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aggression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Volscian_aggression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Volscian aggression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Volscian_aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volscian_invasion_in_495_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volscian_invasion_in_495_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Volscian invasion in 495 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volscian_invasion_in_495_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engagement_in_494_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement_in_494_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engagement in 494 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement_in_494_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_reprisals_in_493_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_reprisals_in_493_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman reprisals in 493 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_reprisals_in_493_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostilities_averted_in_492_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostilities_averted_in_492_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hostilities averted in 492 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostilities_averted_in_492_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volscian_invasion_led_by_Coriolanus_in_491–488_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volscian_invasion_led_by_Coriolanus_in_491–488_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Volscian invasion led by Coriolanus in 491–488 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volscian_invasion_led_by_Coriolanus_in_491–488_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_hostilities_from_487_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_hostilities_from_487_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_hostilities_from_487_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volscian_attacks_between_471_BC_and_468_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volscian_attacks_between_471_BC_and_468_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Volscian attacks between 471 BC and 468 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volscian_attacks_between_471_BC_and_468_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_Roman_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_Roman_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Growth of Roman power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Growth_of_Roman_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Growth of Roman power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Roman_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Battle_ad_Maecium_389_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_ad_Maecium_389_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Battle <i>ad Maecium</i> 389 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_ad_Maecium_389_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ancient narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_designs_for_the_Pontine_region_388–385_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_designs_for_the_Pontine_region_388–385_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Roman designs for the Pontine region 388–385 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_designs_for_the_Pontine_region_388–385_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_narratives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_narratives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ancient narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_narratives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Volsci_join_forces_with_the_Latins_383–381" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Volsci_join_forces_with_the_Latins_383–381"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Volsci join forces with the Latins 383–381</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Volsci_join_forces_with_the_Latins_383–381-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_narratives_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_narratives_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ancient narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_narratives_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_380–377" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_380–377"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 380–377</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_380–377-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_narratives_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_narratives_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Ancient narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_narratives_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_against_Velitrae_370–367" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_against_Velitrae_370–367"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Operations against Velitrae 370–367</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_against_Velitrae_370–367-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_narratives_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_narratives_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Ancient narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_narratives_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporadic_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporadic_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sporadic warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sporadic_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sporadic warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sporadic_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_war_with_Privernum_358–357" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_war_with_Privernum_358–357"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First war with Privernum 358–357</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_war_with_Privernum_358–357-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_346" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_346"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 346</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_346-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Sora_345" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Sora_345"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Capture of Sora 345</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Sora_345-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_with_Privernum_and_Antium_341" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_Privernum_and_Antium_341"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Wars with Privernum and Antium 341</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_Privernum_and_Antium_341-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_subjugation_of_the_Volsci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_subjugation_of_the_Volsci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roman subjugation of the Volsci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_subjugation_of_the_Volsci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_romano-volsques" title="Guerres romano-volsques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres romano-volsques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_romano-volsche_(389-341_a.C.)" title="Guerre romano-volsche (389-341 a.C.) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre romano-volsche (389-341 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Roman-Volscian wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Latium</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman republic">Roman republic</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Roman–Volscian wars</b> were a series of wars fought between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Italic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Italic peoples">ancient Italic people</a>. Volscian migration into southern <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> led to conflict with that region's old inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> under leadership of Rome, the region's dominant <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>. By the late 5th century BC, the Volsci were increasingly on the defensive and by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> had been incorporated into the Roman Republic. The ancient historians devoted considerable space to Volscian wars in their accounts of the early Roman Republic, but the historical accuracy of much of this material has been questioned by modern historians. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_conflict">Early conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Rome's early semi-legendary history, Rome's seventh and last king <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> was the first to go to war against the Volsci, commencing two centuries of a relationship of conflict between the two states. Tarquinius took the wealthy town of <a href="/wiki/Suessa_Pometia" title="Suessa Pometia">Suessa Pometia</a>, the spoils of which he used to construct the great <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> for his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasti_Triumphales_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasti_Triumphales-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volscian_aggression">Volscian aggression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Volscian 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wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman conquest of the Hernici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars#Cisalpine_conflicts" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Cisalpine Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>During the 5th century BC the Volsci and the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, a related people, invaded Latium, as part of a larger pattern of <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Sabellian</a>-speaking peoples migrating out of the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> and into the plains. Several peripheral Latin communities appear to have been overrun. In response the Latins formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Foedus_Cassianum" title="Foedus Cassianum">Foedus Cassianum</a></i>, a mutual military alliance between the Latin cities with Rome as the leading partner. The ancient sources record fighting against either the Aequi, the Volsci, or both almost every year during the first half of the 5th century BC. Famously the Roman nobleman <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus</a> is