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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Greek+language&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For the Greek language used during particular eras, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Greek (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>: Ελληνικά, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Elliniká, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eliniˈka]</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἑλληνική, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Hellēnikḗ) is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language, constituting an independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic branch</a> within the Indo-European language family. It is native to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> (in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salento">Salento</a>), southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and other regions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>. It has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">longest documented history</a> of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a> Its writing system is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a> previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The alphabet arose from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician script</a> and was in turn the basis of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptic_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a>, and many other writing systems. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Greek</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ελληνικά Elliniká</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eliniˈka]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër County</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë County</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salento">Salento</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messina">Messina</a>)</li> <li>and other regions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Native speakers </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13.5 million (2012)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-e18-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">Language family</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> (?) <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li>Greek</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Early form </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="plainlist"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern dialects</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writing_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Writing system">Writing system</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Official language in </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Recognised minority language in </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apulia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2013287%E2%80%93288-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tokta%C5%9F2006-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bay%C4%B1r2013-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1%3Del">el</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID%3D175">gre</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2/B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID%3D175">ell</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2/T?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously: <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ell" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ell">ell</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cpg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cpg">cpg</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gmy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gmy">gmy</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pnt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pnt">pnt</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tsd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tsd">tsd</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsakonian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a> <code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yej" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yej">yej</a></code> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yevanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gree1276">gree1276</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul> <li>56-AAA-a</li> <li>56-AAA-aa to -am (varieties)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Idioma_Griego.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Idioma_Griego.PNG/320px-Idioma_Griego.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Idioma_Griego.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="288"></a> <div style="text-align:left;"> Areas where Modern Greek is spoken (Dark blue represents areas where it is the official language.)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[note 1]</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a> includes many works of lasting importance in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_canon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European canon">European canon</a>. Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a> was also originally written in Greek.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Together with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> texts and traditions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman world">Roman world</a>, the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute the objects of study of the discipline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classics">Classics</a>. During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, Greek was by far the most widely spoken <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> It eventually became the official language of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and developed into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">modern form</a>, Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Official_EU_languages" title="Languages of the European Union">official languages of the European Union</a>. It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and the many other countries of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a>. Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Root_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">Greek and Latin</a> are the predominant sources of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/180px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/270px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/360px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800"></a> <figcaption> Idealised portrayal of the author <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer">Homer</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Periods">1.1 Periods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Diglossia">1.2 Diglossia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_unity">1.3 Historical unity</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geographic_distribution">2 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Official_status">2.1 Official status</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Characteristics">3 Characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Phonology">3.1 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Morphology">3.2 Morphology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nouns_and_adjectives">3.2.1 Nouns and adjectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Verbs">3.2.2 Verbs</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syntax">3.3 Syntax</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vocabulary">3.4 Vocabulary</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Loanwords_in_other_languages">4 Loanwords in other languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification">5 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Writing_system">6 Writing system</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Linear_B">6.1 Linear B</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cypriot_syllabary">6.2 Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greek_alphabet">6.3 Greek alphabet</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Diacritics">6.3.1 Diacritics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Punctuation">6.3.2 Punctuation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Latin_alphabet">6.4 Latin alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hebrew_alphabet">6.5 Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arabic_alphabet">6.6 Arabic alphabet</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Example_text">7 Example text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Footnotes">10 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Greek">History of Greek</a> </div> Greek has been spoken in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkan peninsula</a> since around the 3rd millennium BC,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BVG-19">[18]</a> or possibly earlier.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The earliest written evidence is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clay_tablet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a> found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messenia">Messenia</a> that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> making Greek the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">oldest recorded</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern language">living language</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Periods">Periods</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Periods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/220px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="380"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/220px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/330px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/440px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a>-speaking area according to linguist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a>: the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Greece">Greek peninsula</a> sometime in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[note 2]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>: the language of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a>. It is recorded in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: in its various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek dialects">dialects</a>, the language of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaic_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> periods of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek civilization</a>. It was widely known throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Ancient Greek fell into disuse in Western Europe in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but remained officially in use in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> world and was reintroduced to the rest of Europe with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks">Greek</a> migration to western Europe.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (also known as Hellenistic Greek): The fusion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionian_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian Greek">Ionian</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>, the dialect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, began the process that resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near East">Near East</a>. Koine Greek can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>; after the Hellenistic colonization of the known world, it was spoken from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the fringes of India. After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> conquest of Greece, an unofficial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multilingualism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multilingualism">bilingualism</a> of Greek and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> was established in the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> and Koine Greek became the first or second language in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek because the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Apostles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</a> used this form of the language to spread Christianity. Because it was the original language of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> was translated into it as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, that variety of Koine Greek may be referred to as New Testament Greek or sometimes Biblical Greek.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/220px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="268"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/220px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/330px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Distribution of varieties of Greek in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, 1910. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demotic" title="Modern Greek">Demotic</a> in yellow. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> in orange. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> in green, with green dots indicating individual Cappadocian Greek villages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[24]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (also known as Byzantine Greek): the continuation of Koine Greek up to the demise of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the 15th century. Medieval Greek is a cover phrase for a whole continuum of different speech and writing styles, ranging from vernacular continuations of spoken Koine that were already approaching Modern Greek in many respects, to highly learned forms imitating classical Attic. Much of the written Greek that was used as the official language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (also known as Neo-Hellenic):<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ethnologue-27">[25]</a> Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century. It is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> of it.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Diglossia">Diglossia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Diglossia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language_question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a> </div> In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diglossia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>: the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language_question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a> was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demotic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demotic Greek">Dimotiki</a>, the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katharevousa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>, meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> developed in the early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Modern Greek">Standard Modern Greek</a>, used today for all official purposes and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Education_in_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Education in Greece">education</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historical_unity">Historical unity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical unity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/240px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/240px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png" data-width="240" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/360px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/480px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas </figcaption> </figure> The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[27]</a> It is also often[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homeric_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> is probably closer to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demotic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a> than 12-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> is to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern English">modern spoken English</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[28]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1897).