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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steelhead_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Steelhead life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steelhead_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_oxidative_stress_on_mitochondria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_oxidative_stress_on_mitochondria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Growth and oxidative stress on mitochondria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_oxidative_stress_on_mitochondria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Artificial propagation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artificial_propagation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Artificial propagation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Artificial_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybridization_and_habitat_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybridization_and_habitat_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hybridization and habitat loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybridization_and_habitat_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Invasive species and disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whirling_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whirling_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Whirling disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whirling_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_mud_snail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_mud_snail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 New Zealand mud snail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_mud_snail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didymo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didymo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Didymo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didymo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redmouth_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redmouth_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Redmouth disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redmouth_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Removal methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steelhead_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steelhead_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Steelhead declines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steelhead_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hatchery_stocking_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatchery_stocking_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Hatchery stocking influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatchery_stocking_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Water purification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 As food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rainbow trout</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ABnboogforel" title="Reënboogforel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reënboogforel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AD" title="سلمون قوس قزح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلمون قوس قزح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C9%99lvan_q%C4%B1z%C4%B1lxall%C4%B1" title="Al-əlvan qızılxallı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Al-əlvan qızılxallı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F" title="রেইনবো ট্রাউট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেইনবো ট্রাউট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Стронга радужная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стронга радужная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дъгова пъстърва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъгова пъстърва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijska_pastrmka" title="Kalifornijska pastrmka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalifornijska pastrmka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluzh_kanevedenn" title="Dluzh kanevedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dluzh kanevedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truita_arc_de_Sant_Mart%C3%AD" title="Truita arc de Sant Martí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Truita arc de Sant Martí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" title="Oncorhynchus mykiss – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oncorhynchus mykiss" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD" title="Pstruh duhový – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pstruh duhový" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brithyll_Seithliw" title="Brithyll Seithliw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brithyll Seithliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbue%C3%B8rred" title="Regnbueørred – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regnbueørred" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenbogenforelle" title="Regenbogenforelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regenbogenforelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikerforell" title="Vikerforell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikerforell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" title="Oncorhynchus mykiss – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oncorhynchus mykiss" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ielarka_truto" title="Ĉielarka truto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉielarka truto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortzadar-amuarrain" title="Ortzadar-amuarrain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ortzadar-amuarrain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزل‌آلای رنگین‌کمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قزل‌آلای رنگین‌کمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truite_arc-en-ciel" title="Truite arc-en-ciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Truite arc-en-ciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troita_arco_da_vella" title="Troita arco da vella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Troita arco da vella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%9C%EC%86%A1%EC%96%B4" title="무지개송어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무지개송어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ծիածանափայլ իշխան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծիածանափայլ իշխան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijska_pastrva" title="Kalifornijska pastrva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalifornijska pastrva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forel_pelangi" title="Forel pelangi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Forel pelangi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbogasilungur" title="Regnbogasilungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Regnbogasilungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" title="Oncorhynchus mykiss – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oncorhynchus mykiss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="טרוטת עין-הקשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרוטת עין-הקשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇನ್‍ಬೋ ಟ್ರೌಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇನ್‍ಬೋ ಟ್ರೌಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ცისარტყელა კალმახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცისარტყელა კალმახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Құбылмалы бахтах – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құбылмалы бахтах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Микижа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микижа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeboufrell" title="Reeboufrell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reeboufrell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaivoryk%C5%A1tinis_up%C4%97takis" title="Vaivorykštinis upėtakis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaivorykštinis upėtakis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sziv%C3%A1rv%C3%A1nyos_pisztr%C3%A1ng" title="Szivárványos pisztráng – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szivárványos pisztráng" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Калифорниска пастрмка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калифорниска пастрмка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="റെയിൻബോ ട്രൗട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയിൻബോ ട്രൗട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AD" title="سلمون قوس قزح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلمون قوس قزح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenboogforel" title="Regenboogforel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regenboogforel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="ニジマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニジマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbue%C3%B8rret" title="Regnbueørret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regnbueørret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbogeaure" title="Regnbogeaure – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regnbogeaure" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%B9" title="سترنگی ٹراؤٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سترنگی ٹراؤٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pstr%C4%85g_t%C4%99czowy" title="Pstrąg tęczowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pstrąg tęczowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truta-arco-%C3%ADris" title="Truta-arco-íris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Truta-arco-íris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83str%C4%83v_curcubeu" title="Păstrăv curcubeu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păstrăv curcubeu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Пструг дуговый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пструг дуговый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Микижа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микижа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rainbow trout" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pstruh_d%C3%BAhov%C3%BD" title="Pstruh dúhový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pstruh dúhový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arenka" title="Šarenka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šarenka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дужичаста пастрмка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дужичаста пастрмка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijska_pastrva" title="Kalifornijska pastrva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalifornijska pastrva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjolohi" title="Kirjolohi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjolohi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnb%C3%A5ge_(fisk)" title="Regnbåge (fisk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regnbåge (fisk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trutsang_bahaghari" title="Trutsang bahaghari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trutsang bahaghari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ปลาเรนโบว์เทราต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาเรนโบว์เทราต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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font-size: 88%">Adult rainbow trout </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /> Secure  (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Oncorhynchus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmoniformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">O. mykiss</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Oncorhynchus mykiss <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>previous scientific names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Salmo mykiss Walbaum, 1792 Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo purpuratus <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Pallas</a>, 1814 Salmo penshinensis Pallas, 1814 Parasalmo penshinensis (Pallas, 1814) Salmo gairdnerii <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Richardson</a>, 1836 Fario gairdneri (Richardson, 1836) Oncorhynchus gairdnerii (Richardson, 1836) Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson, 1836 Salmo rivularis <a href="/wiki/William_Orville_Ayres" title="William Orville Ayres">Ayres</a>, 1855 Salmo iridea Gibbons, 1855 Salmo gairdnerii irideus Gibbons, 1855 Salmo irideus Gibbons, 1855 Trutta iridea (Gibbons, 1855) Salmo truncatus <a href="/wiki/George_Suckley" title="George Suckley">Suckley</a>, 1859 Salmo masoni Suckley, 1860 Oncorhynchus kamloops <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a>, 1892 Salmo kamloops (Jordan, 1892) Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan, 1892) Salmo gairdneri shasta Jordan, 1894 Salmo gilberti Jordan, 1894 Salmo nelsoni <a href="/wiki/Barton_Warren_Evermann" title="Barton Warren Evermann">Evermann</a>, 1908 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> native to cold-water <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the Pacific Ocean in North America and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a> (sometimes called steelhead trout) is an <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration#Classification" title="Fish migration">anadromous</a> (sea-run) form of the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) or <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_redband_trout" title="Columbia River redband trout">Columbia River redband trout</a> (O. m. gairdneri) that usually returns to freshwater to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> after living two to three years in the ocean. Freshwater forms that have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and migrate into tributaries to spawn are also called steelhead. Adult freshwater stream rainbow trout average between 0.5 and 2.5 kilograms (1 and 5 lb), while lake-dwelling and anadromous forms may reach 9 kg (20 lb). Coloration varies widely based on <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, forms, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. Adult fish are distinguished by a broad reddish stripe along the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> to the tail, which is most vivid in breeding males. Wild-caught and <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">hatchery</a>-reared forms of the species have been transplanted and introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica. Introductions to locations outside their native range in the United States, Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America have damaged native fish species. Introduced populations may affect native species by preying on them, out-competing them, transmitting contagious diseases (such as <a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">whirling disease</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridizing</a> with closely related species and subspecies. The rainbow trout is included in the <a href="/wiki/100_of_the_World%27s_Worst_Invasive_Alien_Species" title="100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species">list of the top 100 globally invasive species</a>. Other introductions into waters previously devoid of fish or with severely depleted stocks of native fish have created <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">sport fisheries</a>, such as the Great Lakes and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Firehole_River" title="Firehole River">Firehole River</a>. Some local populations of specific subspecies, or in the case of steelhead, <a href="/wiki/Distinct_population_segment" title="Distinct population segment">distinct population segments</a>, are listed as either <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a>. The steelhead is the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">state fish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> of the rainbow trout is Oncorhynchus mykiss.