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Contra proferentem - Wikipedia

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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contra proferentem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Contra proferentem" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contra proferentem" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90_%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%B5%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%B9%99" title="작성자 불이익의 원칙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작성자 불이익의 원칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Contra proferentem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%A9%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="不利解释原则 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不利解释原则" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_Flat_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/150px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/225px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/300px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds" title="Meeting of the minds">Meeting of the minds</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_principle_(law)" title="Abstraction principle (law)">Abstraction principle</a><sup><small>4,5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_rule" title="Posting rule">Posting rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_image_rule" title="Mirror image rule">Mirror image rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">Invitation to treat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">Firm offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">Consideration</a><sup><small>1,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implication-in-fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">Collateral contract</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_(contract_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress (contract law)">Threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">unequal bargaining power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">public policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo" title="Culpa in contrahendo">Culpa in contrahendo</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose" title="Frustration of purpose">Frustration of purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibility_of_performance" title="Impossibility of performance">Impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impracticability" title="Impracticability">Impracticability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract#Hardship" title="Contract">Hardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-off_(law)" title="Set-off (law)">Set-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_est_factum" title="Non est factum">Non est factum</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Unclean hands</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction" title="Accord and satisfaction">Accord and satisfaction</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_clause" title="Exculpatory clause">Exculpatory clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">Contract of adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_clause" title="Integration clause">Integration clause</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contra proferentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Choice_of_Court_Convention" title="Hague Choice of Court Convention">Hague Choice of Court Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards" title="Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards">New York Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Convention" title="Singapore Mediation Convention">Singapore Mediation Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Judgments_Convention" title="Hague Judgments Convention">Hague Judgments Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of third parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity of contract</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_(law)" title="Delegation (law)">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">Novation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">Third-party beneficiary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">Anticipatory repudiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(law)" title="Cover (law)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_breach" title="Efficient breach">Efficient breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_breach" title="Fundamental breach">Fundamental breach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Money damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated, stipulated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_damages" title="Penal damages">penal damages</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_meruit" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio">Negotiorum gestio</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Duties of parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_of_honest_contractual_performance" title="Canadian contract law">Duty of honest contractual performance</a> (or doctrine of abuse of rights)<sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">Duty of good faith</a> (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)<sup><small>7</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_A_and_Contract_B_in_Canadian_contract_law" title="Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law">Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contract_law" title="Australian contract law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Contract Law of the People&#39;s Republic of China">China (mainland)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_contract_law&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irish contract law (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Contract law in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_contract_law" title="Scots contract law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>1 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions</li> <li>2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions</li> <li>3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions</li> <li>4 Specific to the German <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> and other civil codes based on the <a href="/wiki/Pandectist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandectist">pandectist</a> tradition</li> <li>5 Explicitly rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a> of International Commercial Contracts</li> <li>6 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canadian contract law</a> both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces</li> <li>7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_to_negotiate_in_good_faith" title="Canadian contract law">contractual and pre-contractual negotiation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contract_law" title="Template:Contract law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law" title="Template talk:Contract law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contract_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contract law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Contra proferentem</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: "against [the] offeror"),<sup id="cite_ref-bld_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bld-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> also known as "interpretation against the draftsman", is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual</a> interpretation providing that, where a promise, agreement or <a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">term</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguous</a>, the preferred meaning should be the one that works against the interests of the party who provided the wording.<sup id="cite_ref-r2d206_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2d206-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_proferentem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine is often applied to situations involving standardized contracts or where the parties are of unequal <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a>, but is applicable to other cases.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The doctrine is not, however, directly applicable to situations where the language at issue is mandated by law, as is often the case with <a href="/wiki/Insurance_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance contract">insurance contracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">bills of lading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasoning behind this rule is to encourage the drafter of a contract to be as clear and explicit as possible and to take into account as many foreseeable situations as it can. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Posner" title="Eric Posner">Eric Posner</a> claimed: "The contra proferentem rule, for example, might encourage the drafter to be more explicit and to provide more details about obligations. This may reduce the chance that the other party will misunderstand the contract; it also may facilitate judicial interpretation of the contract."