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/220px-Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4648" data-file-height="2744"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/220px-Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/330px-Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/440px-Greek_language_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Geographic distribution of Greek language in the Russian Empire (1897 census) </figcaption> </figure> Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks in Albania">Greek-speaking minority in Albania</a> near the Greek-Albanian border.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ethnologue-27">[25]</a> A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> and the resulting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange in 1923</a> a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a>, though very few remain today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a> A small Greek-speaking community is also found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> which has notable communities in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Americans">United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Australians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Canadians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Canadians">Canada</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_South_Africans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek South Africans">South Africa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Chilean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Chilean">Chile</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Brazilians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Argentines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Argentines">Argentina</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>, especially in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a>. Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, in what are today <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Palestine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libya">Libya</a>; in the area of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, in what are today Turkey, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> in and around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_colonisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek colonisation">colonies</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massalia">Massalia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoikos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoikos">Monoikos</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a>. It was also used as the official language of government and religion in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nubia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Christian Nubian kingdoms</a>, for most of their history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Official status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Greek, in its modern form, is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Official_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Official language">official language</a> of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[30]</a> It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GreekCyprus-33">[31]</a> Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Official_EU_languages" title="Languages of the European Union">24 official languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-European_Union-34">[32]</a> Greek is recognized as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minority_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gjirokastër District">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarandë District">Sarandë</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[33]</a> It is also an official minority language in the regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apulia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> in Italy. In the framework of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, Greek is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Romania, and Ukraine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CouncilofEurope-36">[34]</a> It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2013287%E2%80%93288-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tokta%C5%9F2006-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bay%C4%B1r2013-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-7">[7]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek grammar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine Greek grammar</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek grammar</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syntax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vocabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek phonology</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="Seferisrede.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Seferisrede.ogg"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Seferisrede.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Seferisrede.ogg/Seferisrede.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio> <figcaption> Spoken <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> </figcaption> </figure> Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oral_vowels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowels">oral vowels</a> and a fairly stable set of consonantal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonemic_contrast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonemic contrast">contrasts</a>. The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek phonology</a> for details): <ul> <li>replacement of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pitch_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>.</li> <li>simplification of the system of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diphthong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>: loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongisation of most diphthongs and several steps in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chain_shift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> of vowels towards /i/ (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iotacism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>).</li> <li>development of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voicelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">plosives</a> /pʰ/ and /tʰ/ to the voiceless <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricative_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> /f/ and /θ/, respectively; the similar development of /kʰ/ to /x/ may have taken place later (the phonological changes are not reflected in the orthography, and both earlier and later phonemes are written with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi (letter)">φ</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theta">θ</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chi (letter)">χ</a>).</li> <li>development of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> plosives /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ to their voiced fricative counterparts /β/ (later /v/), /ð/, and /ɣ/.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In all its stages, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of Greek shows an extensive set of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Productive_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Productive (linguistics)">productive</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derivational_affix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivational affix">derivational affixes</a>, a limited but productive system of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[35]</a> and a rich <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominal</a> and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dative_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dative case">dative case</a> (its functions being largely taken over by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genitive_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>). The verbal system has lost the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infinitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synthetic_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic (linguistics)">synthetically</a>-formed future, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfect_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect tense">perfect tenses</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optative_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a>. Many have been replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Periphrastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">periphrastic</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analytic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analytic language">analytical</a>) forms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nouns_and_adjectives">Nouns and adjectives</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Nouns and adjectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pronouns show distinctions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical person">person</a> (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, and plural in the ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_gender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declension_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension (linguistics)">decline</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical case">case</a> (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[note 3]</a> Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attributive_adjective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributive</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Predicative_adjective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicative adjective">predicative</a> adjectives <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with the noun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The inflectional categories of the Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synthetic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> inflectional forms for: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>Ancient Greek</th> <th>Modern Greek</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Person</th> <td>first, second and third</td> <td>also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T–V distinction">second person formal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <td>singular, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> and plural</td> <td>singular and plural</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Present_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Past_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Past tense">past</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Future_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Future tense">future</a></td> <td>past and non-past (future is expressed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Periphrasis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic construction</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_aspect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperfective_aspect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfective_aspect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> (traditionally called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aorist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aorist">aorist</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> (sometimes also called perfective; see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfective_aspect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Perfective_vs._perfect" title="Perfective aspect">note about terminology</a>)</td> <td>imperfective and perfective/aorist (perfect is expressed by a periphrastic construction)</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Realis_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Realis mood">indicative</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subjunctive_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperative_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optative_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optative mood">optative</a></td> <td>indicative, subjunctive,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[note 4]</a> and imperative (other modal functions are expressed by periphrastic constructions)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Voice</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Active_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Active voice">active</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediopassive_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediopassive voice">medio-passive</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passive_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passive voice">passive</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Active_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Active voice">active</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediopassive_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediopassive voice">medio-passive</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many aspects of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syntax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow the noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Greek grammar">modern form of the language</a>. Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks the infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pre-Greek substrate">borrowings</a> from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[36]</a> some documented in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Mycenaean texts</a>; they include a large number of Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toponym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a>. The form and meaning of many words have changed. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loanword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venetian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. During the older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Slavic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aromanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Loanwords_in_other_languages">Loanwords in other languages</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Loanwords in other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a> </div> Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, democracy, philosophy, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/athletics" class="extiw" title="wikt:athletics">athletics</a>, theatre, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhetoric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evangelist" class="extiw" title="wikt:evangelist">evangelist</a>, etc. Moreover, Greek words and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morpheme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morpheme">word elements</a> continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, photography, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephony">telephony</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isomer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isomer">isomer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomechanics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinematography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, etc. Together with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Latin">Latin words</a>, they form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International scientific vocabulary">foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary</a>; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[38]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Greek is an independent branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Macedonian language">ancient Macedonian</a>, which, by most accounts, was a distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek dialects">dialect of Greek</a> itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olander-van_Beek-2022-43">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Crespo2018-44">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-45">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phrygian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isogloss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a>, with some being exclusive between them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olander-van_Beek-2022-43">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Scholars have proposed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olander-van_Beek-2022-43">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[47]</a> Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graeco-Armenian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>) or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graeco-Aryan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a>), but little definitive evidence has been found.