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-67-4">[4]</a> The species was originally named by German <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Johann Julius Walbaum</a> in 1792 based on <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimens</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> in Siberia. Walbaum's original species name, mykiss, was derived from the local <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Kamchatkan</a> name used for the fish, mykizha. The name of the genus is from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄγκος">ὄγκος</a> (ónkos) "lump, bend, hook" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A5%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ῥύγχος">ῥύγχος</a> (rhúnkhos) "<a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a>", in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "<a href="/wiki/Kype" title="Kype">kype</a>").<a href="#cite_note-BehnkeO-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Sir John Richardson</a>, a Scottish naturalist, named a specimen of this species Salmo gairdneri in 1836 to honor Meredith Gairdner, a <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> surgeon at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> who provided Richardson with specimens.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 1855, William P. Gibbons, the curator of Geology and Mineralogy<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>, found a population and named it Salmo iridia (Latin: rainbow), later corrected to Salmo irideus. These names faded once it was determined that Walbaum's description of type specimens was <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity#Conspecific" title="Biological specificity">conspecific</a> and therefore had <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of priority">precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated that trout of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Basin</a> were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a> species) than to the <a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a>s – <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> (Salmo trutta) or <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> (Salmo salar) of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, <a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_trout" title="Cutthroat trout">cutthroat</a>, and other Pacific Basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus.<a href="#cite_note-BehnkeO-5">[5]</a> Walbaum's name had precedence, so the species name Oncorhynchus mykiss became the scientific name of the rainbow trout. The previous species names irideus and gairdneri were adopted as subspecies names for the coastal rainbow and Columbia River redband trout, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-BehnkeO-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration#Classification" title="Fish migration">Anadromous forms</a> of the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) or Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) are commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-67-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subspecies">edit</a>]</div> Subspecies of Oncorhynchus mykiss are listed below as described by fisheries biologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke" title="Robert J. Behnke">Robert J. Behnke</a> (2002).<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-10">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="10%">Geographical group </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">Common name </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">Scientific name </th> <th scope="col" width="35%">Range </th> <th scope="col" width="15%">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">Type subspecies</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamchatkan_rainbow_trout" title="Kamchatkan rainbow trout">Kamchatkan rainbow trout</a></td> <td>O. m. mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)</td> <td>Western Pacific: the Kamchatka Peninsula, and has been recorded from the <a href="/wiki/Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a> east of Kamchatka, and sporadically in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a>, as far south as the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2">Coastal forms</td> <td>Coastal rainbow trout</td> <td>O. m. irideus (Gibbons, 1855)</td> <td>Pacific Ocean tributaries from Aleutian Islands in Alaska south to Southern California. Anadromous forms are known as <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a>, freshwater forms as rainbow trout.</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/100px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/150px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/200px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="661" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/100px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/150px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/200px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="561" /></a> Ocean (a.k.a. "steelhead") and fresh water forms of coastal rainbow trout O. m. irideus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beardslee_trout" title="Beardslee trout">Beardslee trout</a></td> <td>O. m. irideus var. beardsleei (a genetically unique lake-dwelling variety of the coastal rainbow trout) (Jordan, 1896)<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-11">[11]</a></td> <td>Isolated in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Crescent" title="Lake Crescent">Lake Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Redband_trout" title="Redband trout">Redband forms</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_redband_trout" title="Columbia River redband trout">Columbia River redband trout</a></td> <td>O. m. gairdneri (Richardson, 1836)</td> <td>Found in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> and its tributaries in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, Washington and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. Anadromous forms are known as redband <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a>.</td> <td rowspan="7" align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg/100px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg/150px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg/200px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_ssp._gairdneri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="622" /></a> Columbia River redband trout O. m. gairdneri </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_rainbow_trout" title="Athabasca rainbow trout">Athabasca rainbow trout</a></td> <td>O. m. spp., considered by Behnke as a form of O. m. gairdneri, but considered a separate subspecies by biologist L. M. Carl of the Ontario Ministry of Resources, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Section and associates from work published in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td> <td>Distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca River</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McCloud_River_redband_trout" title="McCloud River redband trout">McCloud River redband trout</a></td> <td>O. m. stonei (Jordan, 1894)</td> <td>Native to the <a href="/wiki/McCloud_River" title="McCloud River">McCloud River</a>, upstream of Middle Falls, and its tributaries in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheepheaven_Creek_redband_trout" title="Sheepheaven Creek redband trout">Sheepheaven Creek redband trout</a></td> <td>O. m. spp.</td> <td>Native to Sheepheaven Creek, <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou County, California</a>. Sheepheaven Creek redband were transplanted into Swamp Creek in 1972 and 1974 and into Trout Creek in 1977. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_redband_trout" title="Great Basin redband trout">Great Basin redband trout</a></td> <td>O. m. newberrii (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard" title="Charles Frédéric Girard">Girard</a>, 1859)</td> <td>Native in southeastern Oregon and parts of California and Nevada on the periphery of the Great Basin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Lake_trout" title="Eagle Lake trout">Eagle Lake trout</a></td> <td>O. m. aquilarum (<a href="/wiki/John_Otterbein_Snyder" title="John Otterbein Snyder">Snyder</a>, 1917)</td> <td>Endemic to <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Lake_(Lassen_County)" title="Eagle Lake (Lassen County)">Eagle Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen County, California</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_rainbow_trout" title="Kamloops rainbow trout">Kamloops rainbow trout</a></td> <td>O. m. kamloops strain (Jordan, 1892)</td> <td>Native to several large <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> lakes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Lake" title="Kamloops Lake">Kamloops Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_Lake" title="Kootenay Lake">Kootenay Lake</a>. Known for its very large size. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern River</a> golden trout</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_trout" title="Golden trout">Golden trout</a></td> <td>O. m. aguabonita (Jordan, 1892)</td> <td>Native to Golden Trout Creek (tributary to the Kern River), Volcano Creek (tributary to Golden Trout Creek), and the <a href="/wiki/South_Fork_Kern_River" title="South Fork Kern River">South Fork Kern River</a>.</td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldentroutwiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goldentroutwiki.jpg/100px-Goldentroutwiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goldentroutwiki.jpg/150px-Goldentroutwiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Goldentroutwiki.jpg/200px-Goldentroutwiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="1535" /></a> Kern River golden trout O. m. aguabonita </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kern_River_rainbow_trout" title="Kern River rainbow trout">Kern River rainbow trout</a></td> <td>O. m. gilberti (Jordan, 1894)</td> <td>Endemic to the Kern River and tributaries in <a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare County, California</a>. Its current range is drastically reduced from its historic range. Remnant populations live in the Kern River above Durrwood Creek, in upper Ninemile, Rattlesnake, and Osa creeks, and possibly in upper Peppermint Creek. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Kern_golden_trout" title="Little Kern golden trout">Little Kern golden trout</a></td> <td>O. m. whitei (Evermann, 1906)</td> <td>Endemic to about 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the Little Kern River and tributaries of <a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare County, California</a>. Their current range is restricted to five headwater streams in the Kern River basin (Wet Meadows, Deadman, Soda Spring, Willow, Sheep, and Fish creeks) plus an introduced population in Coyote Creek, a tributary of the Kern River.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mexican forms</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_native_trout" title="Mexican native trout">Mexican rainbow trout</a> *Rio Yaqui, Rio Mayo and Guzman trout *Rio San Lorenzo and Arroyo la Sidra trout *Rio del Presidio trout</td> <td>O. m. nelsoni (Evermann, 1908)</td> <td>Sometimes referred to as Nelson's trout, occurs in three distinct geographic groups. The taxonomy of these trout is subject to ongoing research, and there may be significant diversity of forms in this group.<a href="#cite_note-MexicanNativeTrout-14">[14]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutated</a> forms</td> <td>Golden rainbow trout or Palomino trout</td> <td colspan="2">So-called golden rainbow trout or palomino trout are bred from a single mutated color variant of O. mykiss that originated in a <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> fish hatchery in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-golden-16">[16]</a> They are also known as banana trout. It is stocked outside of West Virginia but West Virginia still stocks 50,000 palominos a year.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The golden rainbow trout is predominantly yellowish, lacking the typical green field and black spots, but retaining the diffuse red stripe.<a href="#cite_note-golden-16">[16]</a> The palomino trout is a mixture of golden and common rainbow trout, resulting in an intermediate color. The golden rainbow trout is not the same subspecies as the naturally occurring O. m. aguabonita, the Kern River golden trout of California.<a href="#cite_note-golden-16">[16]</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg/100px-Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg/150px-Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg/200px-Golden_Rainbow_Trout_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="120" /></a> Golden rainbow trout<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> Resident freshwater rainbow trout adults average between 0.5 and 2.5 kg (1 and 5 lb) in riverine environments, while lake-dwelling, and anadromous forms may reach 9 kg (20 lb). Coloration varies widely between regions and subspecies. Adult freshwater forms are generally blue-green or olive green with heavy black spotting over the length of the body. Adult fish have a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line, from gills to the tail, which is most pronounced in breeding males.