giants of the Ocean</a>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-66667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-66667-1"><bdi>978-0-385-66667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wave%3A+In+the+Pursuit+of+the+Rogues%2C+Freaks+and+Giants+of+the+Ocean&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-66667-1&rft.au=Susan+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwave00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRS_Discovery-37"><a href="#cite_ref-RRS_Discovery_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidayYellandPascalSwail2006" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, N.P.; Yelland, M.Y.; Pascal, R.; Swail, V.; Taylor, P.K.; Griffiths, C.R.; Kent, E.C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005gl025238">"Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (5): L05613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.5613H">2006GeoRL..33.5613H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005gl025238">10.1029/2005gl025238</a>. <q>In February 2000 those onboard a British oceanographic research vessel near Rockall, west of Scotland experienced the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean. Under severe gale force conditions with wind speeds averaging 21 ms1 a shipborne wave recorder measured individual waves up to 29.1 m from crest to trough, and a maximum significant wave height of 18.5 m. The fully formed sea developed in unusual conditions as westerly winds blew across the North Atlantic for two days, during which time a frontal system propagated at a speed close to the group velocity of the peak waves. 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He therefore studied the meteorology of revolving tropical storms and freak waves and found that steep elevated waves of 25 to 30 m or more were quite likely to have occurred during Typhoon Orchid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Independent+Assessment+of+the+Sinking+of+the+M.V.+Derbyshire&rft.pages=59-103&rft.pub=SNAME+Transactions%2C+Royal+Institution+of+Naval+Architects&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sname.org%2FHigherLogic%2FSystem%2FDownloadDocumentFile.ashx%3FDocumentFileKey%3Ddf0dc59b-5d4e-43a2-9c97-f2a031de8ca6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaulknerConference-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FaulknerConference_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2000" class="citation conference cs1">Faulkner, Douglas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024344/http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/molagnon/bv/Faulkner_w.pdf">Rogue Waves – Defining Their Characteristics for Marine Design</a> (PDF). Rogue Waves 2000 Workshop. Brest: French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/molagnon/bv/Faulkner_w.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2016. <q>This paper introduces the need for a paradigm shift in thinking for the design of ships and offshore installations to include a Survival Design approach additional to current design requirements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rogue+Waves+%E2%80%93+Defining+Their+Characteristics+for+Marine+Design&rft.place=Brest&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=French+Research+Institute+for+Exploitation+of+the+Sea&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifremer.fr%2Fweb-com%2Fmolagnon%2Fbv%2FFaulkner_w.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuropeanUnionSurvey-132"><a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanUnionSurvey_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation web cs1">Brown, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322054007/http://www.worldnavalships.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13867">"The Loss of the 'DERBYSHIRE'"</a> (Technical Report). Crown. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldnavalships.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13867">the original</a> on 2013-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Loss+of+the+%27DERBYSHIRE%27&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldnavalships.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D13867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansardJune2002-133"><a href="#cite_ref-HansardJune2002_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/whall/?id=2002-06-25.193.1">"Ships and Seafarers (Safety)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 25 June 2002. col. 193WH–215WH. <q>The MV Derbyshire was registered at Liverpool and, at the time, was the largest ship ever built; it was twice the size of the Titanic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ships+and+Seafarers+%28Safety%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-193WH-215WH&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fwhall%2F%3Fid%3D2002-06-25.193.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodsHoleNavigation-134"><a href="#cite_ref-WoodsHoleNavigation_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WHOI-99-11" class="citation web cs1">Lerner, S.; Yoerger, D.; Crook, T. (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA370001.pdf">"Navigation for the Derbyshire Phase2 Survey"</a> (PDF) (Technical Report). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution MA. p. 28. WHOI-99-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204151313/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA370001">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2017. <q>In 1997, the Deep Submergence Operations Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted an underwater forensic survey of the UK bulk carrier MV Derbyshire with a suite of underwater vehicles. This report describes the navigation systems and methodologies used to position the vessel and vehicles precisely. Precise navigation permits the survey team to control the path of the subsea vehicle to execute the survey plan, provides the ability to return to specific targets, and allows the assessment team to correlate observations made at different times from different vehicles. This report summarizes the techniques used to locate Argo and the repeatability of those navigation fixes. To determine repeatability, we selected a number of instances where the vehicle lines crossed. We can determine the true position offset by registering two images from overlapping areas on different track lines. We can determine the navigation error by comparing the position offset derived from the images to the offsets obtained from navigation. The average error for 123 points across a single tie line was 3.1 meters, the average error for a more scattered selection of 18 points was 1.9 meters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navigation+for+the+Derbyshire+Phase2+Survey&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution+MA&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Yoerger%2C+D.