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<li id="toc-Nobel_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nobel laureates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_elements_discovered_or_isolated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_elements_discovered_or_isolated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chemical elements discovered or isolated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_elements_discovered_or_isolated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Past presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Past directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andrade_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrade_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Andrade controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrade_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director_Greenfield_firing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_Greenfield_firing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Director Greenfield firing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_Greenfield_firing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faraday_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faraday_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Faraday Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faraday_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Institution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралска институция на Великобритания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралска институция на Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain" title="Royal Institution of Great Britain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Royal Institution of Great Britain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain" title="Royal Institution of Great Britain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Institution of Great Britain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Da_Institucio" title="Reĝa Institucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝa Institucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مؤسسه سلطنتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه سلطنتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Institi%C3%BAid_R%C3%ADoga" title="An Institiúid Ríoga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Institiúid Ríoga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="המכון המלכותי של בריטניה הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המכון המלכותי של בריטניה הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="王立研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="王立研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Королевский институт Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевский институт Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljeva_ustanova_Velike_Britanije" title="Kraljeva ustanova Velike Britanije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljeva ustanova Velike Britanije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevska_institucija_Velike_Britanije" title="Kraljevska institucija Velike Britanije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevska institucija Velike Britanije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Royal Institution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraliyet_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Kraliyet Enstitüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraliyet Enstitüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Королівський інститут Великої Британії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівський інститут Великої Британії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2171086#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Royal Institution (disambiguation)">Royal Institution (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organisation for scientific research and education based in Westminster, UK</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Royal Institution</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg/300px-Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg/450px-Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg/600px-Royal_Institution_Shepherd_TH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Royal Institution building on <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Street" title="Albemarle Street">Albemarle Street</a>, London, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1838</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1799<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1799</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rigb.org/">www<wbr />.rigb<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2171086#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Institution of Great Britain</b> (often the <b>Royal Institution</b>, <span style="font-size:85%;">abbreviated</span> <b>Ri</b> or <b>RI</b>) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> and its first president, <a href="/wiki/George_Finch,_9th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea">George Finch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its foundational principles were diffusing the knowledge of, and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements, as well as enhancing the application of science to the common purposes of life (including through teaching, courses of philosophical lectures, and experiments).<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution;_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg/300px-Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg/450px-Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg/600px-Henry_Jamyn_Brooks_-_A_Friday_Evening_Discourse_at_the_Royal_Institution%3B_Sir_James_Dewar_on_Liquid_Hydrogen%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><i>A Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution; Sir James Dewar on Liquid Hydrogen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jamyn_Brooks" title="Henry Jamyn Brooks">Henry Jamyn Brooks</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure><p>Much of the Institution's initial funding and the initial proposal for its founding were given by the Society for Bettering the Conditions and Improving the Comforts of the Poor, under the guidance of philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bernard,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Bernard, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Bernard</a> and American-born British scientist Sir <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a>, Count Rumford. Since its founding it has been based at 21 <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Street" title="Albemarle Street">Albemarle Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> was granted in 1800. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Institution was founded as the result of a proposal by Sir <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (Count Rumford) for the "formation by Subscription, in the Metropolis of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, of a Public Institution for diffusing the Knowledge and facilitating the general Introduction of useful Mechanical Inventions and Improvements, and for the teaching by courses of Philosophical Lectures and Experiments, the application of Science to the Common Purposes of Life".