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchCaudal" title="Fish fin">caudal fin</a> is squarish and only mildly forked. Lake-dwelling and anadromous forms are usually more silvery in color with the reddish stripe almost completely gone. Juvenile rainbow trout display parr marks (dark vertical bars) typical of most salmonid juveniles. In some redband and golden trout forms, parr marks are typically retained into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-88-19">[19]</a> Some coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) and Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) populations and <a href="/wiki/Cutbow" title="Cutbow">cutbow</a> hybrids may also display reddish or pink throat markings similar to cutthroat trout.<a href="#cite_note-BehnkeOclarki-20">[20]</a> In many regions, hatchery-bred trout can be distinguished from native trout via <a href="/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">fin clips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Fin clipping the <a href="/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchAdipose" title="Fish fin">adipose fin</a> is a management tool used to identify hatchery-reared fish.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> Rainbow trout, including steelhead forms, generally spawn in early to late spring (January to June in the Northern Hemisphere and September to November in the Southern Hemisphere) when water temperatures reach at least 6 to 7 °C (42 to 44 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-68-23">[23]</a> The maximum recorded lifespan for a rainbow trout is 11 years.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_life_cycle">Freshwater life cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freshwater life cycle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:892px;max-width:892px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of two pairs of spawning steelhead trout in stream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/228px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/342px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/456px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1166" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spawning steelhead</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="line drawing of alevin and eggs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG/231px-Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG" decoding="async" width="231" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG/347px-Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG/462px-Rainbowtroutalevinandeggs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="546" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eggs in gravel and rainbow trout <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish#Juvenile_salmon" title="Juvenile fish">alevin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of juvenile rainbow trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg/209px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg/314px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg/418px-Oncorhynchus_mykiss_02_by-dpc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="2082" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical juvenile rainbow trout showing parr marks</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of adult rainbow trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg/208px-Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg/312px-Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg/416px-Rainbow_trout_fish_onchorhynchus_mykiss_detailed_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical adult rainbow trout</div></div></div></div></div> Freshwater resident rainbow trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> bottoms. They are native to the <a href="/wiki/River#Topographical_classification" title="River">alluvial</a> or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the Pacific basin but introduced rainbow trout have established wild, self-sustaining populations in other river types such as <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_creek" title="Spring creek">spring creeks</a>. Lake-resident rainbow trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation to support the production of sufficient food sources. Lake populations generally require access to gravelly-bottomed streams to be self-sustaining.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Spawning sites are usually a bed of fine gravel in a <a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">riffle</a> above a pool. A female trout clears a <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Brood_hiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">redd</a> in the gravel by turning on her side and beating her tail up and down. Female rainbow trout usually produce 2000 to 3000 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4-to-5-millimetre (5⁄32–3⁄16 in) eggs per kilogram of weight.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During spawning, the eggs fall into spaces between the gravel, and immediately the female begins digging at the upstream edge of the nest, covering the eggs with the displaced gravel. As eggs are released by the female, a male moves alongside and deposits milt (sperm) over the eggs to fertilize them. The eggs usually hatch in about four to seven weeks although the time of hatching varies greatly with region and habitat. Newly hatched trout are called sac fry or <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish#Juvenile_salmon" title="Juvenile fish">alevin</a>. In approximately two weeks, the <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> is completely consumed, and <a href="/wiki/Fry_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fry (biology)">fry</a> commence feeding mainly on <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>. The growth rate of rainbow trout varies with area, habitat, life history, and quality and quantity of food.<a href="#cite_note-fwsRainbow-27">[27]</a> As fry grow, they begin to develop "parr" marks or dark vertical bars on their sides. In this juvenile stage, immature trout are often called "parr" because of the marks. These small juvenile trout are sometimes called 'fingerlings' because they are approximately the size of a human finger. In streams where rainbow trout are stocked for sport fishing, but no natural reproduction occurs, some of the stocked trout may survive and grow or "carryover" for several seasons before they are caught or perish.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Steelhead from Lake Erie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg/200px-Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg/300px-Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg/400px-Lake_Erie_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="586" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Steelhead from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of ocean phase of male steelhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/200px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/300px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg/400px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="661" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male ocean-phase steelhead</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of freshwater spawning phase of male steelhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/200px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/300px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg/400px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="561" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male spawning-phase steelhead</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steelhead_life_cycle">Steelhead life cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Steelhead life cycle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">Steelhead</a></div> The oceangoing (anadromous) form, including those returning for spawning, are known as steelhead in Canada and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> they are commercially propagated in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids#Sea_cages" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">sea cages</a> and are known as ocean trout, although they are the same species.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Like salmon, steelhead return to their original hatching grounds to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a>. Similar to Atlantic salmon, but unlike their Pacific Oncorhynchus salmonid kin, steelhead are <a href="/wiki/Semelparity_and_iteroparity" title="Semelparity and iteroparity">iteroparous</a> (able to spawn several times, each time separated by months) and make several spawning trips between fresh and salt water, although fewer than 10 percent of native spawning adults survive from one spawning to another.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-70-31">[31]</a> The survival rate for introduced populations in the Great Lakes is as high as 70 percent. As young steelhead transition from freshwater to saltwater, a process called "<a href="/wiki/Smoltification" title="Smoltification">smoltification</a>" occurs where the trout undergoes physiological changes to allow it to survive in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols2008-32">[32]</a> There are genetic differences between freshwater and steelhead populations that may account for the smoltification in steelhead.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Juvenile steelhead may remain in the river for one to three years before smolting and migrating to sea. Individual steelhead populations leave the ocean and <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrate</a> into their freshwater spawning tributaries at different times of the year. Two general forms exist—"summer-run steelhead" and "winter-run steelhead". Summer-run fish leave the ocean between May and October before their reproductive organs are fully mature. They mature in freshwater while en route to spawning grounds where they spawn in the spring. Summer-run fish generally spawn in longer, more inland rivers such as the Columbia River. Winter-run fish are ready to spawn when they leave the ocean, typically between November and April, and spawn shortly after returning to fresh water. Winter-run fish generally spawn in shorter, coastal rivers typically found along the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a> and British Columbia coastline,<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-68-23">[23]</a> and summer-run fish are found in some shorter, coastal streams.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Once steelhead enter riverine systems and reach suitable spawning grounds, they spawn just like resident freshwater rainbow trout.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-68-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_oxidative_stress_on_mitochondria">Growth and oxidative stress on mitochondria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth and oxidative stress on mitochondria">edit</a>]</div> During periods of rapid growth and aging, trout display high levels of metabolic activity. High metabolic activity has been correlated with increased levels of oxidative stress <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and decreased machinery repair <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> in rainbow trout. During high oxidative stress, the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> are the most important organelle contributing to tissue damage because of their role in metabolism and production of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>. In a study done by Almaida-Pagàn et al.,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> researchers identified changes to the heart and brain mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition in rainbow trout due to the differing levels of oxidative stress each organ faced during a high-stress time such as rapid growth and development. Stock rainbow trout of ages 1, 2, and 4 years had their heart and brain mitochondria isolated and analyzed for fatty acid composition. The tissues showed an overall similar percentage of total phospholipids but differed in the types and proportions of phospholipids. With age, the heart showed more unsaturated phospholipids, which are more susceptible to peroxidation, and thus, damage. The brain mitochondria of rainbow trout show decreased levels of <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> and a lower peroxidation index, suggesting a lower susceptibility to damage by oxidative stress and a different reaction to growth compared to heart mitochondria. During the trout's development into an adult, a time of intense growth, the mitochondrial membrane composition and fluidity changes, which can cause defects in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a>. These defects combined with altered machinery repair and reactive oxygen species may cause more detrimental effects on the mitochondria in the fish as it matures. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding">Feeding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> Rainbow trout are predators with a varied diet and will eat nearly anything they can capture. They are not as <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivorous</a> or aggressive as brown trout or <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">chars</a>. Rainbow trout, including juvenile steelhead in fresh water, routinely feed on <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupal</a>, and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically <a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">caddisflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">stoneflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a> and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">diptera</a>). They also eat fish eggs and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets) that fall into the water, as well as algae.