&rft.au=Crook%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA370001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707145541/http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D6609/BULK.PDF">"Improving the safety of bulk carriers"</a> (PDF). IMO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D6609/BULK.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2009-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improving+the+safety+of+bulk+carriers&rft.pub=IMO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fincludes%2FblastDataOnly.asp%2Fdata_id%253D6609%2FBULK.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithBook-141"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithBook_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Craig (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extremewaves00smit">Extreme Waves</a>. Joseph Henry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309100625" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309100625"><bdi>978-0309100625</bdi></a>. <q>There is sufficient evidence to conclude that 66-foot-high waves can be experienced in the 25-year lifetime of oceangoing vessels and that 98-foot-high waves are less likely, but not out of the question. Therefore, a design criterion based on 36-foot-high waves seems inadequate when the risk of losing crew and cargo is considered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Waves&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0309100625&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextremewaves00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenthal-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosenthal_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosenthal_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2005" class="citation web cs1">Rosenthal, W (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/PubServices/2005pdfs/Rosenthal.pdf">"Results of the MAXWAVE project"</a> (PDF). www.soest.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 14 January 2016. <q>The Norwegian offshore standards consider extreme severe wave conditions by requiring that a 10,000-year wave does not endanger the structure's integrity (Accidental Limit State, ALS).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soest.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+MAXWAVE+project&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2FPubServices%2F2005pdfs%2FRosenthal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNVGL-143"><a href="#cite_ref-DNVGL_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912042308/http://www.gl-group.com/infoServices/rules/pdfs/gl_i-2-2_e.pdf">"Rules for Classification and Construction"</a> (PDF). www.gl-group.com/. Hamburg, Germany: Germanischer Lloyd SE. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gl-group.com/infoServices/rules/pdfs/gl_i-2-2_e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-09-12. Retrieved 13 January 2016. <q>General Terms and Conditions of the respective latest edition will be applicable. See Rules for Classification and Construction, I – Ship Technology, Part 0 – Classification and Surveys.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gl-group.com%2F&rft.atitle=Rules+for+Classification+and+Construction&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gl-group.com%2FinfoServices%2Frules%2Fpdfs%2Fgl_i-2-2_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IACS_Common_Structural_Rules-144"><a href="#cite_ref-IACS_Common_Structural_Rules_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iacs.org.uk/publications/common-structural-rules/">"International Association of Classification Societies"</a>. IACS. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IACS&rft.atitle=International+Association+of+Classification+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iacs.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcommon-structural-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rogue Waves – Monsters of the deep". The Economist. September 17, 2009. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Rogue+Waves+%E2%80%93+Monsters+of+the+deep&rft.pages=94&rft.date=2009-09-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Casey2011" class="citation book cs1">Susan Casey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=140708707X">The Wave: In Pursuit of the Rogues, Freaks and Giants of the Ocean</a>. Anchor Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-66668-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-66668-8"><bdi>978-0-385-66668-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wave%3A+In+Pursuit+of+the+Rogues%2C+Freaks+and+Giants+of+the+Ocean&rft.pub=Anchor+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-385-66668-8&rft.au=Susan+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D140708707X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_B._Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Craig B. Smith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extremewaves00smit">Extreme Waves</a>. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10062-5"><bdi>978-0-309-10062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Waves&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-309-10062-5&rft.au=Craig+B.