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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_conservatism_and_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Social conservatism and faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_conservatism_and_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticommunism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticommunism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Anticommunism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticommunism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Federal politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_and_death" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernest Manning" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernest Manning" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernest Manning" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ارنست مانينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست مانينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernest Manning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernest Manning" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мэннинг, Эрнест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мэннинг, Эрнест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ернест Меннінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернест Меннінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Premier of Alberta from 1943 to 1968</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ernest Manning</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Order_of_Excellence" title="Alberta Order of Excellence">AOE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Manning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/220px-Ernest_Manning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/330px-Ernest_Manning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/440px-Ernest_Manning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Manning in 1943</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 31, 1943 – December 12, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bowen" title="John C. Bowen">John C. Bowen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bowlen" title="John J. Bowlen">John J. Bowlen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Percy_Page" title="John Percy Page">John Percy Page</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan" title="Grant MacEwan">Grant MacEwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Harry E. Strom</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senator</a> for Edmonton West</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 7, 1970 – September 20, 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 18, 1959 – December 11, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Yurko" title="William Yurko">William Yurko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_East" title="Strathcona East">Strathcona East</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 21, 1940 – June 18, 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Howson" title="William R. Howson">William Howson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Edmonton (provincial electoral district)">Edmonton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1935 – March 21, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ross" title="William Henry Ross">William Ross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Farthing" title="Hugh Farthing">Hugh Farthing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hindsley" title="Norman Hindsley">Norman Hindsley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davison" title="Andrew Davison">Andrew Davison</a><br />William Aberhart<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mahaffey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mahaffey (page does not exist)">James Mahaffey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernest Charles Manning</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-09-20</span>)</span>September 20, 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Carnduff" title="Carnduff">Carnduff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 19, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-02-19)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a> (federal)<br /><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit Party of Alberta</a> (provincial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Muriel Aileen Preston</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernest Manning's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg/128px-Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg/192px-Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg/256px-Ernest_Manning_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia#World_Wars_and_Interwar_period" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (Canada)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_(4th_Battalion,_Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)">Edmonton Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernest Charles Manning</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Order_of_Excellence" title="Alberta Order of Excellence">AOE</a></span></span> (September 20, 1908 – February 19, 1996) was a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> politician and the eighth <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">premier of Alberta</a> between 1943 and 1968 for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit Party of Alberta</a>. He served longer than any other premier in the province's history and was the second longest-serving provincial premier in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canadian history</a> (after <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Murray" title="George Henry Murray">George Henry Murray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>). </p><p>Manning's 25 consecutive years as premier were defined by strong <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>. He was also the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a> to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and, with the party shut out of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in 1980, was its last representative in Parliament when he retired from the Senate in 1983. </p><p>Manning's son, <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, was the founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a> who served as the federal <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Official Opposition</a> from 1997 to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png/220px-Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png/330px-Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Ernest_Manning_c_1935.