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Other prey includes small fish up to one-third of their length, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, shrimp, and other <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. As rainbow trout grow, the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. Some lake-dwelling forms may become <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> feeders. In rivers and streams populated with other salmonid species, rainbow trout eat varied fish eggs, including those of salmon, brown and cutthroat trout, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_whitefish" title="Mountain whitefish">mountain whitefish</a>, and the eggs of other rainbow trout. Rainbows also consume decomposing flesh from the carcasses of other fish. They have even been observed to have consumed hatchling snakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barred_grass_snake" title="Barred grass snake">barred grass snake</a> (Natrix helvetica).<a href="#cite_note-Thomasetal2021-40">[40]</a> Adult steelhead in the ocean feed primarily on other fish, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">amphipods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Range">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of native range of anadromous form-steelhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG/220px-Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG/330px-Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG/440px-Steelhead_Global_Range_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Native range of steelhead, the anadromous form of O. mykiss</figcaption></figure> The native range of Oncorhynchus mykiss is in the coastal waters and tributary streams of the Pacific basin, from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, east along the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, throughout southwest Alaska, the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southeast Alaska, and south along the west coast of the U.S. to northern Mexico. It is claimed that the Mexican forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss represent the southernmost native range of any trout or salmon (Salmonidae),<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-117-42">[42]</a> though the Formosan landlocked salmon (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou_formosanus" title="Oncorhynchus masou formosanus">O. masou formosanus</a>) in Asia inhabits a similar latitude. The range of coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) extends north from the Pacific basin into tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> in northwest Alaska, while forms of the Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) extend east into the upper <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace River</a> watersheds in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, which eventually drain into the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>, part of the Arctic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke2002-82-43">[43]</a> Since 1875, the rainbow trout has been widely introduced into suitable <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lacustrine</a> and riverine environments throughout the United States and around the world. Many of these introductions have established wild, self-sustaining populations.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_propagation">Artificial propagation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artificial propagation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raceways.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of raceways as at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fish hatchery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raceways.jpg/220px-Raceways.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raceways.jpg/330px-Raceways.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raceways.jpg/440px-Raceways.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fish hatchery</figcaption></figure> Since 1870, rainbow trout have been artificially propagated in <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">fish hatcheries</a> to restock streams and introduce them into non-native waters. The first rainbow trout hatchery was established on <a href="/wiki/San_Leandro_Creek" title="San Leandro Creek">San Leandro Creek</a>, a tributary of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, in 1870, and trout production began in 1871. The hatchery was stocked with the locally native rainbow trout, and likely steelhead of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies (O. m. irideus). The fish raised in this hatchery were shipped to hatcheries out of state for the first time in 1875, to <a href="/wiki/Caledonia,_New_York" title="Caledonia, New York">Caledonia, New York</a>, and then in 1876 to <a href="/wiki/Northville,_Michigan" title="Northville, Michigan">Northville, Michigan</a>. In 1877, another California rainbow trout hatchery, the first federal fish hatchery in the <a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">National Fish Hatchery System</a>, was established on Campbell Creek, a <a href="/wiki/McCloud_River" title="McCloud River">McCloud River</a> tributary.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The McCloud River hatchery indiscriminately mixed coastal rainbow trout eggs with the eggs of local <a href="/wiki/McCloud_River_redband_trout" title="McCloud River redband trout">McCloud River redband trout</a> (O. m. stonei). Eggs from the McCloud hatchery were also provided to the San Leandro hatchery, thus making the origin and genetic history of hatchery-bred rainbow trout somewhat diverse and complex.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In the U.S., there are hundreds of hatcheries operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> and various state agencies and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">tribal governments</a> propagating rainbow trout for conservation and recreational sport fishing.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Six of ten Canadian provinces have rainbow trout farms, with <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> leading production.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Aquaculture of salmonids</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of cleaned and iced rainbow trout in fish market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg/220px-Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg/330px-Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg/440px-Rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow trout, cleaned and iced, in a fish market in Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_trout,_aquaculture_production,_million_tonnes,_1950-2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg/220px-Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg/330px-Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg/440px-Rainbow_trout%2C_aquaculture_production%2C_million_tonnes%2C_1950-2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Global aquaculture production of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in million tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> Rainbow trout are <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">commercially farmed</a> in many countries throughout the world. The practice began in the late 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> and since the 1950s commercial production has grown dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-fao-54">[54]</a> Worldwide, in 2007, 604,695 tonnes (666,562 short tons) of farmed rainbow trout were harvested with a value of about US$2.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-fao-54">[54]</a> The largest producer is Chile. In Chile and Norway, sea cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets. Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased in countries such as Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, and Spain. Other significant trout-producing countries include the U.S., Iran, Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-fao-54">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> While the U.S. rainbow trout industry as a whole is viewed as ecologically responsible,<a href="#cite_note-Monterey-57">[57]</a> trout raised elsewhere are not necessarily farmed with the same methods.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> About three-quarters of U.S. production comes from Idaho, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> area,<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> due in part to the quality and temperature of the water available there.<a href="#cite_note-Egan-58">[58]</a> California and Washington also produce significant numbers of farmed trout. In the east, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and West Virginia have farming operations.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harlow-59">[59]</a> Rainbow trout farming is one of the largest finfish aquaculture industries in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> They are raised inland in facilities where raceways or ponds have continuously flowing water with little pollution and a low risk of escape. The U.S. industry is noted for using <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best management practices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monterey-57">[57]</a> Imports constitute only about 15 percent of farmed rainbows sold in the U.S., and nearly all domestic production is consumed within the country; very little is exported. The U.S. produces about 7 percent of the world's farmed trout.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> Rainbow trout, especially those raised in farms and hatcheries, are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">enteric redmouth disease</a>. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on redmouth disease, given its serious implications for rainbow trout farming. The disease does not infect humans.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> There have been recent interest and efforts in introducing a rainbow trout species that can be completely fed on a vegan diet through genetic selection. Research from a study team led by USDA research geneticist Dr. Ken Overturf concluded that such natural <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variation</a> of vegan trouts does exist and believe they can produce rainbow trouts that can be completely fed on a 100% plant-based diet.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of U.S. range for rainbow trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG/220px-Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG/330px-Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG/440px-Rainbow_Trout_US_Range.JPG 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>U.S. range map for O. mykiss; native (light brown) and introduced (dark brown and pink)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> Populations of many rainbow trout subspecies, including anadromous forms (steelhead) of O. m. irideus (coastal rainbow trout) and O. m. gairdneri (Columbia River redband trout), have declined in their native ranges due to over-harvest, habitat loss, disease, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, pollution and hybridization with other subspecies, and some introduced populations, once healthy, have declined for the same reasons. As a consequence, some rainbow populations, particularly anadromous forms within their native range, have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> or species of special concern by federal or state agencies.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Rainbow trout, and subspecies thereof, are currently a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>-approved indicator species for acute freshwater <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> testing.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Many non-profit organizations have formed to protect, conserve and restore native rainbow trout and steelhead populations. Generally, in partnership with various universities, state, federal and tribal agencies, and private interests, these organizations sponsor projects to restore habitat, prevent habitat loss and promote awareness of threats to native trout populations. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/220px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/330px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg/440px-Two_pairs_adult_Steelhead_trout_and_2_redds_March_2013_Stevens_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Two pairs of steelhead spawning in the lower reaches of <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)" title="Stevens Creek (California)">Stevens Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>, in 2013</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Trout_Unlimited" title="Trout Unlimited">Trout Unlimited</a> (TU) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of North American freshwater streams, rivers, and associated upland habitats for trout, salmon, other aquatic species, and people.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A typical TU project is the Circle Creek Fish Passage Project, in which access to a spawning stream is being improved for steelhead and other salmonid species.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Salmon_Center" title="Wild Salmon Center">Wild Salmon Center</a>, an international coalition of Russian, Canadian and U.S. scientists, sponsors the Kamchatka Steelhead Project, a 20-year (1994–2014) scientific program to study and conserve the present condition of Kamchatkan steelhead ("mikizha"), a species listed in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Red Data Book of the Russian Federation">Red Data Book of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Other high-profile organizations involved in rainbow trout conservation include <a href="/wiki/California_Trout" title="California Trout">California Trout</a>, which protects wild trout and other salmonids in the waters of California.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Steelhead Society of British Columbia promotes the wellbeing of wild salmonids in British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1997, a group of approximately 40 ichthyologists, biologists and naturalists from several U.S. and Mexican institutions formed a collaborative group—Truchas Mexicanas—to study the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_native_trout" title="Mexican native trout">Mexican native trout</a>, most of which are considered subspecies of O. mykiss.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybridization_and_habitat_loss">Hybridization and habitat loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybridization and habitat loss">edit</a>]</div> Rainbow trout, primarily hatchery-raised fish of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies (O. m. irideus) introduced into waters inhabited with cutthroat trout, will breed with cutthroats and produce fertile hybrids called cutbows.