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextremewaves00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_KharifEfim_PelinovskyAlexey_Slunyaev2008" class="citation book cs1">Christian Kharif; Efim Pelinovsky; Alexey Slunyaev (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR-IjCcUkfIC">Rogue Waves in the Ocean</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-88419-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-88419-4"><bdi>978-3-540-88419-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Waves+in+the+Ocean&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-88419-4&rft.au=Christian+Kharif&rft.au=Efim+Pelinovsky&rft.au=Alexey+Slunyaev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLR-IjCcUkfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GrueKarsten_Trulsen2007" class="citation book cs1">John Grue; Karsten Trulsen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtXBBAAAQBAJ">Waves in Geophysical Fluids: Tsunamis, Rogue Waves, Internal Waves and Internal Tides</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-69356-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-69356-8"><bdi>978-3-211-69356-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waves+in+Geophysical+Fluids%3A+Tsunamis%2C+Rogue+Waves%2C+Internal+Waves+and+Internal+Tides&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-211-69356-8&rft.au=John+Grue&rft.au=Karsten+Trulsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtXBBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfim_PelinovskyChristian_Kharif2015" class="citation book cs1">Efim Pelinovsky; Christian Kharif (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH2BCgAAQBAJ">Extreme Ocean Waves</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-21575-4"><bdi>978-3-319-21575-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Ocean+Waves&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-21575-4&rft.au=Efim+Pelinovsky&rft.au=Christian+Kharif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH2BCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Parker2012" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Parker (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzlNJFc4vngC">The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11224-7"><bdi>978-0-230-11224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+the+Sea%3A+Tsunamis%2C+Storm+Surges%2C+Rogue+Waves%2C+and+Our+Quest+to+Predict+Disasters&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11224-7&rft.au=Bruce+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzlNJFc4vngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._Zirker2013" class="citation book cs1">J. B. Zirker (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTvSAQAAQBAJ">The Science of Ocean Waves: Ripples, Tsunamis, and Stormy Seas</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1079-1"><bdi>978-1-4214-1079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Ocean+Waves%3A+Ripples%2C+Tsunamis%2C+and+Stormy+Seas&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1079-1&rft.au=J.+B.+Zirker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTvSAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Osborne2010" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Osborne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdmsn9icd7YC">Nonlinear Ocean Waves & the Inverse Scattering Transform</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-092510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-092510-3"><bdi>978-0-08-092510-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonlinear+Ocean+Waves+%26+the+Inverse+Scattering+Transform&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-092510-3&rft.au=Alfred+Osborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwdmsn9icd7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._McCormick2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael E. McCormick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvNjW98oWbYC">Ocean Engineering Mechanics: With Applications</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85952-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85952-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean+Engineering+Mechanics%3A+With+Applications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85952-3&rft.au=Michael+E.+McCormick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvNjW98oWbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Wood2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Charlie Wood (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-grand-unified-theory-of-rogue-waves-20200205/">"The Grand Unified Theory of Rogue Waves"</a>. Quanta Magazine. Simons Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Unified+Theory+of+Rogue+Waves&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.au=Charlie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fthe-grand-unified-theory-of-rogue-waves-20200205%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaver2003" class="citation web cs1">Haver, Sverre (5 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132223/http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/fullpapers/walk_on_haver.pdf">"Freak wave event at Draupner jacket 1 January 1995"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/fullpapers/walk_on_haver.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freak+wave+event+at+Draupner+jacket+1+January+1995&rft.date=2003-08-05&rft.aulast=Haver&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifremer.fr%2Fweb-com%2Fstw2004%2Frw%2Ffullpapers%2Fwalk_on_haver.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/crest-freak-wave">"On the crest of a freak wave"</a>. Science Blog. article on Draupner wave. Oxford U.