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袛械褎械泻褌 屑邪褋褋褘 - 肖懈蟹懈褔械褋泻邪褟 褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟
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/* femtocomua_in text block */ google_ad_slot = "6620929428"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </div> <!--/ Google Ads in text --> <div class="article"> <h1>写械褎械泻褌 屑邪褋褋褘</h1> <P> <strong>袛袝肖袝袣孝 袦袗小小蝎</strong> (芯褌 谢邪褌. defectus - 薪械写芯褋褌邪褌芯泻, 懈蟹褗褟薪) - 褉邪蟹薪芯褋褌褜 屑械卸写褍 屑邪褋褋芯泄 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褖懈褏 褌械谢 (褔邪褋褌懈褑) 懈 褋褍屑屑芯泄 懈褏 屑邪褋褋 胁 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈. 袛. 屑. <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-184.jpg" alt="1119930-184.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄 褋胁褟蟹懈 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-185.jpg" alt="1119930-185.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋懈褋褌械屑褘:<br> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-186.jpg" alt="1119930-186.jpg" align="absmiddle"><br> </p> <p> 袙 褋谢褍褔邪械 邪褌芯屑薪褘褏 褟写械褉 袛. 屑. 写邪褢褌褋褟 褎-谢芯泄<br> </p> <p align="center"> <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-187.jpg" alt="1119930-187.jpg" align="absmiddle"><br> </p> <p> 谐写械 <em>m</em> - 屑邪褋褋邪 褟写褉邪, 懈屑械褞褖械谐芯 <em>Z</em> 锌褉芯褌芯薪芯胁 懈 <em>N</em> 薪械泄褌褉芯薪芯胁, <em>m</em><sub>褉</sub> 懈 <em>m</em><sub>n</sub> - 屑邪褋褋褘 锌褉芯褌芯薪邪 懈 薪械泄褌褉芯薪邪. T. 泻. 薪邪 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻械 懈蟹屑械褉褟褞褌褋褟 薪械 屑邪褋褋褘 褟写械褉, 邪 屑邪褋褋褘 邪褌芯屑芯胁 <em>M</em>, 褌芯 袛. 屑. 褔邪褋褌芯 芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌 泻邪泻 屑邪褋褋褍 屑械卸写褍 屑邪褋褋芯泄 邪褌芯屑邪 胁 邪.械. 屑. 懈 屑邪褋褋芯胁褘屑 褔懈褋谢芯屑 <em>A=Z+N</em> (褋屑. <em>袦邪褋褋褋锌械泻褌褉芯褋泻芯锌懈褟</em> ).袨锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪褘泄 褌邪泻懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑 袛. 屑., 锌褉懈褏芯写褟褖懈泄褋褟 薪邪 1 薪褍泻谢芯薪, 薪邪蟹. 懈薪芯谐写邪 褍锌邪泻芯胁芯褔薪褘屑 泻芯褝褎. 袟薪邪薪懈械 袛. 屑. 锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟械褌 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褍 褝薪械褉谐懈懈, 泻-褉邪褟 屑芯卸械褌 胁褘写械谢懈褌褜褋褟 胁 褟写械褉薪褘褏 褉械邪泻褑懈褟褏, 胁 褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈 胁 褉械邪泻褑懈褟褏, 薪械 薪邪斜谢褞写邪械屑褘褏 胁 谢邪斜. 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏, 薪芯 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写褟褖懈褏 胁 薪械写褉邪褏 蟹胁褢蟹写. 袩芯褝褌芯屑褍 写邪薪薪褘械 芯 袛. 屑. 褉邪蟹谢. 褟写械褉 懈谐褉邪褞褌 胁邪卸薪褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁 褌械芯褉懈懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4596.html">褝胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 蟹胁褢蟹写</a></em> 懈 褌械芯褉懈懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/2525.html">薪褍泻谢械芯褋懈薪褌械蟹邪</a></em>.<br> </p> <p> 袛谢褟 泻芯褋屑懈褔. 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 袛. 屑. 袧邪锌褉., 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 袛. 屑. 小芯谢薪褑邪 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-188.jpg" alt="1119930-188.jpg" align="absmiddle"> , 斜械谢芯谐芯 泻邪褉谢懈泻邪 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-189.jpg" alt="1119930-189.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 薪械泄褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 蟹胁械蟹写褘 褌芯泄 卸械 屑邪褋褋褘 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-190.jpg" alt="1119930-190.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 袚褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 袛. 屑. 蟹胁褢蟹写薪芯谐芯 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟 ~10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-8</sup> 芯褌 械谐芯 屑邪褋褋褘, 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻 ~10<sup>-6</sup>, 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻 ~10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-5</sup>.<br> </p> <p> 袩褉懈 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 泻芯谢谢邪锌褋械 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 褋胁褟蟹懈 锌械褉械褏芯写懈褌 胁 褌械锌谢芯胁褍褞 懈 泻懈薪械褌懈褔. 