CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Passerine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0274dd0f-6beb-4874-9c67-0a24a8431ab3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Passerine","wgTitle":"Passerine","wgCurRevisionId":1257340257,"wgRevisionId":1257340257,"wgArticleId":46336,"wgIsArticle": true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Passerine","wgRelevantArticleId":46336,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym": "Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr", "autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym": "arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym" :"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg", "autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw", "autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch", "chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se", "sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q25341","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true ,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/1200px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1194"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/800px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="796"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/640px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="637"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Passerine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Passerine rootpage-Passerine stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Passerine" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Passerine" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Passerine</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Passerine" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Passerine" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Passerine" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>passerine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is any <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Passeriformes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">passer</i></span> 'sparrow' and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">formis</i></span> '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as <b>perching birds</b>, passerines generally have an <a href="/wiki/Dactyly#In_birds" title="Dactyly">anisodactyl</a> arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. </p><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Passerine<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–Recent, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">52.5–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.23076923077px; width:17.769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:202.23076923077px; width:17.769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:203.23076923077px; width:15.769230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Passeriformes-01v01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/220px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/330px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg/440px-Passeriformes-01v01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1588"></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top right: <a href="/wiki/Palestine_sunbird" title="Palestine sunbird">Palestine sunbird</a> (<i>Cinnyris osea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jay</a> (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>), <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> (<i>Passer domesticus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a> (<i>Parus major</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">hooded crow</a> (<i>Corvus cornix</i>), <a href="/wiki/Southern_masked_weaver" title="Southern masked weaver">southern masked weaver</a> (<i>Ploceus velatus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.oga" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.oga/Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Song of a <a href="/wiki/Purple-crowned_fairywren" title="Purple-crowned fairywren">purple-crowned fairywren</a> (<i>Malurus coronatus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Passeriformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passeriformes</a><br><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Suborders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wren" title="New Zealand wren">Acanthisitti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eupasseres" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupasseres">Eupasseres</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Passeri</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>and see <a href="#Taxonomic_list_of_Passeriformes_families">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="#Taxonomic_list_of_Passeriformes_families">Roughly 140 families, 6,500 species</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species,<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passeriformes is the largest order of birds and among the most diverse <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, representing 60% of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-ericson2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvatti2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passerines are divided into three <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborders</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a> (New Zealand wrens), <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> (composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> suboscines), and <a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> (oscines or songbirds).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ericson2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passerines originated in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> around 60 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most passerines are <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a>, and eat both insects and fruit or seeds. </p><p>The terms "passerine" and "Passeriformes" are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, <i>Passer domesticus</i>, and ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <i>passer</i>, which refers to sparrows and similar small birds. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Anatomy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Anatomy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Eggs_and_nests"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Eggs and nests</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Origin_and_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Origin and evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fossil_record"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fossil record</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Earliest_passerines"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Earliest passerines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_European_passerines"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early European passerines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#American_fossils"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">American fossils</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Systematics_and_taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Systematics and taxonomy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Taxonomic_list_of_Passeriformes_families"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Suborder_Acanthisitti"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Suborder Acanthisitti</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Suborder_Tyranni_(suboscines)"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Suborder Tyranni (suboscines)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Suborder_Passeri_(oscines_or_songbirds)"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Suborder Passeri (oscines or songbirds)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Phylogeny"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogeny</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Explanatory_notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The order is divided into three suborders, <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> (suboscines), <a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> (oscines or songbirds), and the <a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oscines have the best control of their <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (biology)">syrinx</a> muscles among birds, producing a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Birdsong" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdsong">songs</a> and other vocalizations, though some of them, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, do not sound musical to human beings. Some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">lyrebird</a>, are accomplished mimics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wren" title="New Zealand wren">New Zealand wrens</a> are tiny birds restricted to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PasserinePterylosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PasserinePterylosis.jpg/220px-PasserinePterylosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PasserinePterylosis.jpg/220px-PasserinePterylosis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PasserinePterylosis.jpg/330px-PasserinePterylosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PasserinePterylosis.jpg/440px-PasserinePterylosis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a typical passerine</figcaption></figure> <p>Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are the <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_raven" title="Thick-billed raven">thick-billed raven</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the larger races of <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common raven</a>, each exceeding 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 in). The <a href="/wiki/Superb_lyrebird" title="Superb lyrebird">superb lyrebird</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">birds-of-paradise</a>, due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall. The smallest passerine is the <a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_pygmy_tyrant" title="Short-tailed pygmy tyrant">short-tailed pygmy tyrant</a>, at 6.5 cm (2.6 in) and 4.2 g (0.15 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called <a href="/wiki/Anisodactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisodactyl">anisodactyl</a> arrangement. The hind toe (<a href="/wiki/Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">hallux</a>) is long and joins the leg at approximately the same level as the front toes. This arrangement enables passerine birds to easily perch upright on branches. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some <a href="/wiki/Cotinga" title="Cotinga">cotingas</a>, the second and third toes are united at their basal third. </p><p>The leg of passerine birds contains an additional special adaptation for perching. A tendon in the rear of the leg running from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the <a href="/wiki/Tibiotarsus" title="Tibiotarsus">tibiotarsus</a> will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg bends, causing the foot to curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep while perching without falling off.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most passerine birds have 12 tail feathers but the <a href="/wiki/Superb_lyrebird" title="Superb lyrebird">superb lyrebird</a> has 16,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several spinetails in the family <a href="/wiki/Furnariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnariidae">Furnariidae</a> have 10, 8, or even 6, as is the case of <a href="/wiki/Des_Murs%27s_wiretail" title="Des Murs's wiretail">Des Murs's wiretail</a>. Species adapted to tree trunk climbing such as <a href="/wiki/Treecreepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Treecreepers">treecreepers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodcreeper" title="Woodcreeper">woodcreeper</a> have stiff tail feathers that are used as props during climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extremely long tails used as sexual ornaments are shown by species in different families. A well-known example is the <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_widowbird" title="Long-tailed widowbird">long-tailed widowbird</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Eggs_and_nests">Eggs and nests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eggs and nests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_brood_parasitic_passerines" title="List of brood parasitic passerines">List of brood parasitic passerines</a></div> <p>The chicks of passerines are <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a>: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. Hence, the chicks require extensive parental care. Most passerines lay colored eggs, in contrast with nonpasserines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as <a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, where camouflage is necessary, and in some <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">parasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a>, which match the passerine host's egg. The <a href="/wiki/Vinous-throated_parrotbill" title="Vinous-throated parrotbill">vinous-throated parrotbill</a> has two egg colors, white and blue, to deter the brood parasitic <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg, most smaller passerines in warmer climates lay between two and five, while in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, hole-nesting species like <a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">tits</a> can lay up to a dozen and other species around five or six. The family <a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a> do not build their own nests, instead, they lay eggs in other birds' nests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Passeriformes contain several groups of <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">brood parasites</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">viduas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-finch" title="Cuckoo-finch">cuckoo-finches</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cowbird" title="Cowbird">cowbirds</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now believed, are the result of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, not a close genetic relationship. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Troglodytidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytidae">wrens of the Americas and Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">those of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acanthisittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisittidae">those of New Zealand</a> look superficially similar and behave in similar ways, yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> and improved <a href="/wiki/Paleobiogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleobiogeography">paleobiogeographical</a> data gradually are revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology, and the specifics of the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first passerines are now thought to have evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, around 50 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ericson2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial diversification of passerines coincides with the separation of the southern continents in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Eocene">early Eocene</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wren" title="New Zealand wren">New Zealand wrens</a> are the first to become isolated in <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, and the second split involved the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ericson2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvatti2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Passeri experienced a great radiation of forms in Australia. A major branch of the Passeri, the <a href="/wiki/Parvorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvorder">parvorder</a> <a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a>, dispersed into Eurasia and Africa about 40 million years ago, where they experienced further radiation of new lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to three major <a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> lineages comprising about 4,000 species, which in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Corvida" title="Corvida">Corvida</a> and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. Extensive <a href="/wiki/Biogeographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeographical">biogeographical</a> mixing happens, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvatti2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fossil record" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earliest_passerines">Earliest passerines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earliest passerines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg/220px-Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg/220px-Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg/330px-Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg/440px-Superb_lyrbird_in_scrub.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Superb_lyrebird" title="Superb lyrebird">superb lyrebird</a> (<i>Menura novaehollandiae</i>): This unique <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbird</a> shows strong <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with a peculiarly <a href="/wiki/Apomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorph">apomorphic</a> display of plumage in males.