supposed to have gone over to the Volsci after being spurned by his countrymen. This annual warfare would have been dominated by raids and counter-raids rather than the <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battles</a> described by the ancient sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volscian_invasion_in_495_BC">Volscian invasion in 495 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volscian invasion in 495 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Livy, in around 496 BC before the Romans defeated the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a>, the Volsci raised troops to assist the Latins. Because of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a>'s speedy march, the Volsci forces did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. However, the Romans learnt of the Volscian activities and in 495 BC the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Priscus_Structus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Servilius Priscus Structus">Publius Servilius Priscus Structus</a> marched into Volscian territory. The Volsci were alarmed, and gave three hundred children of the leading men of <a href="/wiki/Cora_(Ancient_Latin_town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cora (Ancient Latin town)">Cora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suessa_Pometia" title="Suessa Pometia">Suessa Pometia</a> as hostages. The Roman army withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, however, the Volsci formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a> and sent ambassadors to seek the aid of the Latins. The Latins, having been defeated by Rome the previous year, were so outraged by the Volsci attempts to lure them into another war, that they seized the Volscian ambassadors, delivered them to the consuls in Rome, and advised them that the Volsci together with the Hernici were fomenting war. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman senate</a>, so thankful at the assistance of the Latins, returned 6,000 prisoners to the Latin towns and in return the Latins sent a crown of gold to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a> in Rome. A great crowd formed, including the freed Latin prisoners, who thanked their captors. Great bonds of friendship were said to have arisen between the Romans and the Latins as a result of this event.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some time later in 495 BC, a group of Latin horsemen rode to Rome to warn that a Volscian army was approaching the city. Discord between the Roman <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> (who were angry at levels of debt being suffered by them) and the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> senators was quickly avoided. The plebs refused to enroll to fight against the Volsci on account of their grievances. The senate dispatched the consul Servilius to deal with the issue. Servilius <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic">assembled</a> the people, and placated them initially with decrees relieving some of the more severe hardships of debt, and also with promises of further consideration of the problems of debt after the war. The people, placated, gathered to swear the <a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_(oath)#Military_oath" title="Sacramentum (oath)">military oath</a> and soon afterwards Servilius led the Roman army from the city and pitched camp a short distance from the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volsci attacked the Roman camp the following night, hoping to benefit from the dissent amongst the Romans. Instead the Roman army took up arms and repulsed the attack. The next day the Volsci attacked the Roman fortifications again, filling the trenches and attacking the rampart. The consul held back the Roman troops at first, allowing the Volsci to destroy a large part of the fortifications surrounding the camp. Then he gave the order to attack and the Volsci were routed at the first engagement. The Roman army pursued the Volscian army to its own camp, and the camp was surrounded then taken and plundered following the flight of the Volsci. The Roman force followed the Volscian army to Suessa Pometia, and took and plundered that town. The Romans then returned to Rome in glory. Ambassadors from the Volscian town of <a href="/wiki/Ecetra" title="Ecetra">Ecetra</a> then arrived in Rome, and the senate agreed to grant them peace on condition that their land be given to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement_in_494_BC">Engagement in 494 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engagement in 494 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of popular discontent in Rome which led to the <a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis_in_494_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="First secessio plebis in 494 BC">First secessio plebis in 494 BC</a>, each of the Volsci, <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a> took up arms at the same time. To meet the threat, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a> was appointed, <a href="/wiki/Manius_Valerius_Maximus" title="Manius Valerius Maximus">Manius Valerius Maximus</a>. Ten <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> were raised, a greater number than had been raised previously at any one time, three of which were assigned to the consul <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Verginius_Tricostus_Caeliomontanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus">Verginius</a> to deal with the Volsci. </p><p>Verginius advanced with the Roman army and ravaged the Volscian territory in order to provoke the Volsci into battle. The two armies made camp near each other, then formed battle lines on the plain which lay between the camps. The Volscians, who were considerably superior in number, charged the Roman line. The Roman consul ordered his troops to stand firm, and to neither advance nor return the enemy's battle cries. Indeed, the Romans were directed to leave their spears fixed in the ground, but to draw their swords and lay into the Volscian troops when they met the Roman line. The Volsci, wearied from their charge, were overcome by the Roman resistance and fell back in disorder. The Roman army pursued and took the Volscian camp, and from there went on to capture the Volscian town of <a href="/wiki/Velitrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Velitrae">Velitrae</a> where they slaughtered many of the remaining Volscian troops, except for a small number who were offered quarter and surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory surrounding Velitrae was seized, and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> planted in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_reprisals_in_493_BC">Roman reprisals in 493 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman reprisals in 493 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 493 BC the Roman army, led by the consul <a href="/wiki/Postumus_Cominius_Auruncus" title="Postumus Cominius Auruncus">Postumus Cominius Auruncus</a> fought and defeated a force of the Volsci from the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>. The Roman army pursued the Volsci to the town of <a href="/wiki/Longula_(ancient_Volscian_Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longula (ancient Volscian Town)">Longula</a> (to the north of Antium). The Romans took Longula, and then pursuing the Volsci further north, also took the town of <a href="/wiki/Pollusca" title="Pollusca">Pollusca</a> and followed the Volsci to the town of <a href="/wiki/Corioli" title="Corioli">Corioli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman army laid <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to Corioli. However, whilst the Romans were focused on the siege, another Volscian force arrived from Antium and attacked the Romans, and at the same time the soldiers of Corioli launched a sally. A young noble Roman, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Gaius Marcius</a> held watch at the time of the Volscian attack. He quickly gathered a small force of Roman soldiers to fight against the Volscians who had sallied forth from Corioli. Not only did he repel the enemy, but he charged through the town gates and then began setting fire to some of the houses bordering the town wall. The citizens of Corioli cried out, and the whole Volscian force was dispirited and was defeated by the Romans. The town was captured, and Marcius gained the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> Coriolanus.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.33_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostilities_averted_in_492_BC">Hostilities averted in 492 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hostilities averted in 492 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 492 BC Rome was beset by a famine. The consuls sought to buy grain amongst the neighbouring peoples. Amongst the Volsci the grain merchants were threatened with violence if grain was sold to the Romans. </p><p>Livy reports that the Volsci were preparing to attack Rome. However a pestilence spread amongst the Volsci and war was averted. The Romans took steps to protect their position. Additional Roman colonists were sent to the town of <a href="/wiki/Velitrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Velitrae">Velitrae</a>, and a new <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Norba" title="Norba">Norba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volscian_invasion_led_by_Coriolanus_in_491–488_BC"><span id="Volscian_invasion_led_by_Coriolanus_in_491.E2.80.93488_BC"></span>Volscian invasion led by Coriolanus in 491–488 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Volscian invasion led by Coriolanus in 491–488 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 491 BC Coriolanus, who had been prominent in the siege of the Volscian town of Corioli in 493 BC, was exiled from Rome because he had advocated the reversal of the pro-plebeian political reforms arising from the <a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis_in_494_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="First secessio plebis in 494 BC">First secessio plebis in 494 BC</a>. Coriolanus fled to Rome's enemies, the Volsci and resided with the Volscian leader <a href="/wiki/Attius_Tullus_Aufidius" class="mw-redirect" title="Attius Tullus Aufidius">Attius Tullus Aufidius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Great Games</a> were being celebrated in Rome on a grand scale, and a number of the Volsci had travelled to Rome to participate in the celebrations. Aufidius sought to devise a way to stir up Volscian ill-will against Rome. He obtained a private audience with the consuls, and convinced them that he feared some discord might erupt between the Volscian youth and the Romans. The