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Westslope_cutthroat_trout" title="Westslope cutthroat trout">westslope cutthroat trout</a> (O. clarki lewisi), hybridization with introduced rainbow and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_cutthroat_trout" title="Yellowstone cutthroat trout">Yellowstone cutthroat trout</a> (O. clarki bouvieri) is threatening the westslope cutthroat trout with <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Such introductions into the ranges of redband trout (O. m. gairdneri, newberrii, and stonei) have severely reduced the range of pure stocks of these subspecies, making them "species of concern" in their respective ranges.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Within the range of the Kern River golden trout of Southern California, hatchery-bred rainbows introduced into the Kern River have diluted the genetic purity of the <a href="/wiki/Kern_River_rainbow_trout" title="Kern River rainbow trout">Kern River rainbow trout</a> (O. m. gilberti) and <a href="/wiki/Golden_trout" title="Golden trout">golden trout</a> (O. m. aguabonita) through intraspecific breeding.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beardslee_trout" title="Beardslee trout">Beardslee trout</a> (O. m. irideus var. beardsleei), a genetically unique lake-dwelling variety of the coastal rainbow trout that is isolated in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Crescent" title="Lake Crescent">Lake Crescent</a> (Washington), is threatened by the loss of its only spawning grounds in the <a href="/wiki/Lyre_River" title="Lyre River">Lyre River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> and other types of habitat degradation.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species_and_disease">Invasive species and disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Invasive species and disease">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whirling_disease">Whirling disease</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Whirling disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmonid_susceptibility_to_whirling_disease" title="Salmonid susceptibility to whirling disease">Salmonid susceptibility to whirling disease</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Myxosporea" title="Myxosporea">myxosporean</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> of salmonids (salmon, trout, and their allies) that causes whirling disease in pen farmed salmon and trout and also in <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fish populations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whirlingdiseaseinitiative2009-77">[77]</a> It was first described in rainbow trout introduced to Germany a century ago, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe, northern Asia, the U.S., South Africa<a href="#cite_note-S-Afr-CIB-78">[78]</a> and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-TUWD2009-79">[79]</a> In the 1980s, M. cerebralis was found to require <a href="/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a> (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">segmented worm</a>) to complete its <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>. The parasite infects its hosts with its cells after piercing them with <a href="/wiki/Polar_filament" title="Polar filament">polar filaments</a> ejected from <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">nematocyst</a>-like capsules.<a href="#cite_note-wddescription-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of worldwide distribution of Whirling Disease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png/300px-Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png/450px-Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png/600px-Worldwide_distribution_of_Mcerebralis.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>M. cerebralis has been reported in Germany (1893), Italy (1954), <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> (1955), including <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island (1960), U.S. (1958), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1960), Sweden (1966), South Africa (1966), Scotland (1968), New Zealand (1971), <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (1971), Norway (1971), <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (1973), Ireland (1974), Spain (1981) and England (1981).</figcaption></figure> This parasite was originally a mild pathogen of brown trout in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia, and the spread of the rainbow trout has greatly increased its impact. Having no innate <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medicine)" title="Immunity (medicine)">immunity</a> to M. cerebralis, rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area, such as Salmo trutta, can become overloaded with parasites and incur mortalities of 80 to 90 percent. Where M. cerebralis has become well-established, it has caused a decline or even elimination of whole <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank#All_ranks" title="Taxonomic rank">cohorts</a> of fish.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The parasite M. cerebralis was first recorded in North America in 1956 in Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-wddescription-80">[80]</a> but until the 1990s, whirling disease was considered a manageable problem affecting only rainbow trout in hatcheries. It eventually became established in the natural waters of the Rocky Mountain states (<a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, Wyoming, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>), where it is damaging several sport fishing rivers. Some streams in the western U.S. lost 90 percent of their trout.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Whirling disease threatens recreational fishing, which is important for the tourism industry, a key component of the economies of some U.S. western states. For example, in 2005 anglers in Montana spent approximately $196,000,000 in activities directly related to trout fishing in the state.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Some of the salmonids that M. cerebralis infects (<a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">bull trout</a>, cutthroat trout, and anadromous forms of rainbow trout—steelhead) are already threatened or endangered, and the parasite could worsen their population decline.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand_mud_snail">New Zealand mud snail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Zealand mud snail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of U.S. distribution of New Zealand mud snail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png/220px-Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png/330px-Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png/440px-Potamopyrgus_antipodarum_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of New Zealand mud snail within the U.S. in 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_mud_snail" title="New Zealand mud snail">New Zealand mud snail</a> (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), once <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to New Zealand, has spread widely and has become <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalised</a> and an invasive species in many areas including Australia,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Asia (Japan,<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-87">[87]</a> in the Garmat Ali River in Iraq since 2008<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>), Europe (since 1859 in England), and North America (U.S. and Canada: <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_(Ontario_landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder Bay (Ontario landform)">Thunder Bay</a> in Ontario since 2001, British Columbia since July 2007<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-87">[87]</a>), most likely inadvertently during human activity.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-89">[89]</a> It can reach concentrations greater than 500,000 per square metre (46,000/sq ft), endangering the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> by outcompeting native snails and water insects for food, leading to sharp declines in native populations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There is evidence North American fishes are unable to digest the tiny but hard shells of the mud snail, and that their presence may result in poor growth outcomes for rainbow trout.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The mud snail was first detected in the U.S. in Idaho's Snake River in 1987. Since then, the snail has spread to the <a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a>, Firehole River, and other watercourses around Yellowstone National Park, and has been discovered throughout the western U.S.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-89">[89]</a> The exact means of transmission is unknown, but it is likely that it was introduced in water transferred with live <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a> and has been spread by <a href="/wiki/Ship_ballast" title="Ship ballast">ship ballast</a> or contaminated recreational equipment such as wading gear.<a href="#cite_note-Montana-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Didymo">Didymo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Didymo">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Didymosphenia_geminata" title="Didymosphenia geminata">Didymosphenia geminata</a>, commonly known as didymo or rock snot, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a> that produces nuisance growths in freshwater rivers and streams with consistently cold water temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-dpiw-tassie-93">[93]</a> In New Zealand, invasive didymo can form large mats on the bottom of rivers and streams in late winter. It is not considered a significant human health risk, but it can affect stream habitats and sources of food for fish, including rainbow trout, and make recreational activities unpleasant.<a href="#cite_note-biosec-nz-94">[94]</a> Even though it is native in North America, it is considered a nuisance organism or invasive species.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redmouth_disease">Redmouth disease</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Redmouth disease">edit</a>]</div> Enteric redmouth disease is a <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial infection</a> of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen <a href="/wiki/Yersinia_ruckeri" title="Yersinia ruckeri">Yersinia ruckeri</a>. It is primarily found in rainbow trout and other cultured <a href="/wiki/Salmonids" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonids">salmonids</a>. The disease is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous</a> hemorrhaging of the mouth, fins, and eyes. It is most commonly seen in fish farms with poor water quality. Redmouth disease was first discovered in Idaho rainbow trout in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_methods">Removal methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Removal methods">edit</a>]</div> Some fisheries are focused on removing rainbow trout in order to reestablish native trout populations. This can be done by poisoning rivers with chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Antimycin" title="Antimycin">antimycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rotenone" title="Rotenone">rotenone</a> which have been declared safe in the U.S. by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Once the chemicals have dissipated, native trout are released into the river. Another method is to use <a href="/wiki/Electrofishing" title="Electrofishing">electrofishing</a> which enables the fish to be caught alive and harvested or re-located. This technique has been used in the Great Smokey Mountains National Park to rid it of rainbow trout that were introduced in the 1930s and have thrived ever since. They are hoping to re-establish native brook trout in at least some of the 3,400 km (2,100 mi) river system.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Neither method of control is 100% effective and are best regarded as methods to change the relative population sizes of fish species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steelhead_declines">Steelhead declines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Steelhead declines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zymoetz_(Copper)_River_Steelhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg/220px-Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg/330px-Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg/440px-Zymoetz_%28Copper%29_River_Steelhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A large Steelhead caught on the <a href="/wiki/Zymoetz_River" title="Zymoetz River">Zymoetz (Copper) River</a> in British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steelhead_and_salmon_distinct_population_segments" title="Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments">Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status_of_British_Columbia_salmonids" title="Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids">Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids</a></div> Steelhead populations in parts of its native range have declined due to a variety of human and natural causes. While populations in Alaska and along the British Columbia coast are considered healthy, populations in Kamchatka and some populations along the U.S. West Coast are in decline. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> has 15 identified <a href="/wiki/Distinct_population_segment" title="Distinct population segment">distinct population segments</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and California. Eleven of these populations are listed under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>, ten as threatened and one as endangered.<a href="#cite_note-noaa-98">[98]</a> One distinct population segment on the Oregon coast is designated a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Species_of_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Species of Concern">Species of Concern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noaa-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Steelhead_DPS" title="Southern California Steelhead DPS">Southern California distinct population segment</a>, which was listed as endangered in 2011, has been affected by habitat loss due to dams, confinement of streams in concrete channels, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, groundwater pumping, <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effects, and other byproducts of urbanization.