癮科學：飛機為什麼會飛？

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class="container@m-">  <div class="flush-top flush-bottom" data-behavior="FitVids "> <div class="o-article_block ">  <div class="grid@tl+ mt-n40"> <div style="clear: right;"></div> <div class="hide@tp- grid@tl+__cell col-4-of-12@tl+ right@tl+ flush-top pt-40 relative z-1"> <div id="rRail"> <aside role="banner"> <div class="relative mb-70"><div id="latest_rail_article" data-aol-adcall="{"tl":{"adSetType":"F","htmlAdWH":{"mn":"963860588","sizes":{"w":"RR","h":"RR"},"type":"f"}}}" data-behavior="Advertisement"></div></div> </aside> <aside class="egchfb mb-70"> <div class="fb_join"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://www.facebook.com/engadgetchinese" target="_blank"> <svg class="icon inline-block vm"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="/web/20200629140433im_/http://chinese.engadget.com/2009/03/23/on-flight/#facebook"></use></svg> <h4>Join Us On</h4> <h3>Facebook</h3> </a> </div> </aside> <aside class="mb-70"> <iframe 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class="grid@tl+"> <div class="grid@tl+__cell col-8-of-12@tl+"> <div class="article-text c-gray-1"> <p> <div align="center"><br/></div> <br/>「這個我知道！高中有學過嘛，就是因為機翼的形狀的關系，氣流從上面流過必須要走比從下面流過長的距離，但最後上下氣流又必須在機翼後緣匯合，因此機翼上側的氣流勢必要比較快。依照伯努力定律，流速快的流體氣壓低，所以機翼上方就會產生一個底低壓區，將飛機整個向上拉！這就是飛機會飛的原理囉～」<br/><br/>或至少，高中是這麼學的。如果真的是這樣的話，小薑就不用費事特地寫一篇癮科學囉 XD。仔細的想一想，就會發現一些疑點。舉例來說，為什麼機翼要做成前面厚，後面薄的形狀？如果真的只要上面流過的的路徑長就有升力的話，那中間厚，前後薄應該也能飛啊？後面厚也可以啊？為什麼一定要前面厚？而且，如果真的是這樣的話，飛機只要在跑道上一直加速，就會自動飛起來了，為什麼要在最後有拉高機頭「起飛」的動作？還有，為什麼伸出去的襟翼（起飛降落時從機翼上伸出去的那幾片額外的翼面）是漸次往下傾斜的？依照上面的原理，伸出去的襟翼是平的就好了啊？<br/><br/>顯然的，一定哪裡有問題...<br/><br/>p.s. 也請參考「<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://chinese.engadget.com/2009/03/24/on-flight-revisited/">飛機為什麼會飛（重新來過）</a>」 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="js-notMobileReferredByFbTw">  <div class="o-article_block pb-15 pb-5@m-"> <div class="grid@tl+"> <div class="full-width@tp- grid@tl+__cell col-8-of-12@tl+"> <div class="article-text c-gray-1 no-review"> <p> <div align="center"><object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/6UlsArvbTeo&hl=zh_TW&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433oe_/https://www.youtube.com/v/6UlsArvbTeo&hl=zh_TW&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object></div><br/><br/>上面這個影片，直接就讓傳統解釋當中最主要的一個論點 -- 機翼上下的氣流會匯合 -- 這點垮台了。機翼上下的氣流根本就是照著各自的流速在流，沒有匯合的問題。<br/><br/>所以對於飛機真正會飛的原因，目前的解釋傾向於這樣，只有兩個部份：<br/><ol> <li><strong>流體傾向於貼著表面流動</strong> -- 這稱為柯恩達效應（Coandă effect，亦稱康達效應或附壁效應），簡單來說，當流體流過彎曲的表面時（想像水從湯匙的下方流過），表面上上微小的阻力，會導致流體的速度變慢，讓流體順著彎曲的表面流動。</li> <li><strong>上翼面前高後低</strong> -- 這點，再加上上述的柯恩達效應，會導致氣流離開上翼面時，角度是略為向下的（稱為下洗，Downwash）。就是這一點點的向下推力，讓飛機飛起來的。簡單吧？