consuls put the matter before the senate, and the senate decided to expel the Volsci from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aufidius met the fleeing Volscians outside Rome in a grove sacred to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ferentina" title="Ferentina">Ferentina</a> and stirred up their feelings against Rome, and thereby caused the Volsci to declare war against Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coriolanus and Aufidius led the Volscian army against Roman towns, colonies and allies. Roman colonists were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Circeii" title="Circeii">Circeii</a>. They then retook the formerly Volscian towns of <a href="/wiki/Satricum" title="Satricum">Satricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longula_(ancient_Volscian_Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longula (ancient Volscian Town)">Longula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollusca" title="Pollusca">Pollusca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corioli" title="Corioli">Corioli</a>. Then the Volscian army took <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Corbio" title="Corbio">Corbio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitellia_(ancient_Latin_town)" title="Vitellia (ancient Latin town)">Vitellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebia_(ancient_Latin_town)" title="Trebia (ancient Latin town)">Trebia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavici" title="Lavici">Lavici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedum" title="Pedum">Pedum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From there the Volsci marched on Rome and besieged it. The Volscians initially camped at the <a href="/wiki/Cluilian_trench" title="Cluilian trench">Cluilian trench</a>, five miles outside Rome, and ravaged the countryside. Coriolanus directed the Volsci to target plebeian properties and to spare the patricians'.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consuls, now <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Nautius_Rutilus_(consul_488_BC)" title="Spurius Nautius Rutilus (consul 488 BC)">Spurius Nautius Rutilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Furius" title="Sextus Furius">Sextus Furius</a>, readied the defences of the city. But the plebeians implored them to sue for peace. The senate was convened, and it was agreed to send supplicants to the enemy. Initially ambassadors were sent, but Coriolanus sent back a negative response. The ambassadors were sent to the Volsci a second time, but were refused entry to the enemy camp. Next priests, in their regalia, were sent by the Romans, but achieved nothing more than had the ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Coriolanus' mother <a href="/wiki/Veturia" title="Veturia">Veturia</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Volumnia_(wife_of_Coriolanus)" title="Volumnia (wife of Coriolanus)">Volumnia</a> and his two sons, together with the matrons of Rome, went out to the Volscian camp and implored Coriolanus to cease his attack on Rome. Coriolanus was overcome by their pleas, and moved the Volscian camp back from the city, ending the siege. Rome honoured the service of these women by the erection of a temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a> (a female deity).<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coriolanus' fate after this point is unclear, but it seems he took no further part in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volscian army subsequently returned to Roman territory to attack the city. They were joined by the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>. However a dispute broke out as the Aequi would not accept Aufidius as their leader, and the Volsci and Aequi fought a furious battle in which the strength of each was seriously diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_hostilities_from_487_BC">Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the consuls in the following year (487 BC), <a href="/wiki/Titus_Sicinius_Sabinus" title="Titus Sicinius Sabinus">Titus Sicinius Sabinus</a>, was allocated responsibility for continuing the war with the Volsci. The outcome of the hostilities at that time is unclear, although it seems the Romans fared better.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volsci and the Aequi were together defeated again in 485 BC. The consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Vibulanus_(consul_485_BC)" title="Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 485 BC)">Quintus Fabius Vibulanus</a> incurred the anger of the plebs by lodging the spoils of victory with the <i><a href="/wiki/Aerarium#Publicum" title="Aerarium">publicum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again in 484 BC hostilities with the Volsci and Aequi were renewed. The Romans led by the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Mamercus" title="Lucius Aemilius Mamercus">Lucius Aemilius Mamercus</a> defeated the enemy, and the Roman cavalry slaughtered many in the rout which followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 483 BC Livy says that the Volsci renewed hostilities, but gives little detail except to say that the Romans paid little attention to the issue, as their own strength was more than sufficient, and they were distracted by internal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-2.42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 475 BC the Volsci together with the Aequi invaded the Latin territory. The <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, joined by the <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a> but without the assistance of any Roman troops or Roman commander, repelled the enemy and captured a significant amount of booty. The Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Nautius_Rutilus" title="Gaius Nautius Rutilus">Gaius Nautius Rutilus</a> was then sent against the Volsci and the Volscian territory was ravaged, but there was no significant engagement between the opposing forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volscian_attacks_between_471_BC_and_468_BC">Volscian attacks between 471 BC and 468 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volscian attacks between 471 BC and 468 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Volsci invaded Roman territory in 471 BC, and again from 469 to 468 BC, during a time of social upheaval in Rome. </p><p>In 471 BC <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Sabinus_Regillensis_(consul_471_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis (consul 471 BC)">Appius Claudius</a>, hated by the people in Rome, was consul. He unsuccessfully opposed <a href="/wiki/Lex_Publilia_(471_BC)" title="Lex Publilia (471 BC)">popular legislation</a> proposed by the tribune <a href="/wiki/Volero_Publilius" title="Volero Publilius">Volero Publilius</a>, thereby inflaming the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time the Volsci, hoping to take advantage of the internal conflict at Rome, laid waste to Roman territory. The war against them was allotted to Claudius. Stung by his defeat at the hands of the tribunes, the consul was determined to subject his army to the harshest discipline. But his disrespect for the plebeians was so notorious that his soldiers were openly insubordinate and disobedient. They refused to attack the enemy, instead retreating to their camp, and only turning against the Volscian forces when they were attacked themselves. His officers dissuaded Appius from taking immediate action against the soldiers, but the army was attacked again and fell into disarray as it left the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_ix_50_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius_ix_50-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reaching the safety of Roman territory, Appius gathered the remnants of his army, and ordered that all of the soldiers who had lost their equipment or standards, and all of the officers who had deserted their posts should be flogged and beheaded. He then punished the remainder of the army with <a href="/wiki/Decimation_(Roman_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimation (Roman army)">decimation</a>, the earliest instance of this particular punishment occurring in Roman history.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_ix_50_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius_ix_50-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 469 BC, at a time when riots seemed imminent in Rome due to popular unrest, the Volsci again invaded Roman territory and began burning Roman country estates. The consul <a href="/wiki/Titus_Numicius_Priscus" title="Titus Numicius Priscus">Titus Numicius Priscus</a> was given responsibility for leading an army against the Volsci. The Volscian forces left the Roman territory, but Numicius pursued them, defeated the Volscian army in an initial engagement, then when the Volscian forces took shelter in <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>, Numicius captured the neighbouring port town of Caenon; that small town was definitively destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hostilities continued in the following year. The consul <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Capitolinus_Barbatus" title="Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus">Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus</a> led the Roman army. In an initial engagement, the Romans were almost defeated, but Quinctius lifted their spirits by telling each wing of the army that the other was having great success. Thus re-animated, the Romans won the day. A period of rest followed, as both sides re-grouped. Then the Volsci launched a night attack on the Roman camp. But the consul kept the enemy at bay with a <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohort</a> of the allied <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a>, together with mounted trumpeters (the <a href="/wiki/Cornicen" title="Cornicen">cornicines</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubicen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubicen (page does not exist)">tubicines</a>) to make the enemy think the Romans were about to make a counter-attack. This kept the enemy on edge during the night, and allowed the Romans a good sleep. The Romans thus refreshed, at daylight the consul led the Romans against the Volsci. The Volsci took a position on higher ground. The consul hesitated to attack uphill, but the Roman troops convinced him to give the order for attack. The Romans left their spears fixed in the ground to lessen the burden. In the major battle which followed, the Romans were victorious. Quinctius then led the Romans to besiege Antium, and the town surrendered shortly afterward. A Latin colony was planted in the town in the following year, representing a major defeat for the Volsci.