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 泻芯谢谢邪锌褋懈褉褍褞褖械谐芯 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪, 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍 屑邪褋褋邪 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 屑芯卸械褌 褍屑械薪褜褕懈褌褜褋褟 褌芯谢褜泻芯 蟹邪 褋褔褢褌 锌芯褌械褉懈 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 薪邪 懈蟹谢褍褔械薪懈械 (薪械泄褌褉懈薪薪芯械, 褝谢--屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械, 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑懈芯薪薪芯械). 袩褉懈 泻芯谢谢邪锌褋械 胁 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4552.html">褔褢褉薪褍褞 写褘褉褍</a></em> 褍屑械薪褜褕械薪懈械 屑邪褋褋褘 屑芯卸械褌 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褌褜 20-40%. <em>袦. 挟. 啸谢芯锌芯胁</em>. <strong>袛袝肖袝袣孝袨袧</strong> - <em><a href="articles/part_1/1545.html">泻胁邪蟹懈褔邪褋褌懈褑邪</a></em> ,芯锌懈褋褘胁邪褞褖邪褟 锌芯胁械写械薪懈械 褌芯褔械褔薪褘褏 写械褎械泻褌芯胁 胁 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1578.html">泻胁邪薪褌芯胁芯屑 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械</a></em>. 袙 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘褏 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪褏, 胁褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 斜芯谢褜褕芯泄 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褘 邪屑锌谢懈褌褍写褘 薪褍谢械胁褘褏 泻芯谢械斜邪薪懈泄 邪褌芯屑芯胁 胁 褉械褕褢褌泻械 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈泄 褉邪胁薪芯胁械褋懈褟, 谢褞斜褘械 褌芯褔械褔薪褘械 写械褎械泻褌褘, 薪邪锌褉. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0402.html">胁邪泻邪薪褋懈懈</a></em> 懈 锌褉懈屑械褋薪褘械 邪褌芯屑褘, 屑芯谐褍褌 褋 蟹邪屑械褌薪芯泄 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯褋褌褜褞 锌械褉械屑械褖邪褌褜褋褟 锌芯 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢褍 锌褍褌褢屑 锌芯写斜邪褉褜械褉薪褘褏 褌褍薪薪械谢褜薪褘褏 锌械褉械褏芯写芯胁 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1553.html">袣胁邪薪褌芯胁邪褟 写懈褎褎褍蟹懈褟</a>)</em>. 袩褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-pax 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯写斜邪褉褜械褉薪褘褏 锌械褉械褏芯写芯胁 袛. 屑械卸写褍 褋芯褋械写薪懈屑懈 褍蟹谢邪屑懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 斜芯谢褜褕械, 褔械屑 写谢褟 锌械褉械褏芯写芯胁, 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪褘褏 泻谢邪褋褋懈褔. 褌械褉屑芯邪泻褌懈胁邪褑. 屑械褏邪薪懈蟹屑芯屑, 锌褉懈 泻-褉芯屑 写械褎械泻褌 锌械褉械褏芯写懈褌 薪邪 褋芯褋械写薪懈泄 褍蟹械谢, 锌褉械芯写芯谢械胁邪褟 薪械泻-褉褘泄 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 斜邪褉褜械褉.<br> </p> <p> 孝褍薪薪械谢懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 袛. 胁 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 褉械褕褢褌泻械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪械褌, 褔褌芯 写谢褟 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 袛. 褏芯褉芯褕懈屑 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘屑 褔懈褋谢芯屑 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 薪械 泻芯芯褉写懈薪邪褌邪 写械褎械泻褌邪, 邪 械谐芯 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1528.html">泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋</a></em> .协薪械褉谐懈褟 袛. 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 褎-褑懈械泄 泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋邪, 懈 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 褋锌械泻褌褉 袛. 懈屑械械褌 蟹芯薪薪褍褞 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褍 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1256.html">袟芯薪薪邪褟 褌械芯褉懈褟</a>)</em>. 袣邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 褕懈褉懈薪邪 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 蟹芯薪褘 袛. 屑邪谢邪, 懈 写谢褟 芯锌褉械写械谢械薪懈褟 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1039.html">写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 蟹邪泻芯薪邪</a></em> 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 胁芯褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈械屑 褋懈谢褜薪芯泄 褋胁褟蟹懈. 孝邪泻, 胁 褌胁褢褉写芯屑 谐械谢懈懈, 胁 泻-褉芯屑 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘泄 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 袛. 锌褉芯褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯 褟褉泻芯, 褕懈褉懈薪邪 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 蟹芯薪褘 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0401.html">胁邪泻邪薪褋懈芯薪芯胁</a></em> ~10<sup>-4</sup> 褝袙 (1 袣), 邪 写谢褟 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3089.html">锌褉懈屑械褋芯薪芯胁</a></em> ~10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-8</sup> 褝袙, 褔褌芯 胁芯 屑薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹 屑械薪褜褕械, 褔械屑 写谢褟 写褉. 泻胁邪蟹懈褔邪褋褌懈褑 胁 褌胁褢褉写褘褏 褌械谢邪褏, 薪邪锌褉. 写谢褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈, <em>褎芯薪芯薪芯胁</em>.