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rumford's proposal led to a 7 March 1799 meeting at the house of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, then president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, a similar but much older <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a>. A follow-up meeting on 9 March saw the first meeting of the managers of the Institution. In June of that year, the society elected <a href="/wiki/George_Finch,_9th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea">George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea</a> as its first president, and in July it purchased the 21 <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Street" title="Albemarle Street">Albemarle Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a> building that has served as its home ever since. Renovations began immediately on the building to provide appropriate meeting, office, and laboratory space for the Institution's mission. </p><p>The first Professor and Public Lecturer in Experimental Philosophy, Mechanics and Chemistry was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnett_(physician)" title="Thomas Garnett (physician)">Dr Thomas Garnett</a>, whom Rumford poached from the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathclyde University">Andersonian Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in October 1799. </p><p>The steep-sided main lecture hall that has become the building's most publicly visible feature, as the home of its Christmas lectures, was completed in 1800, the same year that the institution received its <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> from <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a>. The lecture hall was put to use immediately; the first lecture given in it was by Garnett in March 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain_Act_1810"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Royal Institution of Great Britain Act 1810</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281801-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for enlarging the Powers granted by His Majesty to the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and for extending and more effectually promoting the Objects thereof.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/50_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Geo. 3">50 Geo. 3</a>. c. li</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1810</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo3/50/51/pdfs/ukla_18100051_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg/220px-Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg/330px-Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg/440px-Faraday_Michael_Christmas_lecture_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Michael Faraday's 1856 Christmas Lecture</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout its history,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Institution has supported public engagement with science through a programme of lectures, many of which continue today. The most famous of these are the annual Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, founded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Garnett's first lectures being a great success, his salary was frozen, he was not allowed to practise as a doctor, and <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> was appointed as his assistant, so he resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humphry Davy was an even greater success, as was his assistant and successor Michael Faraday. Davy's immediate successor was <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a>. </p><p>Thus the Institution has had an instrumental role in the advancement of science since its founding. Notable scientists who have worked there include Sir Humphry Davy (who discovered <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>), Michael Faraday, <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> (winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> for their work on <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">x-ray diffraction</a>), <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, Faraday at the Royal Institution carried out much of the research which laid the groundwork for the practical exploitation of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total fifteen scientists attached to the Royal Institution have won <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>. Ten <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> were discovered there; the <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> was devised at the Institution, and much of the early work on the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">atomic structure</a> of crystals was carried out within it. </p><p>The Royal Institution was founded during the age of slavery, and one of its major supporters was <a href="/wiki/Mad_Jack_Fuller" title="Mad Jack Fuller">John Fuller</a>, whose fortune derived from two Jamaican plantations. Fuller contributed more than £10,000 to the institution, including endowing two professorships; Michael Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. In contemporary times, use of the Fullerian title has been discontinued, and the two chairs will no longer be filled.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_laureates">Nobel laureates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nobel laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)</a> (1842–1919): Physics 1904 with William Ramsay for the discovery of argon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> (1856–1940): Physics 1906 for studies of electrical connection through gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1871–1937): Chemistry 1908 for work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and the disintegration of the elements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> (1890–1971): Physics 1915 joint with WH Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1862–1942): Physics 1915 joint with WL Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1857–1952): Medicine 1932 shared with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a>, for his discovery of the function of neurons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1875–1968): Medicine 1936 joint with Otto Loewi, for their work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brian_Medawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Brian Medawar">Peter Brian Medawar</a> (1915–1987): Medicine 1960 for his work on making permanent skin grafts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cowdery_Kendrew" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cowdery Kendrew">John Cowdery Kendrew</a> (1917–1997): Chemistry 1962 with Perutz, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ferdinand_Perutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Ferdinand Perutz">Max Ferdinand Perutz</a> (1914–2002): Chemistry 1962 with Kendrew, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fielding Huxley">Andrew Fielding Huxley</a> (1917–2012): Medicine 1963 for explaining how nerves use electricity to send signals around the body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1910–1994): Chemistry 1964 for determining the structure of important biochemical substances including vitamin B12 and penicillin using X-ray techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1920–2002): Chemistry 1967 for work on chemical reactions triggered by light, and for photographing the behaviour of molecules during fast reactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (1924–2021): Physics 1974 for his work on the discovery of pulsars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Sir John Gurdon</a> (1933–): in 2012, he and <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_elements_discovered_or_isolated">Chemical elements discovered or isolated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical elements discovered or isolated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> – Isolated from caustic potash by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in 1807 using electrolysis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> – Humphry Davy first isolated sodium in 1807 from molten sodium hydroxide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> – Isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts by Humphry Davy in 1808.