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[49]</a> In addition, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extinct_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a> of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Palaeo-Balkan</a>, and Greek has a central position in it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[51]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content{padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .greek-alphabet-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Braille">Greek Braille</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Linear_B">Linear B</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Linear B" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, attested as early as the late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-56">[52]</a> It is basically a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, which was finally deciphered by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Ventris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Chadwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Chadwick">John Chadwick</a> in the 1950s (its precursor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>, has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-56">[52]</a> The language of the Linear B texts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greek language">Mycenaean Greek</a>, is the earliest known form of Greek.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cypriot_syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cypriot syllabary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg/220px-Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 417px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg/220px-Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="417" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg/330px-Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Cypriot_syllabic_inscription_600-500BC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Greek inscription in Cypriot syllabic script </figcaption> </figure> Another similar system used to write the Greek language was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a> (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabary</a>), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Greek_alphabet">Greek alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greek alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Greek_alphabet_variants.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Greek_alphabet_variants.png/220px-Greek_alphabet_variants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 427px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Greek_alphabet_variants.png/220px-Greek_alphabet_variants.png" data-width="220" data-height="427" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Greek_alphabet_variants.png/330px-Greek_alphabet_variants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Greek_alphabet_variants.png/440px-Greek_alphabet_variants.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euboea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, Athens, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Corinth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> comparing to modern Greek </figcaption> </figure> Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> variant, introduced for writing classical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attic_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit a faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ink">ink</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quill">quill</a>. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_letter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">majuscule</a>) and lowercase (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a>) form. The letter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigma">sigma</a> has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpha">Α</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beta">Β</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamma">Γ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delta (letter)">Δ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epsilon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epsilon">Ε</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeta">Ζ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eta">Η</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theta">Θ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iota">Ι</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kappa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kappa">Κ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lambda">Λ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mu_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mu (letter)">Μ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nu_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nu (letter)">Ν</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi (letter)">Ξ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omicron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omicron">Ο</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rho">Ρ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigma">Σ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tau">Τ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upsilon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upsilon">Υ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phi">Φ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chi (letter)">Χ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">Ψ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omega?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omega">Ω</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>α</td> <td>β</td> <td>γ</td> <td>δ</td> <td>ε</td> <td>ζ</td> <td>η</td> <td>θ</td> <td>ι</td> <td>κ</td> <td>λ</td> <td>μ</td> <td>ν</td> <td>ξ</td> <td>ο</td> <td>π</td> <td>ρ</td> <td>σ ς</td> <td>τ</td> <td>υ</td> <td>φ</td> <td>χ</td> <td>ψ</td> <td>ω</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Diacritics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_diacritics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a> </div> In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">diacritical signs</a>: three different accent marks (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acute_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grave_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumflex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>), originally denoting different shapes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pitch_accent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rough_breathing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rough breathing">rough</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smooth_breathing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a>), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penmanship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penmanship">handwriting</a> saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Typography">typography</a>. After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_diacritics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek diacritics">monotonic orthography</a> (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system), is still used internationally for the writing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Punctuation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interpunct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ano_teleia" title="Interpunct">ano teleia</a> (άνω τελεία). In Greek the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comma">comma</a> also functions as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silent_letter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silent letter">silent letter</a> in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CF%258C,%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ό,τι">ό,τι</a> (ó,ti, 'whatever') from ότι (óti, 'that').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[55]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boustrophedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boustrophedon">Boustrophedon</a>, or bi-directional text, was also used in Ancient Greek. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Latin alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Greek has occasionally been written in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, especially in areas under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stato da Màr">Venetian rule</a> or by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Greece">Greek Catholics</a>. The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe was under the control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankish_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chios">Chios</a>. Additionally, the term <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greeklish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a> is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The Latin script is nowadays used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griko_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek-speaking</a> communities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hebrew_alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hebrew alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yevanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a> dialect was written by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaniote_Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a> and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Alphabet">Hebrew Alphabet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Arabic_alphabet">Arabic alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Arabic alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek Aljamiado</a>, some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Muslim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Muslim">Greek Muslims</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cretan_Muslim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Muslim">from Crete</a> wrote their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cretan_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan Greek</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. The same happened among Epirote Muslims in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ioannina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>. This also happened among Arabic-speaking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine rite">Byzantine rite</a> Christians in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Palestine, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HMML1-62">[58]</a> This usage is sometimes called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aljamiado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aljamiado">aljamiado</a>, as when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> are written in the Arabic alphabet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kotzageorgis-63">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Example text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_grc_-_pi_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_grc_-_pi_-_Art1.ogg"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_grc_-_pi_-_Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_grc_-_pi_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_grc_-_pi_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio> <figcaption> Greek pronunciation </figcaption> </figure> Article 1 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Greek: <dl> <dd> Όλοι οι άνθρωποι γεννιούνται ελεύθεροι και ίσοι στην αξιοπρέπεια και τα δικαιώματα. Είναι προικισμένοι με λογική και συνείδηση, και οφείλουν να συμπεριφέρονται μεταξύ τους με πνεύμα αδελφοσύνης.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[60]</a> </dd> </dl> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Greek">Transcription</a> of the example text into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>: <dl> <dd> Óloi oi ánthropoi gennioúntai eléftheroi kai ísoi stin axioprépeia kai ta dikaiómata. Eínai proikisménoi me logikí kai syneídisi, kai ofeíloun na symperiférontai metaxý tous me pnévma adelfosýnis. </dd> </dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: <dl> <dd> "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[61]</a> </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes">List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's Mycenaean Greece;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> in Bronze Age Migrations by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> The four cases that are found in all stages of Greek are the nominative, genitive, accusative, and vocative. The dative/locative of Ancient Greek disappeared in the late Hellenistic period, and the instrumental case of Mycenaean Greek disappeared in the Archaic period.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> There is no particular morphological form that can be identified as 'subjunctive' in the modern language, but the term is sometimes encountered in descriptions even if the most complete modern grammar (Holton et al. 1997) does not use it and calls certain traditionally-'subjunctive' forms 'dependent'. Most Greek linguists advocate abandoning the traditional terminology (Anna Roussou and Tasos Tsangalidis 2009, in Meletes gia tin Elliniki Glossa, Thessaloniki, Anastasia Giannakidou 2009 "Temporal semantics and polarity: The dependency of the subjunctive revisited", Lingua); see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_verb" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek grammar</a> for explanation.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ell/">Greek</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/grc/">Ancient Greek</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cpg/">Cappadocian Greek</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gmy/">Mycenaean Greek</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pnt/">Pontic</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tsd/">Tsakonian</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect">2006 Census Table: Language Spoken at Home by Sex – Time Series Statistics (1996, 2001, 2006 Census Years)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.zougla.gr/omogenia/article/afstralia-tilediaskepsi-milame-elinika-ton-martio">Αυστραλία: Τηλεδιάσκεψη «Μιλάμε Ελληνικά τον Μάρτιο»</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2013287–288-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2013287%E2%80%93288_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2013287%E2%80%93288_4-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTsitselikis2013">Tsitselikis 2013</a>, pp. 287–288.</li> <li id="cite_note-Toktaş2006-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tokta%C5%9F2006_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tokta%C5%9F2006_5-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToktaş2006" class="citation journal cs1">Toktaş, Şule (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/42732">"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities"</a>. East European Quarterly. 