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Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries - CityU Scholars | A Research Hub of Excellence

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries - CityU Scholars | A Research Hub of Excellence</title> <meta property="og:image" content="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" /> <link rel="image_src" type="image/png" href="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="/resources/style/gfx/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,700,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/fonts/icons/css/fontello.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/js/slick/slick.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/js/slick/slick-theme.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/css/main.css?stamp=1731905518316" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/scholars/portal/css/main_cu.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/engine.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/interface/PureFacade.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/lib/prototype.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/atira.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/atira_chart.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/interface/GraphFacade.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-11187669-7', { 'cookieDomain': document.location.hostname });ga('set', 'anonymizeIp', true);ga('send', 'pageview');</script> <meta name="citation_title" content="Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Tingting Yang" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="ttyang5-c@my.cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-6815-2970" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Xingyu Wang" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="xywang223-c@my.cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-4419-6589" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Zhengbo Liu" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Qi Liu" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shenzhen Research Institute" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="qiliu63@cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-4879-1537" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/07/23" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1021/acsnano.4c05739" /><meta name="citation_language" content="English" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="anionic redox reaction; cation configurations; lattice gliding; layered transition metal oxides; Na/vacancy changes; sodium-ion batteries; structural degradation; the Jahn−Teller effect" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ACS Nano" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="1936-0851" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="ACS nano" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Chemical Society" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="18" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="29" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="18834" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="18851" /><!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZF4343" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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Showing <em><\/em> out of <strong>more than<\/strong> <em><\/em>. <a href=\"#\" rel=\"showMore\">Show more<\/a> <a href=\"#\" rel=\"showLess\">Show less<\/a>','flash_missing':'If you are using Chrome, you might need to change your settings to allow Flash. 1. To the left of the web address, click the \"Lock\" icon. 2. At the bottom, click Site Settings. 3. In the new tab, to the right of \"Flash,\" click the Down arrow Down arrow and then Allow. 4. Go back to the site and reload the page.','flash_old':'The version of Adobe Flash player is too old','visit':'Visit page','focus':'Focus on this'},'context':''}); --></script> <i class="icon-network"></i> </div> </div> <div class="addthis"> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Author(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal"><ul class="relations persons"><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link person"><span>Tingting Yang</span></a></li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link person"><span>Xingyu Wang</span></a></li><li>Zhengbo Liu</li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/qi-liu(4557a633-d963-4ad9-84aa-590cf11164e6).html" class="link person"><span>Qi Liu</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Related Research Unit(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesorganisationsportal"><ul class="relations organisations"><li class="a"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/organisations/department-of-physics(f9bc8e96-ca69-453d-b3d0-4e63314f7ce6).html" class="link"><span>Department of Physics</span></a></li><li class="r"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/organisations/shenzhen-research-institute(cb371cf0-7bf5-4d6d-8127-c5f46f6469f5).html" class="link"><span>Shenzhen Research Institute</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Detail(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_detailsportal"><div class="article"><table class="properties"><tbody><tr class="language"><th scope="row">Original language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pages (from-to)</th><td>18834-18851</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Journal / Publication</th><td><a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span>ACS Nano</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Volume</th><td>18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Issue number</th><td>29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Online published</th><td><span class="date">12 Jul 2024</span></td></tr><tr class="status"><th scope="row">Publication status</th><td><span class="prefix">Published - </span><span class="date">23 Jul 2024</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Link(s)</h2> <table class="properties pub-links"> <tr> <th>DOI</th> <td><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal_versioneddoiextensionportal"><h2 class="subheader">DOI</h3><ul class="relations links digital_object_identifiers"><li class="embargo_date_ended available unknown "><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739</span></a> <p class="dimmed">Final Published version</p></li></ul></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <td> <span class="sfx-button" title="Check@CityULib"> <a href="https://julac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_tim=2024-11-23T23%3A08%3A15HKT&amp;ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&amp;url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2F%3Apure&amp;rft.atitle=Cation%20Configuration%20and%20Structural%20Degradation%20of%20Layered%20Transition%20Metal%20Oxides%20in%20Sodium-Ion%20Batteries&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsnano.4c05739&amp;rft.aulast=Yang&amp;rft.aufirst=Tingting&amp;rft.auinit=T&amp;rft.date=2024-07-23&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=29&amp;rft.issn=1936-0851&amp;rft.jtitle=ACS%20Nano&amp;rft.pages=18834-18851&amp;institution=CUH_ALMA&amp;vid=CUH" target="_blank"> Check@CityULib </a> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Link to Scopus</th> <td><a target="_blank" class="scopus-link-pub" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85198550996&amp;origin=recordpage"> https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85198550996&amp;origin=recordpage </a></td> </tr> <tr class="permanent_link"> <th>Permanent Link</th> <td> <a href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html">https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Abstract</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal_customabstractportal"><div class="textblock">Given the pressing depletion of lithium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) stand out as a cost-effective alternative for energy storage solutions in the near future. Layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) emerge as the leading cathode materials for SIBs due to their superior specific capacities and abundant raw materials. Nonetheless, achieving long-term stability in LTMOs for SIBs remains a challenge due to the inevitable structural degradation during charge-discharge cycles. The complexity and diversity of cation configurations/superstructures within the transition metal layers (TMO<sub>2</sub>) further complicate the understanding for newcomers. Therefore, it is critical to summarize and discuss the factors leading to structural degradation and the available strategies for enhancing LTMOs’ stability. In this review, the cationic configurations of TMO<sub>2</sub> layers are introduced from a crystallographic perspective. It then identifies and examines four key factors responsible for structural decay, alongside the impacts of various modification strategies. Finally, more effective and practical research approaches for investigating LTMOs have been proposed. The work aims to enhance the comprehension of the structural deterioration of LTMOs and facilitate a substantial improvement in their cycle life and energy density. © 2024 American Chemical Society.