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Steelhead in the Kamchatka Peninsula are threatened by over-harvest, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and potential development, and are listed in the Red Data Book of Russia that documents rare and endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hatchery_stocking_influence">Hatchery stocking influence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hatchery stocking influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of man inspecting steelhead broodstock in hatchery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg/220px-Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg/330px-Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg/440px-Lower-elwha-klallam-steelhead-broodstock-spawning-keith-lauderback-melanie-roed-0277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Steelhead hatchery broodstock inspection</figcaption></figure> Several studies have shown that almost all California coastal steelhead are of native origin, despite over a century of hatchery stocking. Genetic analysis shows that the South Central California Coast and Southern California populations from <a href="/wiki/Malibu_Creek" title="Malibu Creek">Malibu Creek</a> north, including the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_(California)" title="San Gabriel River (California)">San Gabriel River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_River" title="Santa Ana River">Santa Ana River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_Creek_(Southern_California)" title="San Mateo Creek (Southern California)">San Mateo Creek</a>, are not hatchery strains. Steelhead from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topanga_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topanga Creek (page does not exist)">Topanga Creek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_River_(California)" title="Sweetwater River (California)">Sweetwater River</a> were partly, and those from <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Creek" title="San Juan Creek">San Juan Creek</a> completely, of hatchery origin.<a href="#cite_note-Clemento-102">[102]</a> Genetic analysis has also shown that the steelhead in the streams of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a> basins are not of hatchery origin, including the <a href="/wiki/Coyote_Creek_(Santa_Clara_County)" title="Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)">Coyote Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(California)" title="Guadalupe River (California)">Guadalupe River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajaro_River" title="Pajaro River">Pajaro River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanente_Creek" title="Permanente Creek">Permanente Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)" title="Stevens Creek (California)">Stevens Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisquito_Creek" title="San Francisquito Creek">San Francisquito Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_River" title="San Lorenzo River">San Lorenzo River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Tomas_Aquino_Creek" title="San Tomas Aquino Creek">San Tomas Aquino Creek</a> basins.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Natural waterfalls and two major dams have isolated <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_(California)" title="Russian River (California)">Russian River</a> steelhead from freshwater rainbow trout forms above the impassable barriers; a 2007 genetic study of fin samples collected from steelhead at 20 different sites both above and below passage barriers in the watershed found that although 30 million hatchery trout were stocked in the river from 1911 to 1925, the steelhead remain of native and not hatchery origin.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Releases of conventionally reared hatchery steelhead pose ecological risks to wild steelhead populations. Hatchery steelhead are typically larger than the wild forms and can displace wild-form juveniles from optimal habitats. The dominance of hatchery steelhead for optimal microhabitats within streams may reduce wild steelhead survival as a result of reduced foraging opportunities and increased rates of predation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fishing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of fisherman holding a rainbow trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG/170px-Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG/255px-Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG/340px-Fly_caught_rainbow_trout_Madison_River_YNP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow trout are a popular game fish for fly fishers.</figcaption></figure> Rainbow trout and steelhead are highly regarded game fish among <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">anglers</a>. Rainbow trout are a popular target for <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly fishers</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Angling#Lure_fishing" title="Angling">lure fishing</a> methods are used. The use of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">lures</a> presented via spinning, casting, or <a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">trolling</a> techniques is common. Rainbow trout can also be caught on various live and dead natural <a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">baits</a>. Many anglers consider the rainbow trout the hardest-fighting trout species, as this fish is known for leaping when hooked and putting up a powerful struggle.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It is considered one of the top five sport fish in North America, and the most important game fish west of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fwsRainbow-27">[27]</a> There are tribal commercial fisheries for steelhead in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> coast, and in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, but there has been controversy regarding <a href="/wiki/Overharvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvesting">overharvesting</a> of native <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The highly desirable sporting qualities and adaptability of the rainbow trout to hatchery rearing and new habitats resulted in it being <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to many countries around the world by or at the behest of sport fishermen. Many of these introductions have resulted in environmental and ecological problems, as the introduced rainbow trout disrupt local ecosystems and outcompete or prey upon indigenous fishes.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Other introductions to support sport angling in waters either devoid of fish or with seriously depleted native stocks have created world-class fisheries such as in the <a href="/wiki/Firehole_River" title="Firehole River">Firehole River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks_1979_56–59-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Record">Record</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Record">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Game_Fish_Association" title="International Game Fish Association">International Game Fish Association</a> recognizes the world record for rainbow trout as a fish caught on <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lake_Diefenbaker" title="Lake Diefenbaker">Lake Diefenbaker</a> by Sean Konrad on September 5, 2009, which weighed 48 lb (22 kg). The record is controversial because the fish was a genetically modified <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> and was part of a large number of triploid rainbow trout which escaped from an aquaculture facility.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_purification">Water purification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Water purification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg/220px-Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg/330px-Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg/440px-Detektor_zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_%C3%9AV_K%C3%A1ran%C3%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow trout in a water purification facility</figcaption></figure> Rainbow trout is sometimes used as a biological indicator for <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> facilities.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon as food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of fried fish filet on a plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg/220px-Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg/330px-Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg/440px-Pstruh_duhov%C3%BD_a_brambory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow trout and potatoes</figcaption></figure> Rainbow trout is popular in <a href="/wiki/Western_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western cuisine">Western cuisine</a>; both wild-caught and farmed fish are eaten. It has tender <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">flesh</a> and a mild, somewhat nutty flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Harlow-59">[59]</a> Wild fish has a stronger, gamier taste than farmed fish.<a href="#cite_note-Egan-58">[58]</a> While the taste of wild-caught trout is often promoted as superior,<a href="#cite_note-Wright-115">[115]</a> rainbow trout and "steelhead" sold in American restaurants is typically <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-115">[115]</a> Farmed rainbow trout are considered one of the safest fish to eat and are noted for high levels of <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">vitamin B</a> and a generally appealing flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Cancila-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a> ranks farmed rainbow trout as a "Best Choice" fish for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, it is illegal to sell or market wild-caught rainbow trout,<a href="#cite_note-MCA206-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCA707-118">[118]</a> which are legally classified as game fish.<a href="#cite_note-MCA101-119">[119]</a> The color and flavor of the flesh depend on the diet and freshness of the trout. Farmed trout and some populations of wild trout, especially anadromous steelhead, have reddish or orange flesh as a result of high <a href="/wiki/Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">astaxanthin</a> levels in their diets. Astaxanthin is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> that may be from a natural source or a synthetic trout feed. Rainbow trout raised to have pinker flesh from a diet high in astaxanthin are sometimes sold in the U.S. with labeling calling them "steelhead".<a href="#cite_note-Harlow-59">[59]</a> As wild steelhead are in decline in some parts of their range, farmed rainbow trout are viewed as a preferred alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Monterey-57">[57]</a> In Chile and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, rainbow trout farmed in <a href="/wiki/Saltwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater">saltwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cage">sea cages</a> are sold labeled as steelhead.<a href="#cite_note-Seafood_Watch-53">[53]</a> Trout can be cooked as soon as they are cleaned, without <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skinning" title="Skinning">skinning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">filleting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-115">[115]</a> If cooked with the skin on, the meat tends to hold together better.<a href="#cite_note-Harlow-59">[59]</a> While trout sold commercially in Europe is often prepared and served this way, most trout sold commercially in the United States have the fish heads removed and have been fully or partially deboned and filleted. Medium to heavy-bodied <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">sauvignon blanc</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">pinot gris</a>, are typical wine pairings for trout.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> since 2018, it was ruled by an industrial association that rainbow trout can be labelled and sold as <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105164/Oncorhynchus_mykiss">"Rainbow Trout"</a>. 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Retrieved 2014-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Land+and+Resources+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Under+the+Guise+of+%27Treaty+Rights%3A%27+The+Nez+Perce+Tribe+of+Idaho%2C+Steelhead%2C+and+Gillnetting&rft.volume=29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Stellmon%2C+Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.umt.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1255%26context%3Dplrlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=100ss">"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"</a>. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. 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Garden City, New Jersey: Nick Lyons Books. pp. 56–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-15655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-15655-4"><bdi>978-0-385-15655-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5751574">5751574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+River%3A+A+Fisherman%27s+Intimate+Profile+of+the+Madison+River+Watershed%E2%80%94Its+History%2C+Ecology%2C+Lore+and+Angling+Opportunities&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=56-59&rft.pub=Nick+Lyons+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5751574&rft.isbn=978-0-385-15655-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nweqC_fUcwC">The Yellowstone Fly-Fishing Guide</a>. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press. 1997. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-545-0"><bdi>978-1-55821-545-0</bdi></a>. <q>In 1994 Yellowstone Park official introduced a fee permit policy to help pay the increased cost of protecting and enhancing this world-class fishery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yellowstone+Fly-Fishing+Guide&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-545-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nweqC_fUcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantella,_Chris2004" class="citation book cs1">Santella, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8gbWk-TBJYC&pg=RA1-PT254">"Brown and Rainbow trout on the Madison River"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftyplacestofly00sant">Fifty Places to Fly Fish Before You Die: Fly Fishing Experts Share The World's Greatest Destinations</a>. Harry M. Abrams Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58479-356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58479-356-4"><bdi>978-1-58479-356-4</bdi></a>. <q>... thanks to the Firehole's geothermal activity, the river bottom undulates with plant life. Few fish are caught here and tourists continue on to the West Yellowstone park exit, thinking that it's too bad there are no fish in that pretty river that skirts the road. Little do they know that they have been following one of the most fabled trout streams in the world!