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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #47374a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#47374a"><b>Thinking hardly<br />or hardly thinking?</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Philosophy</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f8feff;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy"><img alt="Icon philosophy.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/d/d0/Icon_philosophy.svg/100px-Icon_philosophy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/d/d0/Icon_philosophy.svg/150px-Icon_philosophy.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/d/d0/Icon_philosophy.svg/200px-Icon_philosophy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b>Major trains of thought</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b>The good, the bad,<br />and the brain fart</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_knowledge" title="Middle knowledge">Middle knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b>Come to think of it</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy" title="Template:Philosophy">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy" title="Template talk:Philosophy">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Events, by definition, are occurrences that interrupt routine processes and routine procedures; only in a world in which nothing of importance ever happens could the futurologists’ dream come true.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Hannah Arendt<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7</sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Futurism</b>, or <b>futurology</b>, is the study, or hypothetical study, of what might become of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a> and our relationship with <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and our <a href="/wiki/Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment">environment</a>. It is quite often difficult to discern between the realistic, the <a href="/wiki/Science_woo" title="Science woo">science woo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fictional</a> elements of the works of futurists. </p><p>Essentially all of the non-artistic futurist movements, those that are involved with social or political futures, boil down to <a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a> by the leadership. This is because human behavior (beyond narrow, short-term behavior) has proven to be extremely hard — verging on impossible — to forecast, either by humans or by computers.<sup id="cite_ref-narayanan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narayanan-3">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60-98</sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Christian_futurism"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Christian futurism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Proto-futurism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Proto-futurism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Italian_futurism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Italian futurism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Futurist_music"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Futurist music</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_futurism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern futurism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Afro-futurism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Afro-futurism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Transhumanism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transhumanism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cyberfeminism_and_postgenderism"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cyberfeminism and postgenderism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pop_music"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pop music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Retrofuturism"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Retrofuturism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#TESCREAL"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">TESCREAL</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Christian_futurism">Christian futurism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christian futurism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The first use of the term "futurism" appeared during the early 19<sup>th</sup> century in reference to a specific brand of <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> that teaches that many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, will take place in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> Obviously, futurism still holds some influence in modern Christianity considering <a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">all</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">the</a> <a href="/wiki/Cranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranks">cranks</a> still banging on about the <a href="/wiki/End_times" title="End times">end times</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Proto-futurism">Proto-futurism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proto-futurism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The term "futurist" was not explicitly used in reference to a number of the 19<sup>th</sup> century <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writers such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, though modern futurists claim to draw inspiration from them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Italian_futurism">Italian futurism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italian futurism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Russolo,_Carr%C3%A0,_Marinetti,_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro,_Paris,_9_February_1912.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg/300px-Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg/450px-Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg/600px-Russolo%2C_Carr%C3%A0%2C_Marinetti%2C_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro%2C_Paris%2C_9_February_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Russolo,_Carr%C3%A0,_Marinetti,_Boccioni_and_Severini_in_front_of_Le_Figaro,_Paris,_9_February_1912.