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id="toc-Location_and_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sully_Wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sully_Wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Sully Wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sully_Wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denon_and_Flore_Wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denon_and_Flore_Wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Denon and Flore Wings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denon_and_Flore_Wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richelieu_and_Marsan_Wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richelieu_and_Marsan_Wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Richelieu and Marsan Wings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richelieu_and_Marsan_Wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_and_underground_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_and_underground_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Pyramid and underground spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_and_underground_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Architectural style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Building history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Building history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Building_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_12th_and_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_12th_and_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Late 12th and 13th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_12th_and_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 14th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 15th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 16th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Military facility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_apex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_apex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Feudal apex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_apex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Archive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Prison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Treasury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Place of worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_of_national_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_of_national_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Home of national representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_of_national_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Royal residence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_venue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_venue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Ceremonial venue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_venue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guest_residence_for_foreign_sovereigns_and_royals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guest_residence_for_foreign_sovereigns_and_royals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guest_residence_for_foreign_sovereigns_and_royals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Court house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Execution site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_venue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_venue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Entertainment venue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_venue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_of_artists_and_craftsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_of_artists_and_craftsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Residence of artists and craftsmen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_of_artists_and_craftsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_mint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_mint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 Royal mint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_mint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_of_senior_courtiers_and_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_of_senior_courtiers_and_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.17 Residence of senior courtiers and officials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_of_senior_courtiers_and_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_printing_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_printing_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.18 National printing house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_printing_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_and_educational_facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_and_educational_facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.19 Academic and educational facility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_and_educational_facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.20 Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Securities_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securities_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.21 Securities exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Securities_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_office_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_office_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.22 Administrative office building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_office_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_Hall_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Hall_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.23 City Hall of Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Hall_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.24 Sculpture garden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.25 Research facility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dining_and_shopping_venue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dining_and_shopping_venue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.26 Dining and shopping venue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dining_and_shopping_venue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_plan_of_the_construction_of_the_Louvre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_plan_of_the_construction_of_the_Louvre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_plan_of_the_construction_of_the_Louvre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Photo gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louvre Palace</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaciu_del_Louvre" title="Palaciu del Louvre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Palaciu del Louvre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%9E%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86)" title="Луўр (палац) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луўр (палац)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palez_al_Louvre" title="Palez al Louvre – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Palez al Louvre" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" title="Palais du Louvre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palais du Louvre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" title="Palais du Louvre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palais du Louvre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Παλάτι του Λούβρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλάτι του Λούβρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_del_Louvre" title="Palacio del Louvre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palacio del Louvre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_jauregia" title="Louvre jauregia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louvre jauregia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کاخ لوور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاخ لوور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" title="Palais du Louvre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palais du Louvre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%EA%B6%81" title="루브르궁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루브르궁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լուվրի պալատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուվրի պալատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Louvre" title="Istana Louvre – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istana Louvre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_del_Louvre" title="Palazzo del Louvre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palazzo del Louvre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Louvre" title="Istana Louvre – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istana Louvre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Луврын ордон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луврын ордон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF" title="ルーヴル宮殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーヴル宮殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvr_saroyi" title="Luvr saroyi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Luvr saroyi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwr_(pa%C5%82ac)" title="Luwr (pałac) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luwr (pałac)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Louvre" title="Palácio do Louvre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Louvre_Palace&params=48_51_40_N_2_20_11_E_region:FR_type:landmark">48°51′40″N 2°20′11″E / 48.86111°N 2.33639°E / 48.86111; 2.33639</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building in Paris, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the museum, see <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louvre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louvre (disambiguation)">Louvre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Louvre Palace</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Palais du Louvre</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e,_Louvre_Palace,_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg/250px-West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg/375px-West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg/500px-West_facade_of_the_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Palace%2C_Paris_5_October_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5292" data-file-height="3442" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">West wing of the Louvre's <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_4a49078116ab02acc80ada615a9dadc5378476b9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Louvre_Palace&revid=1258471064&groups=_4a49078116ab02acc80ada615a9dadc5378476b9" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Louvre_Palace&revid=1258471064&groups=_4a49078116ab02acc80ada615a9dadc5378476b9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Royal_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal residence">Royal residence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> (remains preserved underground), <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Neo-Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a> (Pyramid)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Rue de Rivoli, 75001 Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current tenants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts Décoratifs</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_and_Restoration_of_Museums_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France">Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">1190 together with the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Philip_II_Augustus" title="Wall of Philip II Augustus">Wall of Philip II Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Numerous; include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau" title="Louis Métezeau">Louis Métezeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg/350px-North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg/525px-North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg/700px-North_wing_of_Louvre_facing_main_courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>North wing of Louvre facing main courtyard</figcaption></figure> The Louvre Palace (French: Palais du Louvre, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[palɛ dy luvʁ]</a>), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Droite" title="Rive Droite">Right Bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, occupying a vast expanse of land between the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries Gardens">Tuileries Gardens</a> and the church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a>. Originally a defensive <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, it has served several government-related functions in the past, including intermittently as a royal residence between the 14th and 18th centuries. It is now mostly used by the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, which first opened there in 1793. While this area along the Seine had been inhabited for thousands of years,<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> the Louvre's history starts around 1190 with its first construction as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Castle">Louvre Castle</a> defending the western front of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Philip_II_Augustus" title="Wall of Philip II Augustus">Wall of Philip II Augustus</a>, the then new city-wall of Paris. The Louvre's oldest section still standing above ground, its palatial <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, dates from the late 1540s, when <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> started