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> – Discovered by Humphry Davy who first used electrolysis to produce a brown precipitate from a solution of borates in 1808. He produced enough of the substance to identify it as an element but pure boron was not produced until 1909.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> – Isolated by Humphry Davy in 1808 from a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide using electrolysis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> – Elemental chlorine was discovered in 1774 but was thought to be a compound and was called "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air". Humphry Davy named it chlorine in 1810 after experimenting with it and declared it was an element.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> – First produced and discovered in 1808 by Humphry Davy using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercury oxide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> – Known in mineral form but isolated as an element in 1808 by Humphry Davy from a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric acid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> – Discovered by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Courtois" title="Bernard Courtois">Bernard Courtois</a> in 1811, he lacked the resources to investigate the substance but gave samples to various researchers. It was named by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac who thought it either a compound of oxygen or an element. A few days later Humphry Davy stated it was a new element leading to argument between the two over who identified it first.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> – Discovered in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>.</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_presidents">Past presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Past presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <p>Since 1799, the Royal Institution has had fifteen presidents and one acting president.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1799 – <a href="/wiki/George_Finch,_9th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea">George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li>1813 – <a href="/wiki/George_John_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer</a></li> <li>1825 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester</a></li> <li>1827 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adolphus_Seymour,_11th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adolphus Seymour, 11th Duke of Somerset">Edward Adolphus Seymour, 11th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li>1842 – <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_4th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland">Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li>1865 – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Holland,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li>1873 – <a href="/wiki/Algernon_George_Percy,_6th_Duke_of_Northumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon George Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland">Algernon George Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li>1899 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Percy,_7th_Duke_of_Northumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland">Henry George Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li>1918 – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ian_Percy,_8th_Duke_of_Northumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland">Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/Eustace_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy_of_Newcastle" title="Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle">Lord Eustace Percy</a>, raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle in 1953</li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh">Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Cuthbert_Moore-Brabazon,_1st_Baron_Brabazon_of_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="John Theodore Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara">John Theodore Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara</a></li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleck,_1st_Baron_Fleck" title="Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck">Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck</a></li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/William_Wellclose_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wellclose Davis">William Wellclose Davis</a> (acting)</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Harold_Roxbee_Cox,_Baron_Kings_Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton">Harold Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton</a></li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_directors">Past directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Past directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Directors_of_the_Royal_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Directors of the Royal Institution">Directors of the Royal Institution</a></div> <p>The leadership of the Royal Institution has had various titles: </p> <ul><li>Director of the Laboratory</li> <li>Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory</li> <li>Director</li></ul> <p>The position was abolished in 2010, with the firing of <a href="/wiki/Susan_Greenfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Greenfield">Susan Greenfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position was restored in April 2017 with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Harper" title="Sarah Harper">Sarah Harper</a>, Professor of Gerontology at the University of Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper resigned in September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present director is <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mathieson" title="Katherine Mathieson">Katherine Mathieson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrade_controversy">Andrade controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Andrade controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Edward Andrade</a> was forced to resign following a complicated controversy over the management of the Royal Institution and his powers as director, involving a power struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rankine" title="Alexander Rankine">Alexander Rankine</a> who was secretary. Following various resignations and general meetings of members, Andrade was awarded £7,000 by arbitration: the arbitrators blamed the problems on "a lack of clear definition of roles ... an outdated constitution, and the inability of the protagonists to compromise". Andrade launched a lawsuit to set the arbitration aside, which he lost.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_Greenfield_firing">Director Greenfield firing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Director Greenfield firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the director of the Royal Institution was <a href="/wiki/Susan_Greenfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Greenfield">Baroness Susan Greenfield</a>, but following a review,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22 million development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "<a href="/wiki/Groucho_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Groucho club">Groucho club</a> for science". The project ended £3 million in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Gail_Cardew" title="Gail Cardew">Dr Gail Cardew</a>, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_organisation">Current organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG/220px-Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG/330px-Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG/440px-Royal_Institution_of_Great_Britain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The exterior of the Royal Institution in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Today the Royal Institution is committed to "diffusing science for the common purposes of life".