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perching bird <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a>, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-boles97_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boles97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manegold04_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manegold04-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayr06_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr06-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the early fossil record is poor because passerines are relatively small, and their delicate bones do not preserve well. <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum" title="Queensland Museum">Queensland Museum</a> specimens F20688 (<a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpus" title="Carpometacarpus">carpometacarpus</a>) and F24685 (<a href="/wiki/Tibiotarsus" title="Tibiotarsus">tibiotarsus</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Murgon,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Murgon, Queensland">Murgon, Queensland</a>, are fossil bone fragments initially assigned to <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boles97_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boles97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the material is too fragmentary and their affinities have been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several more recent fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> of Europe, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Wieslochia" title="Wieslochia">Wieslochia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jamna_(bird)" title="Jamna (bird)">Jamna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Resoviaornis" title="Resoviaornis">Resoviaornis</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crosnoornis" title="Crosnoornis">Crosnoornis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are more complete and definitely represent early passeriforms, and have been found to belong to a variety of modern and extinct lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans#Geology_and_palaeontology" title="Saint Bathans">Bathans Formation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Manuherikia_River" title="Manuherikia River">Manuherikia River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">MNZ</a> S42815 (a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> right <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a> of a <a href="/wiki/T%C5%AB%C4%AB" title="Tūī">tui</a>-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of <a href="/wiki/Saddleback_(bird)" title="Saddleback (bird)">saddleback</a>-sized bird have recently been described. These date from the Early to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gto4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA584">Awamoan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lillburnian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillburnian">Lillburnian</a>, 19–16 mya).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_European_passerines">Early European passerines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early European passerines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wieslochia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wieslochia.jpg/170px-Wieslochia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="459"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wieslochia.jpg/170px-Wieslochia.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wieslochia.jpg/255px-Wieslochia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wieslochia.jpg/340px-Wieslochia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wieslochia" title="Wieslochia">Wieslochia</a></i> fossil</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> onward, belonging to several lineages: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wieslochia" title="Wieslochia">Wieslochia</a></i> (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany) – suboscine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resoviaornis" title="Resoviaornis">Resoviaornis</a></i> (Early Oligocene of Wola Rafałowska, Poland) – oscine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamna_(bird)" title="Jamna (bird)">Jamna</a></i> (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland) – basal<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnicavis" title="Winnicavis">Winnicavis</a></i> (Early Oligocene of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crosnoornis" title="Crosnoornis">Crosnoornis</a></i> (Early Oligocene of Poland) - suboscine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or basal<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and oscine taxa<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayr06_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr06-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszőlős, Hungary) – at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsőtárkány, Hungary) – oscine?<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) – <a href="/wiki/Sylvioidea" title="Sylvioidea">Sylvioidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sylviidae" title="Sylviidae">Sylviidae</a>? <a href="/wiki/Cettiidae" title="Cettiidae">Cettiidae</a>?)<sup id="cite_ref-hir01_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hir01-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>That suboscines expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by several fossils from Germany such as a presumed broadbill (<a href="/wiki/Eurylaimidae" title="Eurylaimidae">Eurylaimidae</a>) humerus fragment from the Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (roughly 20 mya) of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintershof_(Eichst%C3%A4tt)" class="extiw" title="de:Wintershof (Eichstätt)">Wintershof</a>, Germany, the Late Oligocene <a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpus" title="Carpometacarpus">carpometacarpus</a> from France listed above, and <i><a href="/wiki/Wieslochia" title="Wieslochia">Wieslochia</a></i>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-manegold04_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manegold04-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extant Passeri super-families were quite distinct by that time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onward and into the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (about 10–2 mya). <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerstätten">lagerstätten</a> (<1.8 mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a> and paleosubspecies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_fossils">American fossils</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American fossils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing families are documented. Apart from the indeterminable <a href="/wiki/MACN" class="mw-redirect" title="MACN">MACN</a>-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, United States: the <a href="/wiki/Palaeoscinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoscinidae">Palaeoscinidae</a> with the single genus <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoscinis" title="Palaeoscinis">Palaeoscinis</a></i>. <i>"Palaeostruthus" eurius</i> (Pliocene of Florida) probably belongs to an extant family, most likely <a href="/wiki/Passeroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeroidea">passeroidean</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Systematics_and_taxonomy">Systematics and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Systematics and taxonomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:420px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a> – New Zealand wrens (1 family containing 7 species, only 2 extant) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> – suboscines (16 families containing 1,356 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> – oscines (125 families containing 5,158 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogenetic relationship of the suborders within the Passeriformes. The numbers are from the list published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union" title="International Ornithologists' Union">International Ornithologists' Union</a> in January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Passeriformes is currently divided into three suborders: <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a> (New Zealand wrens), <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a>, (suboscines) and <a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> (oscines or songbirds). The Passeri is now subdivided into two major groups recognized now as <a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> respectively containing the large <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamilies</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvoidea" title="Corvoidea">Corvoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meliphagoidea" title="Meliphagoidea">Meliphagoidea</a>, as well as minor lineages, and the superfamilies <a href="/wiki/Sylvioidea" title="Sylvioidea">Sylvioidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscicapoidea" title="Muscicapoidea">Muscicapoidea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passeroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeroidea">Passeroidea</a> but this arrangement has been found to be oversimplified. Since the mid-2000s, studies have investigated the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the Passeriformes and found that many families from <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> traditionally included in the Corvoidea actually represent more basal lineages within oscines. Likewise, the traditional three-superfamily arrangement within the Passeri has turned out to be far more complex and will require changes in classification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Major "<a href="/wiki/Wastebin_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastebin taxon">wastebin</a>" families such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_World_warbler" title="Old World warbler">Old World warblers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_babbler" title="Old World babbler">Old World babblers</a> have turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct lineages, so new families had to be established, some of theirs – like the <a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">stitchbird</a> of New Zealand and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bearded_reedling" title="Bearded reedling">bearded reedling</a> – <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> with only one living species.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Kinglet" title="Kinglet">kinglets</a> constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group spread across Eurasia. No particularly close relatives of theirs have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. <a href="/wiki/Nuthatch" title="Nuthatch">Nuthatches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a>, and their closest relatives are currently grouped in a distinct super-family <a href="/wiki/Certhioidea" title="Certhioidea">Certhioidea</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Taxonomic_list_of_Passeriformes_families">Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_wren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rock_wren.jpg/220px-Rock_wren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rock_wren.jpg/220px-Rock_wren.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rock_wren.jpg/330px-Rock_wren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rock_wren.jpg/440px-Rock_wren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_rock_wren" title="New Zealand rock wren">New Zealand rock wren</a> (<i>Xenicus gilviventris</i>), one of the two surviving species of suborder <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This list is in taxonomic order, placing related families next to one another. The families listed are those recognised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union" title="International Ornithologists' Union">International Ornithologists' Union</a> (IOC).<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order and the division into infraorders, parvorders, and superfamilies follows the phylogenetic analysis published by Carl Oliveros and colleagues in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationships between the families in the suborder Tyranni (suboscines) were all well determined but some of the nodes in Passeri (oscines or songbirds) were unclear owing to the rapid splitting of the lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suborder_Acanthisitti">Suborder Acanthisitti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suborder Acanthisitti" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthisittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisittidae">Acanthisittidae</a>: New Zealand wrens</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg/220px-Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg/220px-Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg/330px-Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg/440px-Pitta_guajana-20030531B.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Javan_banded_pitta" title="Javan banded pitta">Javan banded pitta</a> (<i>Hydrornis guajanus</i>), an Old World <a href="/wiki/Suboscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Suboscine">suboscine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruviana_(male)_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg/220px-Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg/220px-Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg/330px-Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg/440px-Rupicola_peruviana_%28male%29_-San_Diego_Zoo-8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andean_cock-of-the-rock" title="Andean cock-of-the-rock">Andean cock-of-the-rock</a> (<i>Rupicola peruvianus</i>) a New World <a href="/wiki/Suboscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Suboscine">suboscine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suborder_Tyranni_(suboscines)"><span id="Suborder_Tyranni_.28suboscines.29"></span>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> (suboscines)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suborder Tyranni (suboscines)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Eurylaimides" title="Eurylaimides">Eurylaimides</a></b>: Old World suboscines </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philepittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philepittidae">Philepittidae</a>: asities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurylaimidae" title="Eurylaimidae">Eurylaimidae</a>: typical broadbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptomenidae" title="Calyptomenidae">Calyptomenidae</a>: African and green broadbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapayoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapayoidae">Sapayoidae</a>: broad-billed sapayoa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittidae">Pittidae</a>: pittas</li></ul></li></ul></div> <p><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Tyrannides" title="Tyrannides">Tyrannides</a></b>: New World suboscines<br> <b>Parvorder Furnariida</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanopareiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanopareiidae">Melanopareiidae</a>: crescentchests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conopophagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Conopophagidae">Conopophagidae</a>: gnateaters and gnatpittas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamnophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a>: antbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grallariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grallariidae">Grallariidae</a>: antpittas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinocryptidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinocryptidae">Rhinocryptidae</a>: typical tapaculos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">Formicariidae</a>: antthrushes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnariidae">Furnariidae</a>: ovenbirds and woodcreepers</li></ul></li></ul></div> <p><b>Parvorder Tyrannida</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipridae">Pipridae</a>: manakins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotingidae">Cotingidae</a>: cotingas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityridae" title="Tityridae">Tityridae</a>: tityras and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannidae">Tyrannidae</a>: tyrant flycatchers</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suborder_Passeri_(oscines_or_songbirds)"><span id="Suborder_Passeri_.28oscines_or_songbirds.29"></span>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> (oscines or songbirds)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suborder Passeri (oscines or songbirds)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_stitchbird.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Male_stitchbird.JPG/220px-Male_stitchbird.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Male_stitchbird.JPG/220px-Male_stitchbird.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Male_stitchbird.JPG/330px-Male_stitchbird.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Male_stitchbird.JPG/440px-Male_stitchbird.