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Ernest C. Manning, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Manning was born in <a href="/wiki/Carnduff" title="Carnduff">Carnduff</a>, Saskatchewan, in 1908 to George Henry Manning (1872–1956) and Elizabeth Mara Dixon (1870–1949). George had immigrated from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1900 and was followed by his fiancé in 1903. Their Carnduff homestead being inadequate, they moved to a new one in <a href="/wiki/Rosetown,_Saskatchewan" title="Rosetown, Saskatchewan">Rosetown, Saskatchewan</a>, in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006451_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006451-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his childhood, Ernest was not especially religious and only occasionally attended a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> church in town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20081-5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20081-5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manning was among the first students of <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a>'s Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute (CPBI), which opened in 1927, and became its first graduate in April 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20084-11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20084-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having heard of it over a radio broadcast. There he met his future wife, Muriel Preston, who was the institute's pianist and later served as the National Bible Hour's musical coordinator. As a student, Manning soon caught the attention of Aberhart and quickly became his assistant at CPBI. "During his second and third years at the institute, Manning lived in the Aberhart home. After graduation, the Aberhart devotee became a teacher at the institute and played a role in the management of the organization's business affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, he began preaching on Aberhart's weekly "Back to the Bible Hour" radio program, a practice that he continued throughout his life, even after he had entered politics. The broadcasts were eventually aired on over 90 <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a> across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and had a large listening audience.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Manning went into the realm of provincial politics as Aberhart's right-hand man. Together, they created the Social Credit Party with the aim of bringing financial relief to Albertans, who were suffering because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_provincial_political_career">Early provincial political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early provincial political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></div> <p>"Manning followed Aberhart into politics, becoming a key Social Credit organizer, and platform speaker before the 1935 election."<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1935_Alberta_general_election" title="1935 Alberta general election">1935 provincial election</a>, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a> as a Social Credit MLA from <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>. The Socreds won an unexpected landslide victory in that election by winning 56 of the 62 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a>, which had governed the province for fourteen years, lost every one of its seats and would never return to the legislature. Manning was named to the provincial cabinet at just 26 years old, becoming Alberta's <a href="/wiki/Provincial_secretary" title="Provincial secretary">provincial secretary</a> and minister of trade and industry. Manning devoted himself wholly to his work, to such an extent that his health began to suffer. He eventually developed a bout of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in November 1936, returning to work after just three month's convalescence.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1940_Alberta_general_election" title="1940 Alberta general election">1940 election</a>, he switched seats and was elected from <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, where he would remain for the rest of his political career. In 1943, he became Socred leader. </p><p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Manning joined the <a href="/wiki/The_Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_(4th_Battalion,_Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)">Edmonton Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a>, qualifying as a lieutenant. In 1943, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He had to discontinue his military duties when he was appointed Premier of Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_of_Alberta">Premier of Alberta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Premier of Alberta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Manning's take-over of the premiership at Aberhart's sudden death in May 1943 was a foregone conclusion. He had been Aberhart's religious protege and his closest associate in cabinet. He was regarded by Aberhart, who had two daughters, almost as a son."<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning twice honoured Aberhart's 1935 promise to issue a <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosperity Certificate">Prosperity Certificate</a> to Albertans. In 1957, his government announced a $20 Alberta Oil Royalty Dividend and issued a $17 dividend the next year. The policy was widely criticized, and the next year, Manning agreed to use oil royalties on public works and social programs instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Manning had famously entered the <a href="/wiki/Aberhart_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberhart Ministry">Alberta Cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Secretary">Provincial Secretary</a> at only 26 years old. He was the youngest <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet minister">cabinet minister</a> in all of British parliamentary history since <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, who had served as the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> 152 years earlier. When he became premier at the age of 35, he was the youngest <a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">first minister</a> since Pitt. Besides serving as premier, he also held numerous other positions including Provincial Treasurer from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Mines and Minerals from 1952 to 1962, minister of trade and industry, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a> from 1955 to 1968, and president of the executive council.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Manning, Alberta became a virtual one-party province. He led Social Credit to an incredible seven consecutive election victories between <a href="/wiki/1944_Alberta_general_election" title="1944 Alberta general election">1944</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_Alberta_general_election" title="1967 Alberta general election">1967</a>, usually with more than 50% of the popular vote, and only once had to face more than 10 opposition MLAs. The height of his popularity came in <a href="/wiki/1963_Alberta_general_election" title="1963 Alberta general election">1963</a>, when the Socreds campaigned under the slogan "63 in '63," a clean sweep of the then 63-seat legislature. They fell short of that goal, but still reduced the opposition to only three MLAs, two <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberals</a> and one running with the support of both the Liberals and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservatives</a>, in total. It is still the biggest majority government, in terms of percentage of seats won, in Alberta's history. Social Credit's electoral success was based in part on what was viewed as its <a href="/wiki/Peace,_order_and_good_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace, order and good government">good government</a> of the province. Manning himself always held the view that "both God and the people had some say in how long he would be premier — and he was not about to argue with either."