<br> </p> <p> 袛. 褋芯蟹写邪褢褌 胁芯泻褉褍谐 褋械斜褟 锌芯谢械 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪, 褋 泻-褉褘屑 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褌 写褉褍谐懈械 袛. 小芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖邪褟 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 褍锌褉褍谐芯谐芯 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟 写胁褍褏 袛. 薪邪 斜芯谢褜褕懈褏 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈褟褏 <em>r</em> 屑械卸写褍 薪懈屑懈 褍斜褘胁邪械褌 泻邪泻 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119930-191.jpg" alt="1119930-191.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 袛谢褟 褍蟹泻芯蟹芯薪薪褘褏 袛. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪邪褟 胁械谢懈褔懈薪邪 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌懈 锌械褉械屑械褖械薪懈褟 屑邪谢邪 锌芯 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞 褋芯 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3692.html">褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜褞 蟹胁褍泻邪</a></em>, 懈 锌芯谢械 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 胁 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械 褋 袛. 屑芯卸薪芯 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 锌芯 褎-谢邪屑 褌械芯褉懈懈 褍锌褉褍谐芯褋褌懈.<br> </p> <p> 袩械褉械薪芯褋 袛. 芯褌谢懈褔邪械褌褋褟 芯褌 芯斜褘褔薪芯泄 写懈褎褎褍蟹懈懈 写械褎械泻褌芯胁 胁 褌胁褢褉写褘褏 褌械谢邪褏: 泻芯褝褎. 写懈褎褎褍蟹懈懈 懈屑械械褌 懈薪褍褞 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉薪褍褞 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 懈 胁 芯锌褉械写械谢. 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪械褌 褋 锌芯薪懈卸械薪懈械屑 褌械屑锌-褉褘, 邪 写谢懈薪邪 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯斜械谐邪 袛. 锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-pax 胁 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械 褋 屑邪谢褘屑 褔懈褋谢芯屑 写械褎械泻褌芯胁 薪邪屑薪芯谐芯 锌褉械胁芯褋褏芯写懈褌 屑械卸邪褌芯屑薪芯械 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈械. 袛械谢芯泻邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟 写械褎械泻褌芯胁 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 褌邪泻卸械 泻 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌褟屑 胁薪褍褌褉. 褌褉械薪懈褟 - 泻 写懈褋褋懈锌邪褑懈懈 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 锌褉懈 芯写薪芯褉芯写薪褘褏 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟褏 写邪卸械 胁 褋谢褍褔邪械 写械褎械泻褌芯胁 蟹邪屑械褖械薪懈褟, 泻 懈薪芯泄 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉薪芯泄 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁褉械屑械薪懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3380.html">褉械谢邪泻褋邪褑懈懈</a></em> 懈 泻 褉械蟹芯薪邪薪褋薪褘屑 褝褎褎械泻褌邪屑.<br> </p> <p> 袣褉芯屑械 袛., 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈褏 芯写懈薪芯褔薪褘屑 褌芯褔械褔薪褘屑 写械褎械泻褌邪屑, 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪褘 袛., 芯褌胁械褔邪褞褖懈械 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟屑 写胁褍褏 懈谢懈 褌褉褢褏 写械褎械泻褌芯胁. 袙 褝褌芯屑 褋谢褍褔邪械 袛. 写械谢芯泻邪谢懈蟹芯胁邪薪褘 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁写芯谢褜 芯锌褉械写械谢. 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯谐褉邪褎懈褔. 芯褋械泄 懈谢懈 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌械泄, 褌. 械. 褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟 褋胁芯械芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘屑懈 芯写薪芯-懈谢懈 写胁褍屑械褉薪褘屑懈 泻胁邪蟹懈褔邪褋褌懈褑邪屑懈 胁 褌褉褢褏屑械褉薪芯屑 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械.<br> </p> <p> <em>袥懈褌.:</em> 袗薪写褉械械胁 袗. 肖., 袛懈褎褎褍蟹懈褟 胁 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘褏 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪褏, "校肖袧", 1976, 褌. 118, 褋. 251. <em>袗. 协. 袦械泄械褉芯胁懈褔</em>.<br> </P> <div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <p class="next-prev"><a rel="prev" href="articles/part_1/0977.html">   <<   </a>  <a rel="index" href="index1.html"> 袩褉械写屑械褌薪褘泄 褍泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜 </a>  <a rel="next" href="articles/part_1/0979.html">   >>   </a></p> </div> </div> <!--/htracer_context_links--> <div class="both"></div> <div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <div class="footer_separator"></div> <div class="footer"> <div class="copyright">漏 femto.com.ua <br> <img src="files/images/mailabs.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"> webmaster@femto.com.ua</div> </div> </div> </body> </html>