40 (4): 489–519. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>. p. 514: <q>This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=EU+enlargement+conditions+and+minority+protection+%3A+a+reflection+on+Turkey%27s+non-Muslim+minorities&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=489-519&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=Tokta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F42732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Bayır2013-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bay%C4%B1r2013_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bay%C4%B1r2013_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayır2013" class="citation book cs1">Bayır, Derya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/37557239">Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law</a>. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-7254-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014083317/https://www.academia.edu/37557239/DERYA_BAYIR_MINORITIES_AND_NATIONALISM_IN_TURKISH_LAW">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations – that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians – none of the other minority groups' language rights have been de jure protected by the legal system in Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+nationalism+in+Turkish+law&rft.place=Farnham&rft.series=Cultural+Diversity+and+Law&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7254-4&rft.aulast=Bay%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Derya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37557239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/04/19/qa-freedom-expression-and-language-rights-turkey">Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey</a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. 19 April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020130644/https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/04/19/qa-freedom-expression-and-language-rights-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. <q>The Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers%3A+Freedom+of+Expression+and+Language+Rights+in+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2002-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2002%2F04%2F19%2Fqa-freedom-expression-and-language-rights-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf">"Language Use in the United States: 2011"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Use+in+the+United+States%3A+2011&rft.pub=United+States+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2013pubs%2Facs-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gree1276">"gree1276"</a>. Council of Europe. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gree1276&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fgree1276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244595/Greek-language">"Greek language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 29 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F244595%2FGreek-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavilandPrinsWalrathMcBride2013" class="citation book cs1">Haviland, William A.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harald_Prins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harald Prins">Prins, Harald E. L.</a>; Walrath, Dana; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bunny_McBride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bunny McBride">McBride, Bunny</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnfIWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT437">"Chapter 15: Language and Communication"</a>. Anthropology: The Human Challenge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cengage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 394. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67758-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67758-3"><bdi>978-1-285-67758-3</bdi></a>. <q>Most of the alphabets used today descended from the Phoenician one. The Greeks adopted it about 2,800 years ago, modifying the characters to suit sounds in their own language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Language+and+Communication&rft.btitle=Anthropology%3A+The+Human+Challenge&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-67758-3&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Prins%2C+Harald+E.+L.&rft.au=Walrath%2C+Dana&rft.au=McBride%2C+Bunny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfIWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Comrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlR9WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT463">The World's Major Languages</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (published 2018). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-29049-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-29049-0"><bdi>978-1-317-29049-0</bdi></a>. <q>... the Greek alphabet has served the Greek language well for some 2,800 years since its introduction into Greece in the tenth or ninth century BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-317-29049-0&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlR9WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrados,_Francisco_Rodríguez2005" class="citation book cs1">Adrados, Francisco Rodríguez (2005). A history of the Greek language : from its origins to the present. Leiden: Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12835-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12835-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12835-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59712402">59712402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Greek+language+%3A+from+its+origins+to+the+present&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59712402&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12835-4&rft.au=Adrados%2C+Francisco+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland The text of the New Testament: an introduction to the critical 1995 p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> Archibald Macbride Hunter Introducing the New Testament 1972 p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Malkin, Irad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734818.001.0001">A small Greek world : networks in the Ancient Mediterranean</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facprof%253Aoso%252F9780199734818.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734818.001.0001</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199918553?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199918553"><bdi>9780199918553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+small+Greek+world+%3A+networks+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199734818.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199918553&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Irad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199734818.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel1989" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Germaine Catherine (1989). A study of the preservation of the classical tradition in the education, language, and literature of the Byzantine Empire. HVD ALEPH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+study+of+the+preservation+of+the+classical+tradition+in+the+education%2C+language%2C+and+literature+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=HVD+ALEPH&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Germaine+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-BVG-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BVG_19-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRenfrew2003">Renfrew 2003</a>, p. 35; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, p. 192.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003">Gray & Atkinson 2003</a>, pp. 437–438; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAtkinsonGray2006">Atkinson & Gray 2006</a>, p. 102.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725055018/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek">"Ancient Tablet Found: Oldest Readable Writing in Europe"</a>. Culture. 1 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek">the original</a> on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture&rft.atitle=Ancient+Tablet+Found%3A+Oldest+Readable+Writing+in+Europe&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulloch2017" class="citation book cs1">Tulloch, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dh7YjEAAAQBAJ">Understanding English Homonyms: Their Origins and Usage</a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-64-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-64-9"><bdi>978-988-8390-64-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 November 2023. <q>Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+English+Homonyms%3A+Their+Origins+and+Usage&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-988-8390-64-9&rft.aulast=Tulloch&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7YjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHooker1976">Hooker 1976</a>, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRenfrew1973">Renfrew 1973</a>, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDawkinsHalliday1916">Dawkins & Halliday 1916</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ethnologue_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ethnologue_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ell">"Greek"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Greek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter1985" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Mackridge (1985). The modern Greek language : a descriptive analysis of standard modern Greek. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815770-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815770-0"><bdi>978-0-19-815770-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11134463">11134463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+modern+Greek+language+%3A+a+descriptive+analysis+of+standard+modern+Greek&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11134463&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815770-0&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Mackridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBrowning1983">Browning 1983</a>, pp. vii–viii.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAlexiou1982">Alexiou 1982</a>, p. 161.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_M._Burstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley M. Burstein">Burstein, Stanley</a> (2 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-stanley-burstein-when-greek-was-an-african-language/">"When Greek was an African Language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Center for Hellenic Studies">Center for Hellenic Studies</a>. <q>The revelation of the place of Greek cultural elements in the lives of these kingdoms has been gradual and is still ongoing, but already it is clear that Greek was the official language of government and religion for most of their history. ... Greek remained the official language of Nubian Christianity right to the end of its long and remarkable history. ... But these three factors do suggest how Greek and Christianity could have become so intimately intertwined and so entrenched in Nubian life and culture by the seventh century AD that Greek could resist both Coptic and Arabic and survive for almost another millennium before both disappeared with the conversion of Nubia to Islam in the sixteenth century AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Greek+was+an+African+Language&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2Fcurated-article%2Fsnowden-lectures-stanley-burstein-when-greek-was-an-african-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/">"Greece"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgreece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GreekCyprus-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GreekCyprus_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407035710/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4?OpenDocument%26ExpandSection%3D3%26Click%3D">"The Constitution of Cyprus, App. D., Part 1, Art. 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4?OpenDocument%26ExpandSection%3D3%26Click%3D">the original</a> on 7 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Cyprus%2C+App.+D.%2C+Part+1%2C+Art.+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyprus.gov.cy%2Fportal%2Fportal.nsf%2F0%2F302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4%3FOpenDocument%26ExpandSection%3D3%26Click%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"> states that The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish. However, the official status of Turkish is only nominal in the Greek-dominated Republic of Cyprus; in practice, outside Turkish-dominated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, Turkish is little used; see A. Arvaniti (2006): Erasure as a Means of Maintaining Diglossia in Cyprus, San Diego Linguistics Papers 2: pp. 25–38 [27].</li> <li id="cite_note-European_Union-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-European_Union_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621213949/http://europa.eu/about-eu/facts-figures/administration/index_en.htm">"The EU at a Glance – Languages in the EU"</a>. Europa. European Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/languages/index_en.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa&rft.atitle=The+EU+at+a+Glance+%E2%80%93+Languages+in+the+EU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabc%2Feuropean_countries%2Flanguages%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBytyçi2022" class="citation book cs1">Bytyçi, Enver (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dvy5lEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20">In the Shadows of Albania-China Relations (1960–1978)</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7909-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7909-5"><bdi>978-1-5275-7909-5</bdi></a>. <q>Albania's official language is Albanian, but in municipalities where minorities reside, the languages of these minorities are also used, including Greek in several municipalities in Gjirokastra and Saranda, and Macedonian in a municipality in the East of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadows+of+Albania-China+Relations+%281960%E2%80%931978%29&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-7909-5&rft.aulast=Byty%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvy5lEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CouncilofEurope-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CouncilofEurope_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT%3D148%26CM%3D8%26DF%3D23/01/05%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1">"List of Declarations Made with Respect to Treaty No. 148"</a>. Council of Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410102457/https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Declarations+Made+with+Respect+to+Treaty+No.+148&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FNT%3D148%26CM%3D8%26DF%3D23%2F01%2F05%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRalli2001">Ralli 2001</a>, pp. 164–203.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFScheler1977">Scheler 1977</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newsit.gr/ellada/poso-ellinikes-einai-oi-ksenes-glosses/2918001/">"Πόσο "ελληνικές" είναι οι ξένες γλώσσες"</a>. NewsIt. 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsIt&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF+%22%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82%22+%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsit.gr%2Fellada%2Fposo-ellinikes-einai-oi-ksenes-glosses%2F2918001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Olander-van_Beek-2022-43">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olander-van_Beek-2022_43-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olander-van_Beek-2022_43-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olander-van_Beek-2022_43-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlander2022">Olander 2022</a>, pp. 12, 14; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFvan_Beek2022">van Beek 2022</a>, pp. 190–191, 193</li> <li id="cite_note-Crespo2018-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Crespo2018_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2018" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2018). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2018" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 299. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBabiniotis1992">Babiniotis 1992</a>, pp. 29–40; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDosuna2012">Dosuna 2012</a>, pp. 65–78</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWoodhouse2009">Woodhouse 2009</a>, p. 171: "This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative."</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, pp. 238–239: "To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance: ... The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44)."</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020">Obrador-Cursach 2020</a>, p. 243: "With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian."</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLigorioLubotsky2018">Ligorio & Lubotsky 2018</a>, pp. 1816–1817: "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations, ... It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE."</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/grae1234">"Graeco-Phrygian"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graeco-Phrygian&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fgrae1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFvan_Beek2022">van Beek 2022</a>, pp. 193–197</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRenfrew1990">Renfrew 1990</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1990">Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1990</a>, pp. 110–116; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRenfrew2003">Renfrew 2003</a>, pp. 17–48; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003">Gray & Atkinson 2003</a>, pp. 435–439</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlsenThors%C3%B82022">Olsen & Thorsø 2022</a>, pp. 209–217; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, pp. 225–226, 228–229, 231–241</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHolm2008">Holm 2008</a>, pp. 634–635</li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_56-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_56-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1980" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J. T. (1980). Linear B : an introduction. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-69-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-69-3"><bdi>978-0-906515-69-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7326206">7326206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+B+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7326206&rft.isbn=978-0-906515-69-3&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cypriot-syllabary/28419">"Cypriot syllabary"</a>. Britannica Academic. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Academic&rft.atitle=Cypriot+syllabary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2FCypriot-syllabary%2F28419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas2005" class="citation web cs1">Nicolas, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">"Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Unicode+Issues%3A+Punctuation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nicolas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlg.uci.edu%2F~opoudjis%2Funicode%2Fpunctuation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugoe2014" class="citation book cs1">Hugoe, Matthews Peter (March 2014). The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics. Oxford University Press. (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967512-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967512-8"><bdi>978-0-19-967512-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881847972">881847972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881847972&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967512-8&rft.aulast=Hugoe&rft.aufirst=Matthews+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAndroutsopoulos2009">Androutsopoulos 2009</a>, pp. 221–249.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yevanic.htm">"Yevanic alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omniglot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omniglot">Omniglot</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Yevanic+alphabet%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fyevanic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HMML1-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HMML1_62-0">^</a> HMML Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (27 July, 2024). This month, "Greek Aljamiado" (i.e., Greek written in Arabic script) became one of the more than 90 languages identified in HMML's online Reading Room (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vhmml.org/">vhmml.org</a>). Greek Aljamiado was a common phenomenon among Byzantine-rite Christians in Arabic-speaking communities, but has been little studied. So far, 84 examples of Greek Aljamiado have been identified in HMML's collections of Christian manuscripts digitized in Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Cataloging by HMML staff and associates makes these manuscripts easier to find, and supports scholars in their research of the extent and purposes of Greek Aljamiado usage. Pictured: Greek Aljamiado is written on the left page of this manuscript, in the collection of the Ordre Basilien Alepin in Jūniyah, Lebanon. View in Reading Room (OBA 00256): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vhmml.org/readingRoom/view/120512">www.vhmml.org/readingRoom/view/120512</a> [Image attached] [Story update]. Facebook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.facebook.com/story.php/?story_fbid%3D891590206344824%26id%3D100064815573799%26_rdr">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Kotzageorgis-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kotzageorgis_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzageorgis2010" class="citation book cs1">Kotzageorgis, Phokion (2010). Gruber, Christiane J.; Colby, Frederick Stephen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsjLHirJmvPUC%26q%3DReworking%2Bthe%2BAscension%2Bin%2BOttoman%2BLands:%2BAn%2BEighteenth-Century%2BMi%2527r%25C4%2581jn%25C4%2581ma%2Bin%2BGreek%2Bfrom%2BEpirus%26pg%3DPA297">The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-cultural Encounters with the Islamic Mi'rāj Tales</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 297. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35361-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35361-0"><bdi>978-0-253-35361-0</bdi></a>. <q>The element that makes this text a <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unicum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:unicum">unicum</a> is that it is written in Greek script. In the Ottoman Empire, the primary criterion for the selection of an alphabet in which to write was religion. Thus, people who did not speak—or even know—the official language of their religion used to write their religious texts in the languages that they knew, though in the alphabet where the sacred texts of that religion were written. Thus, the Grecophone Catholics of Chios wrote using the Latin alphabet, but in the Greek language (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frangochiotika&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Frangochiotika (page does not exist)">frangochiotika</a>); the Turcophone Orthodox Christians of Cappadocia wrote their Turkish texts using the Greek alphabet (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karamanlidika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamanlidika">karamanlidika</a>); and the Grecophone Muslims of the Greek peninsula wrote in Greek language using the Arabic alphabet (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tourkogianniotika&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tourkogianniotika (page does not exist)">tourkogianniotika</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tourkokretika&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tourkokretika (page does not exist)">tourkokretika</a>). Our case is much stranger, since it is a quite early example for that kind of literature and because it is largely concerned with religious themes."; p. 306. The audience for the Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mi'r%C4%81jn%C4%81ma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mi'rājnāma (page does not exist)">Mi'rājnāma</a> was most certainly Greek-speaking Muslims, in particular the so-called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tourkogianniot&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tourkogianniot (page does not exist)">Tourkogianniotes</a> (literally, the Turks of Jannina). Although few examples have been discovered as yet, it seems that these people developed a religious literature mainly composed in verse form. This literary form constituted the mainstream of Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aljamiado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a> literature from the middle of the seventeenth century until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> in 1923. Tourkogianniotes were probably of Christian origin and were Islamized sometime during the seventeenth century. They did not speak any language other than Greek. Thus, even their frequency in attending mosque services did not provide them with the necessary knowledge about their faith. Given their low level of literacy, one important way that they could learn about their faith was to listen to religiously edifying texts such as the Greek Mi'rājnāma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%27s+Ascension%3A+Cross-cultural+Encounters+with+the+Islamic+Mi%27r%C4%81j+Tales&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35361-0&rft.aulast=Kotzageorgis&rft.aufirst=Phokion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjLHirJmvPUC%26q%3DReworking%2Bthe%2BAscension%2Bin%2BOttoman%2BLands%3A%2BAn%2BEighteenth-Century%2BMi%2527r%25C4%2581jn%25C4%2581ma%2Bin%2BGreek%2Bfrom%2BEpirus%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID%3Dgrk">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. ohchr.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dgrk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexiou1982" class="citation book cs1">Alexiou, Margaret (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dsza8AAAAIAAJ">"Diglossia in Greece"</a>. In Haas, William (ed.). Standard Languages: Spoken and Written. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 156–192. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20291-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20291-2"><bdi>978-0-389-20291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diglossia+in+Greece&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages%3A+Spoken+and+Written&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=156-192&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20291-2&rft.aulast=Alexiou&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsza8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndroutsopoulos2009" class="citation book cs1">Androutsopoulos, Jannis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MEDIA139/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BD%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1/Androutsopoulos,Greeklish(2009).pdf">"'Greeklish': Transliteration Practice and Discourse in a Setting of Computer-Mediated Digraphia"</a> (PDF). In Georgakopoulou, Alexandra; Silk, Michael (eds.). Standard Languages and Language Standards: Greek, Past and Present. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 221–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Greeklish%27%3A+Transliteration+Practice+and+Discourse+in+a+Setting+of+Computer-Mediated+Digraphia&rft.btitle=Standard+Languages+and+Language+Standards%3A+Greek%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=221-249&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Androutsopoulos&rft.aufirst=Jannis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclass.uoa.gr%2Fmodules%2Fdocument%2Ffile.php%2FMEDIA139%2F%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%2FAndroutsopoulos%2CGreeklish%282009%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonGray2006" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Quentin D.; Gray, Russel D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVlRiAAAAMAAJ">"Chapter 8: How Old is the Indo-European Language Family? Illumination or More Moths to the Flame?"</a>. In Forster, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages. Cambridge, England: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 91–109. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-33-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-33-5"><bdi>978-1-902937-33-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+How+Old+is+the+Indo-European+Language+Family%3F+Illumination+or+More+Moths+to+the+Flame%3F&rft.btitle=Phylogenetic+Methods+and+the+Prehistory+of+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=91-109&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-902937-33-5&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Quentin+D.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Russel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlRiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiniotis1992" class="citation book cs1">Babiniotis, George (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-eNBAAAAQBAJ">"The Question of Mediae in Ancient Macedonian Greek Reconsidered"</a>. In Brogyanyi, Bela; Lipp, Reiner (eds.). Historical Philology: Greek, Latin and Romance. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29–40. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027277473?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789027277473"><bdi>9789027277473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Mediae+in+Ancient+Macedonian+Greek+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=Historical+Philology%3A+Greek%2C+Latin+and+Romance&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Philadelphia&rft.pages=29-40&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789027277473&rft.aulast=Babiniotis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eNBAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1">Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwffLMgEACAAJ">Etymological Dictionary of Greek</a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17418-4&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stephen+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwffLMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1983" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1983) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Db55B1J7I99AC">Medieval and Modern Greek</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23488-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23488-7"><bdi>978-0-521-23488-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Modern+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23488-7&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db55B1J7I99AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkinsHalliday1916" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/moderngreekinas00hallgoog">Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greek+in+Asia+Minor%3A+A+Study+of+Dialect+of+Silly%2C+Cappadocia+and+Pharasa+with+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Translations+and+Glossary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard+McGillivray&rft.au=Halliday%2C+William+Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderngreekinas00hallgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosuna2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dosuna, Julián Víctor Méndez (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/2342614">"Ancient Macedonian as a Greek Dialect: A Critical Survey on Recent Work"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History and Culture (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek Language. pp. 65–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian+as+a+Greek+Dialect%3A+A+Critical+Survey+on+Recent+Work&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia%3A+Language%2C+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pages=65-78&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Greek+Language&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dosuna&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n+V%C3%ADctor+M%C3%A9ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2342614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.; Ivanov, Vyacheslav (March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106143844/http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm">"The Early History of Indo-European Languages"</a>. Scientific American. 