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">stitchbird</a> or <i>hihi</i> (<i>Notiomystis cincta</i>) showing <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a> with honeyeaters</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrichornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrichornithidae">Atrichornithidae</a>: scrub-birds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Menuridae">Menuridae</a>: lyrebirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climacteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteridae">Climacteridae</a>: Australian treecreepers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a>: bowerbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">Maluridae</a>: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyornithidae">Dasyornithidae</a>: bristlebirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardalotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardalotidae">Pardalotidae</a>: pardalotes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthizidae" title="Acanthizidae">Acanthizidae</a>: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a>: honeyeaters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomatostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomatostomidae">Pomatostomidae</a>: pseudo-babblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonychidae" title="Orthonychidae">Orthonychidae</a>: logrunners</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg/220px-Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg/220px-Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Regent_bowerbird" title="Regent bowerbird">regent bowerbird</a> (<i>Sericulus chrysocephalus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a></b> – previously known as the parvorder <a href="/wiki/Corvida" title="Corvida">Corvida</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cracraft_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinclosomatidae" title="Cinclosomatidae">Cinclosomatidae</a>: jewel-babblers, quail-thrushes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campephagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campephagidae">Campephagidae</a>: cuckooshrikes and trillers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohouidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohouidae">Mohouidae</a>: whiteheads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neosittidae">Neosittidae</a>: sittellas</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Superfamily Orioloidea<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psophodidae" title="Psophodidae">Psophodidae</a>: whipbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulacestomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulacestomatidae">Eulacestomatidae</a>: wattled ploughbill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcunculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcunculidae">Falcunculidae</a>: shriketit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreoicidae" title="Oreoicidae">Oreoicidae</a>: Australo-Papuan bellbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramythiidae">Paramythiidae</a>: painted berrypeckers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vireonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vireonidae">Vireonidae</a>: vireos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachycephalidae" title="Pachycephalidae">Pachycephalidae</a>: whistlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriolidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriolidae">Oriolidae</a>: Old World orioles and figbirds</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Malaconotoidea" title="Malaconotoidea">Malaconotoidea</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldcrest_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Goldcrest_1.jpg/220px-Goldcrest_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="2102"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Goldcrest_1.jpg/220px-Goldcrest_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Goldcrest_1.jpg/330px-Goldcrest_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Goldcrest_1.jpg/440px-Goldcrest_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tiny <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest" title="Goldcrest">goldcrest</a> (<i>Regulus regulus</i>) belongs to a minor but highly distinct lineage of Passeri</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machaerirhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Machaerirhynchidae">Machaerirhynchidae</a>: boatbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae">Artamidae</a>: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs, and Australian magpie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagologidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagologidae">Rhagologidae</a>: mottled berryhunter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaconotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaconotidae">Malaconotidae</a>: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriaseidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityriaseidae">Pityriaseidae</a>: bristlehead</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegithinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegithinidae">Aegithinidae</a>: ioras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platysteiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platysteiridae">Platysteiridae</a>: wattle-eyes and batises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vangidae">Vangidae</a>: vangas</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Corvoidea" title="Corvoidea">Corvoidea</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhipiduridae" title="Rhipiduridae">Rhipiduridae</a>: fantails</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicruridae">Dicruridae</a>: drongos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchidae">Monarchidae</a>: monarch flycatchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifritidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifritidae">Ifritidae</a>: blue-capped ifrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradisaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisaeidae">Paradisaeidae</a>: birds-of-paradise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcoracidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoracidae">Corcoracidae</a>: white-winged chough and apostlebird</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melampittidae">Melampittidae</a>: melampittas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Laniidae">Laniidae</a>: shrikes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_jayshrike" title="Crested jayshrike">Platylophidae</a>: jayshrike</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>: crows, ravens, and jays</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg/220px-Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg/220px-Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg/330px-Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg/440px-Acrocephalus_dumetorum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reed_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed warbler">Reed warblers</a>, such as this <a href="/wiki/Blyth%27s_reed_warbler" title="Blyth's reed warbler">Blyth's reed warbler</a> (<i>Acrocephalus dumetorum</i>), are now in the <a href="/wiki/Acrocephalidae" title="Acrocephalidae">Acrocephalidae</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Passerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerides">Passerides</a></b> – previously known as the parvorder Passerida<sup id="cite_ref-Cracraft_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cnemophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnemophilidae">Cnemophilidae</a>: satinbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocharitidae" title="Melanocharitidae">Melanocharitidae</a>: berrypeckers and longbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaeidae" title="Callaeidae">Callaeidae</a>: New Zealand wattlebirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notiomystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Notiomystidae">Notiomystidae</a>: stitchbird</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroicidae">Petroicidae</a>: Australian robins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupetidae">Eupetidae</a>: rail-babbler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picathartidae">Picathartidae</a>: rockfowl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaetopidae">Chaetopidae</a>: rock-jumpers</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg/220px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg/220px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg/330px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg/440px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_blue_tit" title="Eurasian blue tit">Eurasian blue tit</a> (<i>Cyanistes caeruleus</i>) and its relatives stand well apart from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Sylvioidea" title="Sylvioidea">Sylvioidea</a> <i>sensu lato</i></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Parvorder Sylviida</b><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – previously known as the superfamily Sylviodea<sup id="cite_ref-Cracraft_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyliotidae">Hyliotidae</a>: hyliotas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenostiridae" title="Stenostiridae">Stenostiridae</a>: fairy flycatchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paridae">Paridae</a>: tits, chickadees and titmice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Remizidae">Remizidae</a>: penduline tits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panuridae">Panuridae</a>: bearded reedling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaudidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaudidae">Alaudidae</a>: larks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicatoridae">Nicatoridae</a>: nicators</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrosphenidae" title="Macrosphenidae">Macrosphenidae</a>: crombecs and African warblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisticolidae" title="Cisticolidae">Cisticolidae</a>: cisticolas and allies</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg/220px-Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="657"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg/220px-Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg/330px-Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg/440px-Brown-headed_Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_nuthatch" title="Brown-headed nuthatch">Brown-headed nuthatch</a> (<i>Sitta pusilla</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nuthatch" title="Nuthatch">nuthatches</a> can climb downwards head-first</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily Locustelloidea</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalidae" title="Acrocephalidae">Acrocephalidae</a>: reed warblers, Grauer's warbler and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locustellidae" title="Locustellidae">Locustellidae</a>: grassbirds and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donacobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Donacobiidae">Donacobiidae</a>: black-capped donacobius</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernieridae" title="Bernieridae">Bernieridae</a>: Malagasy warblers</li></ul></dd> <dd>— <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pnoepygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnoepygidae">Pnoepygidae</a>: wren-babblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirundinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirundinidae">Hirundinidae</a>: swallows and martins</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg/220px-Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg/220px-Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg/330px-Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg/440px-Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermit_thrush" title="Hermit thrush">Hermit thrush</a> (<i>Catharus guttatus</i>), like many <a href="/wiki/Muscicapoidea" title="Muscicapoidea">Muscicapoidea</a> a stout and <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> bird with complex vocalizations.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Sylvioidea" title="Sylvioidea">Sylvioidea</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pycnonotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnonotidae">Pycnonotidae</a>: bulbuls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylviidae" title="Sylviidae">Sylviidae</a>: sylviid babblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxornithidae">Paradoxornithidae</a>: parrotbills and myzornis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zosteropidae">Zosteropidae</a>: white-eyes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Timaliidae">Timaliidae</a>: tree babblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiothrichidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiothrichidae">Leiothrichidae</a>: laughingthrushes and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcippeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcippeidae">Alcippeidae</a>: Alcippe fulvettas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellorneidae" title="Pellorneidae">Pellorneidae</a>: ground babblers</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GouldianFinches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GouldianFinches.jpg/220px-GouldianFinches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GouldianFinches.jpg/220px-GouldianFinches.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GouldianFinches.jpg/330px-GouldianFinches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GouldianFinches.jpg/440px-GouldianFinches.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Like these male (right) and female <a href="/wiki/Gouldian_finch" title="Gouldian finch">Gouldian finches</a> (<i>Erythrura gouldiae</i>), many <a href="/wiki/Passeroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeroidea">Passeroidea</a> are very colorful</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily Aegithaloidea</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylloscopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloscopidae">Phylloscopidae</a>: leaf-warblers and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyliidae" title="Hyliidae">Hyliidae</a>: hylias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegithalidae" title="Aegithalidae">Aegithalidae</a>: long-tailed tits or bushtits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotocercidae">Scotocercidae</a>: streaked scrub warbler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cettiidae" title="Cettiidae">Cettiidae</a>: Cettia bush warblers and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocercidae">Erythrocercidae</a>: yellow flycatchers</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg/220px-Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg/220px-Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg/330px-Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg/440px-Hirundo_abyssinica.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lesser_striped_swallow" title="Lesser striped swallow">Lesser striped swallow</a> (<i>Cecropis abyssinica</i>), showing some <a href="/wiki/Apomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorph">apomorphies</a> of its ancient yet highly advanced lineage.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Muscicapida" title="Muscicapida">Muscicapida</a></b> – previously known as the superfamily Muscicapoidea<sup id="cite_ref-Cracraft_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Bombycilloidea" title="Bombycilloidea">Bombycilloidea</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulidae">Dulidae</a>: palmchat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombycillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombycillidae">Bombycillidae</a>: waxwings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptiliogonatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptiliogonatidae">Ptiliogonatidae</a>: silky flycatchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylocitreidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylocitreidae">Hylocitreidae</a>: hylocitrea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocoliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoliidae">Hypocoliidae</a>: hypocolius</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Mohoidae" title="Mohoidae">Mohoidae</a>: oos</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_(macho),_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria_blue_chaffinch" title="Gran Canaria blue chaffinch">Gran Canaria blue chaffinch</a> (male)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Muscicapoidea" title="Muscicapoidea">Muscicapoidea</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elachuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elachuridae">Elachuridae</a>: spotted elachura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinclidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinclidae">Cinclidae</a>: dippers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscicapidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscicapidae">Muscicapidae</a>: Old World flycatchers and chats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdidae">Turdidae</a>: thrushes and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Buphagidae">Buphagidae</a>: oxpeckers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturnidae">Sturnidae</a>: starlings and rhabdornis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimidae">Mimidae</a>: mockingbirds and thrashers</li></ul></dd> <dd>— <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulidae">Regulidae</a>: goldcrests and kinglets</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Certhioidea" title="Certhioidea">Certhioidea</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tichodromidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichodromidae">Tichodromidae</a>: wallcreeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sittidae">Sittidae</a>: nuthatches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certhiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Certhiidae">Certhiidae</a>: treecreepers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polioptilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polioptilidae">Polioptilidae</a>: gnatcatchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglodytidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytidae">Troglodytidae</a>: wrens</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Parvorder Passerida</b> – previously known as the superfamily Passeroidea<sup id="cite_ref-Cracraft_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promeropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Promeropidae">Promeropidae</a>: sugarbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulatricidae" title="Modulatricidae">Modulatricidae</a>: dapple-throat and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectariniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectariniidae">Nectariniidae</a>: sunbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicaeidae">Dicaeidae</a>: flowerpeckers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropseidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropseidae">Chloropseidae</a>: leafbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenidae">Irenidae</a>: fairy-bluebirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucedramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Peucedramidae">Peucedramidae</a>: olive warbler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urocynchramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Urocynchramidae">Urocynchramidae</a>: Przewalski's finch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploceidae" title="Ploceidae">Ploceidae</a>: weavers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a>: indigobirds and whydahs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildidae" title="Estrildidae">Estrildidae</a>: waxbills, munias and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prunellidae">Prunellidae</a>: accentors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passeridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeridae">Passeridae</a>: Old World sparrows and snowfinches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motacillidae" title="Motacillidae">Motacillidae</a>: wagtails and pipits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringillidae">Fringillidae</a>: finches and euphonias</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Superfamily Emberizoidea – previously known as the New World <a href="/wiki/Nine-primaried_oscines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-primaried oscines">nine-primaried oscines</a><sup id="cite_ref-barker2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barker2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodinocichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodinocichlidae">Rhodinocichlidae</a>: rosy thrush-tanager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcariidae" title="Calcariidae">Calcariidae</a>: longspurs and snow buntings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emberizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberizidae">Emberizidae</a>: buntings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinalidae" title="Cardinalidae">Cardinalidae</a>: cardinals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrospingidae" title="Mitrospingidae">Mitrospingidae</a>: mitrospingid tanagers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraupidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraupidae">Thraupidae</a>: tanagers and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerellidae">Passerellidae</a>: New World sparrows, bush tanagers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parulidae">Parulidae</a>: New World warblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icteriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteriidae">Icteriidae</a>: yellow-breasted chat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteridae">Icteridae</a>: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyptophilidae">Calyptophilidae</a>: chat-tanagers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeledoniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeledoniidae">Zeledoniidae</a>: wrenthrush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teretistridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Teretistridae">Teretistridae</a>: Cuban warblers<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesospingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesospingidae">Nesospingidae</a>: Puerto Rican tanager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindalidae">Spindalidae</a>: spindalises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaenicophilidae" title="Phaenicophilidae">Phaenicophilidae</a>: Hispaniolan tanagers</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phylogeny" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Relationships between living Passeriformes families based on the phylogenetic analysis of Oliveros et al (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some terminals have been renamed to reflect families recognised by the IOC but not in that study.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOC families <a href="/wiki/Alcippeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcippeidae">Alcippeidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teretistridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Teretistridae">Teretistridae</a> were not sampled in this study. </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Passeriformes</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acanthisittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisittidae">Acanthisittidae</a> (New Zealand wrens) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eupasseres" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupasseres">Eupasseres</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eurylaimides" title="Eurylaimides">Eurylaimides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurylaimidae" title="Eurylaimidae">Eurylaimidae</a> (eurylaimid broadbills) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Philepittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philepittidae">Philepittidae</a> (asites) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Calyptomenidae" title="Calyptomenidae">Calyptomenidae</a> (African and green broadbills) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittidae">Pittidae</a> (pittas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sapayoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapayoidae">Sapayoidae</a> (sapayoa) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannides" title="Tyrannides">Tyrannides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Furnariida" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnariida">Furnariida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Melanopareiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanopareiidae">Melanopareiidae</a> (crescent chests) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Conopophagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Conopophagidae">Conopophagidae</a> (gnateaters) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thamnophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a> (antbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Grallariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grallariidae">Grallariidae</a> (antpittas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhinocryptidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinocryptidae">Rhinocryptidae</a> (tapaculos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">Formicariidae</a> (antthrushes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scleruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scleruridae">Scleruridae</a> (leaftossers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dendrocolaptidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrocolaptidae">Dendrocolaptidae</a> (woodcreepers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Furnariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnariidae">Furnariidae</a> (ovenbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannida">Tyrannida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pipridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipridae">Pipridae</a> (manakins) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cotingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotingidae">Cotingidae</a> (cotingas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tityridae" title="Tityridae">Tityridae</a> (tityras, becards) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Onychorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Onychorhynchidae">Onychorhynchidae</a> (royal flycatchers & allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxyruncidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyruncidae">Oxyruncidae</a> (sharpbill) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pipritidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipritidae">Pipritidae</a> (piprites) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platyrinchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyrinchidae">Platyrinchidae</a> (spadebills) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tachurididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachurididae">Tachurididae</a> (many-coloured rush tyrant) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tyrant_flycatcher" title="Tyrant flycatcher">Rhynchocyclidae</a> (mionectine flycatchers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tyrannidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannidae">Tyrannidae</a> (tyrant flycatchers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeri">Passeri</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menurida (page does not exist)">Menurida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Menuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Menuridae">Menuridae</a> (lyrebirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Atrichornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrichornithidae">Atrichornithidae</a> (scrubbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climacterida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climacterida (page does not exist)">Climacterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Climacteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteridae">Climacteridae</a> (Australian treecreepers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a> (bowerbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meliphagida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meliphagida (page does not exist)">Meliphagida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">Maluridae</a> (Australasian wrens) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dasyornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyornithidae">Dasyornithidae</a> (bristlebirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a> (honeyeaters) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acanthizidae" title="Acanthizidae">Acanthizidae</a> (Australasian warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pardalotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardalotidae">Pardalotidae</a> (pardalotes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthonychida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthonychida (page does not exist)">Orthonychida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Orthonychidae" title="Orthonychidae">Orthonychidae</a> (logrunners) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pomatostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomatostomidae">Pomatostomidae</a> (Australasian babblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cinclosomatidae" title="Cinclosomatidae">Cinclosomatidae</a> (quail-thrushes, jewel-babblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Campephagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campephagidae">Campephagidae</a> (cuckooshrikes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohouidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohouidae">Mohouidae</a> (whitehead & allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neosittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neosittidae">Neosittidae</a> (sittellas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orioloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orioloidea (page does not exist)">Orioloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psophodidae" title="Psophodidae">Psophodidae</a> (whipbirds & allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eulacestomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulacestomidae">Eulacestomidae</a> (ploughbill) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Falcunculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcunculidae">Falcunculidae</a> (shriketits) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oreoicidae" title="Oreoicidae">Oreoicidae</a> (Australo-Papuan bellbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paramythiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramythiidae">Paramythiidae</a> (painted berrypickers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vireonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vireonidae">Vireonidae</a> (vireos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oriolidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriolidae">Oriolidae</a> (orioles, figbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pachycephalidae" title="Pachycephalidae">Pachycephalidae</a> (whistlers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Malaconotoidea" title="Malaconotoidea">Malaconotoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Machaerirhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Machaerirhynchidae">Machaerirhynchidae</a> (boatbills) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae">Artamidae</a> (woodswallows, butcherbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhagologidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagologidae">Rhagologidae</a> (mottled berryhunter) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaconotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaconotidae">Malaconotidae</a> (bush-shrikes, puffbacks) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aegithinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegithinidae">Aegithinidae</a> (ioras) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pityriaseidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityriaseidae">Pityriaseidae</a> (bristlehead) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platysteiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platysteiridae">Platysteiridae</a> (wattle-eyes, batsies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vangidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vangidae">Vangidae</a> (vangas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Corvoidea" title="Corvoidea">Corvoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhipiduridae" title="Rhipiduridae">Rhipiduridae</a> (fantails) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dicruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicruridae">Dicruridae</a> (drongos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchidae">Monarchidae</a> (monarchs) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ifritidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifritidae">Ifritidae</a> (ifrit) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paradisaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisaeidae">Paradisaeidae</a> (birds-of-paradise) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Corcoracidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoracidae">Corcoracidae</a> (Australian mudnesters) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Melampittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melampittidae">Melampittidae</a> (melampittas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a> (crows, jays) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Laniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Laniidae">Laniidae</a> (shrikes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platylophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platylophidae">Platylophidae</a> (crested jay) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerides">Passerides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cnemophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnemophilidae">Cnemophilidae</a> (satinbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Melanocharitidae" title="Melanocharitidae">Melanocharitidae</a> (berrypeckers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Callaeidae" title="Callaeidae">Callaeidae</a> (New Zealand wattlebirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Notiomystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Notiomystidae">Notiomystidae</a> (stitchbird) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Petroicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroicidae">Petroicidae</a> (Australian robins) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eupetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupetidae">Eupetidae</a> (rail-babbler) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaetopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaetopidae">Chaetopidae</a> (rock-jumpers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Picathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picathartidae">Picathartidae</a> (rockfowl) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylviida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylviida (page does not exist)">Sylviida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyliotidae">Hyliotidae</a> (hyliotas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Stenostiridae" title="Stenostiridae">Stenostiridae</a> (crested flycatchers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paridae">Paridae</a> (tits, chickadees) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Remizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Remizidae">Remizidae</a> (penduline