the replacement of the greatly expanded medieval castle with a new design inspired by classical antiquity and Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. Most parts of the current building were constructed in the 17th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a> In the late 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre project</a> increased visitor access and gallery space, including by adding the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> in the courtyard Cour Napoléon. For more than three centuries, the history and design of the Louvre was closely intertwined with that of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, created to the west of the Louvre by Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> in 1564, with its main block finally demolished in 1883. The Tuileries was the premier seat of French executive power during the last third of that period, from the return of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and his court from <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a> in October 1789 until the palace was set on fire during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871. The Louvre and Tuileries became physically connected as part of the project called the "Grand Design", with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> in the early 1600s. The Pavillon de Flore and <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a>, which used to respectively mark the southern and northern ends of the Tuileries Palace, are now considered part of the Louvre Palace. The <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrousel Garden">Carrousel Garden</a>, first created in the late 19th century (during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>) in what used to be the great courtyard of the Tuileries (or <a href="/wiki/Cour_du_Carrousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour du Carrousel">Cour du Carrousel</a>), is now considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>. A less high-profile but historically significant dependency of the Louvre was to its immediate east, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a>, appropriated by the monarchy following the betrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles III, Duke of Bourbon">Constable of Bourbon</a> in 1523 and mostly demolished in October 1660 to give way to the Louvre's expansion.<a href="#cite_note-JCD-4">[4]</a>: 37  The last remains of the Petit-Bourbon were cleared in the 1760s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description">edit</a>]</div> This sections provides a summary description of the present-day complex and its main constituent parts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_layout">Location and layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and layout">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg/300px-Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg/450px-Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg/600px-Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Palais_du_Louvre_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9899" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Louvre Palace (right) and the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a> (left) in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Palais_du_Louvre_and_environs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4525" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Map of the modern Louvre Palace complex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries,_le_Louvre,_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli,_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg/220px-Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg/330px-Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg/440px-Paris_moderne._Les_Tuileries%2C_le_Louvre%2C_et_la_rue_de_Rivoli%2C_vue_prise_du_Jardin_des_Tuileries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4761" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>The Louvre Palace (center) and the Tuileries Palace front (burned 1870s) circa 1850</figcaption></figure> The Louvre Palace is situated on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Quai_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Quai François Mitterrand">Quai François Mitterrand</a> to its south, the Avenue du Général-Lemonnier to its west (thus named since 1957; formerly rue des Tuileries and Avenue Paul-Déroulède, converted into an <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpass</a> in 1987–1989<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a> to its north, and the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Louvre" title="Place du Louvre">Place du Louvre</a> to its east. The complex occupies about 40 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> with buildings distributed around two main open spaces: the eastern <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> (square courtyard), which is closed by four wings that form the square of its name, and the central <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, which is open on its western side, beyond the thoroughfare known as <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a>, towards the Carrousel Garden and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>. The Louvre is slightly askew of the Historic Axis (<a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a>), a roughly eight-kilometer (five-mile) architectural line bisecting the city. The axis begins with the Louvre courtyard, at a point now symbolically marked by a lead copy of <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Equestrian statue of Louis XIV (Bernini)">Bernini's equestrian statue of Louis XIV</a>, and runs west along the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> and slightly beyond. Since 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> in the middle of the Cour Napoléon has marked the center of the Louvre complex. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> Museum has adopted a toponymy developed by the <a href="/wiki/Carbone_Smolan_Agency" title="Carbone Smolan Agency">Carbone Smolan Agency</a> to refer to the three clusters of buildings that surround that central focus point:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>To the east, the "Sully Wing" is the square-shaped set of buildings that surrounds the Cour Carrée, named after <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully">Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully</a>. It includes the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> and the footprint of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">Medieval Louvre</a> whose remains are displayed underground;</li> <li>To the south, the "Denon Wing" is the array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the Seine, named after the Louvre's first director <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>. the Louvre's southwestern wing is the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Flore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Flore">Aile de Flore</a>. The long <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a> runs on the first floor for much of the length of this building, on the Seine-facing side.</li> <li>To the north, the "Richelieu Wing" is the almost-symmetrical array of buildings between the Cour Napoléon and the rue de Rivoli, named after <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>. Its western extension alongside rue de Rivoli is the Aile de Rohan, itself continued by the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a>.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> Museum occupies most of the palace's space, but not all of it. The main other users are at the building's two western tips: in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Flore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Flore">Aile de Flore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_and_Restoration_of_Museums_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France">Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France</a> (C2RMF); and in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts Décoratifs</a>. In total, some 51,615 square meters (555,000 square feet) in the palace complex are devoted to public exhibition floor space. Many sections of the Louvre are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Wing_(building)" title="Wing (building)">wings</a>" (ailes) and "<a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">pavilions</a>" (pavillons) – typically, the pavilions are the blocks at either the end or the center of a wing. In the Louvre's context, the word "wing" does not denote a peripheral location: the Lescot Wing, in particular, was built as the Louvre's main <a href="/wiki/Corps_de_logis" title="Corps de logis">corps de logis</a>. Given the Louvre wings' length and the fact that they typically abutted parts of the city with streets and private buildings, several of them have passageways on the ground floor which in the Louvre's specific context are called guichets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the name Louvre is unclear. French historian <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sauval" title="Henri Sauval">Henri Sauval</a>, probably writing in the 1660s, stated that he had seen "in an old Latin-Saxon glossary, Leouar is translated castle" and thus took Leouar to be the origin of Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to Keith Briggs, Sauval's theory is often repeated, even in recent books, but this glossary has never been seen again, and Sauval's idea is viewed as obsolete. Briggs suggests that H. J. Wolf's proposal in 1969 that Louvre derives instead from Latin Rubras, meaning "red soil", is more plausible.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> David Hanser suggests instead that the word may come from French louveterie, a "place where dogs were trained to chase wolves".<a href="#cite_note-Hanser-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>La salle des terres cuites du musée Napoléon III au Louvre, by Sébastien Charles Giraud, Salon of 1866</figcaption></figure> Beyond the name of the palace itself, the toponymy of the Louvre can be treacherous. Partly because of the building's long history and links to changing politics, different names have applied at different times to the same structures or rooms. For example, what used to be known in the 17th and 18th centuries the Pavillon du Milieu or Gros Pavillon is now generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a>, or Pavillon Sully (especially when considered from the west), or also Pavillon Lemercier after the architect <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> who first designed it in 1624. In some cases, the same name has designated different parts of the building at different times. For example, in the 19th century, the Pavillon de la Bibliothèque referred to what was later called the Porte Jean-Goujon (still later, Porte Barbet-de-Jouy), on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a> facing the Seine, before becoming the name for the main pavilion of the Richelieu Wing On the rue de Rivoli, its exact symmetrical point from the Louvre Pyramid. The main room on the first floor of the Lescot Wing has been the Salle Haute, Grande Salle, Salle des Gardes,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier3-10">[10]</a>: 11  Salle d'Attente,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was fragmented into apartments during the 18th century, then recreated in the early 19th and called successively Salle Royale,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier3-10">[10]</a>: 9  Salle des Séances Royales<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> or Salle des Etats (the latter also being the name of two other ceremonial rooms, created in the 1850s and 1860s respectively);<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier3-10">[10]</a>: 9  then as part of the museum, salle des terres cuites, after 1871 Salle La Caze in honor of donor <a href="/wiki/Louis_La_Caze" title="Louis La Caze">Louis La Caze</a>, Salle des Bronzes, and since 2021 Salle Etrusque. The room immediately below, now known as Salle des Caryatides, has also been called Salle Basse, Salle Basse des Suisses,<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 71  Grande Salle, Salle des Gardes, Salle des Antiques (from 1692 to 1793), and Salle des Fleuves<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 189  in the past, among other names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sully_Wing">Sully Wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sully Wing">edit</a>]</div> The Sully Wing forms a square of approximately 160 m (520 ft) side length. The protruding sections at the corners and center of each side are known as pavillons. Clockwise from the northwest corner, they are named as follows: Pavillon de Beauvais (after a now-disappeared street<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>), Pavillon Marengo (after the nearby rue de Marengo), Pavillon Nord-Est (also Pavillon des Assyriens<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 670 ), Pavillon Central de la <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Colonnade</a> (also Pavillon Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois), Pavillon Sud-Est (also Pavillon des Egyptiens<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 669 ), Pavillon des Arts, <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a>, the latter also known as Pavillon Sully. The section between the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon Sully, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> (Aile Lescot) as it was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a>, is the oldest standing part of the entire Louvre Palace. The section between the Pavillon Sully and the Pavillon de Beauvais, which was modeled after the Lescot Wing by architect <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a>, is