262 (3): 110–116. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262c.110G">1990SciAm.262c.110G</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fscientificamerican0390-110">10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Indo-European+Languages&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=1990-03&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990SciAm.262c.110G&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Tamaz+V.&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Vyacheslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FClassic%2Fsciam1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiev1981" class="citation book cs1">Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxmZiAAAAMAAJ">Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages</a>. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789535172611?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789535172611"><bdi>9789535172611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9789535172611&rft.aulast=Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ivanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmZiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russel D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1">"Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin"</a>. Nature. 426 (6965): 435–439. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+Divergence+Times+Support+the+Anatolian+Theory+of+Indo-European+Origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=435-439&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Russel+D.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2008" class="citation book cs1">Holm, Hans J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQEmMvrOkQ-YC">"The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages"</a>. In Preisach, Christine; Burkhardt, Hans; Schmidt-Thieme, Lars; Decker, Reinhold (eds.). Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V., Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, March 7–9, 2007. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 628–636. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78246-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78246-9"><bdi>978-3-540-78246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Data+in+Word+Lists+and+its+Impact+on+the+Subgrouping+of+Languages&rft.btitle=Data+Analysis%2C+Machine+Learning%2C+and+Applications.+Proceedings+of+the+31st+Annual+Conference+of+the+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Klassifikation+e.V.%2C+Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%C3%A4t+Freiburg%2C+March+7%E2%80%939%2C+2007&rft.place=Berlin-Heidelberg&rft.pages=628-636&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78246-9&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEmMvrOkQ-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1976" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J.T. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ds0YbAAAAYAAJ">Mycenaean Greece</a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710083791?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780710083791"><bdi>9780710083791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780710083791&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0YbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkqCnCOgGc5AC">Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition</a>. London and New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23671-3&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqCnCOgGc5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLigorioLubotsky2018" class="citation book cs1">Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110542431-022/html">"Phrygian"</a>. In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias; Wenthe, Mark (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Gruyter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imprints_and_partnerships" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter Mouton</a>. pp. 1816–1831. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1515%252F9783110542431-022">10.1515/9783110542431-022</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/1887%252F63481">1887/63481</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1"><bdi>978-3-11-054243-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242082908">242082908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrygian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1816-1831&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F63481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242082908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054243-1&rft.aulast=Ligorio&rft.aufirst=Orsat&rft.au=Lubotsky%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-022%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (9 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a>. 17 (3–4): 233–245. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215769896">215769896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=233-245&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215769896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlander2022" class="citation book cs1">Olander, Thomas, ed. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52">The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252F9781108758666">10.1017/9781108758666</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49979-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49979-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Findoeuropean-language-family%2F4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">van Beek, Lucien. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf/greek.pdf">Chapter 11: Greek</a>". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlander2022">Olander (2022)</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Olsen, Birgit Anette; Thorsø, Rasmus. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BE08E658A526CBC9A058F25812443F99/9781108499798c12_202-222.pdf/armenian.pdf">Chapter 12: Armenian</a>". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlander2022">Olander (2022)</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/235881199CF63D7E9D60E32DA7362DD9/9781108499798c13_223-245.pdf/albanian.pdf">Chapter 13: Albanian</a>". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOlander2022">Olander (2022)</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalli2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ralli, Angeliki (2001). Μορφολογία [Morphology] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdoseis Pataki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1+%5BMorphology%5D&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ekdoseis+Pataki&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ralli&rft.aufirst=Angeliki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1973" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMUkbAAAAYAAJ">"Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin"</a>. In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.). Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6"><bdi>978-0-7156-0580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+General+Correlation+of+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Strata+in+Prehistoric+Greece%3A+The+Model+of+Autochthonous+Origin&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Migrations+in+the+Aegean%3B+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Problems+in+Greek+Prehistory%3A+Proceedings+of+the+first+International+Colloquium+on+Aegean+Prehistory%2C+Sheffield&rft.place=London&rft.pages=263-276&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-0580-6&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew2003" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_VxiAAAAMAAJ">"Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area"</a>. In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1"><bdi>978-3-8253-1449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+Depth%2C+Convergence+Theory%2C+and+Innovation+in+Proto-Indo-European%3A+%27Old+Europe%27+as+a+PIE+Linguistic+Area&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=17-48&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter+GmBH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VxiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1990" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1990) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DR645AAAAIAAJ">Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38675-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38675-3"><bdi>978-0-521-38675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+The+Puzzle+of+Indo-European+Origins&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38675-3&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR645AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheler1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheler, Manfred (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGchZAAAAMAAJ">Der englische Wortschatz [English Vocabulary]</a> (in German). Berlin: E. Schmidt. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-503-01250-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-503-01250-3"><bdi>978-3-503-01250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+englische+Wortschatz+%5BEnglish+Vocabulary%5D&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=E.+Schmidt&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-503-01250-3&rft.aulast=Scheler&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGchZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsitselikis2013" class="citation book cs1">Tsitselikis, Konstantinos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgUYzAQAAQBAJ">"A Surviving Treaty: The Lausanne Minority Protection in Greece and Turkey"</a>. In Henrard, Kristin (ed.). The Interrelation between the Right to Identity of Minorities and their Socio-economic Participation. Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 287–315. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004244740?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004244740"><bdi>9789004244740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Surviving+Treaty%3A+The+Lausanne+Minority+Protection+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.btitle=The+Interrelation+between+the+Right+to+Identity+of+Minorities+and+their+Socio-economic+Participation&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=287-315&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004244740&rft.aulast=Tsitselikis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUYzAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhouse, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/">"An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day"</a>. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 126 (1): 167–188. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fv10148-010-0013-x">10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2083-4624">2083-4624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+research+on+Phrygian+from+the+nineteenth+century+to+the+present+day&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-188&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10148-010-0013-x&rft.issn=2083-4624&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejournals.eu%2FStudia-Linguistica%2F2009%2F2009%2Fart%2F5400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1968" class="citation book cs1">Allen, W. Sidney (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5i89AAAAIAAJ">Vox Graeca – A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20626-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20626-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20626-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vox+Graeca+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+to+the+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20626-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i89AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosbySchaeffer1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Lamar_Crosby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Lamar Crosby">Crosby, Henry Lamar</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Nevin_Schaeffer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Nevin Schaeffer">Schaeffer, John Nevin</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00cros">An Introduction to Greek</a>. Boston, MA; New York, NY: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Greek&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Henry+Lamar&rft.au=Schaeffer%2C+John+Nevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontogr00cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Thrace" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Thrace">Dionysius of Thrace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html">Bibliotheca Augustana <bdi lang="el">Τέχνη Γραμματική</bdi></a> [Art of Grammar] (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Augustana+%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Thrace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fh-augsburg.de%2F~harsch%2Fgraeca%2FChronologia%2FS_ante02%2FDionysiosThrax%2Fdio_tech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonMackridgePhilippaki-Warburton1997" class="citation book cs1">Holton, David; Mackridge, Peter; Philippaki-Warburton, Irene (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DK7Nhs6tfk-wC">Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language</a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10002-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10002-1"><bdi>978-0-415-10002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar+of+the+Modern+Language&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10002-1&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mackridge%2C+Peter&rft.au=Philippaki-Warburton%2C+Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7Nhs6tfk-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks1997" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQlpiAAAAMAAJ">Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers</a>. London and New York: Longman Linguistics Library (Addison Wesley Longman Limited). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30709-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30709-4"><bdi>978-0-582-30709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+History+of+the+Language+and+Its+Speakers&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Longman+Linguistics+Library+%28Addison+Wesley+Longman+Limited%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30709-4&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlpiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrill1990" class="citation book cs1">Krill, Richard M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DV9Jhl4aMrFMC">Greek and Latin in English Today</a>. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-241-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-241-9"><bdi>978-0-86516-241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Latin+in+English+Today&rft.place=Wauconda%2C+IL&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-241-9&rft.aulast=Krill&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9Jhl4aMrFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, James P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC">"Greek Language"</a>. In Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 240–246. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964985?