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uri Weiss claimed: "The Contra Proferentem rule motivates the less risk-averse drafter to refrain from manipulating the other side by making the contract unclear. Thus, the two parties can agree that the less risk-averse side will formulate the contract, thus reducing the cost of the transaction. Without this rule, there might be a moral hazard problem".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the rule reflects the court's inherent dislike of <a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">standard-form take-it-or-leave-it contracts</a> also known as contracts of adhesion (e.g., standard form insurance contracts for individual <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>, residential leases, airline contracts of carriage, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> perceives such contracts to be the product of bargaining between parties in unfair or uneven positions. To mitigate this perceived unfairness, <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal systems</a> apply the doctrine of <i>contra proferentem</i>; giving the benefit of any doubt in favor of the party that did not provide the contract. </p><p><i>Contra proferentem</i> also places the cost of losses on the party who was in the best position to avoid the harm. This is generally the person who drafted the <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a>. An example of this is the insurance contract mentioned above, which is a good example of an adhesion contract. There, the insurance company is the party completely in control of the terms of the contract and is generally in a better position, for example, to avoid contractual forfeiture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codification">Codification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_proferentem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Codification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle is <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> in international instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> Principles and the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_European_Contract_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of European Contract Law">Principles of European Contract Law</a>, and in some examples of national law: </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom law">United Kingdom law</a>, with respect to consumer contracts, under Section 69 of the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Rights_Act_2015" title="Consumer Rights Act 2015">Consumer Rights Act 2015</a>, which states "<i>If a term in a consumer contract, or a consumer notice, could have different meanings, the meaning that is most favourable to the consumer is to prevail</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code">Civil Code</a>, which states that any <a href="/wiki/Legal_transaction" title="Legal transaction">legal transaction</a> should be interpreted in a way that benefits the party who did not write the terms (article 113, § 1º, IV).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Civil_Code" title="California Civil Code">California Civil Code</a> §1654, enacted in 1872, states "In cases of uncertainty ... the language of a contract should be interpreted most strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist")</li> <li>South Korea's ACT ON THE REGULATION OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS §5 states "If the meaning of terms and conditions is not clear, it shall be construed in favor of customers."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Numerous other <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the USA">states</a> have also codified the rule. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_proferentem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bld-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bld_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell_Black" title="Henry Campbell Black">Black, Henry C.</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black&#39;s Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i> (Print.) (9th&#160;ed.). St. Paul, MN: <a href="/wiki/West_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="West Publishing">West Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-19949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-19949-2"><bdi>978-0-314-19949-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&amp;rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&amp;rft.edition=9th&amp;rft.pub=West+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-314-19949-2&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+proferentem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2d206-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r2d206_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Law_Institute1981" class="citation book cs1">American Law Institute (1981). "The Scope of Contractual Obligations". <i>Restatement (Second) of Contracts</i>. Vol.&#160;2. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Law Institute Publishers. § 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Scope+of+Contractual+Obligations&amp;rft.btitle=Restatement+%28Second%29+of+Contracts&amp;rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&amp;rft.pages=%C2%A7+206&amp;rft.pub=American+Law+Institute+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.au=American+Law+Institute&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+proferentem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Law_Institute1981">American Law Institute 1981</a>, § 206, cmt. a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Law_Institute1981">American Law Institute 1981</a>, § 206, cmt. b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric A. Posner, There Are No Penalty Default Rules in Contract Law, 33 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 563, 580 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uri Weiss, The Regressive Effect of Legal Uncertainty, 2019 J. Disp. Resol. (2019) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/15/section/69/enacted">"Section 69 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Section+69+of+the+Consumer+Rights+Act+2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2015%2F15%2Fsection%2F69%2Fenacted&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+proferentem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/L10406compilada.htm">"Brazilian Civil Code"</a>. <i>planalto.gov.br</i> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Civil House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=planalto.gov.br&amp;rft.atitle=Brazilian+Civil+Code&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fleis%2F2002%2FL10406compilada.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+proferentem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engMain.do">"KOREAN LAW INFORMATION CENTER"</a>. <i>www.law.go.kr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.law.go.kr&amp;rft.atitle=KOREAN+LAW+INFORMATION+CENTER&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.go.kr%2FLSW%2Feng%2FengMain.do&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContra+proferentem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra_proferentem&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Patents/2008/2127.html"><i>Oxonica Energy Ltd v Neuftec Ltd (2008) EWHC 2127 (Pat)</i></a>, items 88–93 (example where the <i>contra proferentem</i> principle was "not adequate enough to supply the answer to the case", with a discussion of the origin of the maxim)</li> <li>Péter Cserne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/peter_cserne/28/"><i>Policy Considerations In Contract Interpretation: The Contra Proferentem Rule From a Comparative Law and Economics Perspective</i></a>, Hungarian Association for Law and Economics, 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&amp;context=peter_cserne">pdf</a>) (including a list of references relating to the <i>contra proferentem</i> principle)</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐59b954b7fb‐jdgqb Cached time: 20241206053922 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.418 seconds Real time usage: 0.534 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1102/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41670/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1342/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6458622/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 472.690 1 -total 31.97% 151.120 1 Template:Reflist 23.10% 109.186 1 Template:Contract_law 22.55% 106.597 1 Template:Sidebar 18.60% 87.915 2 Template:Cite_book 17.92% 84.718 1 Template:Refimprove 16.91% 79.912 1 Template:Ambox 12.60% 59.574 1 Template:Short_description 7.10% 33.566 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 6.73% 31.813 2 Template:Pagetype --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:1092398:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241206053922 and revision id 1196863649. 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