</li></ol>延伸來說，向下推力的多寡，取決於飛機機翼的「攻角」，或是機翼和氣流之間的角度。上面的影片也有示範攻角增加時的效果，雖然攻角增加時下洗氣流的強度有所增加，但流過上側的氣流會打到流過下側的氣流，在機翼後面形成亂流。如果攻角高到某個程度後，就會發生所謂的「氣流剝離」，即柯恩達效應的消失 -- 氣流不再貼著機翼上側流過，下流氣流喪失，飛機也就飛不起來了。這種現象，稱為「失速」。<br/><br/><div style="text-align: center;"><img hspace="4" border="0" vspace="4" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433im_/https://www.blogcdn.com/chinese.engadget.com/media/2009/03/extendedflaps.jpg" id="vimage_1" alt=""/><br/><div style="text-align: left;">所以襟翼的功能就很容易理解了。它是在不使氣流剝離的前提下，增加下洗氣流的角度，增加升力。因此襟翼才會是向下傾斜的囉！<br/><br/>等等，所以說高中課本提的那一套完全是錯的嗎？其實也不盡然。回想一下影片裡，從機翼上方流過的氣流不僅走的距離比下面遠，而且還<span style="font-weight: bold;">比下方流過的氣流更早到達機翼後端</span>。這意思是說，不僅上方流過的氣流比下方流快，而且比傳統的看法還要更快。這無疑的會對機翼產生一定量的升力，但究竟有多少，還有待商確。只能說，這真是門複雜的學問阿...<br/><br/>搞到最後，根本還是不知道為什麼飛機會飛嘛！事實上確實是如此。飛機的各個部份的形狀都有可能影響升力不僅是機翼，機身的形狀也會有影響。此外，機翼的形狀也會在不同的速度下有不同的反應，例如三角翼適合超音速飛行（因為機翼整個在錐狀聲波面裡），後掠翼適合高次音速巡航，特技飛機則是方形的一片比較穩定，這也不是光用側截面圖就能說明的。唯一能安全地確定飛機表現的方式，就只有靠經驗、風洞測試和電腦模擬了。即使是今天，我們對翼尖氣流仍然還是不那麼了解呢！<br/><br/>如果大家有興趣的話，可以去 NASA 的 Glenn Research Center 網站，裡頭有個<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/foilsime.html">很簡單的機翼模擬 Applet</a> FoilSim，讓你可以設定一些數據，看看能提供多少升力。英文 OK 的人，可以<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/foil2.html">試試這個進階版</a>，裡頭有更多的設定喔！下面是簡單版的簡單說明：<br/><br/><div style="text-align: center;"><img hspace="4" border="0" vspace="4" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433im_/https://www.blogcdn.com/chinese.engadget.com/media/2009/03/foilsim.jpg" id="vimage_2" alt=""/><br/></div>Speed-mph：時速，單位是英哩／小時。速度愈快，升力愈大。<br/>Altitude-ft：高度，單位是英呎。高度愈高，空氣愈稀薄，升力愈小。<br/>Angle-deg：機翼的攻角。攻角增加時，升力會先漸漸增加，直到氣流分離時，升力會驟降。<br/>Camber-%c：機翼的「拱起」度。看起來，似乎是拱起度愈高，升力愈大。<br/>Thick-%crd：機翼的厚度和長度之間的比例。機翼愈厚，升力愈大（但影響似乎很小）。<br/>Area-sq ft：機翼面積，單位是平方呎。面積愈大，升力愈大。<br/><br/>當然，這裡只是單純講「升力」。和升力相對的是，升力愈大，阻力也會愈大，所以機翼設計時通常不會以高升力為第一考量。<br/></div></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="o-article_block"> <div class="grid@tl+ mt-n40"> <div class="grid@tl+__cell col-8-of-12@tl+ pb-80@tp+ pb-120@d "> <div class="pb-35 border-top mt-20 mt-35@s pt-35 pt-30@m pt-25@s pb-25@s break-out@s"> <section class="t-meta c-gray-3"> <div class="mt-5">標籤: <span class="th-meta"> <a href="/web/20200629140433/http://chinese.engadget.com/tag/column-andy" class="th-meta">column-andy</a>, <a href="/web/20200629140433/http://chinese.engadget.com/tag/column-andy-science" class="th-meta">column-andy-science</a> </span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="table@m+ pt-35@m+ pb-40@m+ border-top@m+ 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class="stretch-img prelazy"> </a> <div class="absolute l-0 b-0 b-55@s"></div><div class="o-rating_thumb__rating b-75@m- z-3"> </div></div> </div> <div class="grid@m+__cell col-2-of-4@tp