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinctius celebrated a triumph for his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasti_Triumphales_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasti_Triumphales-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_Roman_power">Growth of Roman power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Growth of Roman power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second half the 5th century BC the Romans and the Latins appear to have stemmed the tide of Volscian aggression. The sources record the founding of several Roman colonies during this era, while mention of wars against the Aequi and Volsci become less frequent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_ad_Maecium_389_BC">The Battle <i>ad Maecium</i> 389 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Battle ad Maecium 389 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 390 BC, a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> warband first defeated the Roman army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Allia" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Allia">Battle of Allia</a> and then sacked Rome. The ancient writers report that in the following year, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, the Volsci and the Aequi all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power while the Latins and Hernici abandoned their alliance with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_narratives">Ancient narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> provide roughly similar narratives of the ensuing Roman campaign against the Volsci, with Plutarch's account being the most detailed. According to Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus the Roman <a href="/wiki/Consular_tribune" title="Consular tribune">consular tribunes</a> marched out with the army and pitched camp near Mount Marcius, but their camp was attacked by the Volsci.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To deal with their many enemies the Romans now appointed <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Marcus Furius Camillus</a> dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, Camillus raised a new army, which included men normally considered too old for military service, eluded the Volsci by marching around Mount Marcius and arrived in the enemy's rear where he made his presence known by lighting fires. The besieged Romans prepared to sally out. Rather than risk being attacked from two sides, the Volsci retreated into their own camp and barricaded themselves inside. Knowing that a strong wind would blow down from the mountains at sunrise, Camillus ordered part of his forces to make a diversionary attack on the opposite side, while he led the rest of the army to hurl fire into the enemy camp once the sun rose. Aided by the wind, the fires burnt the camp to the ground. Most of the enemy perished, either in the fire or by desperate attacks on the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Diodorus Siculus, Camillus marched out at night. At dawn he attacked the Volsci in the rear while they were attacking the camp. Those in the camp sallied forth. Attacked from two sides the Volscians were slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Livy, who does not mention the consular tribunes' initial difficulties, the news of Camillus' appointment to command was enough to cause the Volsci to barricade themselves in their camp at <i>ad Maecium</i> near <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a>. Camillus set fire to the barricades, throwing the Volscian army into such confusion so that when the Romans assaulted the camp, they had little problem routing the Volsci.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camillus then ravaged their territory until the Volsci were forced to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient sources then tell how Camillus won great victories first against the Aequi and then against the Etruscans at <a href="/wiki/Sutrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutrium">Sutrium</a>. Livy also provides a description of the amount of spoils taken. Having won three simultaneous wars, Camillus returned to Rome in triumph. The many prisoners taken in the Etruscan war were publicly sold; after the gold owed to Rome's matrons had been repaid (they had contributed their gold to ransom Rome from the Gauls), enough was left for three golden bowls inscribed with the name of Camillus and placed in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a> before the feet of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The many similarities between accounts of the campaigns of 389 and 386 BC (for which see below) - in both Camillus is placed in command, defeats the Volsci and comes to the aid of Sutrium - has caused several modern authors to consider these to be doublets of each other. This was the view taken by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Beloch" title="Karl Julius Beloch">Beloch</a> who held that the Gallic sack had a severe and long-lasting effect on Rome's fortunes. Accordingly, Camillus' stunning victories against the Etruscans and Volsci so soon after must be inventions designed to minimize the scale of the Roman defeat. Different later writers then treated these invented victories in different ways, assigning them to different years with different incidental detail, until in Livy's writings they emerge as separate, but ultimately both unhistorical, events.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornell (1995) believes the Gallic sack to have been a setback to Rome from which she rapidly recovered, and sees the Roman victories that followed as continuation of an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a> policy begun three decades earlier. The accounts of these victories have been exaggerated and elaborated, and some events duplicated, but essentially describe historical events that fit into the broader picture of Rome's development. While the role of Camillus has been exaggerated, the frequency in which he is recorded to have held office attest to his political importance in Rome during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oakley (1997) considers the accounts of a Roman victory against the Volsci in 389 BC to be historical. All three surviving sources probably derived their accounts of this battle from a common tradition, the discrepancies being due to different authors omitting different details. This hypothesis is strengthened by Livy and Plutarch's very similar accounts of the fighting at Sutrium later the same year. However the original historical records probably just stated that the Romans won against the Volsci in a battle fought <i>ad Maecium</i>, all other details being later inventions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for the repayment of the gold to the matrons, Livy's description of Camillus' triumph that year could be based on authentic information; if so this would help confirm the fighting happened.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory that year against the Volsci opened the Pomptine region for further Roman inroads.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forsythe (2005) takes a more sceptical view. He believes only the existence of three golden bowls dedicated by Camillus to Juno to be historical. From these ancient writers have invented a series of lightning victories against the traditional enemies of Rome at the time of Camillus—viz., the Etruscans, the Aequi and the Volsci—and dated them to the year after the Gallic sack when Rome was supposed to be beset by enemies on all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_designs_for_the_Pontine_region_388–385_BC"><span id="Roman_designs_for_the_Pontine_region_388.E2.80.93385_BC"></span>Roman designs for the Pontine region 388–385 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roman designs for the Pontine region 388–385 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the development of <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a> in modern times, south-eastern Latium was covered by the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>. Between these marshes and the <a href="/wiki/Monti_Lepini" title="Monti Lepini">Monti Lepini</a> there was an area of dry land, the <i>ager Pontinus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pontine region is the scene of much of the recorded fighting between Romans and Volsci during the 380s and 370s BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_narratives_2">Ancient narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy is our only source for the next few years. According to him, in 388 the Roman <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> proposed to divide up the Pontine territory, but met little support from the plebs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 387 BC Lucius <a href="/wiki/Sicinia_gens" title="Sicinia gens">Sicinius</a>, tribune of the plebs, again raised the question of the Pomptine territory. However, when news reached Rome that Etruria was in arms the subject was dropped. The <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antiates</a> invaded the Pomptine territory the following year and it was reported in Rome that the Latins had sent warriors to assist them. The Romans had elected Camillus as one of the year's six consular tribunes in anticipation of an Etruscan war. He now took charge of affairs almost as if he had been elected dictator. He chose one of the other consular tribunes, <a href="/wiki/Valerii" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerii">Publius Valerius Potitus Poplicola</a>, as his colleague in the Volscan war, tasking the other four with defending and governing the city.