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Italian futurists (left to right): Luigi Russolo, Carlo Carrà, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni and Gino Severini</div></div></div> <p>The original futurist movement was born in early 20<sup>th</sup> century <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> which was known for exalting <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, technology, and violence. One of the key documents of the early futurist movement was <i>The Futurist Manifesto</i>, published in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. It featured such fun things like:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>4. We declare that the splendor of the world has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing automobile with its bonnet adorned with great tubes like serpents with explosive breath ... a roaring motor car which seems to run on machine-gun fire, is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. </p><p>... </p><p>7. Beauty exists only in struggle. There is no masterpiece that has not an aggressive character. Poetry must be a violent assault on the forces of the unknown, to force them to bow before man. </p><p>... </p><p>9. We want to glorify <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> — the only cure for the world — militarism, <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, the destructive gesture of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, the beautiful ideas which kill, and <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">contempt for woman</a>. </p><p>10. <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">We want to demolish museums and libraries</a>, fight <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and all opportunist and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> cowardice. </p><p>11. We will sing of the great crowds agitated by work, pleasure and revolt; the multi-colored and polyphonic surf of <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutions</a> in modern capitals: the nocturnal vibration of the arsenals and the workshops beneath their violent electric moons: the gluttonous railway stations devouring smoking serpents; factories suspended from the clouds by the thread of their <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">smoke</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation" title="Rail transportation">bridges with the leap of gymnasts flung across the diabolic cutlery of sunny rivers: adventurous steamers sniffing the horizon; great-breasted locomotives, puffing on the rails like enormous steel horses with long tubes for bridle</a>, and the gliding flight of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aeroplanes</a> whose propeller sounds like the flapping of a flag and the applause of enthusiastic crowds. </p> </blockquote> <p>This positioned Marinetti as the leader of the Italian futurist movement and eventually the head of the Futurist Political Party formed in 1918. Many of the futurists were also Italian <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalists</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> ideologues and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Futurist_music">Futurist music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Futurist music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>One of the many strains of futurist <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> (see the next couple sections) came out of the Italian movement. Musician Balilla Pratella (1880–1955) wrote an article "Manifesto of Futurist Musicians".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> In it, he addresses young musicians (because "only they can understand what I have to say"), encouraging them to ditch commercialism, academia, closed competitions, critics, sacred music, librettist/composer partnerships, vocal centrism, and quite a few other things he believed were holding back musical innovation. Typical of the movement, Pratella adopted a vitriolic tone, never taking a moment's breath to stop painting the "traditionalists" as mortal enemies of music. </p><p>Pratella was forgotten over time and 20<sup>th</sup>-century classical music lived on, although the band Art of Noise and the record label ZTT<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> were named after Futurist concepts. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_futurism">Modern futurism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern futurism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg/250px-Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg/330px-Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvin_Toffler_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Alvin Toffler</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>installing a cyborg tube in my tuxedo which frequently sprays my ass with various advanced powders</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—wint<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern futurism came to be characterized as being more <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientistic</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">some</a> might say) while still retaining its artistic elements. Ossip K. Flechtheim called for a field of "futurology" beginning in the 1940s, an attempt to "scientifically" <a href="/wiki/Historicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicism">predict the future based on history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> <i>Future Shock</i>, by Alvin Toffler is known for being one of the most influential popularizations of futurism. Nowadays the field is rife with anyone who can get the <a href="/wiki/Media" title="Media">media</a> to call them futurists. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Afro-futurism">Afro-futurism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afro-futurism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Ra_(1973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sun_Ra_%281973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill%29.jpg/250px-Sun_Ra_%281973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sun_Ra_%281973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill%29.jpg/330px-Sun_Ra_%281973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Ra_(1973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sun Ra in 1973</div></div></div> <p>Afro-futurism is essentially a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and the attempted erasure of Black history. Faced with a past blotted out by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> artists in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century turned to futurist imagery and ideas. This style eventually came to be known as "Afro-futurism."