col-4-of-8@tl+ col-10-of-15@d "> <div class=" o-feed_listing@m- o-feed_bleed@s" data-feed-container> <div class=" o-feed_listing@m-__mid"> <div class=" o-feed_listing@m-__inner th-base@m- break-left@s "> <div class="pb-10 hide@tl+">  <div class="t-meta th-meta inline-block hide@tl+"> <svg class="icon inline-block th-meta__icon vm" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-right: 2px"> <use xlink:href="/web/20200629140433im_/http://chinese.engadget.com/2009/03/23/on-flight/#clock"></use> </svg> 2010 年 1 月 27 日, 下午 01:00 </div> </div> <div class="th-title"> <h2 class="mt-10@tp t-h4@s t-h3-c@m t-h3-b@tp t-h4@tl t-h3@d"> <span class="th-underline"> 小薑雜談：票房之王．阿凡達；未來之王．3D </span> </h2> </div> <div class="hide@s mt-10@s"> <p class="mt-15@m+ t-d5@m- t-d5@tp+ c-gray-3">小薑從 12 月底寫第一篇阿凡達的時候，就有構思說如果哪一天阿凡達擊沉了鐵達尼，那一定要來寫一篇文章說 3D 果然就是未來之類的。只是萬萬沒想到的是，這一天竟然來得這麼快 -- 在上映一個月多一點...</p> </div> <div class="mt-20@s">  <div class=""> <div class="table@tp+ mt-15@m+ th-meta"> <div class="relative inline-block "> <a href="/web/20200629140433/http://chinese.engadget.com/about/editors/andy-yang/"> <img class="vc circle-mask absolute l-0 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433im_/https://o.aolcdn.com/images/dims?thumbnail=30%2C30&quality=80&image_uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogcdn.com%2Fchinese.engadget.com%2Fmedia%2F2011%2F07%2Fandyyang-profile.jpg&client=amp-blogside-v2&signature=3b854933a68e591bf6e9791f1428469da51e3f1e" width="30" height="30"/> </a> <div class="h-1 w-35 inline-block "></div> <span class="t-meta pb-0 vt mt-5@tp+ w-185@m mr-5@tp+ "> <span class="hide@m-">作者: </span> <span class="block@m-"><a href="/web/20200629140433/http://chinese.engadget.com/about/editors/andy-yang" class="th-meta" title="andy-yang">Andy Yang</a></span><span class="hide@m- hide@tp">, </span><span class=" hide@tp mDC"> 2010 年 1 月 27 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type="application/ld+json"> { "@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/http://schema.org", "@type":"Article", "headline":"癮科學：飛機為什麼會飛？", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://o.aolcdn.com/dims-shared/dims3/GLOB/legacy_thumbnail/700x394/format/png/quality/85/", "width": 700, "height": 394 }, "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "URL", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://chinese.engadget.com/2009/03/23/on-flight/" }, "url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://chinese.engadget.com/2009/03/23/on-flight/", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andy Yang" }, "datePublished": "2009-03-23 02:00:00.000000", "dateModified": "2009-03-23 02:00:00.000000", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Engadget", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://o.aolcdn.com/dims-shared/dims3/GLOB/legacy_thumbnail/273x60/format/gif/quality/85/https://www.blogsmithmedia.com/chinese.engadget.com/media/feedlogo.gif", "width": 273, "height": 60 } }, "description": "「這個我知道！