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brown+and+Rainbow+trout+on+the+Madison+River&rft.btitle=Fifty+Places+to+Fly+Fish+Before+You+Die%3A+Fly+Fishing+Experts+Share+The+World%27s+Greatest+Destinations&rft.pub=Harry+M.+Abrams+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58479-356-4&rft.au=Santella%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8gbWk-TBJYC%26pg%3DRA1-PT254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609153701/https://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/58841.html">"Fishing New York's Great Lakes"</a>. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/58841.html">the original</a> on 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2013-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishing+New+York%27s+Great+Lakes&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Environmental+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Foutdoor%2F58841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeim,_Brandon2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Keim, Brandon (2009-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/09/biotechfishing/">"48-Pound Trout: World Record or Genetic Cheat?"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 2013-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=48-Pound+Trout%3A+World+Record+or+Genetic+Cheat%3F&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.au=Keim%2C+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fbiotechfishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokornyRandak2001" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pokorny, J.; Randak, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070541/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CZ2003000722">Use of rainbow trout for checking water inflowing to the drinking water purification plants</a> (Report) (in Czech). Jihoceska Univerzita. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CZ2003000722">the original</a> on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2019-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Use+of+rainbow+trout+for+checking+water+inflowing+to+the+drinking+water+purification+plants&rft.pub=Jihoceska+Univerzita&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Randak%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DCZ2003000722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1996" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Leonard M. (1996). Trout Maverick. New York: Lyons & Burford. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-476-7"><bdi>978-1-55821-476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trout+Maverick&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Lyons+%26+Burford&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-476-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Leonard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cancila-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Cancila_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCancila2010" class="citation web cs1">Cancila, Katherine (2010-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babble.com/best-recipes/safe-to-eat-fish-recipes-facts-5/">"The 5 Safest Fish to Eat – Salmon, Tilapia, Rainbow Trout, and More"</a>. Babble. Disney. Retrieved 2014-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babble&rft.atitle=The+5+Safest+Fish+to+Eat+%E2%80%93+Salmon%2C+Tilapia%2C+Rainbow+Trout%2C+and+More&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=Cancila&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babble.com%2Fbest-recipes%2Fsafe-to-eat-fish-recipes-facts-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCA206-117"><a href="#cite_ref-MCA206_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604000348/http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-206.htm">"§87-6-206, Montana Code Annotated"</a>. Montana Legislative Services. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-206.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2014-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A787-6-206%2C+Montana+Code+Annotated&rft.pub=Montana+Legislative+Services&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleg.mt.gov%2Fbills%2Fmca%2F87%2F6%2F87-6-206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCA707-118"><a href="#cite_ref-MCA707_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001141644/https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-707.htm">"§87-6-707, Montana Code Annotated"</a>. Montana Legislative Services. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-707.htm">the original</a> on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2014-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A787-6-707%2C+Montana+Code+Annotated&rft.pub=Montana+Legislative+Services&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleg.mt.gov%2Fbills%2Fmca%2F87%2F6%2F87-6-707.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCA101-119"><a href="#cite_ref-MCA101_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603182739/http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-101.htm">"§87-6-101, Montana Code Annotated"</a>. Montana Legislative Services. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/87/6/87-6-101.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2014-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A787-6-101%2C+Montana+Code+Annotated&rft.pub=Montana+Legislative+Services&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleg.mt.gov%2Fbills%2Fmca%2F87%2F6%2F87-6-101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winefolly.com/tutorial/wine-with-fish-pairing-guide/">"Pairing Wine with Fish"</a>. Wine Folly. May 20, 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pairing+Wine+with+Fish&rft.pub=Wine+Folly&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinefolly.com%2Ftutorial%2Fwine-with-fish-pairing-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45178638">"Rainbow trout can now be called salmon in China"</a>. BBC News. August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rainbow+trout+can+now+be+called+salmon+in+China&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-45178638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-rainbow-trout-salmon-fish-sales-counterfeit-a8491361.html">"China rules rainbow trout can now be sold as salmon, in attempt to reduce counterfeit fish sales"</a>. The Independent. August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=China+rules+rainbow+trout+can+now+be+sold+as+salmon%2C+in+attempt+to+reduce+counterfeit+fish+sales&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-rainbow-trout-salmon-fish-sales-counterfeit-a8491361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/14/china-rainbow-trout-and-salmon-the-same-thing">"Very fishy: China rules rainbow trout can be sold as salmon"</a>. The Guardian. August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Very+fishy%3A+China+rules+rainbow+trout+can+be+sold+as+salmon&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Faug%2F14%2Fchina-rainbow-trout-and-salmon-the-same-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs1976" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Trey (1976). Steelhead Fly Fishing and Flies. Portland, Oregon: Frank Amato. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936608-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936608-03-7"><bdi>978-0-936608-03-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steelhead+Fly+Fishing+and+Flies&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Frank+Amato&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-936608-03-7&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=Trey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs1991" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Trey (1991). Steelhead Fly Fishing. New York: Lyons and Burford Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-119-3"><bdi>978-1-55821-119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steelhead+Fly+Fishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lyons+and+Burford+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-119-3&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=Trey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach1988" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Rex (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flyfishingforrai0000gerl">Fly Fishing for Rainbows-Strategies and tactics for North America's Favorite Trout</a>. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0624-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-0624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fly+Fishing+for+Rainbows-Strategies+and+tactics+for+North+America%27s+Favorite+Trout&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0624-7&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflyfishingforrai0000gerl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Anders (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entirelysyntheti0000halv">An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14088-0"><bdi>978-0-300-14088-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/440281085">440281085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Entirely+Synthetic+Fish%3A+How+Rainbow+Trout+Beguiled+America+and+Overran+the+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F440281085&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14088-0&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fentirelysyntheti0000halv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300140873">Review</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819163237/http://andershalverson.com/talks">Interviews</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1973" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Mel (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steelhead00mars">Steelhead</a>. New York: Winchester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87691-093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87691-093-1"><bdi>978-0-87691-093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steelhead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Winchester+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87691-093-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteelhead00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClaneGardner,_Keith1984" class="citation book cs1">McClane, A. J.; Gardner, Keith (1984). "Rainbow Trout and Steelhead". McClane's Game Fish of North America. New York: Times Books. pp. 54–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1134-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-1134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rainbow+Trout+and+Steelhead&rft.btitle=McClane%27s+Game+Fish+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54-93&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-1134-3&rft.aulast=McClane&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermand1946" class="citation book cs1">McDermand, Charles (1946). Waters of the Golden Trout Country. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waters+of+the+Golden+Trout+Country&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=McDermand&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaigne1998" class="citation book cs1">Montaigne, Fen (1998). "Kamchatka". Reeling in Russia. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 251–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18595-4"><bdi>978-0-312-18595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kamchatka&rft.btitle=Reeling+in+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=251-270&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18595-4&rft.aulast=Montaigne&rft.aufirst=Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Scott and Crossman (1985) Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Page 189. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-10239-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-10239-0">0-660-10239-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden1964" class="citation book cs1">Walden, Howard T. 2nd (1964). "Rainbow, Cutthroat, and Golden Trout". Familiar Freshwater Fishes of America. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp. 14–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rainbow%2C+Cutthroat%2C+and+Golden+Trout&rft.btitle=Familiar+Freshwater+Fishes+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14-33&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=Howard+T.