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> One of the most prominent Afro-futurist musicians is Sun Ra, a jazz pianist and bandleader; his film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27%27Space_Is_the_Place%27%27" class="extiw" title="wp:''Space Is the Place''" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: ''Space Is the Place''"><i>Space Is the Place</i></span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is considered a major influence on the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> George Clinton's band Funkadelic (later P-Funk mythology or P-Funk) developed a futurist mythology with their eponymous 1970 debut album.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> A number of other musicians have become associated with Afro-futurism, including Model 500 and DJ Spooky. Afro-futurist science fiction authors included Octavia Butler and Samuel R. Delany. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transhumanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg/165px-Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg/248px-Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg/330px-Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_Deus_-_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow</i> by Yuval Noah Harari</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></div> <p>The current incarnation of futurism is known as <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a>, a somewhat loosely knit movement that has gained a few wealthy financial benefactors in Silicon Valley. Many transhumanists are "<a href="/wiki/Singularity" title="Singularity">Singularitarians</a>" who posit a coming "technological singularity" in which an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> is built that exceeds human intelligence and initiates an explosion of technological advancement. Transhumanists are also proponents of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a>, dubious, or otherwise problematic technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> is probably the most famous transhumanist around today. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cyberfeminism_and_postgenderism">Cyberfeminism and postgenderism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cyberfeminism and postgenderism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">For more information, see: <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_gender" title="Abolition of gender">Abolition of gender</a></div> <p>The movement that came to be known as "cyborg <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>" or "cyberfeminism" takes its inspiration from Donna Haraway's 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> Haraway rebutted the idea that science and technology are inherently <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalistic</a>. Cyberfeminism tends to concentrate on the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> roles and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> Another movement with some overlap with cyberfeminism is postgenderism, which advocates for technological advances in service of <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_gender" title="Abolition of gender">erasing gender</a> (and sexual dimorphism, too).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> Both of these movements also have some overlap with transhumanism. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pop_music">Pop music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pop music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There was a strain of 1980s electronic synthesizer pop of this name, which they got from the Italian ones. It went "ZOMG MACHINES EXIST" in a New Wave sort of manner with silly haircuts and eyeliner. Examples include Visage and Depeche Mode. In the early 2000s, industrial bands VNV Nation and Apoptygma Berzerk invented the name "futurepop" for their version of this.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> Even more confusingly is a resurgence in 1980s-sounding synth-music thanks to films like <i>Drive</i> and videogames like <i>Hotline Miami</i> with a number of names, like "Synthwave" or "Retro-Synth."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a></sup> So "future" means "retro," except… </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retrofuturism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>It's basically an aesthetic used in art and design built on all those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofuturism" class="extiw" title="wp:Retrofuturism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Retrofuturism">failed futurist predictions</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> leading to styles such as "steam punk" or "diesel punk". The subreddit r/RetroFuturism is dedicated to sharing examples of pretty pictures with this aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="TESCREAL">TESCREAL</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: TESCREAL">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>These are technologies [specifically <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter/X</a>] that are supposed to be so democratized and universal, but they’re so heavily influenced by one person. Everything they do is [framed as] a step toward much larger greatness and the transformation of society. But these are just <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" title="Personality cult">cults of personality</a>. They sell a product.