高中有學過嘛，就是因為機翼的形狀的關系，氣流從上面流過必須要走比從下面流過長的距離，但最後上下氣流又必須在機翼後緣匯合，因此機翼上側的氣流勢必要比較快。依照伯努力定律，流速快的流體氣壓低，所以機翼上方就會產生一個底低壓區，將飛機整個向上拉！這就是飛機會飛的原理囉～」或至少，高中是這麼學的。如果真的是這樣的話，小薑就不用費事特地寫一篇癮科學囉 XD。仔細的想一想，就會發現一些疑點。舉例來說，為什麼機翼要做成前面厚，後面薄的形狀？如果真的只要上面流過的的路徑長就有升力的話，那中間厚，前後薄應該也能飛啊？後面厚也可以啊？為什麼一定要前面厚？而且，如果真的是這樣的話，飛機只要在跑道上一直加速，就會自動飛起來了，為什麼要在最後有拉高機頭「起飛」的動作？還有，為什麼伸出去的襟翼（起飛降落時從機翼上伸出去的那幾片額外的翼面）是漸次往下傾斜的？依照上面的原理，伸出去的襟翼是平的就好了啊？顯然的，一定哪裡有問題...p.s. 也請參考「飛機為什麼會飛（重新來過）」上面這個影片，直接就讓傳統解釋當中最主要的一個論點 -- 機翼上下的氣流會匯合 -- 這點垮台了。機翼上下的氣流根本就是照著各自的流速在流，沒有匯合的問題。所以對於飛機真正會飛的原因，目前的解釋傾向於這樣，只有兩個部份：流體傾向於貼著表面流動 -- 這稱為柯恩達效應（Coandă effect，亦稱康達效應或附壁效應），簡單來說，當流體流過彎曲的表面時（想像水從湯匙的下方流過），表面上上微小的阻力，會導致流體的速度變慢，讓流體順著彎曲的表面流動。上翼面前高後低 -- 這點，再加上上述的柯恩達效應，會導致氣流離開上翼面時，角度是略為向下的（稱為下洗，Downwash）。就是這一點點的向下推力，讓飛機飛起來的。簡單吧？延伸來說，向下推力的多寡，取決於飛機機翼的「攻角」，或是機翼和氣流之間的角度。上面的影片也有示範攻角增加時的效果，雖然攻角增加時下洗氣流的強度有所增加，但流過上側的氣流會打到流過下側的氣流，在機翼後面形成亂流。如果攻角高到某個程度後，就會發生所謂的「氣流剝離」，即柯恩達效應的消失 -- 氣流不再貼著機翼上側流過，下流氣流喪失，飛機也就飛不起來了。這種現象，稱為「失速」。所以襟翼的功能就很容易理解了。它是在不使氣流剝離的前提下，增加下洗氣流的角度，增加升力。因此襟翼才會是向下傾斜的囉！等等，所以說高中課本提的那一套完全是錯的嗎？其實也不盡然。回想一下影片裡，從機翼上方流過的氣流不僅走的距離比下面遠，而且還比下方流過的氣流更早到達機翼後端。這意思是說，不僅上方流過的氣流比下方流快，而且比傳統的看法還要更快。這無疑的會對機翼產生一定量的升力，但究竟有多少，還有待商確。只能說，這真是門複雜的學問阿...搞到最後，根本還是不知道為什麼飛機會飛嘛！事實上確實是如此。飛機的各個部份的形狀都有可能影響升力不僅是機翼，機身的形狀也會有影響。此外，機翼的形狀也會在不同的速度下有不同的反應，例如三角翼適合超音速飛行（因為機翼整個在錐狀聲波面裡），後掠翼適合高次音速巡航，特技飛機則是方形的一片比較穩定，這也不是光用側截面圖就能說明的。唯一能安全地確定飛機表現的方式，就只有靠經驗、風洞測試和電腦模擬了。即使是今天，我們對翼尖氣流仍然還是不那麼了解呢！如果大家有興趣的話，可以去 NASA 的 Glenn Research Center 網站，裡頭有個很簡單的機翼模擬 Applet FoilSim，讓你可以設定一些數據，看看能提供多少升力。英文 OK 的人，可以試試這個進階版，裡頭有更多的設定喔！下面是簡單版的簡單說明： Speed-mph：時速，單位是英哩／小時。速度愈快，升力愈大。Altitude-ft：高度，單位是英呎。高度愈高，空氣愈稀薄，升力愈小。Angle-deg：機翼的攻角。攻角增加時，升力會先漸漸增加，直到氣流分離時，升力會驟降。Camber-%c：機翼的「拱起」度。看起來，似乎是拱起度愈高，升力愈大。Thick-%crd：機翼的厚度和長度之間的比例。機翼愈厚，升力愈大（但影響似乎很小）。Area-sq ft：機翼面積，單位是平方呎。面積愈大，升力愈大。當然，這裡只是單純講「升力」。和升力相對的是，升力愈大，阻力也會愈大，所以機翼設計時通常不會以高升力為第一考量。" } </script> </main>  <footer role="navigation"> <nav class="th-reverse pt-40 pb-40 h-320 hide@tp-"> <div id="footer" class="container full-height" data-ylk="sec:footer;elm:category;itc:0"> <div class="grid full-height"> <div class="grid__cell col-1-of-5 full-height col-1"> <section>  <div class=" bc-violet o-title_mark"> <h3 class=" th-title t-list-header mt-10"> 關於 </h3> </div> <ul class="t-meta-list mt-20 c-white-50"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629140433/https://chinese.engadget.com/about/" class="c-white:hvr" data-ylk="slk:關於 Engadget;tar:https%3A%2F%2Fchinese.engadget.com">關於 Engadget</a></li> <li><a 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