tits) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alaudidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaudidae">Alaudidae</a> (larks) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panuridae">Panuridae</a> (bearded reedling) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicatoridae">Nicatoridae</a> (nicators) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Macrosphenidae" title="Macrosphenidae">Macrosphenidae</a> (crombecs, African warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cisticolidae" title="Cisticolidae">Cisticolidae</a> (cisticolas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locustelloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locustelloidea (page does not exist)">Locustelloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalidae" title="Acrocephalidae">Acrocephalidae</a> (acrocephalid warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Graueriidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graueriidae (page does not exist)">Graueriidae</a>" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Locustellidae" title="Locustellidae">Locustellidae</a> (grassbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernieridae" title="Bernieridae">Bernieridae</a> (Malagasy warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Donacobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Donacobiidae">Donacobiidae</a> (donacobius) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hirundinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirundinidae">Hirundinidae</a> (martins, swallows) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pnoepygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnoepygidae">Pnoepygidae</a> (wren warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegithaloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aegithaloidea (page does not exist)">Aegithaloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phylloscopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloscopidae">Phylloscopidae</a> (leaf-warblers and allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyliidae" title="Hyliidae">Hyliidae</a> (hylias) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aegithalidae" title="Aegithalidae">Aegithalidae</a> (long-tailed tits or bushtits) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Erythrocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocercidae">Erythrocercidae</a> (yellow flycatchers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cettiidae" title="Cettiidae">Cettiidae</a> (Cettia bush warblers and allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scotocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotocercidae">Scotocercidae</a> (streaked scrub warbler) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sylvioidea" title="Sylvioidea">Sylvioidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pycnonotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnonotidae">Pycnonotidae</a> (bulbuls) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paradoxornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxornithidae">Paradoxornithidae</a> (parrotbills, fulvettas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sylviidae" title="Sylviidae">Sylviidae</a> (typical warblers, sylviid babblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zosteropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zosteropidae">Zosteropidae</a> (white-eyes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Timaliidae">Timaliidae</a> (babblers, tit-babblers, scimitar bablers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leiothrichidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiothrichidae">Leiothrichidae</a> (laughingthrushes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pellorneidae" title="Pellorneidae">Pellorneidae</a> (fulvettas, ground babblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Muscicapida" title="Muscicapida">Muscicapida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Bombycilloidea" title="Bombycilloidea">Bombycilloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulidae">Dulidae</a> (palmchat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bombycillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombycillidae">Bombycillidae</a> (waxwings) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptiliogonatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptiliogonatidae">Ptiliogonatidae</a> (silky-flycatchers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hylocitreidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylocitreidae">Hylocitreidae</a> (hylocitrea) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hypocoliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoliidae">Hypocoliidae</a> (hypocolius) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohoidae" title="Mohoidae">Mohoidae</a> (Hawaiian honeyeaters) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Muscicapoidea" title="Muscicapoidea">Muscicapoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Elachuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elachuridae">Elachuridae</a> (elechura) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cinclidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinclidae">Cinclidae</a> (dippers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Muscicapidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscicapidae">Muscicapidae</a> (Old World flycatchers, chats) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Turdidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdidae">Turdidae</a> (thrushes) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Buphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Buphagidae">Buphagidae</a> (oxpeckers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimidae">Mimidae</a> (mockingbirds, thrashers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sturnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturnidae">Sturnidae</a> (starlings, mynas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Reguloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Reguloidea">Reguloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Regulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulidae">Regulidae</a> (kinglets) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Certhioidea" title="Certhioidea">Certhioidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tichodromidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichodromidae">Tichodromidae</a> (wallcreeper) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sittidae">Sittidae</a> (nuthatches) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Certhiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Certhiidae">Certhiidae</a> (treecreepers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Salpornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpornithidae">Salpornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polioptilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polioptilidae">Polioptilidae</a> (gnatcatchers, gnatwrens) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Troglodytidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytidae">Troglodytidae</a> (wrens) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Modulatricidae" title="Modulatricidae">Modulatricidae</a> (dapple-throat & allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Promeropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Promeropidae">Promeropidae</a> (sugarbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dicaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicaeidae">Dicaeidae</a> (flowerpeckers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nectariniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectariniidae">Nectariniidae</a> (sunbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloropseidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropseidae">Chloropseidae</a> (leafbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Irenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenidae">Irenidae</a> (fairy bluebirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peucedramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Peucedramidae">Peucedramidae</a> (olive warbler) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Urocynchramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Urocynchramidae">Urocynchramidae</a> (Przevalski's finch) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Phoceoidea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ploceidae" title="Ploceidae">Ploceidae</a> (weavers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Estrildidae" title="Estrildidae">Estrildidae</a> (estrildid finches) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a> (indigobirds, whydals) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prunellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prunellidae">Prunellidae</a> (accentors) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passeridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeridae">Passeridae</a> (sparrows) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Motacillidae" title="Motacillidae">Motacillidae</a> (wagtails, pipits) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fringillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringillidae">Fringillidae</a> (finches, euphonias) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Emberizoidea" title="Emberizoidea">Emberizoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhodinocichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodinocichlidae">Rhodinocichlidae</a> (thrush-tanager) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Calcariidae" title="Calcariidae">Calcariidae</a> (longspurs, snow buntings) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Emberizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberizidae">Emberizidae</a> (buntings) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cardinalidae" title="Cardinalidae">Cardinalidae</a> (cardinal grosbeaks) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitrospingidae" title="Mitrospingidae">Mitrospingidae</a> (mitrosingus & allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thraupidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraupidae">Thraupidae</a> (tanagers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passerellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerellidae">Passerellidae</a> (American sparrows) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Parulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parulidae">Parulidae</a> (wood warblers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Icteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteridae">Icteridae</a> (New World blackbirds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Icteriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteriidae">Icteriidae</a> (yellow-breasted chat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Calyptophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyptophilidae">Calyptophilidae</a> (chat-tanagers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zeledoniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeledoniidae">Zeledoniidae</a> (wrenthrush) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phaenicophilidae" title="Phaenicophilidae">Phaenicophilidae</a> (Hispaniolan tanagers and allies) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nesospingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesospingidae">Nesospingidae</a> (Puerto Rican tanager) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spindalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindalidae">Spindalidae</a> (spindalises) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wren</a> has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and New Zealand. The 27 <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a> "wren" species in the family <a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">Maluridae</a> are unrelated, as are the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wren" title="New Zealand wren">New Zealand wrens</a> in the family Acanthisittidae; the antwrens in the family <a href="/wiki/Thamnophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a>; and the wren-babblers of the families <a href="/wiki/Timaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Timaliidae">Timaliidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pellorneidae" title="Pellorneidae">Pellorneidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pnoepygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnoepygidae">Pnoepygidae</a>. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-barker04_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barker04-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specimen <a href="/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senckenberg Museum">SMF</a> Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10 cm long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to <a href="/wiki/Cotingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotingidae">Cotingidae</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Eurylaimides" title="Eurylaimides">Eurylaimides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayr06_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr06-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specimens <a href="/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senckenberg Museum">SMF</a> Av 487–496; <a href="/wiki/SMNS" class="mw-redirect" title="SMNS">SMNS</a> 86822, 86825-86826; <a href="/wiki/MNHN" class="mw-redirect" title="MNHN">MNHN</a> SA 1259–1263: <a href="/wiki/Tibiotarsus" title="Tibiotarsus">tibiotarsus</a> remains of small, possibly basal Passeriformes.<sup id="cite_ref-manegold04_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manegold04-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A partial <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a> of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly <a href="/wiki/Turdidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdidae">Turdidae</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibiotarsus" title="Tibiotarsus">tibiotarsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a> of a smallish to mid-sized passerine that may be the same as the preceding; <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> and tarsometatarsus of a <a href="/wiki/Paridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paridae">Paridae</a>-sized passerine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaphysis" title="Diaphysis">diaphysis</a> piece of a swallow-sized passerine.<sup id="cite_ref-hir01_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hir01-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Distal right <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, possibly suboscine.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliveros et al (2019) use the list of families published by Dickinson and Christidis in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliveros et al include 8 families that are not included on the IOC list. These are not shown here. By contrast, the IOC list includes 15 families that are not present in Dickinson and Christidis. In 13 of these cases, the position of the additional family in the taxonomic order can be determined from the species included by Oliveros and colleagues in their analysis. No species in the families <a href="/wiki/Alcippeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcippeidae">Alcippeidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teretistridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Teretistridae">Teretistridae</a> were sampled by Oliveros et al so their position is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order of the families within the superfamily Orioloidea is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order of the families within the superfamily Malaconotoidea is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order of the families within the superfamily Corvoidea is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The taxonomic sequence of the superfamilies Locustelloidea, Sylvioidea and Aegithaloidea is uncertain, although the order of the families within each of the superfamilies is well determined.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The order of some of the families within the superfamily Emberizoidea is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The family <a href="/wiki/Teretistridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Teretistridae">Teretistridae</a> (Cuban warblers) is tentatively placed here. The family was not included in the analysis published by Oliveros et al (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-oliveros_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickinson and Christidis (2014) considered the genus <i>Teretistris</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker et al (2013) found that Teretistridae is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Zeledoniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeledoniidae">Zeledoniidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barker2013_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barker2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/classification/family-index/">"Family Index"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 10.1</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+Version+10.1&rft.atitle=Family+Index&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fclassification%2Ffamily-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ericson2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ericson2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ericson2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ericson, P.G.P. et al. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03121.x">Evolution, biogeography, and patterns of diversification in passerine birds</a>. <i>J. Avian Biol</i>, 34:3–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selvatti2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvatti2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Selvatti, A.P. et al. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790315000810#b0175">"A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>, 88:1–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerBarrowcloughGroth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690884">"A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>269</b> (1488): 295–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883">10.1098/rspb.2001.1883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690884">1690884</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839199">11839199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+hypothesis+for+passerine+birds%3A+Taxonomic+and+biogeographic+implications+of+an+analysis+of+nuclear+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=1488&rft.pages=295-308&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11839199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=F.+Keith&rft.au=Barrowclough%2C+George+F.&rft.au=Groth%2C+Jeff+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ericson2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ericson2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ericson2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricsonChristidisCooperIrestedt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ericson, P.G.; Christidis, L.; Cooper, A.; Irestedt, M.; Jackson, J.; Johansson, U.S.; Norman, J.A. (7 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690883">"A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>269</b> (1488): 235–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1877">10.1098/rspb.2001.1877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690883">1690883</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839192">11839192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=A+Gondwanan+origin+of+passerine+birds+supported+by+DNA+sequences+of+the+endemic+New+Zealand+wrens&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=1488&rft.pages=235-241&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690883%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11839192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1877&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.aufirst=P.G.&rft.au=Christidis%2C+L.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+A.&rft.au=Irestedt%2C+M.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+J.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+U.S.&rft.au=Norman%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaramuntCracraft2015" class="citation journal cs1">Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849">"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>1</b> (11): e1501005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E1005C">2015SciA....1E1005C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501005">10.1126/sciadv.1501005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849">4730849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26824065">26824065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+new+time+tree+reveals+Earth+history%27s+imprint+on+the+evolution+of+modern+birds&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1501005&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4730849%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26824065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E1005C&rft.aulast=Claramunt&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cracraft%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4730849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Sankar (2015). <i>The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution</i>. JHU Press. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421415901" title="Special:BookSources/9781421415901"><bdi>9781421415901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Birds%3A+225+Million+Years+of+Evolution&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781421415901&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Sankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Lyrebirds (Menuridae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.menuri1.01">https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.menuri1.01</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madge, S. (2020). Thick-billed Raven (Corvus crassirostris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.thbrav1.01">https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.thbrav1.01</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clock, B. (2020). Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant (Myiornis ecaudatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stptyr1.01">https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stptyr1.01</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Stefoff, Rebecca (2008). <i>The Bird Class</i>. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761426936" title="Special:BookSources/9780761426936"><bdi>9780761426936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bird+Class&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780761426936&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, Michael and Birkhead, Tim (1991) <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology</i>, Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521362059" title="Special:BookSources/0521362059">0521362059</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, D. (2008) "Flight of fancy". <i>Australian Geographic</i>, (89), 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaramuntDerryberryBrumfieldRemsen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Claramunt, Santiago; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Brumfield, Robb T.; Remsen, J. V. (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/664998">"Ecological Opportunity and Diversification in a Continental Radiation of Birds: Climbing Adaptations and Cladogenesis in the Furnariidae"</a>. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>179</b> (5): 649–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F664998">10.1086/664998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22504546">22504546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205998536">205998536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Ecological+Opportunity+and+Diversification+in+a+Continental+Radiation+of+Birds%3A+Climbing+Adaptations+and+Cladogenesis+in+the+Furnariidae&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=649-666&rft.date=2012-05&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205998536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22504546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F664998&rft.aulast=Claramunt&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft.au=Derryberry%2C+Elizabeth+P.&rft.au=Brumfield%2C+Robb+T.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F664998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barker04-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barker04_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F.K. (2004). "Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 486–504. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MolPE..31..486B">2004MolPE..31..486B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.08.005">10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15062790">15062790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Monophyly+and+relationships+of+wrens+%28Aves%3A+Troglodytidae%29%3A+a+congruence+analysis+of+heterogeneous+mitochondrial+and+nuclear+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=486-504&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15062790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.08.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MolPE..31..486B&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=F.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykeVan_Tuinen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dyke, Gareth J.; Van Tuinen, Marcel (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2004.00118.x">"The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): Reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>141</b> (2): 153–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2004.00118.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00118.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+radiation+of+modern+birds+%28Neornithes%29%3A+Reconciling+molecules%2C+morphology+and+the+fossil+record&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-177&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2004.00118.x&rft.aulast=Dyke&rft.aufirst=Gareth+J.&rft.au=Van+Tuinen%2C+Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1096-3642.2004.00118.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boles97-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boles97_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boles97_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoles,_Walter_E.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boles, Walter E. (1997). "Fossil songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia". <i><a href="/wiki/Emu_(journal)" title="Emu (journal)">Emu</a></i>. <b>97</b> (1): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EmuAO..97...43B">1997EmuAO..97...43B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU97004">10.1071/MU97004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emu&rft.atitle=Fossil+songbirds+%28Passeriformes%29+from+the+Early+Eocene+of+Australia&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FMU97004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EmuAO..97...43B&rft.au=Boles%2C+Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manegold04-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manegold04_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manegold04_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manegold04_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManegold,_AlbrechtMayr,_GeraldMourer-Chauviré,_Cécile2004" class="citation journal cs1">Manegold, Albrecht; Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1155%3AMSATCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Auk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a></i>. <b>121</b> (4): 1155–1160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1155%3AMSATCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73668280">73668280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=Miocene+Songbirds+and+the+Composition+of+the+European+Passeriform+Avifauna&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1155-1160&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B1155%3AMSATCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73668280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Manegold%2C+Albrecht&rft.au=Mayr%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Mourer-Chauvir%C3%A9%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1642%252F0004-8038%25282004%2529121%255B1155%253AMSATCO%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayr06-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayr06_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayr06_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayr06_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrManegold2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1650%2F0010-5422%282006%29108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>. <b>108</b> (3): 717–720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1650%2F0010-5422%282006%29108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=A+Small+Suboscine-like+Passeriform+Bird+from+the+Early+Oligocene+of+France&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=717-720&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1650%2F0010-5422%282006%29108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Manegold%2C+Albrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1650%252F0010-5422%25282006%2529108%255B717%253AASSPBF%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, G (2013). "The age of the crown group of passerine birds and its evolutionary significance–molecular calibrations versus the fossil record". <i>Systematics and Biodiversity</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 7–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SyBio..11....7M">2013SyBio..11....7M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772000.2013.765521">10.1080/14772000.2013.765521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85167051">85167051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+crown+group+of+passerine+birds+and+its+evolutionary+significance%E2%80%93molecular+calibrations+versus+the+fossil+record&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85167051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772000.2013.765521&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SyBio..11....7M&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bochenski, Z.M., Tomek, T., Bujoczek, M. (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0#citeas">A new passeriform (Aves: Passeriformes) from the early Oligocene of Poland sheds light on the beginnings of Suboscines</a>. <i>J Ornithol</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowi-MerriGjevoriBochenskiWertz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lowi-Merri, Talia M.; Gjevori, Martina; Bochenski, Zbigniew M.; Wertz, Krzysztof; Claramunt, Santiago (31 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086">"Total-evidence dating and the phylogenetic affinities of early fossil passerines"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i>. <b>22</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JSPal..2256086L">2024JSPal..2256086L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2024.2356086">10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019">1477-2019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Total-evidence+dating+and+the+phylogenetic+affinities+of+early+fossil+passerines&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-12-31&rft.issn=1477-2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2024.2356086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024JSPal..2256086L&rft.aulast=Lowi-Merri&rft.aufirst=Talia+M.&rft.au=Gjevori%2C+Martina&rft.au=Bochenski%2C+Zbigniew+M.&rft.au=Wertz%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Claramunt%2C+Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2024.2356086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthy,_Trevor_H.Tennyson,_A.J.D.Jones,_C.McNamara,_J.A.2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Worthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor H. Worthy">Worthy, Trevor H.</a>; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology" title="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JSPal...5....1W">2007JSPal...5....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201906001957">10.1017/S1477201906001957</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F43360">2440/43360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85230857">85230857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Miocene+waterfowl+and+other+birds+from+central+Otago%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F43360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85230857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1477201906001957&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JSPal...5....1W&rft.au=Worthy%2C+Trevor+H.&rft.au=Tennyson%2C+A.J.D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+C.&rft.au=McNamara%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux2002" class="citation journal cs1">Roux, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/58077/CS_2002_6_38.pdf?sequence=1">"Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon"</a> [Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon</i>. <b>6</b>: 38–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Courrier+Scientifique+du+Parc+Naturel+R%C3%A9gional+du+Luberon&rft.atitle=Deux+fossiles+d%27oiseaux+de+l%27Oligoc%C3%A8ne+inf%C3%A9rieur+du+Luberon&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=38-57&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.irevues.inist.fr%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2042%2F58077%2FCS_2002_6_38.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugueney,_MargueriteBerthet,_DidierBodergat,_Anne-MarieEscuillié,_François2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne, Aurélia (2003). "La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)" [The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)]. <i><a href="/wiki/Geobios" title="Geobios">Geobios</a></i>. <b>36</b> (6): 719–731. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geobi..36..719H">2003Geobi..36..719H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2003.01.002">10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geobios&rft.atitle=La+limite+Oligoc%C3%A8ne-Mioc%C3%A8ne+en+Limagne%3A+changements+fauniques+chez+les+mammif%C3%A8res%2C+oiseaux+et+ostracodes+des+diff%C3%A9rents+niveaux+de+Billy-Cr%C3%A9chy+%28Allier%2C+France%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=719-731&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2003.01.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Geobi..36..719H&rft.au=Hugueney%2C+Marguerite&rft.au=Berthet%2C+Didier&rft.au=Bodergat%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Escuilli%C3%A9%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Mourer-Chauvir%C3%A9%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Wattinne%2C+Aur%C3%A9lia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGál,_ErikaHír,_JánosKessler,_EugénKókay,_József1998–99" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99). "Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely" [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. <i>Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis</i>. <b>23</b>: 33–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Historico+Naturalia+Musei+Matraensis&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6z%C3%A9ps%C3%B5-mioc%C3%A9n+%C3%B5smaradv%C3%A1nyok%2C+a+M%C3%A1trasz%C3%B5l%C3%B5s%2C+R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi-k%C3%A1polna+alatti+%C3%BAtbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1sb%C3%B3l.