</div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Research Area(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_keywordable rendering_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright rendering_keywordable_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright"><div class="keywordcontainers"><ul class="relations keywords"><li>anionic redox reaction, cation configurations, lattice gliding, layered transition metal oxides, Na/vacancy changes, sodium-ion batteries, structural degradation, the Jahn−Teller effect</li></ul></div><div class="sustainabledevelopmentgoals"><ul class="relations keywords"><li><strong><a href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/browse.html?uri=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fsustainabledevelopmentgoals%2Faffordable_and_clean_energy&amp;logicalname=sustainabledevelopmentgoals" class="link"><span>SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy</span></a></strong></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="publication_related_concepts"> <div class="view_preview_panel"><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/concept_tooltip.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script> <div class="relationlist for_publication_fingerprints"> <h2 class="section for_publication_fingerprints subheader"> Fingerprint </h2> <p class="portal_inline_help">Publication fingerprints text</p> <div class="concept_listing" data-content-id="237780136" data-locale="en_GB"> <div class="concept-badge-wrapper"><a class="portal_link concept" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/concepts/refinement.html?conceptIds=195875627" title="oxides in INIS has a weight of 100%"><span> <div class="canvas-wrap"> <canvas class="canvas" width="50" height="50" data-procent="100"></canvas> <span class="procent">100</span> </div> <div class="finger-info"> <span class="title"> <span class="text">oxides</span> </span> <span class="concept_badge 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</div> <div class="view-box citations"> <h2 class="subheader">Citation Format(s)</h2> <div class="tabs-container citations clear"> <ul class="citations"> <li class="selected"><a href="#">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="#">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="#">APA</a></li> <li><a href="#">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="#">Author</a></li> </ul> <div class="cite-export"> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).ris?download=true"><span>RIS</span></a> ]</span> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).bibtex?download=true"><span>BibTeX</span></a> ]</span> </div> </div> <div class="citation-container"> <div class="view-box cite"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_standard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_standard rendering_contributiontojournal_standard"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" class="link"><span><strong>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries.</strong></span></a> / <a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link"><span>Yang, Tingting</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link"><span>; Wang, Xingyu</span></a>; Liu, Zhengbo et al. <br />In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span>ACS Nano</span></a>, Vol. 18, No. 29, 23.07.2024, p. 18834-18851.<p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Journal Publications and Reviews<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal_harvard"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link"><span>Yang, T</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link"><span>, Wang, X</span></a>, Liu, Z<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/qi-liu(4557a633-d963-4ad9-84aa-590cf11164e6).html" class="link"><span> &amp; Liu, Q</span></a> 2024, '<a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" class="link harvard_title"><span>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries</span></a>', <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>ACS Nano</em></span></a>, vol. 18, no. 29, pp. 18834-18851. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_apa rendering_contributiontojournal_apa"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link"><span>Yang, T.</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link"><span>, Wang, X.</span></a>, Liu, Z.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/qi-liu(4557a633-d963-4ad9-84aa-590cf11164e6).html" class="link"><span>, &amp; Liu, Q.</span></a> (2024). <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" class="link"><span>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries</span></a>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>ACS Nano</em></span></a>, <em>18</em>(29), 18834-18851. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal_vancouver"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link"><span>Yang T</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link"><span>, Wang X</span></a>, Liu Z<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/qi-liu(4557a633-d963-4ad9-84aa-590cf11164e6).html" class="link"><span>, Liu Q</span></a>. <span class="title"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" class="link"><span>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries</span></a></span>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span>ACS Nano</span></a>. 2024 Jul 23;18(29):18834-18851. Epub 2024 Jul 12. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05739</div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_author rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_author rendering_contributiontojournal_author"><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/tingting-yang(f49a9ea2-ef1f-4dab-9c28-7c795ed76f24).html" class="link"><span>Yang, Tingting</span></a> <a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/xingyu-wang(170bc9b3-969f-4d19-ac81-2912011a1792).html" class="link"><span> ; Wang, Xingyu</span></a> ; Liu, Zhengbo et al. / <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/cation-configuration-and-structural-degradation-of-layered-transition-metal-oxides-in-sodiumion-batteries(f42246b8-7b0c-4ebb-91c1-d23b1bc110fe).html" class="link"><span><strong>Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries</strong></span></a>. In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/acs-nano(b1a14407-8615-427a-b937-77ff488a2fa5)/publications.html" class="link"><span>ACS Nano</span></a>. 2024 ; Vol. 18, No. 29. pp. 18834-18851.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <div class="wrapper"><!-- start: footer --> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-outbox"> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-inbox"> <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/privacy/index.htm" title="Footer Privacy Policy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/copyright/index.htm#copyright" title="Footer Copyright" target="_blank">Copyright</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/disclaimer/index.htm#disclaimer" title="Footer Disclaimer" target="_blank">Disclaimer</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/accessibility/" title="Footer Accessibility" target="_blank">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/contactus/index.htm" title="Footer Contact Us" target="_blank">Contact Us</a><br /> © City University of Hong Kong. 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