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camillus and Valerius met the Antiates at <a href="/wiki/Satricum" title="Satricum">Satricum</a>. In addition to Volsci, the Antiates had brought a large number of Latins and Hernici to the field. At first daunted by the size and composition of the enemy army, after a rousing speech by Camillus the Roman soldiers charged the enemy. It was claimed that to further incite his men, Camillus ordered the army standard flung into the enemy's lines. The Volsci were routed and slaughtered in great number during their flight until a rainstorm brought an end to the fighting. The Latins and Hernici now abandoned the Volsci who took refuge inside Satricum. Camillus first began a regular investment, but when sorties disrupted the construction of his siege works, he changed tactics and carried the city by storm. Leaving Valerius in command of the army, Camillus returned to Rome to urge the senate to continue the war and attack Antium, the Volscian capital. However upon news that the Etruscans were attacking the border strongholds of <a href="/wiki/Nepete" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepete">Nepete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutrium">Sutrium</a>, it was instead decided that Camillus and Valerius should take on the Etruscans with a new army raised at Rome. Consular tribunes Lucius <a href="/wiki/Quinctius#Quinctii_Cincinnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinctius">Quinctius Cincinnatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Horatius_Pulvillus" title="Lucius Horatius Pulvillus">Lucius Horatius Pulvillus</a> were sent to carry on the Volscian war<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy then describe how Camillus again defeated the Etruscans at Sutrium and Nepete. </p><p>In 385 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Cossus_(dictator)" title="Aulus Cornelius Cossus (dictator)">Aulus Cornelius Cossus</a> was nominated Dictator with <a href="/wiki/Quinctius#Quinctii_Capitolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinctius">Titus Quinctius Capitolinus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Master of the Horse</a>, ostensibly to deal with the Volscian war and the defection of the Latins and Hernici, but the true reason was the trouble stirred up by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a>. The Dictator marched his army into the Pomptine territory which he had heard was being invaded by the Volsci.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Volscian army was swelled by Latins and Hernici, and included contingents from the Roman colonies of <a href="/wiki/Circeii" title="Circeii">Circeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velitrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Velitrae">Velitrae</a>. Preparing for battle on the morrow after his arrival, Cornelius ordered his soldiers to receive the enemy's charge. The Romans stood firm and when, as planned, the cavalry under Titus Quinctius attacked, panic broke out among the enemy. The Volsci fled the field and their camp was taken. Cornelius bestowed all the plunder, except the prisoners, on the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Rome, Aulus Cornelius celebrated his triumph over the Volsci. Satricum was colonized with 2000 Roman citizens, each to receive two and a half <a href="/wiki/Jugera" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugera">jugera</a> of land.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Diodorus, in the Varronian year 386 BC, the Romans sent 500 colonists to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could also be a reference to the colonization of Satricum, the name having been corrupted by Diodorus or his copyist.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_interpretations_2">Modern interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beloch rejected Camillus' campaign of 386 as a doublet of that of 389 (itself invented) and also the events of 385 as they depended on Camillus' victory at Satricum the previous year. More recently, Cornell (1995), Oakley (1997) and Forsythe (2005) have instead chosen to interpret these events as part of an expansionist Roman policy to take control of the Pomptine region. Hence the fighting takes place at Satricum and Antium rather than on Roman territory.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indebtedness was a persistent problem at Rome in this era. The favoured method of debt-relief, land allotments, provided a motivation for Roman expansion into the Pomptine region.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-352_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-352-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources however mention many proposals for <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_law" title="Agrarian law">agrarian laws</a> to divide up <a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</a>, some of which might be unhistorical. The Sicinii feature prominently as plebeian leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Struggle_of_the_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Struggle of the Orders">Struggle of the Orders</a>, but it's questionable how much of this has any historical basis. The plebeian tribune of 388, L. Sicinius, is otherwise unknown and could be an invention.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circeii and Velitrae had been colonized by Rome and the Latins in 393 and 401 respectively, but these might have been little more than garrisons. By 385 the native Volsci could have seized control of these towns again, but it is also possible that the Roman and Latin settlers had now turned against Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two settlements more than any other Latin towns would have felt vulnerable to Rome's aggressive designs for the Pomptine region.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Volsci_join_forces_with_the_Latins_383–381"><span id="The_Volsci_join_forces_with_the_Latins_383.E2.80.93381"></span>The Volsci join forces with the Latins 383–381</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Volsci join forces with the Latins 383–381"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_narratives_3">Ancient narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy records that in 383 <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a>, a Latin town which had so far been loyal to Rome, rebelled and joined the Volsci and the colonies of Circeii and Velitrae in the war against Rome. In Rome, on the advice of the senate, the tribes unanimously declared war on Velitrae after five commissioners had been appointed to distribute the Pomptine territory and three to settle a colony at <a href="/wiki/Nepete" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepete">Nepete</a>. However, there was pestilence in Rome throughout the year and no campaign was launched. Among the revolting colonists a peace party was in favour of asking Rome for pardon, but the war party continued hold the population's favour and a raid was launched into Roman territory effectively ending all talk of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 382 consular tribunes <a href="/wiki/Papirius" class="mw-redirect" title="Papirius">Spurius and Lucius Papirius</a> marched against Velitrae, their four colleagues being left to defend Rome. The Romans defeated the Veliternian army, which included a large number of <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praenestine</a> auxiliaries, but refrained from storming the place, doubting whether a storm would be successful and not wanting to destroy the colony. Based on the report of the tribunes, Rome declared war on Praeneste.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, the Romans in this year founded a colony at <a href="/wiki/Setia" class="mw-redirect" title="Setia">Setia</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy and Plutarch provide parallel narratives for 381. In that year the Volsci and <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Praenestines</a> are said to have joined forces and, according to Livy, successfully stormed the Roman colony of Satricum. In response the Romans elected Marcus Furius Camillus as consular tribune for the sixth time. Camillus was assigned the Volscian war by special senatorial decree. His fellow tribune <a href="/wiki/Furii#Furii_Medullini" class="mw-redirect" title="Furii">Lucius Furius Medullinus</a> was chosen by lot to be his colleague in this undertaking.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some differences between Livy and Plutarch in their accounts of the campaign that followed. According to Livy the tribunes marched out from the <a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquiline Gate">Esquiline Gate</a> for Satricum with an army of four legions, each consisting of 4000 men. At Satricum they met an army considerably superior in number and eager for battle. Camillus, however, refused to engage the enemy, seeking instead to protract the war. This exasperated his colleague, Lucius Furius, who claimed that Camillus had become too old and slow and soon won over the whole army to his side. While his colleague prepared for battle, Camillus formed a strong reserve and awaited the outcome of the battle. The Volsci started to retire soon after the battle had started, and, as they had planned, the Romans were drawn into following them up the rising ground toward the Volscian camp. Here the Volsci had placed several cohorts in reserve and these joined the battle. Fighting uphill against superior numbers, the Romans started to flee. However Camillus brought up the reserves and rallied the fleeing soldiers to stand their ground. With the infantry wavering, the Roman cavalry, now led by Lucius Furius, dismounted and attacked the enemy on foot. As a result, the Volsci were defeated and fled in panic; their camp was also taken. A large number of Volsci were killed and an even larger number taken prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, a sick Camillus was waiting in the camp while his colleague engaged the enemy. When he heard that the Romans had been routed, he sprung from his couch, rallied the soldiers and stopped the enemy pursuit. Then on the second day Camillus led his forces out, defeated the enemy in battle and took their camp. Camillus then learned that Satricum had been taken by Etruscans and all the Roman colonists there slaughtered. He sent the bulk of his forces back to Rome, while he and the youngest men fell upon the Etruscans and expelled them from Satricum.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having described Camillus' victory at Satricum, Livy and Plutarch move on to narrate the Roman annexation of the Latin town of <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_interpretations_3">Modern interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all the old Latin towns, Lanuvium was closest to Pomptine plain. It is therefore no surprise that she now joined the struggle against Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the details provided by Livy for the campaign of 382 are plausible, the original records likely only stated there was fighting against Praeneste and Velitrae.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-357_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-357-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the two versions of Camillus' victory at Satricum in 381, Plutarch's is thought to be closer to the earlier annalists than that of Livy. Notably, Livy presents a more noble picture of Camillus than Plutarch, and he has also compressed all the fighting into one day rather than two.