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership is open to all, with no nomination procedure or academic requirements, on payment of an annual subscription. </p><p>The Institution's patrons and trustees include: </p> <ul><li>Patron: Vacant <i>(most recently <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> while he was the Prince of Wales)</i></li> <li>President: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">The Duke of Kent</a></li> <li>Honorary Vice-President: <a href="/wiki/John_Ritblat" title="John Ritblat">Sir John Ritblat</a></li> <li>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Catlow" title="Richard Catlow">Sir Richard Catlow</a></li> <li>Board of Trustees (current): Sophie Forgan, Simon Godwin, Kate Hamilton, Suze Kundu, Renato Lulia, <a href="/wiki/Estelle_Morris" title="Estelle Morris">the Baroness Morris of Yardley</a>, Vincent Nobel, Christopher Potter, Angela Seddon, Jack Stilgoe, Harriet Wallace, Allison Wollard<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In December 2021, the Institution appointed <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mathieson" title="Katherine Mathieson">Katherine Mathieson</a> as Director.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2018, the institution announced a new five-year strategy<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running from October 2018 to September 2023. The strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sets out to double the charity's size, involves "plans for new research, development of a new national science club and open forum public policy debates". One new venture will be a Research Centre for Science and Culture, working with other academic groups, this "will investigate historical and contemporary examples of the relationship between science and culture". </p><p>The institution's palatial home has been greatly enlarged and redeveloped since 1799, and is a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure's last refurbishment was a £22 million project completed in 2008, intended to create a "science salon" for the public. As well as the famous Lecture Theatre, the building contains several function rooms, modern research facilities and a public café. The trustees were considering selling the building in an effort to recoup the organisation's debts, which amounted to £7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 The Ri received an anonymous donation of £4.4m<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of January 2016, the Ri is now debt-free. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg/220px-Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg/330px-Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg/440px-Royal_Institution_Lecture_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Institution Lecture Theatre. Here <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> first demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The institution (which it now abbreviates as 'Ri', though third parties often prefer 'RI') has a substantial public science programme and science for schools programme, holding over one hundred events per year on a wide variety of topics. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a> continue today as a series of three televised lectures aimed at children. The Friday Evening Discourses are monthly lectures given by eminent scientists, each limited to exactly one hour, a tradition started by Faraday. There is an annual members' ballot<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for tickets to the Christmas Lectures but all other events are open to the public. Discounts or free tickets are available to Ri Patrons and Members. Many other events and lectures are held both at Albemarle Street and at other venues around the country. </p><p>Scientific research headed by Professor Quentin Pankhurst<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues to be done under the auspices of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory (DFRL), and indeed this is considered to be one of the UK's most notable labs in nano-science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2015, The Royal Institution was host to the historic unveiling of the Santara Computer, created by Dr Andrew Deonarine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015 a new membership scheme was launched and Fellows of the Ri were abolished. The new scheme includes the categories Member, Under 26 and Ri Young Member.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult Members have voting rights and use of <b>MRi</b> as post-nominal letters. A Patrons' scheme has also been introduced for the first time. </p><p>In December 2011 the Royal Institution launched the Ri Channel,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new website displaying science videos and archive content from the Royal Institution, including past <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a>. The Ri Channel was archived in late 2017 with all Ri videos except past Christmas Lectures being hosted on YouTube. Past Christmas Lectures are hosted on the Ri's website and in early 2018 the Ri began a to upload all past Christmas Lectures that were not already available on its website. </p><p>The Royal Institution has become a mixed tenancy office building that hosts conferences, weddings and events<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to pay its bills. In 2015 it sold part of its historic collection of manuscripts to raise funds.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2021, the researchers of the <a href="/wiki/London_Institute_for_Mathematical_Sciences" title="London Institute for Mathematical Sciences">London Institute for Mathematical Sciences</a> have been tenants on the second floor. They occupy rooms that were once the private living quarters of Michael Faraday, where they carry out their research in theoretical physics and mathematics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faraday_Museum">Faraday Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Faraday Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal Institution. Faraday Museum. Faraday's original 1850s laboratory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg/350px-Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg/525px-Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg/700px-Faraday%27s_Lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Royal Institution. Faraday Museum. Faraday's original 1850s laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1973 the Royal Institution opened the <b>Faraday Museum</b>, a museum dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the main building in Albemarle Street and is open to the public during weekday office hours. The highlight of the exhibition is Faraday's original 1850s laboratory (not a reconstruction as often cited). Opposite this lab is the current state-of-the-art nanotechnology lab. Other exhibits include the discoveries, people and activities of the Royal Institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_of_the_Royal_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Directors of the Royal Institution">Directors of the Royal Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Australia" title="Royal Institution of Australia">Royal Institution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Cornwall" title="Royal Institution of Cornwall">Royal Institution of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_South_Wales" title="Royal Institution of South Wales">Royal Institution of South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Royal_Institution" title="Liverpool Royal Institution">Liverpool Royal Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Manchester_Institution" title="Royal Manchester Institution">Royal Manchester Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_outreach" title="Science outreach">Science outreach</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaroe1985" class="citation book cs1">Caroe, Gwendy (1985). <i>The Royal Institution : an informal history</i>. London: J. 