similarly known as the Lemercier Wing (Aile Lemercier). The eastern wing is the Aile de la Colonnade, named after its iconic eastern façade, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denon_and_Flore_Wings">Denon and Flore Wings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denon and Flore Wings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Pyramid-Louvre_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>View of the Pavillon Denon from the underground lobby of the Pyramid</figcaption></figure> On the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, the Denon Wing's three main pavilions are named respectively, from east to west, after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>-era officials <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daru" title="Pierre Daru">Pierre Daru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien" title="Nicolas François, Count Mollien">Nicolas François Mollien</a>. Between these and the wing facing the seine are three courtyards, from east to west the Cour du Sphinx (covered as a <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">glass atrium</a> since 1934), Cour Visconti (ground floor covered since 2012), and Cour Lefuel. On the side of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, this wing starts with the north–south <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a> bordering a side garden known as the Jardin de l'Infante, and continues westwards along the <a href="/wiki/Quai_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Quai François Mitterrand">Quai François Mitterrand</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a>. In the middle of the Grande Galerie are the Guichets du Carrousel, a composition of three monumental arches flanked by two narrow pavilions named respectively after the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bonne,_Duke_of_Lesdigui%C3%A8res" title="François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières">Duke of Lesdiguières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tr%C3%A9moille" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Trémoille">Henri de La Trémoille</a> (Pavillon Lesdiguières and Pavillon La Trémoille). Further west are the Pavillon des Sessions, a protruding structure on the northern side, the Porte des Lions, a passageway to the quay,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the Porte Jaujard on the north side, now the main entrance to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richelieu_and_Marsan_Wings">Richelieu and Marsan Wings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Richelieu and Marsan Wings">edit</a>]</div> Similarly, on the northern side of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a> are, from east to west, the pavilions named after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a>. Between these and the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a> are three courtyards, from east to west the Cour Khorsabad (formerly Cour de la Poste), Cour Puget (formerly Cour des Guichets or Cour de l'Horloge), and Cour Marly (formerly Cour d'Honneur or Cour du Ministre). On the side facing the rue de Rivoli, the main salient feature is the Pavillon de la Bibliothèque, which connects to the Pavillon Richelieu through the ground-floor Passage Richelieu (formerly Guichet du Ministère<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 102 ) between the Cour Puget and Cour Marly. Further west are the Pavillon de Rohan and the Aile de Rohan, built in the early 19th century and named after the nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_Rohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de Rohan (page does not exist)">rue de Rohan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_de_Rohan" class="extiw" title="fr:rue de Rohan">fr</a>], then the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a>, both rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> in the 1870s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_and_underground_spaces">Pyramid and underground spaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pyramid and underground spaces">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a>, built in the 1980s on a design by <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, is now the centerpiece of the entire Louvre complex. It leads to the underground Hall Napoléon which in turn serves a vast complex of underground spaces, including the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a> commercial mall around an <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">inverted pyramid</a> further west. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_style">Architectural style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architectural style">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre,_Parijs,_RP-F-1996-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg/119px-Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg/179px-Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg/238px-Paviljoen_van_het_Louvre%2C_Parijs%2C_RP-F-1996-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="3940" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_Richelieu,_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre,_8_May_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg/115px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg/173px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg/230px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Louvre%2C_8_May_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3981" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Louvre's Pavillon de l'Horloge (designed in 1624) and Pavillon Richelieu (designed in 1852–1854)</div></div></div></div> The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex of wings and pavilions which, although superficially homogeneous in scale and architecture, is the result of many phases of building, modification, destruction and reconstruction. Its apparent stylistic consistency is largely due to conscious efforts of architects over several centuries to echo each other's work and preserve a strong sense of historical continuity, mirroring that of the French monarchy and state; American essayist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gopnik" title="Adam Gopnik">Adam Gopnik</a> has written that "The continuity the Louvre represents is the continuity of the French state."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> For example, from the 1620s to the 1650s <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> thoroughly replicated the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s patterns for his design of the northern half of the western wing of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>. In the 1660s <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> echoed Lemercier's <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a> for his redesign of the central pavillon of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> further west (burnt in 1871 and demolished in 1883), and mostly continued Lescot's and Lemercier's pattern for the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>. A separate design a few years later for the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>, included window shapes on the ground level based on Lescot's for the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> a century earlier, ensuring visual continuity even though the dramatic colonnade on the upper level was different from anything that had been done at the Louvre so far.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In the 1810s, <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> copied the <a href="/wiki/Giant_order" title="Giant order">giant order</a> of the western section of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, built in the early 17th century and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_II_Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau</a>, for their design of the northern wing to connect the Tuileries with the Louvre along the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>. In the 1850s during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>, architects <a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a> then <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> built the Denon and Richelieu pavilions as echoes of Lemercier's Pavillon de l'Horloge. In the 1860s and 1870s, Lefuel used designs inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> even as he replaced the prior giant-order patterns created by Androuet du Cerceau and replicated by Percier and Fontaine. Finally, in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> made explicit reference to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>, the designer of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>, for his design of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_history">Building history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Building history">edit</a>]</div> This section focuses on matters of design, construction and decoration, leaving aside the fitting or remodeling of exhibition spaces within the museum, which are described in the article <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. No fewer than twenty building campaigns have been identified in the history of the Louvre Palace.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The architect of the largest such campaign, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a>, crisply summarized the identity of the complex by noting: "Le Louvre est un monument qui a vécu" (translatable as "The Louvre is a building that has gone through a lot").<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 38  In the early 1920s <a href="/wiki/Henri_Verne" title="Henri Verne">Henri Verne</a>, who would soon become the Louvre's Director, noted that "it has become, through the very slow pace of its development, the most representative monument of our national life."<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 38  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_12th_and_13th_centuries">Late 12th and 13th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late 12th and 13th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg/220px-Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg/330px-Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg/440px-Plan_of_medieval_Louvre_from_Berty_with_overlay_based_on_Hautecoeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the medieval Louvre and <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Philippe_Auguste" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall of Philippe Auguste">wall of Philippe Auguste</a> with additions to the Louvre made during the reign of Charles V, with indication of the footprint of later buildings<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre_Castle" title="Medieval Louvre Castle">Medieval Louvre Castle</a></div> In 1190 King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, who was about to leave for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, ordered the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Philip_II_Augustus,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall of Philip II Augustus, Paris">defensive wall all around Paris</a>. To protect the city, he opted to build the Louvre as a fortress just outside the wall's junction with the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Rive_Droite" title="Rive Droite">right bank</a>, on the road to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> that was still controlled by his English rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a> Completed in 1202, the new fortress was situated in what is now the southwest quadrant of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>, and some of its remains, excavated between late 1983 and late 1985, are conserved underground.<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> The original Louvre was nearly square in plan, at seventy-eight by seventy-two meters, and enclosed by a 2.6-metre thick <a href="/wiki/Crenellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellated">crenellated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machicolated" class="mw-redirect" title="Machicolated">machicolated</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a>. The entire structure was surrounded by a water-filled <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>. On the outside of the walls were ten round defensive towers: one at each corner and at the center of the northern and western sides, and two pairs respectively flanking the narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 32  In the courtyard, slightly offset to the northeast, was the cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> or donjon, known as the Grosse Tour du Louvre (Great Tower of the Louvre), thirty meters high and fifteen meters wide with 4-meter-thick external walls. The keep was encircled by a deep, dry ditch with stone <a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">counterscarps</a> to help prevent the scaling of its walls with ladders. Accommodations in the fortress were supplied by the vaulted chambers of the keep as well as two wings built against the insides of the curtain walls of the western and southern sides.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 32-33  The circular plans of the towers and the keep avoided the dead angles created by square or rectangular designs which allowed attackers to approach out of firing range. Cylindrical keeps were typical of French castles at the time, but few were as large as the Louvre's Grosse Tour. <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> added constructions in the 1230s, included the medieval Louvre's main ceremonial room or Grande Salle in which several historical events took place, and the castle's first chapel.