+2nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_trout&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Trout" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Trout"> Trout</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oncorhynchus_mykiss" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oncorhynchus mykiss">Oncorhynchus mykiss</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Oncorhynchus mykiss">Oncorhynchus mykiss</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=mykiss">"Oncorhynchus mykiss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. February 2006 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+mykiss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dmykiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161989">"Oncorhynchus mykiss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>. Retrieved 2006-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+mykiss&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow+trout" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecies and varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_rainbow_trout" title="Athabasca rainbow trout">Athabasca rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_rainbow_trout" title="Baja California rainbow trout">Baja California rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardslee_trout" title="Beardslee trout">Beardslee trout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coastal rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_redband_trout" title="Columbia River redband trout">Columbia River redband trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Lake_trout" title="Eagle Lake trout">Eagle Lake trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_redband_trout" title="Great Basin redband trout">Great Basin redband trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_trout" title="Golden trout">California golden trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Kern_golden_trout" title="Little Kern golden trout">Little Kern golden trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_River_rainbow_trout" title="Kern River rainbow trout">Kern River rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatkan_rainbow_trout" title="Kamchatkan rainbow trout">Kamchatkan rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_rainbow_trout" title="Kamloops rainbow trout">Kamloops rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCloud_River_redband_trout" title="McCloud River redband trout">McCloud River redband trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_native_trout" title="Mexican native trout">Mexican rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepheaven_Creek_redband_trout" title="Sheepheaven Creek redband trout">Sheepheaven Creek redband trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Oncorhynchus_mykiss" class="extiw" title="c:category:Oncorhynchus mykiss">Oncorhynchus mykiss</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trout_and_char_of_the_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trouts" title="Template:Trouts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trouts" title="Template talk:Trouts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trouts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trouts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trout_and_char_of_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trout and char of the world</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trout of Europe and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_obtusirostris" title="Salmo obtusirostris">Adriatic trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">Brown trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_fibreni" title="Salmo fibreni">Fibreno trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferox_trout" title="Ferox trout">Ferox trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_platycephalus" title="Salmo platycephalus">Flathead trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_carpio" title="Salmo carpio">Garda lake trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillaroo" title="Gillaroo">Gillaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isli_trout" title="Isli trout">Isli trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_trutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmo trutta">Lake (lacustrine) trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_marmoratus" title="Salmo marmoratus">Marble trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_cettii" title="Salmo cettii">Mediterranean trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_trout" title="Ohrid trout">Ohrid trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_peristericus" title="Salmo peristericus">Prespa trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_trutta_fario" title="Salmo trutta fario">River trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_trout" title="Sea trout">Sea trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevan_trout" title="Sevan trout">Sevan trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmo_nigripinnis" title="Salmo nigripinnis">Sonaghen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg/100px-Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg/150px-Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg/200px-Brown_trout_FWS_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="336" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg/100px-Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg/150px-Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg/200px-Truite_arc-en-ciel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="164" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Denton_Male_Sunapee_Trout_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6115" data-file-height="2047" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trout of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_trout" title="Apache trout">Apache trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_cutthroat_trout" title="Coastal cutthroat trout">Coastal cutthroat trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_trout" title="Cutthroat trout">Cutthroat trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_trout" title="Gila trout">Gila trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_trout" title="Golden trout">Golden trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_golden_trout" title="Mexican golden trout">Mexican golden trout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rainbow trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">Steelhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True char <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">Salvelinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_obtusus" title="Salvelinus obtusus">Blunt-nosed Irish charr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">Brook trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">Bull trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_colii" title="Salvelinus colii">Cole's char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coomsaharn_char" title="Coomsaharn char">Coomsaharn char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Varden_trout" title="Dolly Varden trout">Dolly Varden trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_killinensis" title="Salvelinus killinensis">Haddy charr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikuchi_char" title="Kirikuchi char">Kirikuchi char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_umbla" title="Salvelinus umbla">Lake char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">Lake trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_grayi" title="Salvelinus grayi">Lough Melvin charr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_inframundus" title="Salvelinus inframundus">Orkney charr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_trout" title="Silver trout">Silver trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_elgyticus" title="Salvelinus elgyticus">Small-mouthed char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_leucomaenis" title="Salvelinus leucomaenis">Whitespotted char</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trout" class="extiw" title="commons:Trout">Trout</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salmon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salmon" title="Template:Salmon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salmon" title="Template talk:Salmon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salmon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salmon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salmon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups and species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_salmon" title="Black Sea salmon">Black Sea salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Coho salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou" title="Oncorhynchus masou">Masu salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">Pink salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">Steelhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou_formosanus" title="Oncorhynchus masou formosanus">Taiwanese salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huchen" title="Huchen">Danube salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_rastrosus" title="Oncorhynchus rastrosus">Spike-toothed salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Genetically modified salmon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/140px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/210px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/280px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="331" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_salmon_fishery" title="Alaska salmon fishery">Alaska salmon fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Aquaculture of salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_fly_fishing_(species_related)#Fly_fishing_for_salmon,_steelhead,_and_seatrout" title="Bibliography of fly fishing (species related)">Fly fishing bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_McKenzie_Fish_Hatchery" title="Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery">Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_War" title="Pacific Salmon War">Pacific Salmon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-spawn_mortality_in_coho_salmon" title="Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon">Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Putcher">Putcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putcher_fishing" title="Putcher fishing">Putcher fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_hogs" title="June hogs">June hogs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">As food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cured_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cured salmon">Cured salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohikeitto" title="Lohikeitto">Lohikeitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomi-lomi_salmon" title="Lomi-lomi salmon">Lomi salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui-be" title="Rui-be">Rui-be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon burger">Salmon burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_tartare" title="Salmon tartare">Salmon tartare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">Smoked salmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_gill_disease" title="Amoebic gill disease">Amoebic gill disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious salmon anemia virus">Infectious salmon anemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M74_syndrome" title="M74 syndrome">M74 syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophyetus_salmincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanophyetus salmincola">Nanophyetus salmincola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Salmon tapeworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum_destruens" title="Sphaerothecum destruens">Sphaerothecum destruens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_salmon_recovery" title="Puget Sound salmon recovery">Puget Sound salmon recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_salmon" title="Environmental issues with salmon">Environmental issues with salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Klamath_River_fish_kill" title="2002 Klamath River fish kill">2002 Klamath River fish kill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead_and_salmon_distinct_population_segments" title="Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments">Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Salmon_Federation" title="Atlantic Salmon Federation">Atlantic Salmon Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Aquaculture_Association" title="Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association">Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Salmon_Conservation_Organization" title="North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization">North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_Commission" title="Pacific Salmon Commission">Pacific Salmon Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Salmon_and_Trout_Angling_Association" title="Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association">Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Salmon_Center" title="Wild Salmon Center">Wild Salmon Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Klickitat_Fisheries_Project" title="Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project">Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceasg" title="Ceasg">Ceasg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(book)" title="Salmon (book)">Salmon (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_of_Knowledge" title="Salmon of Knowledge">Salmon of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Fishing_in_the_Yemen" title="Salmon Fishing in the Yemen">Salmon Fishing in the Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salmon_Fly" title="The Salmon Fly">The Salmon Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Fish" title="The Big Fish">The Big Fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Oncorhynchus mykiss</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187986" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q187986">Q187986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Oncorhynchus mykiss">Oncorhynchus mykiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/">Oncorhynchus_mykiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Oncorhynchus_mykiss">Oncorhynchus_mykiss</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15813">15813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=16550">16550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/49JFF">49JFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/205250">205250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ONCRMY">ONCRMY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:304720">304720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c50150db-87bd-41c6-bcb0-37173cfd7633">c50150db-87bd-41c6-bcb0-37173cfd7633</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/239">239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5204019">5204019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47516">47516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10880924">10880924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/71813">71813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161989">161989</a></li> <li>NAS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=910">910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105164/">2.105164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000544715">NHMSYS0000544715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8022">8022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">NOAA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/steelhead-trout">steelhead-trout</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/2b70101c-7a7c-4c47-9dd4-4280ccf70105">2b70101c-7a7c-4c47-9dd4-4280ccf70105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/2168/">2168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/127185">127185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=165368">165368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/81754B7C-11CE-3526-99A9-297589BDE713">81754B7C-11CE-3526-99A9-297589BDE713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127185">127185</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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