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Noah Giansiracusa, a professor at Bentley University in Massachusetts who researches AI<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">Philosopher</a> Émile P. Torres and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" class="extiw" title="wp:Timnit Gebru" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> coined the acronym TESCREAL to stand for a collection of overlapping futurist concepts: <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism"><b>T</b>ranshumanism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropianism" class="extiw" title="wp:Extropianism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Extropianism"><b>E</b>xtropianism</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singularity" title="Singularity"><b>S</b>ingularitarianism</a>, <b>C</b>osmism, <a href="/wiki/LessWrong" title="LessWrong"><b>R</b>ationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism"><b>E</b>ffective <b>A</b>ltruism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtermism" class="extiw" title="wp:Longtermism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Longtermism"><b>L</b>ongtermism</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>Extropianism according to Torres is largely defunct, but its ideals (perpetual progress, self-transformation, rational thinking and intelligent technology) have merged into other <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>Cosmism "is a set of ideologies advanced by Russian scientists and philosophers such as" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorov_(philosopher)" class="extiw" title="wp:Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)">Nikolai Fyodorov</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1829–1903), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" class="extiw" title="wp:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1857–1935), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" class="extiw" title="wp:Vladimir Vernadsky" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1863–1945). The ideologies include maximal space exploration and colonization, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> of the dead. Cosmism is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian">Russian</a> nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-troy_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troy-24">[22]</a></sup> Cosmist Ben Goertzel first described the concept of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI) in his book, <i>A Cosmist Manifesto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> in TESCREAL is specifically the <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/LessWrong" title="LessWrong">LessWrong</a> variety, not the more general form of rationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>Torres has argued that TESCREAL is central to the rationale for OpenAI, and the believed consequent creation of AGI.<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>People who have embraced TESCREAL as a ideology (essentially by embracing at least two of its sub-ideologies) include:<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman" class="extiw" title="wp:Sam Altman" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sam Altman">Sam Altman</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>: AGI, longtermerism ("galaxies are indeed at risk"),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" class="extiw" title="wp:Marc Andreessen" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (software engineer/techbro): embracing the full TESCREAL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bankman-Fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Bankman-Fried">Sam Bankman-Fried</a>: effective altruism (EA)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" class="extiw" title="wp:Nick Bostrom" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alcor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcor">Alcor</a> (cryonics), EA, extropianism</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin" class="extiw" title="wp:Vitalik Buterin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Vitalik Buterin">Vitalik Buterin</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> funder of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" class="extiw" title="wp:Future of Life Institute" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_MacAskill" class="extiw" title="wp:William MacAskill" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: William MacAskill">William MacAskill</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> EA, longtermism, transhumanism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>: AGI, cosmism (e.g., wanting to colonize Mars with a million people by 2050<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup>), EA, longtermism</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" class="extiw" title="wp:Jaan Tallinn" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> creator of co-founder of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" class="extiw" title="wp:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and the Future of Life Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>: cryonics,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> MIRI/LessWrong<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a> of LessWrong: AGI, cryonics, transhumanism</li></ul></div> <p>It has been claimed that because TESCREAL attracts disaffected young men, it co-occurs with the <a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">manosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-troy_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troy-24">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>The danger then of TESCREAL ideologies is that they are <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialist</a>, with the ends justifying the means.<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup> They prioritize hypothetical distant visions by a few wealthy individuals of a future technological utopia over addressing real-world present, near-term and mid-term human problems. </p><p>TESCREAL as a concept has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a>/effective altruism <i>Bentham's Newsletter</i>, authored by an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> undergraduate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Hughes" class="extiw" title="wp:James J. Hughes" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: James J. Hughes">James J. Hughes</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of the "technoprogressive" (i.e., technological utopian) <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) elaborated on the <i>Bentham's Newsletter</i> criticisms,<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-32">[30]</a></sup> IEET was founded by Hughes (a transhumanist) and Nick Bostrom (noted above as being within the TESCREAL constellation). The main criticism against TESCREAL by Hughes is that it is <a href="/wiki/Conspiracist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracist">conspiracist</a> thinking, that there is a secret cabal is trying to suppress the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-32">[30]</a></sup> The problems with this criticism are threefold: </p> <ol><li>Torres and Gebru have not claimed that there is a secret cabal, all the claimed actors in this are making their activities known in public and in think tanks supporting their causes.