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, an ominous sign came during Manning's last victory, when the once-moribund Progressive Conservatives, led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> won six seats, mostly in Calgary and Edmonton. More seriously, the PCs did well enough across the rest of the province to hold Social Credit to 45 percent of the vote, its lowest vote share since 1940. Manning retired in 1968, and Social Credit was knocked out of office three years later. It has never come within sight of power again. By the time Manning left the legislature, only he, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hooke" title="Alfred Hooke">Alfred Hooke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Tomyn" title="William Tomyn">William Tomyn</a> were left from the original 1935 caucus. Of that trio, Hooke was the only MLA to see the government right through from its beginning to its very end in 1971 (Tomyn served a break from 1952 to 1959). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Credit_policy">Social Credit policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social Credit policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Manning, the party largely abandoned <a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">social credit theories</a>. He had been a devoutly loyal supporter of Aberhart from the very beginning and so it is not clear why he was so willing to abandon his party's traditional ideology. One likely explanation may have been pragmatic; many of Social Credit's policy goals infringed on responsibilities reserved to the federal government under the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act</a>. Manning, however, honoured Aberhart's 1935 promise to issue a <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosperity Certificate">Prosperity Certificate</a> to Albertans twice. In 1957, his government announced a $20 Alberta Oil Royalty Dividend and issued a $17 dividend the next year. The policy was widely criticized, and the next year, Manning agreed to use oil royalties on public works and social programs instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_oil_sands">Development of oil sands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of oil sands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png/220px-Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png/330px-Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png/440px-Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Athabasca Oil Sands.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945 the Abasand plant again burned down; this time, it was not rebuilt. The huge discoveries of conventional oil at Leduc and <a href="/wiki/Redwater,_Alberta" title="Redwater, Alberta">Redwater</a> cast even more doubt upon the development of the oil sands because of the difficulty in accessing and processing the bitumen and the numerous technical problems. Manning, however, was not dissuaded since he was convinced that the oil sands would grant the province incredible wealth. He even went so far as to convince the entire Alberta Legislature to visit the Bitumount plant in 1949 since he believed that they would agree to continue development after it had witnessed the success in separating the oil sands. Manning also commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum engineer">petroleum engineer</a> by the name of <a href="/wiki/S._Robert_Blair" title="S. Robert Blair">Sidney Robert Blair</a> to prepare a report on the economic feasibility of the separation process. With Pew's support, Sun Oil's majority-owned subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_Oil_Sands" title="Great Canadian Oil Sands">Great Canadian Oil Sands</a> (GCOS), filed an application for a commercial oil sands project in Canada in 1962, the first-ever constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_Oil_Age_1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Oil_Age_1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the opening ceremonies for the Great Canadian Oil Sands plant, Pew repeated Manning's belief of the need for the <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a>. Telling his audience, "No nation can long be secure in this atomic age unless it be amply supplied with petroleum.... It is the considered opinion of our group that if the North American continent is to produce the oil to meet its requirements in the years ahead, oil from the Athabasca area must of necessity play an important role."<sup id="cite_ref-Great_Oil_Age_1993_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Oil_Age_1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adopton_of_Albertan_flag">Adopton of Albertan flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adopton of Albertan flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/290px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/435px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/580px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alberta" title="Flag of Alberta">Flag of Alberta</a> adopted on June 1, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the time of the upcoming centennial celebration of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, petitions were submitted in November 1966 to Manning by the Social Credit Women's Auxiliaries of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Social Credit League">Alberta Social Credit League</a> to give Alberta its own unique flag. The flag was designed and approved as the official provincial flag by the Alberta legislature on June 1, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_conservatism_and_faith">Social conservatism and faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social conservatism and faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manning's deep Christian faith gave him a sense of charity to the poor and needy, but unlike the longtime premier of neighbouring Saskatchewan, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>, Manning was an outspoken critic of government involvement in society. Manning remained a staunch anti-communist, and encouraged strong religious, individual, and corporate initiatives in addressing and solving social issues. Manning believed that the "government was there to motivate and give direction, not to intervene and carry the load."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His views on health care and social issues were heavily shaped by his elder son, Keith, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>. "He and his wife Muriel lovingly raised. Keith had suffered <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen deprivation">oxygen deprivation</a> at birth."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning improved health services in his province but opposed universal public health insurance. Alberta only signed on to the national medicare system after Manning's retirement as premier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannings's faith also heavily influenced his approach to politics. He was always prudent and careful in practicing politics by "always practicing Christian-based reconciliation and conflict resolution."