+I.+A+M%C3%A1trasz%C3%B5l%C3%B5s+1.+lel%C3%B5hely&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=33-78&rft.date=1998%2F1999&rft.au=G%C3%A1l%2C+Erika&rft.au=H%C3%ADr%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Eug%C3%A9n&rft.au=K%C3%B3kay%2C+J%C3%B3zsef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGál,_ErikaHír,_JánosKessler,_EugénKókay,_József2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén; Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel (2000). "Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely" [Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2]. <i>Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis</i>. <b>24</b>: 39–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Historico+Naturalia+Musei+Matraensis&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6z%C3%A9ps%C3%B5-mioc%C3%A9n+%C3%B5smaradv%C3%A1nyok+a+M%C3%A1trasz%C3%B5l%C3%B5s%2C+R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi-k%C3%A1polna+alatti+%C3%BAtbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1sb%C3%B3l+II.+A+M%C3%A1trasz%C3%B5l%C3%B5s+2.+lel%C3%B5hely&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=39-75&rft.date=2000&rft.au=G%C3%A1l%2C+Erika&rft.au=H%C3%ADr%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Eug%C3%A9n&rft.au=K%C3%B3kay%2C+J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=M%C3%A1rton%2C+Venczel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hir01-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hir01_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hir01_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHírKókayVenczelGál2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika & GKessler, Eugén (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adatbank.transindex.ro/vendeg/htmlk/pdf6928.pdf">"Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról"</a> [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis</i>. <b>25</b>: 41–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316054055/http://adatbank.transindex.ro/vendeg/htmlk/pdf6928.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Historico+Naturalia+Musei+Matraensis&rft.atitle=El%C3%B5zetes+besz%C3%A1mol%C3%B3+a+fels%C3%B5t%C3%A1rk%C3%A1nyi+%22G%C3%BCd%C3%B6r-kert%22+n.+%C3%B5sl%C3%A9nytani+lel%C3%B5helykomplex+%C3%BAjravizsg%C3%A1lat%C3%A1r%C3%B3l&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=41-64&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=H%C3%ADr&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=K%C3%B3kay%2C+J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=Venczel%2C+M%C3%A1rton&rft.au=G%C3%A1l%2C+Erika&rft.au=GKessler%2C+Eug%C3%A9n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadatbank.transindex.ro%2Fvendeg%2Fhtmlk%2Fpdf6928.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoriega,_Jorge_I.Chiappe,_Luis_M.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqDVeF8W8OkC">"El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados"</a> [The most ancient passerine from South America]. <i>Ameghiniana</i>. <b>28</b> (3–4): 410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ameghiniana&rft.atitle=El+m%C3%A1s+antiguo+Passeriformes+de+America+del+Sur.+Presentation+at+VIII+Journadas+Argentinas+de+Paleontologia+de+Vertebrados&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=410&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Noriega%2C+Jorge+I.&rft.au=Chiappe%2C+Luis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqDVeF8W8OkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoriega,_Jorge_I.Chiappe,_Luis_M.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf">"An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Auk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a></i>. <b>110</b> (4): 936–938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4088653">10.2307/4088653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088653">4088653</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222943/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=An+Early+Miocene+Passeriform+from+Argentina&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=936-938&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4088653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4088653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Noriega%2C+Jorge+I.&rft.au=Chiappe%2C+Luis+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv110n04%2Fp0936-p0938.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliveros-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliveros_37-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveros2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475423">"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>116</b> (16): 7916–7925. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.7916O">2019PNAS..116.7916O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1813206116">10.1073/pnas.1813206116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475423">6475423</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936315">30936315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Earth+history+and+the+passerine+superradiation&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=7916-7925&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6475423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30936315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1813206116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..116.7916O&rft.aulast=Oliveros&rft.aufirst=C.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6475423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one of the most singular birds alive today. Good photos of a bearded reedling are for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043808/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg">Archived</a> 16 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080731170412/http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg">Archived</a> 31 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonChristidis2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson" title="Edward C. Dickinson">Dickinson, E.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Christidis" title="Leslie Christidis">Christidis, L.</a>, eds. (2014). <i>The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World</i>. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9568611-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howard+%26+Moore+Complete+Checklist+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+UK&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Aves+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cracraft-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cracraft_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cracraft_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cracraft_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cracraft_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cracraft_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracraft2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cracraft, Joel (2014). "Avian higher-level relationships and classification: passeriformes". In <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson" title="Edward C. Dickinson">Dickinson, E.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Christidis" title="Leslie Christidis">Christidis, L.</a> (eds.). <i>The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World</i>. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. xvii-xxxiii [xxiv]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9568611-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avian+higher-level+relationships+and+classification%3A+passeriformes&rft.btitle=The+Howard+%26+Moore+Complete+Checklist+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+UK&rft.pages=xvii-xxxiii+xxiv&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Aves+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2&rft.aulast=Cracraft&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barker2013-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barker2013_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barker2013_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerBurnsKlickaLanyon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsys094">"Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 298–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsys094">10.1093/sysbio/sys094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229025">23229025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Going+to+extremes%3A+contrasting+rates+of+diversification+in+a+recent+radiation+of+New+World+passerine+birds&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-320&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsys094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23229025&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=F.K.&rft.au=Burns%2C+K.J.&rft.au=Klicka%2C+J.&rft.au=Lanyon%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Lovette%2C+I.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsysbio%252Fsys094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonChristidis2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson" title="Edward C. Dickinson">Dickinson, E.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Christidis" title="Leslie Christidis">Christidis, L.</a>, eds. (2014). <i>The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World</i>. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9568611-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howard+%26+Moore+Complete+Checklist+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+UK&rft.pages=358&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Aves+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban & Sundberg, Per (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian super-family Sylvioidea". <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>. <b>38</b> (2): 381–397. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MolPE..38..381A">2006MolPE..38..381A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.05.015">10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054402">16054402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+classification+of+the+avian+super-family+Sylvioidea&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-397&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16054402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.05.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MolPE..38..381A&rft.au=Alstr%C3%B6m%2C+Per&rft.au=Ericson%2C+Per+G.P.&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Urban&rft.au=Sundberg%2C+Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511162056/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf">"A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>269</b> (1488): 295–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883">10.1098/rspb.2001.1883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690884">1690884</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839199">11839199</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+hypothesis+for+passerine+birds%3A+taxonomic+and+biogeographic+implications+of+an+analysis+of+nuclear+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=1488&rft.pages=295-308&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1690884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11839199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1883&rft.au=Barker%2C+F.+Keith&rft.au=Barrowclough%2C+George+F.&rft.au=Groth%2C+Jeff+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.umn.edu%2F~barke042%2Fpdfs%2FBarker.et.al02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503738">"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</a></i>. <b>101</b> (30): 11040–11045. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10111040B">2004PNAS..10111040B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401892101">10.1073/pnas.0401892101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503738">503738</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15263073">15263073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+diversification+of+the+largest+avian+radiation&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=11040-11045&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC503738%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15263073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401892101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10111040B&rft.au=Barker%2C+F.+Keith&rft.au=Cibois%2C+Alice&rft.au=Schikler%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Julie&rft.au=Cracraft%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC503738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1">Supporting information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625211611/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1">Archived</a> 25 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599865">"African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>272</b> (1565): 849–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2997">10.1098/rspb.2004.2997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599865">1599865</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15888418">15888418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=African+endemics+span+the+tree+of+songbirds+%28Passeri%29%3A+molecular+systematics+of+several+evolutionary+%27enigmas%27&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=1565&rft.pages=849-858&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1599865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15888418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2997&rft.au=Beresford%2C+P.&rft.au=Barker%2C+F.K.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Crowe%2C+T.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1599865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001). "An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data". <i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(journal)" title="Evolution (journal)">Evolution</a></i>. <b>55</b> (6): 1198–1206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1554%2F0014-3820%282001%29055%5B1198%3AAEROMS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11475055">11475055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23065097">23065097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=An+endemic+radiation+of+Malagasy+songbirds+is+revealed+by+mitochondrial+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1198-1206&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23065097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11475055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F0014-3820%282001%29055%5B1198%3AAEROMS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.au=Cibois%2C+Alice&rft.au=Slikas%2C+Beth&rft.au=Schulenberg%2C+Thomas+S.&rft.au=Pasquet%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ericson, Per G.P. & Johansson, Ulf S. (2003). "Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data". <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 126–138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MolPE..29..126E">2003MolPE..29..126E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900067-8">10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00067-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12967614">12967614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+Passerida+%28Aves%3A+Passeriformes%29+based+on+nuclear+and+mitochondrial+sequence+data&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-138&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12967614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900067-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003MolPE..29..126E&rft.au=Ericson%2C+Per+G.P.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Ulf+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf">"Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Avian_Biology" title="Journal of Avian Biology">Journal of Avian Biology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (2): 185–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-048X.2003.03103.x">10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524091610/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520%26%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+support+for+a+sister+group+relationship+between+Pici+and+Galbulae+%28Piciformes+sensu+Wetmore+1960%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-197&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-048X.2003.03103.x&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Ulf+S.&rft.au=Ericson%2C+Per+G.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrm.se%2Fdownload%2F18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325%2FJohansson%252520%26%252520Ericson%252520-%252520Piciformes%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". <i><a href="/wiki/Zoologica_Scripta" title="Zoologica Scripta">Zoologica Scripta</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): 149–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2006.00221.x">10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85317440">85317440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologica+Scripta&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+supertree+of+oscine+passerine+birds+%28Aves%3A+Passeri%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-186&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2006.00221.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85317440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=J%C3%B8nsson%2C+Knud+A.