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the Praenestines should have joined with the Volsci at Satricum and been defeated there by Camillus is credible enough; however most, if not all the details surrounding the battle, including the supposed quarrel between Camillus and Lucius Furius, are today considered to be later inventions. Especially the scale of the battle and the Roman victory have been vastly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-357_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-357-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_380–377"><span id="Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_380.E2.80.93377"></span>Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 380–377</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 380–377"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_narratives_4">Ancient narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ancient narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy is our only source for the next few years. He reports that in 380 the Romans stormed <a href="/wiki/Velitrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Velitrae">Velitrae</a>, but the main event of that year was the Roman Dictator <a href="/wiki/Quinctius#Quinctii_Cincinnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinctius">Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus</a> successful campaign against Praeneste who was forced to sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 379 the Romans assigned command of the Volscian war to consular tribunes <a href="/wiki/Manlia_gens#Manlii_Capitolini" title="Manlia gens">Publius and Gaius Manlius</a> due to the two's high birth and popularity, but this proved to be a mistake. The Roman commanders sent out their foragers without first doing any scouting, and were then tricked into an ambush by an enemy spy who falsely reported that the foragers had been surrounded. The Volsci also attacked the Roman camp. In Rome it was first decided to nominate a Dictator, but when the Romans realized that the Volsci did not intend to follow up their victory, they chose to recall their army from Volscian territory instead. New colonists were also sent to reinforce Setia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, 378, the Volsci invaded and plundered Roman territory in all directions. At Rome the tribunes of the plebs first obstructed the enrolment of troops until the patricians accepted their conditions that no war tax would be paid until the war was over and no debt suits be brought to court. With these internal difficulties out of the way, the Romans divided their forces into two armies. One, commanded by consular tribunes Spurius <a href="/wiki/Furia_gens#Furii_Medullini" title="Furia gens">Furius Medullinus</a> and Marcus <a href="/wiki/Horatia_gens#Horatii_Pulvilli" title="Horatia gens">Horatius Pulvillus</a>, was to march towards Antium and the coastal areas, the other, under Quintus <a href="/wiki/Servilia_gens#Servilii_Prisci" title="Servilia gens">Servilius Fidenas</a> and Lucius <a href="/wiki/Gegania_gens" title="Gegania gens">Geganius</a> Macerinus, was to head for <a href="/wiki/Ecetra" title="Ecetra">Ecetra</a> and the mountains. Hoping to draw the Volsci into battle, the Romans set about ravaging the Volscian countryside. Having burned several outlying villages and destroyed the enemy's harvest, the two armies returned to Rome with their booty.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Livy in 377 the Volsci and Latins united their forces at Satricum. The Roman army, commanded by consular tribunes Publius Valerius Potitus Poplicola (the same Valerius who had commanded with Camillus against the Volsci in 386) and Lucius <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_gens#Aemilii_Mamerci" title="Aemilia gens">Aemilius Mamercinus</a>, marched against them. The battle that followed was interrupted on the first day by a rainstorm. On the second the Latin resisted the Romans for some time, being familiar with their tactics, but a cavalry charge disrupted their ranks and when the Roman infantry followed up with a fresh attack they were routed. The Volsci and Latins retreated first to Satricum and thence to Antium. The Romans pursued, but lacked the equipment to lay siege to Antium. After a quarrel whether to continue the war or sue for peace, the Latin forces departed and the Antiates surrendered their city to the Romans. In fury the Latins set fire to Satricum and burned the whole city down except the temple of <a href="/wiki/Mater_Matuta" title="Mater Matuta">Mater Matuta</a> - a voice coming from the temple is said to have threatened terrible punishment if the fire was not kept away from the shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_interpretations_4">Modern interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Casting the blame on the commanders rather than the soldiers, as Livy does in his description of the Roman defeat in 379, is a common theme in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy's summary treatment of the 378 campaign suggest that there were no major Roman successes that year.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently mentioned in the Volscian wars of the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Ecetra" title="Ecetra">Ecetra</a> appears here for the last time in recorded history. Modern historians have not been able to securely determine the location of this Volscian town.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mater Matuta was a deity originally connected with the early morning light. The temple at Satricum was the chief centre of her cult.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Livy also records the burning of Satricum, except the temple of Mater Matuta, in 346, this time by the Romans. Modern historians agree that this twice burning of Satricum in 377 and 346 is a doublet. Beloch, believing that the Romans would not have recorded a Latin attack on Satricum, considered the burning in 377 a retrojection of the events of 346. Oakley (1997) takes the opposite view, believing that the ancient historians are less likely to have invented the burning by the Latins than the burning by the Romans. Though the twice miraculous saving of the temple is discarded as a doublet, it does not automatically follow that hotly contested Satricum could not have been captured both in 377 and 346.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-352_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-352-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy records that Satricum was recolonized by the Volsci in 348, but this is unlikely to be historical; if Satricum was destroyed by the Latins, it must have been reoccupied soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judged by the foundation of colonies and land allotments in the Pomptine region, it appears that by this time the Volsci no longer posed a serious threat to Roman power.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two decades of successful conquest and consolidation,<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome now entered an era of internal struggle and political reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_against_Velitrae_370–367"><span id="Operations_against_Velitrae_370.E2.80.93367"></span>Operations against Velitrae 370–367</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operations against Velitrae 370–367"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional Roman chronology the years 375-371 were supposed to have been a period of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> in which no <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">curule magistrates</a> were elected at Rome. Modern historians consider the anarchy to have lasted no longer than a year, if it existed at all, and attribute the extension into five years being due to ancient historians' attempts to synchronize Roman and Greek history.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent break six-year break in Roman-Volscian affairs after 377 is therefore deceptive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_narratives_5">Ancient narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy chose to focus his account of the years 376-367 on internal political struggles at Rome leading up to the decision in 367 to replace the consular tribunes with two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> as Rome's chief annually-elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrates</a>, and the opening of this office to plebeians; making only passing references to Rome's external affairs. He writes that in 370 the Velitraeans raided Roman territory and attacked <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>. A Roman relief army broke the siege of Tusculum and in return laid siege to Velitrae. This siege is then supposed to have lasted a number of years in which nothing worth mentioning took place,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it ended with Roman success in 367.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, Velitrae surrendered to Camillus, dictator for the fifth time in 367, without a struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of Velitrae is Camillus' last recorded exploit. He would fall victim to a plague that ravaged Rome in 365. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_interpretations_5">Modern interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That Velitrae should have been under continuous siege for several years is unlikely. More probably she was the target of a series of annual campaigns until finally taken. After this defeat Livy makes no mention of conflict between Velitrae and Rome until 357.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sporadic_warfare">Sporadic warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sporadic warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_war_with_Privernum_358–357"><span id="First_war_with_Privernum_358.E2.80.93357"></span>First war with Privernum 358–357</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First war with Privernum 358–357"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 358 the Romans formed two new <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribes</a>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomptina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomptina (page does not exist)">Pomptina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Publilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Publilia">Publilia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearly at least the <i>Pomptina</i> was established in the Pomptine region where Rome, after the successful wars of the previous decades, must now have had a firm grip.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy also records that in this year first <a href="/wiki/Privernum" class="mw-redirect" title="Privernum">Privernum</a> and then Velitrae raided Roman territory.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans assigned the war against <a href="/wiki/Privernum" class="mw-redirect" title="Privernum">Privernum</a> to one of the consuls of 357, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Rutilus" title="Gaius Marcius Rutilus">Gaius Marcius Rutilus</a>. The territory of Privernum had long been at peace and Marcius' army captured a large amount of plunder. Marcius let his soldiers keep everything, appropriating nothing for the State. The Privernates had formed an entrenched camp in front of their walls. The Romans stormed this camp and prepared to attack the town when the Privernates surrendered. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> was celebrated over the Privernates.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Fasti Triumphales</i> records that Marcius Rutilus celebrated his triumph over the Privernates on 1 June. This is the first appearance in Roman history of Privernum, a powerful town located in the <a href="/wiki/Amaseno" title="Amaseno">Amaseno</a> valley, at that time the south-eastern limit of Roman power.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy seems not to have considered Privernum a Volscian town, but several other ancient sources attest that this was the case.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livy writes that in 353 the Latins reported to Rome that the Volsci had assembled an army and intended to ravage Roman territory. Command of this war was given to consul <a href="/wiki/Valerius#Early_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerius">Marcus Valerius Poplicola</a>. He set up camp at Tusculum, but had to return to Rome to nominate a dictator when war with the Etruscan city of <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a> threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sparse mention of Volsci in Livy's account of the 350s suggest that they had been subdued by the repeated fighting in previous years and for the moment posed little threat to Roman expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_Antium_and_destruction_of_Satricum_346">Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 346</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 346"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy states that colonists from Antium rebuilt Satricum in 348.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 346 news reached Rome that emissaries from Antium were attempting to stir up the Latins against Rome. Consul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Corvus" title="Marcus Valerius Corvus">Marcus Valerius Corvus</a> marched to Satricum with his army and engaged the Antiates and other Volscian troops in battle. The Volsci fled into Satricum, but surrendered just as the Romans were about to storm the town. 4000 men and numerous non-combatants were taken prisoner. Satricum was sacked and burned; only the temple of Mater Matuta was spared. The 4000 who had surrendered were marched in front of the consul's chariot during his triumphal procession and subsequently sold, bringing in a large sum for the State treasury. According to some of Livy's sources these prisoners were slaves that had been captured at Satricum. Livy found this more plausible than their being surrendered fighting men.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Fasti Triumphales</i> records that Marcus Valerius Corvus celebrated his triumph over the Antiates and Satricani on 1 February. </p><p>Modern historians have widely considered the two destructions of Satricum in 377 and 346, both times only the temple of Mater Matuta survives, to be a doublet.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town's supposed rebuilding in 348 is more likely to be a reconstruction by a later annalist to explain how Satricum could be destroyed for a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-18_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-18-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations have confirmed that only the temple of Mater Matuta survived of Satricum after the mid-fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if then the double destruction of Satricum is rejected as unhistorical, it does not necessarily follow that this hotly contested town was not captured both in 377 and 346.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-18_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-18-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim of 4000 captives taken, whether they be prisoners of war or slaves, is most likely a later invention and not based on any authentic record.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Sora_345">Capture of Sora 345</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Capture of Sora 345"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy notes that the consuls of 345 took <a href="/wiki/Sora,_Lazio" title="Sora, Lazio">Sora</a>, located in the middle <a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a> valley, from the Volsci by a surprise attack.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the earliest known Roman campaign into the Liri valley, made possible by their earlier <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici#The_Hernician_War_362_-_358" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">victory over the Hernici</a>. The capture of Sora might represent a new Roman policy to completely destroy Volscian power. Sora is next heard of during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Samnite War">Second Samnite War</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> took it from the Romans in 315. It is however unknown whether Rome held continuous control of Sora from 345 to 315. The next recorded Roman operations against the northern Volsci only took place in 329.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_with_Privernum_and_Antium_341">Wars with Privernum and Antium 341</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wars with Privernum and Antium 341"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 343 the <a href="/wiki/First_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Samnite War">First Samnite War</a> broke out between Rome and the Samnites over the control of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and in 342 Rome were, according to several ancient writers, troubled with civil unrest and an <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_mutiny_in_342_BC" title="Roman army mutiny in 342 BC">army mutiny</a>. Livy writes that the Privernates exploited this to make a sudden raid and devastate the Roman colonies of <a href="/wiki/Norba" title="Norba">Norba</a> and Setia.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News also reached Rome that a Volscian army led by the Antiates had concentrated at Satricum. The Romans assigned both the war against Privernum and against Antium to one of the consuls for 341, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Plautius_Venno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Plautius Venno (page does not exist)">Gaius Plautius Venno</a>, while the other, Lucius <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_gens#Aemilii_Mamerci" title="Aemilia gens">Aemilius Mamercinus</a>, campaigned against the Samnites. Plautius first defeated the Privernates and captured their city. A Roman garrison was imposed on them and two-thirds of their territory confiscated. Plautius then marched against the Antiates at Satricum. A hard battle which ended only a storm prevented further losses. Counting their losses, the Volsci decided to withdraw during the night, retreating to Antium and leaving their wounded and part of their baggage behind. The Romans gathered a large quantity of arms left behind at the battlefield and in the Volscian camps which the consul ordered burnt as a sacrifice to <a href="/wiki/Lua_(goddess)" title="Lua (goddess)">Lua Mater</a>. He then ravaged the Volscian territory down to the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volsci would have been motivated in their war against Rome both by the possibility exploiting a Rome distracted by war and civil strife, and the worrying prospect of being surrounded by Roman territory should Rome gain firm control of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. However several elements of Livy's account has been questioned by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-393_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-393-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Roman capture of Privernum is recorded again for 329 when Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus was consul for a second time, this time with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Plautius_Decianus" title="Gaius Plautius Decianus">Gaius Plautius Decianus</a> as his colleague. Some modern historians have therefore considered the war of 341 an unhistorical duplicate of that of 329. A supporting argument of this theory is that the Romans only established the tribe of <i>Ufentina</i> on former Privernatian territory in the census of 318 rather than in the census of 332. It is however not implausible in itself that Rome had to fight several wars against Privernum. The names of the consuls for the two wars would then be only a coincidence. The Roman garrison at Privernum, if historical, is unlikely to have remained there for long.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign against the Antiates has less serious problems. The battle being broken off by a storm is likely to be a later invention. The offering of the captured weapons to Lua Mater might also have been invented. But despite these later embellishments there are no fundamental reasons why Antium should not have fought against Rome in 341.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley-393_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-393-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_subjugation_of_the_Volsci">Roman subjugation of the Volsci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Roman subjugation of the Volsci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Volsci joined the Latins in their final bid to shake off Roman dominion, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a>, 340–338, but Rome was once again victorious and the Volscian cities were incorporated into the Roman Republic with varying degrees of political rights. Roman reversals in the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> caused some unrest among the Volsci but had no lasting impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#53" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">1.53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasti_Triumphales-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fasti_Triumphales_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasti_Triumphales_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_Triumphales" title="Fasti Triumphales">Fasti Triumphales</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-2.22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.22_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.22_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#22" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2.22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#24" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2.24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#25" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2.25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#30" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#31" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-2.33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.33_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.33_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#33" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2.33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#34" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#35" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#37" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#38" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-2.39-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.39_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#39" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-2.40-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.40_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#40" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2:40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-2.42-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-2.42_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2#42" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">2.42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 2.