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticommunism">Anticommunism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anticommunism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/1944_Alberta_general_election" title="1944 Alberta general election">1944 election</a>, Manning campaigned on the labour protections that the party had implemented and used support from the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Federation_of_Labour" title="Alberta Federation of Labour">Alberta Federation of Labour</a> to fend off left-wing challenges from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour-Progressive_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour-Progressive Party">Labour-Progressive Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128–129">: 128–129 </span></sup> Though other unions, particularly those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Congress_of_Labour" title="Canadian Congress of Labour">Canadian Congress of Labour</a>, took issue with the Social Credit Party's workers' protections, divisions within the unions and their leadership prevented any effective endorsement of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> During the campaign, Manning likened the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to "the socialism of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> Saying in one "letter to a CCFer, who... had naively written to suggest CCF-Social Credit electoral co-operation: 'it's an insult to suggest to the Canadian people who are sacrificing their sons to remove the curse which the socialism of Germany has brought in the world that their own social and economical security can be attained only by introducing some form of socialism in Canada. the premise embodied in your proposed resolution, namely, that there is such a thing as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, contradicts itself in that it attempts to associate two concepts of life which are diametrically opposed and opposite.'"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that socialists were trying to "enslave the ordinary people of the world, whose only real salvation lay in the issuance of Social Credit."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manning argued the media and education system was sympathetic to the communist cause. He stated that it is "evident, in my view, in the news media, which are very heavily slanted, as a general rule favorably slanted, to socialist philosophy. This isn't by chance, it's because <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> has been smart enough to see... that there are always a goodly number of men in that field who are sympathetic to the socialistic and even communistic philosophy. You even have the same thing, to varying degrees, in the field of education. It isn't by chance that you find these agitations of Marxism and so forth in many of our universities. It isn't by chance."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manning administration, now re-elected with a resounding majority of seats as a result of the 1944 election, devoted itself to an antisocialist crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> In 1946, Manning's government extended censorship to included 16mm films in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>In January 1948, a <a href="/wiki/Coal_miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miners">coal miners</a>' strike broke out, with thousands of miners threatening the provincial <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> since most electricity was generated from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That strike alone accounted for 30% of all of the time that was lost to strikes in Canada in 1948. In Alberta, the time lost was even worse since it was responsible for well over 99% of all of the time lost by strikes for the entire year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Manning acted swiftly to avert the crisis by rewriting the province's labour laws in March to allow the government to shut down the strike. Labour was greatly weakened by the charges of communism, and Manning's stalwart defiance of union threats caused the unions to attempt to persuade legislators, instead of protesting using strikes or violence, and halted the rise of militant unionism in Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134–135">: 134–135 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manning also used his strong provincial standing to influence the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">federal Socreds</a>. He told the 1961 federal <a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">leadership convention</a> that Alberta would never accept francophone Catholic <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> as the party's leader even though Caouette led the party's strongest branch east of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Thompson" title="Robert N. Thompson">Robert N. Thompson</a> of Alberta won the election, but Manning's objections to Caouette led to suspicions that the vote was fixed. Indeed, Caouette later claimed that he had enough support to win, but all of the Quebec delegates voted for Thompson after Manning told him, "Tell your people to vote for Thompson because the West will never accept a Roman Catholic French Canadian leader."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, however, all but four members of the Social Credit federal caucus came from Quebec. In 1963, virtually all of the Socred MPs from Quebec followed Caouette into the <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_des_cr%C3%A9ditistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralliement des créditistes">Ralliement des créditistes</a> and left behind a Social Credit rump in <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>. </p><p>"In 1967, Manning's book Political Realignment: A Challenge to Thoughtful Canadians was published. This book is an outline of his views regarding the reorganization of the Canadian federal party system."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_and_death">Senate and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retirement from provincial politics in 1968, Manning established his own <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">consulting firm</a>, Manning Consultants Limited, with his son Preston. In 1970, Ernest was appointed to the Senate, the only Socred ever to serve in that body. The same year, he was made a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>. He retired from the Senate in 1983 since he had reached the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory retirement age">mandatory retirement age</a> of 75. He died in Calgary in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, Manning married Muriel Aileen Preston, the pianist at the Prophetic Bible Institute. They had two sons. </p><p>Their first son, William Keith, commonly called Keith, was born on May 2, 1939. Keith suffered from <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>. For stretches of time, he lived at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Training_School" title="Provincial Training School">Red Deer School Hospital</a>, and a nursing home in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>. He married fellow nursing home resident Marilyn Brownell, and died from <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> on June 29, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey199778_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey199778-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their second son, <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Ernest Preston</a>, commonly called Preston, was born on June 10, 1942. Preston went on to found the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Official Opposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">parliament</a> from 1997 to 2000. <sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manning was appointed as the first member of <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Order_of_Excellence" title="Alberta Order of Excellence">Alberta Order of Excellence</a> on September 23, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning was also invested as a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada#Companion" title="Order of Canada">Companion of the Order of Canada</a> by Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Michener</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high school and a business park road in Calgary, a <a href="/wiki/Manning_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Manning Drive">freeway road in Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manning,_Alberta" title="Manning, Alberta">town in Northern Alberta</a> are named after Ernest Manning. A person with a similar name, Ernest Callaway Manning, is the namesake of <a href="/wiki/E._C._Manning_Provincial_Park" title="E. C. Manning Provincial Park">E. C. Manning Provincial Park</a> in British Columbia. </p><p>In 1980, the Ernest C. Manning Awards Foundation was created, and the <a href="/wiki/Manning_Innovation_Awards" title="Manning Innovation Awards">Manning Innovation Awards</a> were started in 1982, with the purpose of promoting and honouring Canadian innovation. </p><p>In 2013, the federal riding of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Manning" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Manning">Edmonton Manning</a> was established in Manning's name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManning1967" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Ernest (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ableg_33398004633334"><i>A white paper on human resources development</i></a>. Edmonton: Government of Alberta; Alberta. Office of the Premier. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858331098">858331098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+white+paper+on+human+resources+development&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Government+of+Alberta%3B+Alberta.+Office+of+the+Premier&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858331098&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fableg_33398004633334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Preston-Manning">"Preston Manning: Canadian politician"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preston+Manning%3A+Canadian+politician&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPreston-Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006451-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006451_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerryCraig2006">Perry & Craig 2006</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20081-5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20081-5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2008">Brennan 2008</a>, p. 1-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20084-11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20084-11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2008">Brennan 2008</a>, p. 4-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1989" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcreditphen0000fink/page/84/mode/2up"><i>The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta</i></a>. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442682382" title="Special:BookSources/9781442682382"><bdi>9781442682382</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+phenomenon+in+Alberta&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Toronto%2C+Ont.+%3A+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781442682382&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcreditphen0000fink%2Fpage%2F84%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Marshall2001" class="citation book cs1">David Marshall (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxZqGT-IrJ4C&pg=PA237">"11: Premier E.C. Manning, <i>Back to the Bible Hour</i>, and Fundamentalism in Canada"</a>. In Marguerite Van Die (ed.). <i>Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802082459" title="Special:BookSources/9780802082459"><bdi>9780802082459</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+Premier+E.C.+Manning%2C+Back+to+the+Bible+Hour%2C+and+Fundamentalism+in+Canada&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Life+in+Canada%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802082459&rft.au=David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxZqGT-IrJ4C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208163038/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/people/prem_manning.html">"The Honourable Ernest Manning, 1943 - 1968"</a>. <i>AB heritage</i>. Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Dec</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AB+heritage&rft.atitle=The+Honourable+Ernest+Manning%2C+1943+-+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abheritage.ca%2Fabpolitics%2Fpeople%2Fprem_manning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donn Downey, "OBITUARY / Ernest Charles Manning History of former Alberta premier also history of Socreds," <i>Globe and Mail</i>, February 20, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alberta.ca/aoe-ernest-manning.aspx">"Senator The Honourable Ernest Charles Manning"</a>. <i>www.alberta.ca</i>. Government of Alberta<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alberta.ca&rft.atitle=Senator+The+Honourable+Ernest+Charles+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alberta.ca%2Faoe-ernest-manning.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208163038/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/people/prem_manning.html">"The Honourable Ernest Manning, 1943 - 1968"</a>. <i>AB heritage</i>. Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Dec</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AB+heritage&rft.atitle=The+Honourable+Ernest+Manning%2C+1943+-+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abheritage.ca%2Fabpolitics%2Fpeople%2Fprem_manning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadianchristianleaders.org/leader/ernest-manning/">"Ernest Manning"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Canadian Christian Leaders</i>. Online Encyclopedia of Canadian Christian Leaders<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Canadian+Christian+Leaders&rft.atitle=Ernest+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianchristianleaders.org%2Fleader%2Fernest-manning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Oil_Age_1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Oil_Age_1993_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Oil_Age_1993_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie-BrownJaremkoFinch1993" class="citation cs2">McKenzie-Brown, Peter; Jaremko, Gordon; Finch, David (1993), <i>The Great Oil Age</i>, Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Oil+Age&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=Detselig+Enterprises+Ltd.