</li> <li>Torres and Gebru were well-acquainted with some of the actors in TESCREAL: Torres participated in the TESCREAL movement for several years (EA, transhumanism, longtermerism),<sup id="cite_ref-torres1_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres1-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup> Gebru had high-level positions at <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple">Apple</a> (the first two have been funders of OpenAI).</li> <li>There are two non-contrived connections between the different ideologies of TESCREAL: futurism and longtermerism.</li></ol> <p>A second criticism of TESCREAL by Hughes is that Torres and Gebru have inappropriately attributed <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, racism and <a href="/wiki/Neoreactionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoreactionary">neoreactionary</a> ideology to the ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-32">[30]</a></sup> The problem with the eugenics criticism is that both EA and longtermerism are obsessed with the importance of high <a href="/wiki/IQ" title="IQ">IQ</a>, and hence eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torres2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres2-35">[33]</a></sup> Bostrom himself drew the path from IQ to racism and eugenics both in a disgusting email he wrote as an Oxford University student in 1996 (later "apologizing" for using <a href="/wiki/N-word" class="mw-redirect" title="N-word">N-word</a> but not retracting his claim that "Blacks are more stupid than whites." and by his co-editing a book in support of eugenics, <i>Human Enhancement</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-torres2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres2-35">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Michio Kaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LessWrong" title="LessWrong">LessWrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profuturists.org/">Association of Professional Futurists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anu.academia.edu/PiersKelly/Papers/1366637/The_Ghost_in_the_Machine_Science_Mysticism_and_Italian_Futurist_Literature">The Ghost in the Machine: Science, Mysticism, and Italian Futurist Literature</a>, Piers Kelly, Monash University</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The album satirized futurism (the "Future Fair"), <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disneyland/Disneyworld</a>, and computers ("bus" in the title refers to computer bus). The album also foretold the use of a malicious <a href="/wiki/Prompt_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt injection">prompt injection</a> into a chatbot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The internet seems to have settled on "Synthwave".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futurism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>On Violence</i> by Hannah Arendt (1970) Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-narayanan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-narayanan_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>AI Snake Oil: What Artificial Intelligence Can Do, What It Can't, and How to Tell the Difference</i> by Arvind Narayanan & Sayash Kapoor (2024) Princeton University Press. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069124913X" title="Special:BookSources/069124913X">069124913X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving H. Buchen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0040162577900464">Messianic Futurism: The Christian Example.</a> <i>Technological Forecasting of Social Change</i>, Volume 10, Issue 2, 1977, Pages 211–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/03/business/all-hail-jules-verne-patron-saint-of-cyberspace.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">All Hail Jules Verne, Patron Saint of Cyberspace</a>, Edward Rothstein, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bactra.org/T4PM/futurist-manifesto.html">The Futurist Manifesto</a></i> by F.T. Marinetti from <i>Three Intellectuals in Politics</i>, edited by James Joll</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/657603">Politics as Art: Italian Futurism and Fascism</a> by Anne Bowler (1991) <i>Theory and Society</i> 20(6):763-794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/musicians.html">"Manifesto of Futurist Musicians"</a> by Balilla Pratella (1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTT_Records" class="extiw" title="wp:ZTT Records" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: ZTT Records">ZTT Records</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922104351/https://twitter.com/dril/status/908993133387579393">installing a cyborg tube in my tuxedo which frequently sprays my ass with various advanced powders</a> by wint (2:57 AM - 16 Sep 2017) <i>Twitter</i> (archived from September 22, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/Flechtheim.htm">Futurology — The New Science of Probability?</a> by Ossip K. Flechtheim (1972). In: <i>The Futurists</i>, edited by Alvin Toffler. Random House. ISBN 0394317130. pp. 264-276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-is-afrofuturism-180982154/">What Is Afrofuturism?</a> by Shantay Robinson (May 11, 2023) <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sussex.academia.edu/AaronSandhu/Papers/1529265/How_did_Sun_Ras_Space_is_the_Place_influence_the_Afro-American_diaspora_and_Afrofuturist_counterculture">How did Sun Ra’s ‘Space is the Place’ influence the Afro-American diaspora and Afrofuturist counterculture?