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, ii. 56, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, ii. 58, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dionysius_ix_50-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_ix_50_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_ix_50_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ix. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, ii. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</i>, p. 475 ("Decimation").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ix, 56; Livy, ii. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, ii. 64-65, iii. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#2" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.2.2</a>; Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.1; Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 33.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.1-2; Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 33.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#2" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.2.8</a>; Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.3; Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 33.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 34.1-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#2" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.2.8-12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#2" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.2.13</a>; Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 35.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#4" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.4.1-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 348-350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell (1995), pp. 318-319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 349-350, 399-400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forsythe (2005), p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley(1997), p. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#5" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.5.1-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#6" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.6.1-18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#7" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.7.1-9.7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#11" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.11.9-12.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#12" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.12.6-13.1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#15" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">vi.15.12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, xv.27.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forsythe (2005) p. 257, but Sardinia is accepted by Cornell (1995), p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell (1995), p. 323; Oakley (1997), pp. 351-352; Forsythe (2005), p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley-352-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-352_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-352_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 433, 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 507-508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-322-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell-322_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell(1995), p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#21" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.21.2-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#22" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.22.1-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius Paterculus, i.14.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#22" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.22.3-4</a>; Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 37.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#22" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.22.7-24.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 37.3-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley-357-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-357_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-357_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 580</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#27" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.27.3-29.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#30" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.30.1-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#31" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.31.1-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#32" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.32.4-33.5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakely (1997), p. 624</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 633-634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakely (1997), pp. 642-643</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakely (1997), p. 456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forsythe (2005), pp. 257-258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell (1995), p. 400; Forsythe (2005), pp. 369-700</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#36" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.36.1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_6#42" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6">6.42.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Camillus</i> 42.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), pp. 359-360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#15" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.15.12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#15" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.15.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#16" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.16.3-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), pp. 7, 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#19" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.19.6-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#27" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.27.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#27" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.27.5-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), pp. 17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley-18-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-18_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-18_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1997), p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#28" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.28.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_7#42" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7">7.42.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_8#1" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 8">8.1.1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley-393-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-393_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley-393_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998) p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley (1998) pp. 393-394</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, T. J. (1995). <i>The Beginnings of Rome- Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7"><bdi>978-0-415-01596-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome-+Italy+and+Rome+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars+%28c.+1000%E2%80%93264+BC%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01596-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). <i>A Critical History of Early Rome</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24991-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24991-7"><bdi>0-520-24991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+Early+Rome&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24991-7&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1997" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, S. P. (1997). <i>A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume 1 Introduction and Book VI</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815277-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815277-9"><bdi>0-19-815277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+VI%E2%80%93X%2C+Volume+1+Introduction+and+Book+VI&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-815277-9&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1998" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, S. P. (1998). <i>A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume II: Books VII–VIII</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815226-2"><bdi>978-0-19-815226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Livy+Books+VI%E2%80%93X%2C+Volume+II%3A+Books+VII%E2%80%93VIII&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815226-2&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman%E2%80%93Volscian+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman–Volscian_wars&oldid=1171496097">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman–Volscian_wars&oldid=1171496097</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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