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964985"><bdi>9781884964985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=240-246&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781884964985&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1972" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Brian (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dpi44AAAAIAAJ">The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08497-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08497-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generative+Interpretation+of+Dialect%3A+A+Study+of+Modern+Greek+Phonology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08497-0&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpi44AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihler1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_L._Sihler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew L. Sihler">Sihler, Andrew L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPLNfAAAAMAAJ">New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508345-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508345-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508345-3&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLNfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythMessing1956" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Herbert Weir; Messing, Gordon (1956) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DM3EyjIa6IPgC">Greek Grammar</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36250-5"><bdi>978-0-674-36250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36250-5&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft.au=Messing%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3EyjIa6IPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="el:"> Standard Greek edition</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pnt:"> Pontic Greek edition</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greek_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Greek language">Greek language</a> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> For a list of words relating to Greek language, see the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Greek_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Greek language">Greek language category of words</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiktionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/grc">Ancient Greek test</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek language">Greek language</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Greek_phrasebook%23Q9129" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Greek phrasebook">Greek</a>. </div> </div> </div> <dl> <dt> General background </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013090119/http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html">Greek Language</a>, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://greeklinguistics.com">The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway</a>, useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek.</li> <li>Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html">The Greek Language Portal</a>, a portal for Greek language and linguistic education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/">The Perseus Project</a> has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ucbclassics.dreamhosters.com/ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html">Ancient Greek Tutorials</a>, Berkeley Language Center of the University of California, Berkeley</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Language learning </dt> </dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greek_language" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Greek language">Greek language</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162856/https://greeklinguistics.com/grammar/">Hellenistic Greek Lessons</a> Greek-Language.com provides a free online grammar of Hellenistic Greek.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.komvos.edu.gr/">komvos.edu.gr</a>, a website for the support of people who are being taught the Greek language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ntgreek.net/">New Testament Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206230904/http://www.ntgreek.net/">Archived</a> 6 February 2009 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Three graduated courses designed to help students learn to read the Greek New Testament</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pi-schools.gr/lessons/hellenic/">Books on Greek language that are taught at schools in Greece</a> (in Greek)</li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek Swadesh list">Greek Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-greek-course.php">USA Foreign Service Institute Modern Greek basic course</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAversa" class="citation web cs1">Aversa, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://isidore.co/LatinInflector/greek/">"Greek Inflector"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Inflector&rft.aulast=Aversa&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisidore.co%2FLatinInflector%2Fgreek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+language" class="Z3988"> Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered, using Perseus.</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Dictionaries </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711164623/https://www.greeklinguistics.com/Dictionaries.html">Greek Lexical Aids</a>, descriptions of both online lexicons (with appropriate links) and Greek Lexicons in Print.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html">The Greek Language Portal</a>, dictionaries of all forms of Greek (Ancient, Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern)</li> <li>scanned images from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/">S. C. Woodhouse's English–Greek dictionary</a>, 1910</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Literature </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.snhell.gr/en/index.html">Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies</a>, a non-profit organization that promotes modern Greek literature and culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219040636/http://www.kenef.phil.uoi.gr/static/digital.htm">Research lab of modern Greek philosophy</a>, a large e-library of modern Greek texts/books</li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGreek_language%26oldid%3D1258921141">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&oldid=1258921141</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 10:46 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Урымыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урымыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grieks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Sprache" title="Griechische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Griechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2588%25AA%25E1%258A%25AD_(%25E1%2589%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%2589%258B)" title="ግሪክ (ቋንቋ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግሪክ (ቋንቋ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ग्रीक भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रीक भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C4%2593acisc_spr%25C7%25A3c" title="Crēacisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Crēacisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D1%2588%25D3%2599%25D0%25B0" title="Абырзен бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абырзен бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="اللغة اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griego" title="Idioma griego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma griego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A0%25DC%25AB%25DC%25A2%25DC%2590_%25DC%259D%25DC%2598%25DC%25A2%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2585%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A7%25D5%25B6" title="Յունարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յունարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griegu" title="Idioma griegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma griegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyresia%25C3%25B1e%2527%25E1%25BA%25BD" title="Gyresiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gyresiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D3%2580" title="Грек мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Грек мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_dili" title="Yunan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="یونان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Yunani" title="Basa Yunani – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="গ্রিক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%25CC%258Dp-g%25C3%25BA" title="Hi-lia̍p-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Грек теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грек теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Грэчаская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэчаская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Грэцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="यूनानी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Griego" title="Tataramon na Griego – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Griego" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%258A%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Гръцки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръцки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griachische_Sproch" title="Griachische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Griachische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2580%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%2590%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཀེ་རི་སིའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀེ་རི་སིའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresianeg" title="Gresianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gresianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Грек хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Грек хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec" title="Grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2587%25C4%2595%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8" title="Грек чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грек чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Griyego" title="Pinulongang Griyego – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Griyego" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598e%25C4%258Dtina" title="Řečtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řečtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chigiriki" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chigiriki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groeg_(iaith)" title="Groeg (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groeg (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25A6sk_(sprog)" title="Græsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Græsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="ليونانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليونانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greikkagiella" title="Greikkagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Greikkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Sprache" title="Griechische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grichi%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587ina" title="Grichišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Grichišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka_keel" title="Kreeka keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Ελληνική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25AEg" title="Grîg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Grîg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Грекень кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грекень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griego" title="Idioma griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_lingvo" title="Greka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griega" title="Lengua griega – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua griega" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="زبان یونانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یونانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_bhasa" title="Greek bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Greek bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikskt_m%25C3%25A1l" title="Grikskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grikskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec" title="Grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryksk" title="Gryksk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gryksk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_greche" title="Lenghe greche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe greche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghr%25C3%25A9igis" title="An Ghréigis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghréigis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greagish" title="Greagish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Greagish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greugais" title="Greugais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Greugais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grega" title="Lingua grega – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua grega" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2582" title="Яний мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Яний мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2587%2598%25E8%25AA%259E" title="希臘語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="希臘語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25AE-lia%25CC%258Dp-ng%25C3%25AE" title="Hî-lia̍p-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hî-lia̍p-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BD" title="Грисин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Грисин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B7%25B8%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%258A%25A4%25EC%2596%25B4" title="그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BB%25C5%258Clelo_Helene" title="ʻŌlelo Helene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Helene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Հունարեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="यूनानी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grjek%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587ina" title="Grjekšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Grjekšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_linguo" title="Greka linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Greka linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Griego" title="Pagsasao a Griego – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Griego" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grec" title="Lingua grec – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua grec" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3" title="Грекъаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грекъаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiGreki" title="IsiGreki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiGreki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25ADska" title="Gríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="יוונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Grikenlan" title="Basa Grikenlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Grikenlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C9%2594n%25C9%2594_Kr%25C9%259Bk%25C9%25A9_k%25CA%258An%25CA%258A%25C5%258B" title="Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Griyegu" title="Amanung Griyegu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Griyegu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25AB%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბერძნული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596" title="Грек тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грек тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka" title="Greka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Greka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigereki" title="Ikigereki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikigereki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigiriki" title="Kigiriki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigiriki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Эллин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эллин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek_(lanng)" title="Grek (lanng) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grek (lanng)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%25C3%25AA_yewnan%25C3%25AE" title="Zimanê yewnanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê yewnanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Грек тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грек тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_grech" title="Lingaz grech – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz grech" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grega" title="Lingua grega – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua grega" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2581" title="ພາສາກະເລັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາກະເລັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Graeca" title="Lingua Graeca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Graeca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%25C4%25B7u_valoda" title="Grieķu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griichesch" title="Griichesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Griichesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2587%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Грек чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Грек чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graik%25C5%25B3_kalba" title="Graikų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_grega" title="Lengoa grega – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoa grega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuigrieks" title="Nuigrieks – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nuigrieks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligreki" title="Ligreki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ligreki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinica_(lingua)" title="Elinica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elinica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekan_kieli" title="Griekan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Griekan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xesybau" title="xesybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xesybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_greca" title="Lengua greca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua greca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25B6g_nyelv" title="Görög nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="युनानी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Грчки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грчки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_grika" title="Fiteny grika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny grika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25AD%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B7" title="ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Griega" title="Lingwa Griega – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Griega" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Kariki" title="Reo Kariki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kariki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ग्रीक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25AB%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ბერძენული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერძენული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589" title="يونانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يونانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="یونانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یونانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2592%25EA%25AF%25AD%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%259B_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Yunani" title="Bahaso Yunani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Yunani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C4%25AD-l%25C3%25A9-n%25C3%25A0%25CC%25A4-ng%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2584" title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Греконь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Греконь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Грек хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Грек хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25B1" title="ဂရိဘာသာနှင့်စာပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရိဘာသာနှင့်စာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greciatlahtolli" title="Greciatlahtolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Greciatlahtolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grieks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grieks" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="युनानी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ग्रीक भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्रीक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AE%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2582%25A2%25E8%25AA%259E" title="ギリシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2582" title="Желтойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Желтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greks_spriak" title="Greks spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Greks spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griik" title="Griik – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Griik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekum" title="Grekum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Grekum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25A8c_(lenga)" title="Grèc (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grèc (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5" title="Грек йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Грек йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2597%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%2580%25E0%25AC%2595_%25E0%25AC%25AD%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B7%25E0%25AC%25BE" title="ଗ୍ରୀକ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ରୀକ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunon_tili" title="Yunon tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yunon tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AF%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="یونانی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونانی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego" title="Griego – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Griego" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A_%25DA%2598%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587" title="يوناني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوناني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griik_languij" title="Griik languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Griik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Эллин кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эллин кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec" title="Grec – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Grec" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_greca" title="Lenga greca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga greca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Gris" title="Tok Gris – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Gris" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeksche_Spraak" title="Greeksche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Greeksche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język grecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C%25CE%25BD_%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD" title="Ελλενικόν λαλίαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ελλενικόν λαλίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ADngua_grega" title="Língua grega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua grega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek_tili" title="Grek tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Grek tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_tili" title="Yunan tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yunan tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%25C4%2583" title="Limba greacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba greacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirisya_simi" title="Qirisya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qirisya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Ґрецькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Греческий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греческий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Гириэк тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гириэк тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%25CA%25BBa_Eleni" title="Faʻa Eleni – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Eleni" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="यूनानीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यूनानीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%259C%25E1%25B1%25BD%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25A0_%25E1%25B1%25AF%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D9%25BB%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="یونانی ٻولی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یونانی ٻولی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_grega" title="Limba grega – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba grega" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_leid" title="Greek leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Greek leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechisk" title="Griechisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Griechisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segerike" title="Segerike – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Segerike" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_greke" title="Gjuha greke – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha greke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca" title="Lingua greca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua greca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2593%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="ග්‍රීක භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රීක භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greek language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A_%25D9%25BB%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A" title="يوناني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوناني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25A9cke_jazyky" title="Grécke jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécke jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina" title="Grščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D1%2587%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A_%25D1%25A9%25EA%2599%2581%25EA%2599%2591%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A" title="Грьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Грьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecko_godka" title="Grecko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25DB%258C%25DB%2586%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="زمانی یۆنانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی یۆنانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Грчки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Yunani" title="Basa Yunani – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikan_kieli" title="Kreikan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grekiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Griyego" title="Wikang Griyego – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Griyego" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="கிரேக்க மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்க மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tagrikt" title="Tutlayt Tagrikt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tagrikt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Юнан теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юнан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2580%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2581_%25E0%25B0%25AD%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B7" title="గ్రీకు భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీకు భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2581" title="ภาษากรีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากรีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D1%258E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D3%25A3" title="Забони юнонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони юнонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanca" title="Yunanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek_dili" title="Grek dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Grek dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_(a%25CC%25B1lyem)" title="Helen (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Helen (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="Грек кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Грек кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Грецька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="یونانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%2590%25D9%2583_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="گرېك تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گرېك تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2581%25C3%25A9ngua_grega" title="Łéngua grega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua grega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekan_kel%2527" title="Grekan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grekan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%25E1%25BA%25BFng_Hy_L%25E1%25BA%25A1p" title="Tiếng Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grik%25C3%25A4nap%25C3%25BCk" title="Grikänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Grikänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka_kiil" title="Kreeka kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kreeka kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2587%2598%25E8%25AA%259E" title="希臘語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="希臘語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griniyego" title="Griniyego – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Griniyego" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2585%258A%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="希腊语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希腊语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9" title="גריכיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גריכיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2588d%25C3%25A8_Gr%25C3%25ADk%25C3%25AC" title="Èdè Gríkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Gríkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2587%2598%25E6%2596%2587" title="希臘文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希臘文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanki" title="Yunanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yunanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graiku_kalba" title="Graiku kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Graiku kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2585%258A%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="希腊语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Yunani" title="Saro Yunani – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Yunani" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junani_zyvon" title="Junani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Junani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B5%259C_%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25B3%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B4%25BD%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-8sr7g","wgBackendResponseTime":264,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.582","walltime":"1.912","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12702,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":590261,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18710,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":346532,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1496.771 1 -total"," 26.14% 391.236 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 24.83% 371.681 1 Template:Infobox"," 16.92% 253.285 3 Template:Reflist"," 13.25% 198.281 46 Template:Cite_book"," 10.45% 156.436 24 Template:Navbox"," 9.40% 140.763 11 Template:Lang"," 7.93% 118.705 8 Template:Sister_project"," 7.79% 116.533 8 Template:Side_box"," 7.19% 107.615 1 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