&rft.au=Fjelds%C3%A5%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lovette, Irby J. & Bermingham, Eldredge (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a026255">"<i>c-mos</i> Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a></i>. <b>17</b> (10): 1569–1577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a026255">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11018162">11018162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=c-mos+Variation+in+Songbirds%3A+Molecular+Evolution%2C+Phylogenetic+Implications%2C+and+Comparisons+with+Mitochondrial+Differentiation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1569-1577&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a026255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11018162&rft.au=Lovette%2C+Irby+J.&rft.au=Bermingham%2C+Eldredge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.molbev.a026255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mayr, Gerald (2016). <i>Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02076-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02076-9"><bdi>978-1-119-02076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avian+evolution%3A+the+fossil+record+of+birds+and+its+paleobiological+significance&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-119-02076-9&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Raikow, Robert J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/99/3/431/5191643">"Monophyly of the Passeriformes: test of a phylogenetic hypothesis"</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 431–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F99.3.431">10.1093/auk/99.3.431</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Monophyly+of+the+Passeriformes%3A+test+of+a+phylogenetic+hypothesis&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-445&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fauk%2F99.3.431&rft.aulast=Raikow&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fauk%2Farticle%2F99%2F3%2F431%2F5191643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasserine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Passeriformes" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/passerine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/passerine"><i>passerine</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" class="extiw" title="commons:Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passerine&oldid=1257340257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passerine&oldid=1257340257</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Passerine&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="188.78.178.144" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731586496"> <span>Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 12:14</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Унэбзу хэкӀыгъуэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Унэбзу хэкӀыгъуэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangvo%C3%ABls" title="Sangvoëls – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sangvoëls" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperlingsv%C3%B6gel" title="Sperlingsvögel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sperlingsvögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A2%E1%8C%A5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%88%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5" title="የድንቢጥ ክፍለመደብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የድንቢጥ ክፍለመደብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbuslodeh" title="Varbuslodeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Varbuslodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%85" title="جواثم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جواثم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99kimil%C9%99r" title="Sərçəkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sərçəkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سئرچه‌کیمی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سئرچه‌کیمی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="প্যাসারিফর্মিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যাসারিফর্মিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhek-h%C3%AAng-bo%CC%8Dk" title="Chhek-hêng-bo̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhek-hêng-bo̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Турғай һымаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Турғай һымаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вераб’інападобныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вераб’інападобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вераб’інападобныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вераб’інападобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="पासराइन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पासराइन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Врабчоподобни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Врабчоподобни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golvaneg" title="Golvaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Golvaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çерçи евĕрлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çерçи евĕрлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%9Bvci" title="Pěvci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pěvci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurvefugle" title="Spurvefugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spurvefugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84" title="عصفوريات الشكل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عصفوريات الشكل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0illjocihcelottit" title="Šilljocihcelottit – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Šilljocihcelottit" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperlingsv%C3%B6gel" title="Sperlingsvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sperlingsvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii_ts%C3%ADd%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tsídii tsídígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii tsídígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvulised" title="Värvulised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvulised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B1" title="Στρουθιόμορφα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρουθιόμορφα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseroformaj_birdoj" title="Paseroformaj birdoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paseroformaj birdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گنجشک‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنجشک‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskeftigen" title="Moskeftigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moskeftigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseriformes" title="Paseriformes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paseriformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EC%83%88%EB%AA%A9" title="참새목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참새목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ճնճղուկանմաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճնճղուկանմաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="पासरीफ़ोर्मीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पासरीफ़ोर्मीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrap%C4%8Darke" title="Vrapčarke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrapčarke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_pengicau" title="Burung pengicau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung pengicau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Сырддонцъиухуызтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сырддонцъиухуызтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B6rfuglar" title="Spörfuglar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spörfuglar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ציפורי שיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציפורי שיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk_oc%C3%A8h-oc%C3%A8han" title="Manuk ocèh-ocèhan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk ocèh-ocèhan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეღურასნაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეღურასნაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Торғайтәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торғайтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEkar" title="Fîkar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîkar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таранчы сымалдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таранчы сымалдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Орави ганьывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Орави ганьывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvierbulini" title="Zvierbulini – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zvierbulini" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvirbu%C4%BCveid%C4%ABgie" title="Zvirbuļveidīgie – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvirbuļveidīgie" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatzevullen" title="Spatzevullen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spatzevullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvirbliniai_pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Žvirbliniai paukščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvirbliniai paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaankveugel" title="Zaankveugel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zaankveugel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseriformo" title="Paseriformo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paseriformo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciu%C4%8Doilinnut" title="Čiučoilinnut – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čiučoilinnut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A9balak%C3%BAak" title="Verébalakúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Verébalakúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Врапчевидни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Врапчевидни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="പാസെറൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാസെറൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაღჷრეშნერეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაღჷრეშნერეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%85" title="جواثم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جواثم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Боршувуутан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боршувуутан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စာကလေးနှင့် အလားတူငှက်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာကလေးနှင့် အလားတူငှက်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangvogels" title="Zangvogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zangvogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="スズメ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スズメ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passarefurme" title="Passarefurme – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Passarefurme" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjongf%C3%B6gler" title="Sjongfögler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjongfögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurvefugler" title="Spurvefugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spurvefugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvefuglar" title="Sporvefuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sporvefuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumchuqsimonlar" title="Chumchuqsimonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chumchuqsimonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਚਿੜੀਆਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੜੀਆਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="چڑیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%DB%8D" title="مرغۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرغۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wr%C3%B3blowe" title="Wróblowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wróblowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseriforme" title="Paseriforme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paseriforme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Співакы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Співакы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Воробьинообразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воробьинообразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Passerine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformi" title="Passeriformi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Passeriformi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Passerine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="پئسريفورمز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پئسريفورمز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrabcotvar%C3%A9" title="Vrabcotvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vrabcotvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevci" title="Pevci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pevci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Птице певачице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птице певачице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrap%C4%8Darke" title="Vrapčarke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrapčarke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varpuslinnut" title="Varpuslinnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varpuslinnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ttingar" title="Tättingar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tättingar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88)" title="குருவி (வரிசை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருவி (வரிசை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijqiwen" title="Ijqiwen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ijqiwen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чыпчыксыманнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чыпчыксыманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="นกเกาะคอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกเกาะคอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96t%C3%BCc%C3%BC_ku%C5%9Flar" title="Ötücü kuşlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötücü kuşlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Горобцеподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горобцеподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="عصفوری نسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عصفوری نسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasklindunvui%C4%8D%C4%8Ded" title="Pasklindunvuiččed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pasklindunvuiččed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_S%E1%BA%BB" title="Bộ Sẻ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Sẻ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soverdiy%C3%AEs" title="Soverdiyîs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Soverdiyîs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangveugels" title="Zangveugels – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zangveugels" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Passeriformes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="雀形目 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雀形目" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="雀形目 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀形目" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangveugels" title="Zangveugels – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zangveugels" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="雀形目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雀形目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_pengoc%C3%A9h" title="Burung pengocéh – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Burung pengocéh" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 12:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passerine&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gzbbg","wgBackendResponseTime":242,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.832","walltime":"3.211","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24971,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1543218,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34577,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":38,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":554196,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":23,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["153.85% 4131.311 172 Template:Clade","100.00% 2685.252 1 -total"," 19.25% 516.876 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 19.00% 510.160 1 Template:Clade_transclude"," 15.49% 416.077 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.49% 335.288 27 Template:Navbox"," 9.01% 241.866 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 8.52% 228.721 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.00% 214.927 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 6.44% 172.939 1 Template:Passeriformes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.878","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19964623,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","500","24.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","180","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","4.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::addStatementUsage","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.0"],["[others]","420","20.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-czj6x","timestamp":"20241123201254","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Passerine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Passerine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25341","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25341","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-28T07:04:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T12:14:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Passeriformes-01v01.jpg","headline":"order of birds"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>