</a> by Aaron Sandhu (2013) University of Sussex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Funk_mythology" class="extiw" title="wp:P-Funk mythology" rel="nofollow">P-Funk mythology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestlyharawaythecyborgmanifestothecompanionspeciesmanifestorepubblicanesimogeopolitico/page/n3/mode/2up">A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century</a> In: <i>Manifestly Haraway</i> by Donna Haraway (2019) University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816650489. Pp. 3-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211054109/http://hplusmagazine.com/2009/07/21/importance-being-cyborg-feminist">On the Importance of Being a Cyborg Feminist</a> by Kyle Mukittrick ( July 21, 2009 ) <i>H+ Magazine</i> (archived from February 11, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/archive/IEET-03-PostGender.pdf">Postgenderism: Beyond the Gender Binary</a>, George Dvorsky and James Hughes, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sortedmagazine.com/Sordid.php3?nID=261">Being a little bit productive</a> by Girl the Bourgeois Individualist (c. 2003) <i>Sorted Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rateyourmusic.com/genre/Synthwave/">Synthwave</a> <i>Rate Your Music</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/RetroFuturism">r/RetroFuturism</a> <i>Reddit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/23/x-musk-openai-altman-big-tech">OpenAI and X: Promises of populist technology, shaped by a single man</a> by Drew Harwell (November 23, 2023 at 6:00 a.m. EST) <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torres1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-2">21.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-3">21.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-4">21.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-5">21.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-6">21.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres1_23-7">21.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/">The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares: To understand the deepening divide between AI boosters and doomers, it’s necessary to unpack their common origins in a bundle of ideologies known as TESCREAL.</a> by Émile P. Torres (Jun 15, 2023) <i>Truth Dig</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troy-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-troy_24-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-troy_24-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/">The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley’s Rightward Turn</a> by Dave Troy (May 1, 2023) <i>The Washington Spectator</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Cosmist Manifesto: Practical Philosophy for the Posthuman Age</i> by Ben Goertzel (2010) Humanity+. ISBN 0984609709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/wip/d21mC">i think agi safety is a great thing to care an immense about and future galaxies are indeed at risk; what i don’t really get is why a movement that seems to be almost entirely focused on agi risk feels the need to justify it with some other name/make it part of a broader cause</a> by Sam Altman (7:56 PM · Aug 14, 2022) <i>Twitter</i> (23 Nov 2023 02:55:35 UTC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-plans-1-million-people-to-mars-by-2050-2020-1">Elon Musk says he plans to send 1 million people to Mars by 2050 by launching 3 Starship rockets every day and creating 'a lot of jobs' on the red planet</a> by Morgan McFall-Johnsen & Dave Mosher (Jan 17, 2020, 2:12 PM PST) <i>Business Insider</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurism.com/the-byte/peter-thiel-cryonics">Billionaire Peter Thiel Says He's Freezing His Body After Death Just in Case</a> by Maggie Harrison (May 8, 2023) <i>Futurism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/why-longtermism-is-the-worlds-most-dangerous-secular-credo">Against longtermism: It started as a fringe philosophical theory about humanity’s future. It’s now richly funded and increasingly dangerous</a> by Émile P. Torres (October 19, 2021) <i>Aeon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benthams.substack.com/p/against-tescrealism">Against TESCREALISM: The term TESCREAL is a cheap smear; also, dissecting a very dumb Washington spectator article</a> (May 11, 2023) 'Bentham's Newsletter<i>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benthams.substack.com/about">About</a> <i>Bentham's Newsletter</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_32-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_32-1">30.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hughes_32-2">30.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/institute-for-ethics-and-emerging-technologies/conspiracy-theories-left-futurism-and-the-attack-on-tescreal-456972fe02aa">Conspiracy Theories, Left Futurism, and the Attack on TESCREAL</a> by James J. Hughes (June 12, 2023) <i>Medium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xriskology.com/me">Short bio, Dr. Émile P. Torres</a> <i>xriskology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/DxfpGi9hwvwLCf5iQ/objections-to-value-alignment-between-effective-altruists">Objections to Value-Alignment between Effective Altruists</a> by CarlaZoeC (Jul 15 2020) <i>Effective Altruism Forum</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torres2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres2_35-0">33.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-torres2_35-1">33.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthdig.com/articles/nick-bostrom-longtermism-and-the-eternal-return-of-eugenics-2/">Nick Bostrom, Longtermism, and the Eternal Return of Eugenics: The techno-utopian ideology gets its fuel, in part, from scientific racism.</a> by Émile P. Torres (Jan 23, 2023) <i>Truth Dig</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Human Enhancement</i>, edited by Julian Savulescu & Nick Bostrom (2011) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199594961.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Futurism&oldid=2716758">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Futurism&oldid=2716758</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Futurism" title="Category:Futurism">Futurism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements" title="Category:Political movements">Political movements</a></li><li><a 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