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=McKenzie-Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Jaremko%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Finch%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Alberta">"Flag of Alberta - Canadian provincial flag"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flag+of+Alberta+-+Canadian+provincial+flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-of-Alberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-4k05e.html">"Ernest Manning"</a>. <i>Making Medicare: The History of Health Care in Canada</i>. Canadian Museum of History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Medicare%3A+The+History+of+Health+Care+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Ernest+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Fhist%2Fmedicare%2Fmedic-4k05e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1988" class="citation journal cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142941">"The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime"</a>. <i>Labour / Le Travail</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">123–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25142941">10.2307/25142941</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0700-3862">0700-3862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142941">25142941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+%2F+Le+Travail&rft.atitle=The+Cold+War%2C+Alberta+Labour%2C+and+the+Social+Credit+Regime&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0700-3862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25142941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25142941&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25142941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Social_Credit_phenomenon_in_Alb_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1989" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcreditphen0000fink/page/84/mode/2up"><i>The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta</i></a>. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442682382" title="Special:BookSources/9781442682382"><bdi>9781442682382</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+phenomenon+in+Alberta&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Toronto%2C+Ont.+%3A+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781442682382&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcreditphen0000fink%2Fpage%2F84%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1989" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcreditphen0000fink/page/84/mode/2up"><i>The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta</i></a>. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442682382" title="Special:BookSources/9781442682382"><bdi>9781442682382</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+phenomenon+in+Alberta&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Toronto%2C+Ont.+%3A+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781442682382&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcreditphen0000fink%2Fpage%2F84%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/contraction-and-expansion-1930-1950/default.aspx">"Contraction and Expansion: 1930–1950"</a>. <i>history.alberta.ca</i>. Alberta Culture and Tourism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.alberta.ca&rft.atitle=Contraction+and+Expansion%3A+1930%E2%80%931950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.alberta.ca%2Fenergyheritage%2Fcoal%2Fcontraction-and-expansion-1930-1950%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dufresne, Bernard, "Quebec's Socreds vote to Disown Thompson," <i>Globe and Mail</i>, 2 September 1963, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208163038/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/people/prem_manning.html">"The Honourable Ernest Manning, 1943 - 1968"</a>. <i>AB heritage</i>. Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Dec</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AB+heritage&rft.atitle=The+Honourable+Ernest+Manning%2C+1943+-+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abheritage.ca%2Fabpolitics%2Fpeople%2Fprem_manning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey199778-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey199778_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackey1997">Mackey 1997</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72820974/obituary-for-keith-manning-aged-47/">"Keith Manning dies in hospital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></i>. 30 Jun 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Keith+Manning+dies+in+hospital&rft.date=1986-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F72820974%2Fobituary-for-keith-manning-aged-47%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72820887/obituary-for-william-keith-manning/">"MANNING, William Keith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></i>. 2 July 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=MANNING%2C+William+Keith&rft.date=1986-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F72820887%2Fobituary-for-william-keith-manning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72822094/ex-premier-gets-award/">"Ex-premier gets award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. 24 September 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Ex-premier+gets+award&rft.date=1981-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F72822094%2Fex-premier-gets-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72822523/order-of-canada-honors-to-28/">"Order of Canada honors to 28"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ottawa Citizen">The Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. 22 April 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Order+of+Canada+honors+to+28&rft.date=1970-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F72822523%2Forder-of-canada-honors-to-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Edward (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertapremierso0000unse/page/147">"Ernest Manning"</a></span>. In Rennie, Bradford James (ed.). <i>Alberta premiers of the twentieth century</i>. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-151-2"><bdi>978-0-88977-151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernest+Manning&rft.btitle=Alberta+premiers+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Regina&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88977-151-2&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertapremierso0000unse%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2008" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Brian (2008). <i>The Good Steward</i>. <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta: <a href="/wiki/Fitzhenry_%26_Whiteside" title="Fitzhenry & Whiteside">Fitzhenry & Whiteside</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897252161" title="Special:BookSources/9781897252161"><bdi>9781897252161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Steward&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Fitzhenry+%26+Whiteside&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781897252161&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Byfield, Ted, ed. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leducmanningageo09byfi"><i>Leduc, Manning & the Age of Prosperity 1946–1963</i></a></span>. Edmonton: United Western Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9695718-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9695718-9-5"><bdi>0-9695718-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leduc%2C+Manning+%26+the+Age+of+Prosperity+1946%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=United+Western+Communications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9695718-9-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleducmanningageo09byfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey1997" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Lloyd (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/likefatherlikeso0000mack"><i>Like Father, Like Son: Ernest Manning and Preston Manning</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/ECW_Press" title="ECW Press">ECW Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550222996" title="Special:BookSources/1550222996"><bdi>1550222996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+Father%2C+Like+Son%3A+Ernest+Manning+and+Preston+Manning&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1550222996&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flikefatherlikeso0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryCraig2006" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Sandra E.; Craig, Jessica J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialseries02perr"><i>The Mantle of Leadership : Premiers of the Northwest Territories and Alberta</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8"><bdi>0-9689217-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+of+Leadership+%3A+Premiers+of+the+Northwest+Territories+and+Alberta&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+Alberta&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9689217-2-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Sandra+E.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Jessica+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialseries02perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Manning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Manning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ross" title="William Henry Ross">William Ross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Farthing" title="Hugh Farthing">Hugh Farthing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hindsley" title="Norman Hindsley">Norman Hindsley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a> #1 </b><br />1935–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davison" title="Andrew Davison">Andrew Davison</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mahaffey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mahaffey (page does not exist)">James Mahaffey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Howson" title="William R. Howson">William Howson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Edmonton (provincial electoral district)">Edmonton</a> #1 </b><br />1940–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">District Abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New District</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Strathcona_East" title="Strathcona East">Strathcona East</a> </b><br />1959–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Yurko" 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style="color:White">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_credit277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Social credit</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada Party</a></li> <li>Christian Credit Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform" title="Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform">Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_D%C3%A9mocrates" title="Les Démocrates">Les Démocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Social_Credit_Party" title="Manitoba Social Credit Party">Manitoba Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Canada)" title="New Democracy (Canada)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauper_Party_of_Ontario" title="Pauper Party of Ontario">Pauper Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_cr%C3%A9dit_social_uni" title="Parti crédit social uni">Parti crédit social uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Saint_Michael" title="Pilgrims of Saint Michael">Pilgrims of Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Board" title="Social Credit Board">Social Credit Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of New Brunswick">Social Credit Party of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Ontario" title="Social Credit Party of Ontario">Social Credit Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan">Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_League_of_Rights" title="Australian League of Rights">Australian League of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Country Party (New Zealand)">Country Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)">Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Credit_Party" title="Douglas Credit Party">Douglas Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Credit Party (New Zealand)">Social Credit Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit-NZ" title="Social Credit-NZ">Social Credit-NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_Social_Credit_Party" title="Solomon Islands Social Credit Party">Solomon Islands Social Credit Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association" title="Irish Monetary Reform Association">Irish Monetary Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(Ireland)" title="Social Credit Party (Ireland)">Social Credit Party of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavern_Ahlstrom" title="Lavern Ahlstrom">Lavern Ahlstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beetham" title="Bruce Beetham">Bruce Beetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">W. A. C. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horne_Blackmore" title="John Horne Blackmore">John Horne Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Butler" title="Eric Butler">Eric Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Cracknell" title="Vernon Cracknell">Vernon Cracknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Even" title="Louis Even">Louis Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._Field" title="A. N. Field">A. N. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Gostick" title="Ron Gostick">Ron Gostick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hargrave" title="John Hargrave">John Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jaques" title="Norman Jaques">Norman Jaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Earl Low</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roly_Marks" title="Roly Marks">Roly Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Morrison" title="Neil Morrison">Neil Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Overfield" title="Al Overfield">Al Overfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Sogavare" title="Manasseh Sogavare">Manasseh Sogavare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Sweigard" title="Ken Sweigard">Ken Sweigard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turmel" title="John Turmel">John Turmel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Social_Credit_backbenchers%27_revolt" title="1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt">1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_certificate" title="Prosperity certificate">Prosperity certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada_split,_1963" title="Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963">Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#196619; color:White;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_credit" title="Category:Social credit"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Alberta_Social_Credit_Party46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Template:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Template talk:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Alberta_Social_Credit_Party46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Schmidt" title="Werner Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Clark" title="Robert Curtis Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Sykes" title="Rod Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hattersley" title="Martin Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li>Yuill</li> <li>Neilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alford_(politician)" title="Robert Alford (politician)">Alford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thorsteinson" title="Randy Thorsteinson">Thorsteinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albers" title="James Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavern_Ahlstrom" title="Lavern Ahlstrom">Ahlstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Skowronski" title="Len Skowronski">Skowronski</a></li> <li>Fraser</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_Ernest_Manning_(1943–1968)91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manning_Ministry" title="Template:Manning Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manning_Ministry" title="Template talk:Manning Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manning_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manning Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_Ernest_Manning_(1943–1968)91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manning Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Manning</a> (1943–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Manning</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Aalborg" title="Anders Aalborg">Anders Aalborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ansley" title="Ronald Ansley">Ronald Ansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Casey" title="Ivan Casey">Ivan Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Colborne" title="Frederick C. Colborne">Fred Colborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Warren_Cross" title="Wallace Warren Cross">Wallace Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fallow" title="William Fallow">William Fallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Gerhart" title="Clarence Gerhart">Clarence Gerhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Gerhart" title="Edgar Gerhart">Edgar Gerhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Halmrast" title="Leonard Halmrast">Leonard Halmrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hartley_(Canadian_politician)" title="James Hartley (Canadian politician)">James Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hinman" title="Ted Hinman">Ted Hinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Holowach" title="Ambrose Holowach">Ambrose Holowach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hooke" title="Alfred Hooke">Alfred Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Jorgenson" title="Robin Jorgenson">Robin Jorgenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacMillan_(Alberta_politician)" title="Duncan MacMillan (Alberta politician)">Duncan MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Maynard" title="Lucien Maynard">Lucien Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_McKinnon" title="Randolph McKinnon">Randolph McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_McLaughlin" title="Ira McLaughlin">Ira McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Russell_Patrick" title="Allen Russell Patrick">Allen Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Reierson" title="Raymond Reierson">Raymond Reierson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lyle_Robinson" title="John Lyle Robinson">John Lyle Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Donovan_Ross" title="Joseph Donovan Ross">Joseph Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ruste" title="Henry Ruste">Henry Ruste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Speaker" title="Raymond Speaker">Ray Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Harry Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Nathan Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(politician)" title="Gordon Taylor (politician)">Gordon Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Ure" title="David A. Ure">David A. Ure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Willmore" title="Norman Willmore">Norman Willmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Sylvia_Wilson" title="Ethel Sylvia Wilson">Ethel Wilson</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Manning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/75px-Ernest_Manning.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/113px-Ernest_Manning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ernest_Manning.jpg/150px-Ernest_Manning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_William_Aberhart_(1935–1943)94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Template:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Template talk:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_William_Aberhart_(1935–1943)94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aberhart_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberhart Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a> (1935–1943)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Chant" title="William Chant">William Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cockroft" title="Charles Cockroft">Charles Cockroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Warren_Cross" title="Wallace Warren Cross">Wallace Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fallow" title="William Fallow">William Fallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hugill" title="John Hugill">John Hugill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Low</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernest Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacMillan_(Alberta_politician)" title="Duncan MacMillan (Alberta politician)">Duncan MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Maynard" title="Lucien Maynard">Lucien Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mullen" title="David B. Mullen">David Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathmer_Ross" title="Charles Cathmer Ross">Charles Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Nathan Tanner</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_aberhart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aberhart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/75px-W_aberhart.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/113px-W_aberhart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/150px-W_aberhart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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