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+crest+of+a+freak+wave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-blog%2Fcrest-freak-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201801/history.cfm">"This Month in Physics History January 1, 1995: Confirmation of the Existence of Rogue Waves; January 1995"</a>. American Physical Society. Vol. 27, Number 1. January 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Physical+Society&rft.atitle=This+Month+in+Physics+History+January+1%2C+1995%3A+Confirmation+of+the+Existence+of+Rogue+Waves%3B+January+1995&rft.volume=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27%2C+Number+1%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F201801%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rogue_wave" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rogue wave">rogue wave</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rogue_waves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rogue waves">Rogue waves</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_seas_project">Extreme seas project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Extreme seas project">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/extremeseas/">Design for Ship Safety in Extreme Seas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MaxWave_report_and_WaveAtlas">MaxWave report and WaveAtlas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: MaxWave report and WaveAtlas">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3917539.stm">Freak waves spotted from space</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html">Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032700/http://coast.gkss.de/projects/maxwave/">MaxWave project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107055941/http://icms.org.uk/archive/meetings/2005/roguewaves/index.html">Rogue Wave Workshop (2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/index.html">Rogue Waves 2004</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogue_wave&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ylOpbW1H-I">How Dangerous Can Ocean Waves Get? Wave Comparison</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – documentary on rogue wave sizes, impacts, and causes by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Facts_in_Motion_(YouTuber)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facts in Motion (YouTuber) (page does not exist)">Facts in Motion (YouTuber)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219163057/http://www.kayotix.com/tmp/newsfeeds/21.08.04/waveresearch/">BBC News Report on Wave Research</a>, 21 August 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/freakwave.shtml">The BBC's Horizon "Freak waves" first aired in November 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206165607/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=729">'Giant Waves on the Open Sea'</a>, lecture by Professor Paul H Taylor at <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, 13 May 2008 (available for video, audio or text download)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113032038/http://www.janson.com/rights/2009/06/25/when-nature-strikes-back-freak-waves/">TV program description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021011540/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~spet1235/Site/Freak_waves.html">Non-technical description of some of the causes of rogue waves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seastead.org/localres/misc-articles/lawton_newsci_06_30_01.html">New Scientist article 06/2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceanwave.jp/index.php?Research%2FFreak%20(Rogue)%20Wave%20Prediction">Freak Wave Research in Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.anu.edu.au/theophys/osg/">Optical Science Group, Research School of Physics and Engineering at the Australian National University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11wave.html">"Rogue Giants at Sea"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 11, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4823">"Skeptoid #823: Hunting the Elusive Rogue Wave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23823%3A+Hunting+the+Elusive+Rogue+Wave&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristian_B._DystheHarald_E._KrogstadHervé_Socquet-JuglardKarsten_Trulsen" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristian_B._Dysthe" title="Kristian B. Dysthe">Kristian B. Dysthe</a>; Harald E. Krogstad; Hervé Socquet-Juglard; Karsten Trulsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112065248/http://www.math.uio.no/~karstent/waves/index_en.html">"Freak waves, rogue waves, extreme waves and ocean wave climate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uio.no/~karstent/waves/index_en.html">the original</a> on 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2008-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freak+waves%2C+rogue+waves%2C+extreme+waves+and+ocean+wave+climate&rft.au=Kristian+B.+Dysthe&rft.au=Harald+E.+Krogstad&rft.au=Herv%C3%A9+Socquet-Juglard&rft.au=Karsten+Trulsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.uio.no%2F~karstent%2Fwaves%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogue+wave" class="Z3988"> Illustrations of the ways rogue waves can form – with descriptions for layman, photos and animations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mosaicimagesphoto.photoshelter.com/image/I0000T2wfLusQ4h8">"The Wave" – photograph of a solitary and isolated rogue wave appearing in otherwise calm ocean waters (photographer: G Foulds)</a></li> <li>Katherine Noyes (25 February 2016), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cio.com/article/3038356/a-new-algorithm-from-mit-could-protect-ships-from-rogue-waves-at-sea.html">A new algorithm from MIT could protect ships from 'rogue waves' at sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228112408/http://www.cio.com/article/3038356/a-new-algorithm-from-mit-could-protect-ships-from-rogue-waves-at-sea.html">Archived</a> 2016-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/CIO_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="CIO magazine">CIO magazine</a>.</li> <li>Wood, Charles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-grand-unified-theory-of-rogue-waves-20200205/">The Grand Unified Theory of Rogue Waves</a>. Rogue waves – enigmatic giants of the sea – were thought to be caused by two different mechanisms. But a new idea that borrows from the hinterlands of probability theory has the potential to predict them all. February 5, 2020. Quanta Magazine.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV Alvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine 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