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The partly preserved basement part of that program was rediscovered during heating installations at the Louvre in 1882–1883, and has since then been known successively as the Salle de Philippe Auguste<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 106  and, after renovation in the 1980s, as the Salle Saint-Louis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 14th century">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1350s, the growth of the city and the insecurity brought by the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> led <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Marcel" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Marcel">Etienne Marcel</a>, provost of the merchants (i.e. municipal leader) of Paris, to initiate the construction of a new protective wall beyond that of Philip II. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> continued the project in the 1360s, and it was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V" title="Wall of Charles V">Wall of Charles V</a>. From its westernmost point at the Tour du Bois, the new wall extended east along the north bank of the Seine to the old wall, enclosing the Louvre and greatly reducing its military value.<a href="#cite_note-Ballon15-25">[25]</a> Remains of that wall have been uncovered and reconstructed in the present-day Louvre's <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 33  Shortly after becoming king in 1364 Charles V abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a>, which he associated with the insurgency led by <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Marcel" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Marcel">Etienne Marcel</a>, and made the Louvre into a royal residence for the first time, with the transformation designed by his architect <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Temple" class="extiw" title="fr:Raymond du Temple">Raymond du Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 8  This was a political statement as well as a utility project – one scholar wrote that Charles V "made the Louvre his political manifesto in stone" and referred to it as "a remarkably discursive monument-a form of architectural rhetoric that proclaimed the revitalization of France after years of internal strife and external menace."<a href="#cite_note-Cruse-26">[26]</a> The curtain wall was pierced with windows, new wings added to the courtyard, and elaborate chimneys, turrets, and pinnacles to the top. Known as the joli Louvre ("pretty Louvre"),<a href="#cite_note-Hanser-9">[9]</a> Charles V's palace was memorably pictured in the illustration The Month of October of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 15th century">edit</a>]</div> In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the preferred royal residence in Paris was the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Saint-Pol" title="Hôtel Saint-Pol">Hôtel Saint-Pol</a> in what became <a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">the Marais</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a> resulted in the monarchy leaving Paris altogether; in the 1420s and 1430s <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a> resided largely at or near <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, whereas his rival English claimant <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>'s representative, the <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a>, generally resided in his base of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, and while in Paris in his <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Tournelles" title="Hôtel des Tournelles">Hôtel des Tournelles</a>. Even after Charles VII's ceremonial entry into Paris in 1437 and after the effective end of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> in 1453, French monarchs preferred residing in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley" title="Châteaux of the Loire Valley">Châteaux of the Loire Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> or, when in Paris, at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a> or the Hôtel des Tournelles. Meanwhile, the Louvre Castle was left in a state of increasing disrepair, even as it remained used as an arsenal and prison. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First excavation of the medieval Louvre by Adolphe Berty in 1866"><img alt="First excavation of the medieval Louvre by Adolphe Berty in 1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/120px-Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/180px-Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg/240px-Fouilles_ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9es_dans_la_cour_du_Louvre_-_Mise_%C3%A0_jour_des_fondations_de_l%27ancienne_tour_de_Philippe_Auguste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First excavation of the medieval Louvre by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Berty" title="Adolphe Berty">Adolphe Berty</a> in 1866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Louvre's basement level, restored and opened to the public in the 1980s"><img alt="Remains of the Louvre's basement level, restored and opened to the public in the 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg/120px-Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg/180px-Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg/240px-Louvre_medieval_foundations_flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the Louvre's basement level, restored and opened to the public in the 1980s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_Saint-Louis_(Louvre).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Salle Saint-Louis following its remodeling in the 1980s"><img alt="The Salle Saint-Louis following its remodeling in the 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg/120px-Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg/180px-Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg/240px-Salle_Saint-Louis_%28Louvre%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Salle Saint-Louis following its remodeling in the 1980s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre pictured in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, 1410s"><img alt="The Louvre pictured in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, 1410s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/120px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/180px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/240px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="638" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre pictured in the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a>, 1410s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre pictured in the Altarpiece of the Parlement de Paris [fr], mid-15th century"><img alt="The Louvre pictured in the Altarpiece of the Parlement de Paris [fr], mid-15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg/120px-Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg/180px-Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg/240px-Tour_de_Nesle_and_Louvre_castle_on_the_Crucifixion_of_the_Parlement_of_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre pictured in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altarpiece_of_the_Parlement_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altarpiece of the Parlement de Paris (page does not exist)">Altarpiece of the Parlement de Paris</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crucifixion_du_Parlement_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:La Crucifixion du Parlement de Paris">fr</a>], mid-15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre seen from the south, pictured in the Pietà of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, late 15th century"><img alt="The Louvre seen from the south, pictured in the Pietà of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, late 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg/120px-Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg/180px-Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg/240px-Pieta_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A8s_-_Old_Louvre_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre seen from the south, pictured in the Pietà of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, late 15th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie of the Louvre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a></div> In 1528, after returning from his captivity in Spain following his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">defeat at Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> ordered the demolition of the Louvre's old keep. In 1546 he formally commissioned the architect <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a> and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Goujon" title="Jean Goujon">Jean Goujon</a> to modernize the Louvre into a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance style">Renaissance style</a> palace, but the project appears to have actually started in 1545 since Lescot ordered stone deliveries in December of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> The death of Francis I in 1547 interrupted the work, but it restarted under Francis's successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> who on 10 July 1549 ordered changes in the building's design.<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> Lescot tore down the western wing of the old Louvre Castle and rebuilt it as what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, ending on the southern side with the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>. In the latter, he designed in 1556 the ceiling for Henry II's bedroom,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 20  still largely preserved after relocation in 1829 to the Louvre's Colonnade Wing, for which he departed from the French tradition of beamed ceilings. On the ground floor, Lescot installed monumental stone <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> based on classical precedents in the salle des gardes, now known as the Salle des Caryatides. On the northern end of the new wing, Lescot created a monumental staircase in the 1550s, long known as the Grand Degré du Roi (now Escalier Henri II, with sculpted ceilings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Goujon" title="Jean Goujon">Jean Goujon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 11-13  During the early 1560s, Lescot demolished the southern wing of the old Louvre and started to replace it with a duplication of the Lescot Wing. His plan may have been to create a square complex of a similar size as the old Louvre, not dissimilar to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Château d'Écouen</a> that had been recently completed on <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a>'s design, with an identical third wing to the north and a lower, entrance wing on the eastern side.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 32  A contested hypothesis attributes to Lescot the first intent to extend the Louvre's courtyard to its current size by doubling the lengths of the wings, even though no implementation was made of such plans until the 1620s.<a href="#cite_note-JCD-4">[4]</a>: 21 <a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 7  Lescot is also credited with the design of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a>, which ran from the southwest corner of the Louvre to the Seine. All work stopped in the late 1560s, however, as the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a> gathered momentum.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 34  In the meantime, beginning in 1564, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> directed the building of a new residence to the west, outside the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V" title="Wall of Charles V">wall of Charles V</a>. It became known as the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> because it was built on the site of old tile factories (tuileries). Architect <a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme" title="Philibert de l'Orme">Philibert de l'Orme</a> started the project, and was replaced after his death in 1570 by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 34  A letter of March 1565 indicates that Catherine de' Medici already considered a building to connect the Tuileries with the older Louvre building.