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University College London. 29 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/media/library/QuentinPankhurstAndRIFINAL">the original</a> on 8 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Quentin+Pankhurst+to+head+the+new+Davy-Faraday+Research+Laboratory+at+the+Royal+Institution&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Flibrary%2FQuentinPankhurstAndRIFINAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/santarafnd">"Santara Foundation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Join+and+support&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigb.org%2Fglobals%2Fjoin-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richannel.org">Ri Channel</a> www.richannel.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venue.rigb.org/">"The Royal Institution - Venue Hire"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Institution+-+Venue+Hire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenue.rigb.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Lea2015" class="citation news cs1">Richard Lea (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/21/royal-institution-to-sell-historic-treasures-to-rescue-finances">"Royal Institution to sell science treasures to rescue finances"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Royal+Institution+to+sell+science+treasures+to+rescue+finances&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.au=Richard+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Foct%2F21%2Froyal-institution-to-sell-historic-treasures-to-rescue-finances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34699008">"Does the Royal Institution have a future?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Does+the+Royal+Institution+have+a+future%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-34699008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424044814/http://www.rigb.org.uk/visit-us/faraday-museum">"The Faraday Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigb.org.uk/visit-us/faraday-museum">the original</a> on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Faraday+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigb.org.uk%2Fvisit-us%2Ffaraday-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Institution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Royal_Institution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigb.org/">Official website</a></span></span> of the Royal Institution of Great Britain</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/">The Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYeF244yNGuFefuFKqxIAXw">Royal Institution's YouTube Channel</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2018" class="citation journal cs1">James, Frank A. J. L. 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Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Official<br />bodies and<br />personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Science and Technology">Council for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Environment_Research_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Environment Research Agency">Food and Environment Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Select Committee">Science and Technology Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Industry<br />sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Non-<br />governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Education<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science museums in the United Kingdom">Science museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Science and Industry">National Museum of Science and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre" title="National Space Centre">National Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Societies and<br />professional<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mass_Spectrometry_Society" title="British Mass Spectrometry Society">British Mass Spectrometry Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Science Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Society for the Philosophy of Science">British Society for the Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine" title="Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine">Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society" title="Royal Entomological Society">Royal Entomological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Institution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_for_Science_Education" title="The Association for Science Education">The Association for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council" title="Science Council">Science Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Biology" title="Royal Society of Biology">Royal Society of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Research institutes in the United Kingdom">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EngineeringUK" title="EngineeringUK">EngineeringUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_engineers" title="Category:British engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_inventors" title="Category:British inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_writers" title="Category:British science writers">Science writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_scientists" title="Category:British scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_technology_writers" title="Category:British technology writers">Technology writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of science parks in the United Kingdom">Science parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Gorge" title="Silicon Gorge">Silicon Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_and_technology_awards" title="Category:British science and technology awards">Science and technology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom">Science and technology magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148912366">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80144963">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128475372">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128475372">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01159053">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Royal Institution of Great Britain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002162098&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=243451">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007522761005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058596893606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04564846?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/137479581">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&oldid=1241563780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&oldid=1241563780</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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