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 9  <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastiments_v1_(Gregg_1972_p20)_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court façade of the Lescot Wing, engraved by Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, 1576"><img alt="Court façade of the Lescot Wing, engraved by Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, 1576" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg/120px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg/180px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg/240px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p20%29_-_Louvre_west_wing_court_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6425" data-file-height="3663" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Court façade of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Androuet_du_Cerceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques Androuet du Cerceau</a>, 1576</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastiments_v1_(Gregg_1972_p21)_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavillon du Roi, south façade, du Cerceau, 1576"><img alt="Pavillon du Roi, south façade, du Cerceau, 1576" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg/66px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg/100px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg/133px-Bastiments_v1_%28Gregg_1972_p21%29_-_Louvre_Pavillon_du_Roi_river_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="6503" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>, south façade, du Cerceau, 1576</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre in an ink drawing by Jacques Cellier [fr], 1580s"><img alt="The Louvre in an ink drawing by Jacques Cellier [fr], 1580s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg/120px-Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg/180px-Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg/240px-Manuscrit_Fran%C3%A7ais_9152_-_Palais_du_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="733" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre in an ink drawing by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Cellier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Cellier (page does not exist)">Jacques Cellier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cellier" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Cellier">fr</a>], 1580s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground-floor plan of the Renaissance Louvre with the Lescot Wing at the top and the south wing on the left[29]"><img alt="Ground-floor plan of the Renaissance Louvre with the Lescot Wing at the top and the south wing on the left[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/110px-Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/165px-Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/220px-Plan_of_the_Louvre_with_the_modifications_by_Lescot_-_Berty_1868_after_p168_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="3324" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ground-floor plan of the Renaissance Louvre with the Lescot Wing at the top and the south wing on the left<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West façade of the Lescot Wing c. 1560, elevation drawing by architect Henri Legrand (1868) based on historical documents[30]"><img alt="West façade of the Lescot Wing c. 1560, elevation drawing by architect Henri Legrand (1868) based on historical documents[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/120px-West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/180px-West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/240px-West_facade_of_the_Lescot_wing_by_H_Legrand_-_Berty_1885_v2_after_p56_-_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6108" data-file-height="3174" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">West façade of the Lescot Wing c. 1560, elevation drawing by architect Henri Legrand (1868) based on historical documents<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South façade with the Pavillon du Roi on the left and the southeast tower of the old Louvre on the right (engraved by Israël Silvestre, c. 1650)"><img alt="South façade with the Pavillon du Roi on the left and the southeast tower of the old Louvre on the right (engraved by Israël Silvestre, c. 1650)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg/120px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg/180px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg/240px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-10_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspective_de_la_partie_du_Louure_ou_sont_les_apartemens_du_Roy_et_de_la_Reyne_du_coste_du_Jardin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="502" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">South façade with the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> on the left and the southeast tower of the old Louvre on the right (engraved by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a>, c. 1650)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure,_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Petite Galerie with the south wing on the right (engraved by Silvestre before 1654)"><img alt="View of the Petite Galerie with the south wing on the right (engraved by Silvestre before 1654)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg/120px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg/180px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg/240px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-09_Ve%C3%BCe_et_Perspectiue_de_la_Galerie_du_Louure%2C_dans_laquelle_sont_les_Portraus_des_Roys_des_Reynes_et_des_plus_Illustres_du_Royaume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="492" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Petite Galerie with the south wing on the right (engraved by Silvestre before 1654)</div> </li> </ul> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, France's new king from 1589 (the first from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>) and master of Paris from 1594, is associated with the further articulation of what became known as the Grand Dessein ("Grand Design") of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries in a single building, together with the extension of the eastern courtyard to the current dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>. From early 1595 he directed the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, designed by his competing architects <a href="/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau" title="Louis Métezeau">Louis Métezeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_II_Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau</a>, who are respectively credited with the eastern and western sections of the building by a long tradition of scholarship. This major addition, about 460 meters long, was built along the bank of the Seine. On the ground floor at the eastern end of the new wing, Métezeau created a lavishly decorated room that was known as the Salle des Ambassadeurs or Salle des Antiques, later called Salle d'Auguste and now Salle des Empereurs.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a> At the time, the room on the first floor above, later <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, was known as Grand Salon or Salon du Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 11  Henry IV also had the first floor of the Petite Galerie built up and decorated as the Salle des Peintures, with portraits of the former kings and queens of France.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 12  A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Pourbus_the_Younger" title="Frans Pourbus the Younger">Frans Pourbus the Younger</a>, still in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, is a rare remnant of this series.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Louvre1615.jpg/400px-Louvre1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Louvre1615.jpg/600px-Louvre1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Louvre1615.jpg/800px-Louvre1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> connected by the Grande Galerie to the Renaissance Louvre on <a href="/wiki/Merian_map_of_Paris" title="Merian map of Paris">Merian map of Paris</a>, 1615</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a></div> In 1624, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> initiated the construction on a new building echoing the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> on the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a>, and of a wing further north that would start the quadrupling of the Louvre's courtyard. Architect <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> won the design competition against <a href="/wiki/Jean_Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Jean Androuet du Cerceau">Jean Androuet du Cerceau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_II_M%C3%A9tezeau" title="Clément II Métezeau">Clément II Métezeau</a>, and the son of <a href="/wiki/Salomon_de_Brosse" title="Salomon de Brosse">Salomon de Brosse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 8  The works were stopped in 1628 at a time of hardship for the kingdom and state finances, and only progressed very slowly if at all until 1639. In 1639 Lemercier started a new building campaign during which the Pavillon de l'Horloge was completed. Its second staircase, mirroring Lescot's Grand Degré to the north, was still unfinished when <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a> again interrupted the works in the 1640s, and its decoration has never been completed since then.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 13  At that time, much of the construction (though not the decoration) of the new wing had been completed, but the northern pavilion, or Pavillon de Beauvais, designed by Lemercier similarly as Lescot's <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>, had barely been started. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_du_bois,_porte_Neuve,_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished Grande Galerie and the Tour du Bois (end tower of the Wall of Charles V) in the early 1600s"><img alt="The unfinished Grande Galerie and the Tour du Bois (end tower of the Wall of Charles V) in the early 1600s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg/297px-Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg/445px-Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg/594px-Tour_du_bois%2C_porte_Neuve%2C_le_Louvre_et_la_Seine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8470" data-file-height="5138" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a> and the Tour du Bois (end tower of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V" title="Wall of Charles V">Wall of Charles V</a>) in the early 1600s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pavillon du Roi and Lescot Wing with the rest of the medieval castle still standing, Merian map of Paris (1615)"><img alt="The Pavillon du Roi and Lescot Wing with the rest of the medieval castle still standing, Merian map of Paris (1615)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg/350px-Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg/525px-Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg/700px-Le_chateau_du_Louvre_sur_un_plan_de_1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="588" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> with the rest of the medieval castle still standing, <a href="/wiki/Merian_map_of_Paris" title="Merian map of Paris">Merian map of Paris</a> (1615)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre,_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre,_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle,_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Louvre from the Left Bank, with the Pavillon du Roi and Pavillon de l'Horloge (left) and the medieval Louvre's towers still standing (right), by Israël Silvestre"><img alt="View of the Louvre from the Left Bank, with the Pavillon du Roi and Pavillon de l'Horloge (left) and the medieval Louvre's towers still standing (right), by Israël Silvestre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg/311px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg/467px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg/622px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_Vues_de_Paris_129_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louvre%2C_et_de_la_Porte_de_Nesle%2C_du_cost%C3%A9_du_Fauxbourg_St._Germain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7950" data-file-height="4603" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Louvre from the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Left Bank</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">medieval Louvre</a>'s towers still standing (right), by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Similar view in 1656, by Reinier Nooms"><img alt="Similar view in 1656, by Reinier Nooms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/247px-Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/371px-Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/494px-Zeeman_1656_Louvre_south_facade_%E2%80%93_Gallica_btv1b103031628_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="2302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Similar view in 1656, by <a href="/wiki/Reinier_Nooms" title="Reinier Nooms">Reinier Nooms</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinier_Nooms,_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries,_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods,_plate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pont Rouge (now Pont Royal), Pavillon de Flore and western section of the Grande Galerie with the Tour du Bois still standing in the mid-17th century, by Reinier Nooms"><img alt="The Pont Rouge (now Pont Royal), Pavillon de Flore and western section of the Grande Galerie with the Tour du Bois still standing in the mid-17th century, by Reinier Nooms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg/326px-Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg/488px-Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg/651px-Reinier_Nooms%2C_View_of_the_Louvre_and_the_Tuileries%2C_from_Views_of_Paris_and_Neighborhoods%2C_plate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="1851" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Pont Rouge (now <a href="/wiki/Pont_Royal" title="Pont Royal">Pont Royal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> and western section of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a> with the Tour du Bois still standing in the mid-17th century, by <a href="/wiki/Reinier_Nooms" title="Reinier Nooms">Reinier Nooms</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West façade of the Louvre with Jacques Lemercier's northward extension and the ground-floor walls of Pavillon de Beauvais in the foreground; engraving c.1644 by Israël Silvestre"><img alt="West façade of the Louvre with Jacques Lemercier's northward extension and the ground-floor walls of Pavillon de Beauvais in the foreground; engraving c.1644 by Israël Silvestre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg/329px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg/494px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg/658px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-11_Veue_du_Louure_et_de_la_grande_Galerie_du_cost%C3%A9_des_Offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">West façade of the Louvre with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a>'s northward extension and the ground-floor walls of Pavillon de Beauvais in the foreground; engraving c.1644 by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure,_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lemercier's wing pictured at a later date with the Pavillon de Beauvais completed and the start of the north wing heading east, engraving by Israël Silvestre"><img alt="Lemercier's wing pictured at a later date with the Pavillon de Beauvais completed and the start of the north wing heading east, engraving by Israël Silvestre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg/331px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg/496px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg/661px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_049-08_Veue_et_Perspectiue_du_dedans_du_Louure%2C_faict_du_Regne_de_Louis_XIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="518" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lemercier's wing pictured at a later date with the Pavillon de Beauvais completed and the start of the north wing heading east, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Demolition of the north wing of the old Louvre Castle with the northeast tower still intact, engraving by Israël Silvestre"><img alt="Demolition of the north wing of the old Louvre Castle with the northeast tower still intact, engraving by Israël Silvestre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg/308px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg/462px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg/615px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_051-08_Veu%C3%AB_du_Louure_par_dedans_le_Bastiment_neuf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="556" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demolition of the north wing of the old Louvre Castle with the northeast tower still intact, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre,_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_(Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre)_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre's western façade facing the Tuileries, after Le Vau's 1660s reconstruction of the Petite Galerie, by Israël Silvestre"><img alt="The Louvre's western façade facing the Tuileries, after Le Vau's 1660s reconstruction of the Petite Galerie, by Israël Silvestre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg/309px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg/463px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg/617px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre%2C_La_fa%C3%A7ade_occidentale_du_Louvre_et_les_nouveaux_bat%C3%AEments_de_Levau_%28Cabinet_des_dessins_du_Louvre%29_%E2%80%93_Hautecoeur_1927_planche_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10072" data-file-height="5877" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre's western façade facing the Tuileries, after Le Vau's 1660s reconstruction of the Petite Galerie, by <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Israël Silvestre">Israël Silvestre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_(Marot)_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Salon Carré and the southern end of the Petite Galerie from the south, engraving c.1670 by Jean Marot"><img alt="View of the Salon Carré and the southern end of the Petite Galerie from the south, engraving c.1670 by Jean Marot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg/241px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg/362px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg/482px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_%E2%80%93_Fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_quai_de_l%27extr%C3%A9mit%C3%A9_de_la_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%E2%80%93_Mauban_1944_Fig_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1396" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a> and the southern end of the Petite Galerie from the south, engraving c.1670 by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marot_(architect)" title="Jean Marot (architect)">Jean Marot</a></div> </li> </ul> On the southern side, Lemercier commissioned <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> to decorate the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>. Poussin arrived from Rome in early 1641, but returned to Italy in November 1642 leaving the work unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 41-42 <a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 11  During <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s minority and <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a>, from 1643 to 1652 the Louvre was left empty as the royal family stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> or outside of Paris;<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a> the Grande Galerie served as a wheat warehouse and deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 11-12  On 21 October 1652, the king and the court ceremonially re-entered the Louvre and made it their residence again, initiating a new burst of construction that would last to the late 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier5-31">[31]</a> Meanwhile <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> as <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">queen mother</a> before her, inhabited the ground-floor apartment in the Cour Carrée's southern wing. She extended it to the ground floor of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a>, which had previously been the venue for the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">King's Council</a><a href="#cite_note-Aulanier5-31">[31]</a>: 16  That "summer apartment" was fitted by architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>, who had succeeded Lemercier upon the latter's death in 1654.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 44  The ceilings, decorated in 1655–1658 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli" title="Giovanni Francesco Romanelli">Giovanni Francesco Romanelli</a> who had been recommended by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier5-31">[31]</a>: 19  are still extant in the suite of rooms now known as the Appartement d'été d'Anne d'Autriche. In 1659, Louis XIV instigated a new phase of construction under Le Vau and painter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-32">[32]</a> Le Vau oversaw the remodeling and completion of the Tuileries Palace, and at the Louvre, the completion of the walls of the north wing and of the eastern half of the south wing. By 1660 the Pavillon de Beauvais and the western half of the northern wing had been completed;<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 51  in October of that year, most of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a> was demolished to make way for the completion of the Cour Carrée. On the courtyard's southern side the Pavillon des Arts was completed in 1663, with a design by Le Vau that echoed that of the Pavillon de l'Horloge.<a href="#cite_note-Bresc-33">[33]</a>: 49  Most of the northern wing was completed in the mid-1660s, though without a salient central pavilion as had been built on the west and south (Pavillon de l'Horloge, Pavillon des Arts) or on the southwestern and northwestern corners (Pavillon du Roi, Pavillon de Beauvais). On 6 February 1661, a fire destroyed the attic of the Grand Salon and much of the Salle des Peintures in the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a> (though not Anne of Austria's ground-floor apartment). Le Vau was tasked by Louis XIV to lead the reconstruction. He rebuilt the Petite Galerie as the more ornate <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>, created a new suite of rooms flanking it to the west (the Grand Cabinet du Roi, later Escalier Percier et Fontaine) with a new façade on what became known as the Cour de la Reine (later Cour de l'Infante, Cour du Musée, and now Cour du Sphinx), and expanded the former Grand Salon on the northern side as well as making it double-height, creating the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a> in its current dimensions. <a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 13  From 1668 to 1678 the Grande Galerie was also decorated with wood panelling, even though that work was left unfinished. The <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, however, was still undecorated when the court left for Versailles in the late 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 14  Meanwhile, landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> redesigned the Tuileries, first created in 1564 in the Italian style, as a <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Edwards198-34">[34]</a> The other major project of the 1660s was to create the Louvre's façade towards the city and thus complete the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> on its eastern side. It involved a convoluted process, with the king's minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> first sidelining Le Vau and then summoning <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> from Italy. Bernini stayed in Paris from 2 June to 20 October 1665,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but none of his five<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> striking designs gained approval, even though some building works started on their basis.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Eventually a committee comprising Le Vau, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a> produced a symmetrical and classical design featuring a giant <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> colonnade with paired columns and a balustrade running along the flat line of the roof. Works started in 1667 and the exterior structures were largely completed by 1674,<a href="#cite_note-Berger-32">[32]</a>: 48  but would not be fully decorated and roofed until the early 19th century under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 36  The definitive design of the east façade is attributed to Perrault, who made the final alterations needed to accommodate a decision to double the width of the south wing. He designed the new south façade, making it more compatible with the east facade and covering Le Vau's original south facade.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 36  Perrault redesigned the north wing's city-side facade,<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 36  and is thought to have been at least partly responsible for an important alteration to the design of the north, east, and south facades facing the courtyard of the Cour Carrée: the addition of a full third story with pilasters surmounted by a balustrade, very unlike Lescot's attic story to the west.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 37  This change was not completed until the first decade of the 19th century (see below).<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 38  The works at the Louvre stopped in the late 1670s as the king redirected all construction budgets at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, despite his minister Colbert's insistence on completing the Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 60  Louis XIV had already left the Louvre from the beginning of 1666, immediately after the death of his mother <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a> in her ground-floor apartment, and would never reside there again, preferring Versailles, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Vincennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, or if he had to be in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 27-28  From the 1680s a new era started for the Louvre, with comparatively little external construction and fragmentation of its interior spaces across a variety of different uses. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 500px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 498px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claude Perrault's design for the north façade, engraved by Jacques-François Blondel"><img alt="Claude Perrault's design for the north façade, engraved by Jacques-François Blondel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg/747px-Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg" decoding="async" width="498" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg/1120px-Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg/1493px-Louvre_-_%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rue_St_Honor%C3%A9_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="24571" data-file-height="8888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>'s design for the north façade, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blondel" title="Jacques-François Blondel">Jacques-François Blondel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 518px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 516px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_(Marot)_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre,_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Le Vau's design for the South façade, c.1660, engraved by Jean Marot"><img alt="Louis Le Vau's design for the South façade, c.1660, engraved by Jean Marot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg/774px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="516" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg/1160px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg/1547px-L%27Architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_%28Marot%29_BnF_RES-V-371_173v-f378_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Louvre%2C_Face_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_avant_quelle_fut_doubl%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8357" data-file-height="2919" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>'s design for the South façade, c.1660, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marot_(architect)" title="Jean Marot (architect)">Jean Marot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665,_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From 1660 to 1663, Louis Le Vau extended the south wing by duplicating Lescot's austere terminal pavilion and wing but providing an original central pavilion with a colossal order of engaged Corinthian columns rising from the ground[32]: 11–12 (detail from an engraving by Jan van Huchtenburg after Adam Frans van der Meulen)"><img alt="From 1660 to 1663, Louis Le Vau extended the south wing by duplicating Lescot's austere terminal pavilion and wing but providing an original central pavilion with a colossal order of engaged Corinthian columns rising from the ground[32]: 11–12 (detail from an engraving by Jan van Huchtenburg after Adam Frans van der Meulen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg/496px-South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg/744px-South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg/992px-South_facade_of_the_Louvre_by_Le_Vau_about_1665%2C_detail_from_a_painting_by_Van_der_Meulen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">From 1660 to 1663, Louis Le Vau extended the south wing by duplicating Lescot's austere terminal pavilion and wing but providing an original central pavilion with a <a href="/wiki/Colossal_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal order">colossal order</a> of engaged <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian columns">Corinthian columns</a> rising from the ground<a href="#cite_note-Berger-32">[32]</a>: 11–12  (detail from an engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Huchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a> after <a href="/wiki/Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen" title="Adam Frans van der Meulen">Adam Frans van der Meulen</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 368.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 366.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_(detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf)_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from a 1763 painting by Raguenet showing the south wing with its new façade. The new rows of rooms added behind the new facade in front of Le Vau's older facade remained unroofed, and the topmost stories and steep-pitched roofs of the old pavilions had not yet been removed."><img alt="Detail from a 1763 painting by Raguenet showing the south wing with its new façade. The new rows of rooms added behind the new facade in front of Le Vau's older facade remained unroofed, and the topmost stories and steep-pitched roofs of the old pavilions had not yet been removed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg/550px-Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="367" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg/824px-Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg/1099px-Raguenet_%E2%80%93_View_of_the_old_Louvre_in_1763_%28detail_from_A_View_of_Paris_from_the_Pont_Neuf%29_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="741" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from a 1763 painting by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste_Raguenet" title="Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet">Raguenet</a> showing the south wing with its new façade. The new rows of rooms added behind the new facade in front of Le Vau's older facade remained unroofed, and the topmost stories and steep-pitched roofs of the old pavilions had not yet been removed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3888ParigiLouvre.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="East wing of the Louvre (constructed 1667–1674),[32]: 48 one of the most influential classical façades ever built in Europe, as it appeared in 2009"><img alt="East wing of the Louvre (constructed 1667–1674),[32]: 48 one of the most influential classical façades ever built in Europe, as it appeared in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/3888ParigiLouvre.JPG/360px-3888ParigiLouvre.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/3888ParigiLouvre.JPG/540px-3888ParigiLouvre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/3888ParigiLouvre.JPG/720px-3888ParigiLouvre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/East_wing_of_the_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="East wing of the Louvre">East wing of the Louvre</a> (constructed 1667–1674),<a href="#cite_note-Berger-32">[32]</a>: 48  one of the most influential classical façades ever built in Europe, as it appeared in 2009</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg/200px-Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg/300px-Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg/400px-Palais_du_Louvre_on_the_map_of_Turgot_1739_-_Kyoto_U.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Louvre on the <a href="/wiki/Turgot_map_of_Paris" title="Turgot map of Paris">Turgot map of Paris</a> (1739) showing the unfinished wings of the Cour Carrée and new constructions in its midst</figcaption></figure> After the definitive departure of the royal court for Versailles in 1682, the Louvre became occupied by multiple individuals and organizations, either by royal favor or simply <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a>. Its tenants included the <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria of Spain</a> during her stay in Paris in the early 1720s,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 18  artists, craftsmen, the Academies, and various royal officers. For example, in 1743 courtier and author <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Bonneval" title="Michel de Bonneval">Michel de Bonneval</a> was granted the right to refurbish much of the wing between the Pavillon des Arts and the Pavillon Sud-Est into his own house on his own expense, including 28 rooms on the ground floor and two mezzanine levels, and an own entrance on the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>. After Bonneval's death in 1766 his family was able to keep the house for a few more years. <a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 12  Some new houses were even erected in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>, but were eventually torn down on the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Marigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Marigny">Marquis de Marigny</a> in early 1756. A follow-up 1758 decision led to the clearance of buildings on most of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Louvre" title="Place du Louvre">Place du Louvre</a> in front of the Colonnade, except for the remaining parts of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a> which were preserved for a few more years.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 16  Marigny had ambitious plans for the completion of the Cour Carrée, but their execution was cut short in the late 1750s by the adverse developments of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> in 1759 led the demolition of the upper structures of Le Vau's dome above the Pavillon des Arts,<a href="#cite_note-GF-39">[39]</a>: 33  whose chimneys were in poor condition,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 75  and designed the northern and eastern passageways (guichets) of the Cour Carrée in the late 1750s.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 74 <a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 68  The southern Guichet des Arts was designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Br%C3%A9bion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilien Brébion (page does not exist)">Maximilien Brébion</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Br%C3%A9bion" class="extiw" title="fr:Maximilien Brébion">fr</a>] in 1779<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 69  and completed in 1780.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 15  Three arched guichets were also opened in 1760 under the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, through the Pavillon Lesdiguières and immediately to its west.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 43  The 1790s were a time of turmoil for the Louvre as for the rest of France. On 5 October 1789, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and his court were forced to return from Versailles and settled in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>; many courtiers moved into the Louvre. Many of these in turn emigrated during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and more artists swiftly moved into their vacated Louvre apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 15-16  <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the Louvre's first floor in 1756, by Jacques-François Blondel, showing uninhabitable and generally unroofed areas shaded (marked "A")"><img alt="Plan of the Louvre's first floor in 1756, by Jacques-François Blondel, showing uninhabitable and generally unroofed areas shaded (marked "A")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg/289px-Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg/433px-Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg/577px-Louvre_-_Plan_du_premier_%C3%A9tage_-_Architecture_fran%C3%A7oise_Tome4_Livre6_Pl6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10351" data-file-height="9688" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the Louvre's first floor in 1756, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blondel" title="Jacques-François Blondel">Jacques-François Blondel</a>, showing uninhabitable and generally unroofed areas shaded (marked "A")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Demolition of the remaining buildings of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon in front of the Louvre, c.1760, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, Musée Carnavalet"><img alt="Demolition of the remaining buildings of the Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon in front of the Louvre, c.1760, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, Musée Carnavalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg/343px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg/515px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg/686px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_Clearing_the_Area_in_front_of_the_Louvre_Colonnade_-_Paris_Museum_Collections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4578" data-file-height="3603" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demolition of the remaining buildings of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a> in front of the Louvre, c.1760, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy" title="Pierre-Antoine Demachy">Pierre-Antoine Demachy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another view of the demolitions in front of the Colonnade, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, 1764"><img alt="Another view of the demolitions in front of the Colonnade, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, 1764" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/347px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/521px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/694px-Pierre-Antoine_Demachy_-_D%C3%A9gagement_de_la_colonnade_du_Louvre_-_P88_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3111" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another view of the demolitions in front of the Colonnade, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Demachy" title="Pierre-Antoine Demachy">Pierre-Antoine Demachy</a>, 1764</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a></div> In December 1804, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre Fontaine</a> as architect of the Tuileries and the Louvre. Fontaine had forged a strong professional bond with his slightly younger colleague <a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a> Between 1805 and 1810 <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> completed the works of the Cour Carrée that had been left unfinished since the 1670s, despite Marigny's repairs around 1760. They opted to equalize its northern and southern wing with an <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a> modeled on the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Colonnade wing</a>, thus removing the existing second-floor ornamentation and sculptures, of which some were by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Goujon" title="Jean Goujon">Jean Goujon</a> and his workshop.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The Cour Carrée and Colonnade wing were completed in 1808–1809,<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 21-22  and <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> created the monumental staircase on the latter's southern and northern ends between 1807 and 1811.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 17  Percier and Fontaine also created the monumental decoration of most of the ground-floor rooms around the Cour Carrée, most of which still retain it, including their renovation of Jean Goujon's Salle des Caryatides.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 19  On the first floor, they recreated the former Salle Haute of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, which had been partitioned in the 18th century, and gave it double height by creating a visitors' gallery in what had formerly been the Lescot Wing's attic.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier3-10">[10]</a>: 11  Further west, Percier and Fontaine created the monumental entrance for the Louvre Museum (called Musée Napoléon since 1804). This opened from what was at the time called the Place du Louvre, abutting the Lescot Wing to the west, into the Rotonde de Mars, the monumental room at the northern end of the Appartement d'été d'Anne d'Autriche. The entrance door was dominated by a colossal bronze head of the Emperor by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Bartolini" title="Lorenzo Bartolini">Lorenzo Bartolini</a>, installed in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-Bresc-33">[33]</a>: 79  Visitors could either visit the classical antiquities collection (Musée des Antiques) in Anne of Austria's rooms or in the redecorated ground floor of the Cour Carrée's southern wing to the left, or they could turn right and access Percier and Fontaine's new monumental staircase, leading to both the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a> and the Rotonde d'Apollon (formerly Salon du Dôme<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 48 ) on the first floor (replaced in the 1850s by the <a href="/wiki/Escalier_Daru" title="Escalier Daru">Escalier Daru</a>). The two architects also remade the interior design of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, in which they created nine sections separated by groups of monumental columns, and a system of roof lighting with lateral <a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">skylights</a>. On the eastern front of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, Percier and Fontaine had the existing buildings cleared away to create a vast open space, the <a href="/wiki/Cour_du_Carrousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour du Carrousel">Cour du Carrousel</a>, which they had closed with an iron fence in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 87  Somewhat ironically, the clearance effort was facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Plot_of_the_rue_Saint-Nicaise" title="Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise">Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise</a>, a failed bomb attack on Napoleon on 24 December 1800, which damaged many of the neighborhood's building that were later demolished without compensation. In the middle of the Cour du Carrousel, the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a> was erected in 1806–1808 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s military victories. On 10 April 1810, Percier and Fontaine's plan for the completion of the Grand Dessein of uniting the Louvre and the Tuileries was approved, following a design competition among forty-seven participants.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 88  Works started immediately afterwards to build an entirely new wing starting from the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a>, with the intent to expand it all the way to the Pavillon de Beauvais on the northwestern corner of the Cour Carrée. By the end of Napoleon's rule the works had progressed up to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_l%27%C3%89chelle_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de l'Échelle (Paris) (page does not exist)">rue de l'Échelle</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_l%27%C3%89chelle_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue de l'Échelle (Paris)">fr</a>]. The architectural design of the southern façade of that wing replicated that attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_II_Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau</a> for the western section of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One version of Percier and Fontaine's plan for uniting the Louvre and Tuileries"><img alt="One version of Percier and Fontaine's plan for uniting the Louvre and Tuileries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg/199px-Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg/298px-Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg/398px-Percier_Fontaine_Louvre_Tuileries_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1545" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One version of Percier and Fontaine's plan for uniting the Louvre and Tuileries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the west . Inspiration for the later Visconti work."><img alt="Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the west . Inspiration for the later Visconti work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg/440px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg/660px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg/879px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the west . Inspiration for the later Visconti work.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 283.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the east (c. 1809). Inspiration for the later Visconti work."><img alt="Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the east (c. 1809). Inspiration for the later Visconti work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg/425px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg/638px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg/850px-Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1812" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percier and Fontaine's perspective of the proposed Louvre viewed from the east (c. 1809). Inspiration for the later Visconti work.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_de_Paris_(Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre),_dessin,_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1,_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/1000px-Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/1500px-Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg/2000px-Panorama_de_Paris_%28Des_Tuileries_%C3%A0_la_Grande_Galerie_du_Louvre%29%2C_dessin%2C_BnF_Destailleur_Paris_t1%2C_27_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2013_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7446" data-file-height="3295" /></a><figcaption>The Louvre viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a>, anonymous drawing held at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, 1828</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> were retained by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 19  and kept working on the decoration projects they had started under Napoleon. The Escalier du Midi was opened to the public on 25 August 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 19  But there were no further budget allocations for the completion of the Louvre Palace during the reigns of Louis XVIII, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I">Louis-Philippe I</a>, while the kings resided in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a>. By 1825, Percier and Fontaine's northern wing had only been built up to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_Rohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de Rohan (page does not exist)">rue de Rohan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_de_Rohan" class="extiw" title="fr:rue de Rohan">fr</a>],<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 89  and made no progress in the following 25 years. Further attempts at budget appropriations to complete the Louvre, led by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> in 1833 and again in 1840, were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 94  From the early days of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a>, a greater level of ambition for the Louvre was again signaled. On 24 March 1848, the provisional government published an order that renamed the Louvre as the Palais du Peuple ("People's Palace") and heralded the project to complete it and dedicate it to the exhibition of art and industry as well as the National Library. In a February 1849 speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> described the project as making the Louvre into a focal point for world culture, which he referred to a "Mecca of intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bresc-33">[33]</a>: 139  During the Republic's brief existence, the palace was extensively restored by Louvre architect <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Duban" title="Félix Duban">Félix Duban</a>, especially the exterior façades of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_Galerie_du_Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite Galerie du Louvre (page does not exist)">Petite Galerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, on which Duban designed the ornate portal now known as Porte Barbet-de-Jouy.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 96  Meanwhile, Duban restored or completed several of the Louvre's main interior spaces, especially the salle des Sept-Cheminées, <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, which Prince-President <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a> inaugurated on 5 June 1851<a href="#cite_note-Bresc-33">[33]</a>: 102  Expropriation arrangements were made for the completion of the Louvre and the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>, and the remaining buildings that cluttered the space that is now the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a> were cleared away.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier4-42">[42]</a>: 10 . No new buildings had been started, however, by the time of the <a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">December 1851 coup d'état</a>. On this basis, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III was able to finally unite the Louvre with the Tuileries</a> in a single, coherent building complex.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier4-42">[42]</a> The plan of the Louvre's expansion were made by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a>, a disciple of Percier, who died suddenly in December 1853 and was succeeded in early 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a>. Lefuel developed Visconti's plan into a higher and more ornate building concept, and executed it at record speed so that the "Nouveau Louvre" was inaugurated by the Emperor on 14 August 1857. The new buildings were arranged around the space then called Place Napoléon-III, later Square du Louvre and, since the 20th century, Cour Napoléon. Before his death, Visconti also had time to rearrange the Louvre's gardens outside the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>, namely the Jardin de l'Infante to the south, the Jardin de la Colonnade to the east and the Jardin de l'Oratoire to the north, and also designed the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Orangerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Jeu de Paume</a> on the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 98  In the 1860s, Lefuel also demolished the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> and nearly half of the Grande Galerie, and reconstructed them on a modified design that included the passageway known as the Guichet de l'Empereur (later Porte du Sud, now Porte des Lions), a new Pavillon des Sessions for state functions, and the monumental Guichets du Carrousel replacing those created in 1760 near the Pavillon Lesdiguières. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> on 23 May 1871, the Tuileries Palace was burned down, as also was the Louvre Imperial Library in what is now the Richelieu Wing. The rest of palace, including the museum, was saved by the efforts of troopers, firemen and museum curators.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the 1870s, the ever-resourceful Lefuel led the repairs to the Pavillon de Flore between 1874 and 1879, reconstructed the wing that had hosted the Louvre Library between 1873 and 1875,<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 70  and the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a> between 1874 and 1879.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aulanier11-45">[45]</a> In 1877, a bronze Genius of Arts by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Merci%C3%A9" title="Antonin Mercié">Antonin Mercié</a> was installed in the place of <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye" title="Antoine-Louis Barye">Antoine-Louis Barye</a>'s equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, which had been toppled in September 1870. Meanwhile, the fate of the Tuileries' ruins kept being debated. Both Lefuel and influential architect <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> advocated their preservation and the building reconstruction, but after the latter died in 1879 and Lefuel in 1880, the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> opted to erase that memory of the former monarchy. The final decision was made in 1882 and executed in 1883, thus forever changing the Louvre's layout. Later projects to rebuild the Tuileries have resurfaced intermittently but never went very far. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre,_in_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Salon held in 1831 in the eponymous Salon Carré, painted by Nicolas Sébastien Maillot [fr] and showing Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa in the middle"><img alt="The Salon held in 1831 in the eponymous Salon Carré, painted by Nicolas Sébastien Maillot [fr] and showing Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg/291px-The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg/437px-The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg/582px-The_Medusa_shown_at_the_Louvre%2C_in_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Salon held in 1831 in the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, painted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_S%C3%A9bastien_Maillot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Sébastien Maillot (page does not exist)">Nicolas Sébastien Maillot</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_S%C3%A9bastien_Maillot" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicolas Sébastien Maillot">fr</a>] and showing <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ricault" class="mw-redirect" title="Géricault">Géricault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa" title="The Raft of the Medusa">The Raft of the Medusa</a> in the middle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Petite_Galerie,_Louvre_Museum,_Paris_February_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The eastern façade of the Petite Galerie following its extensive exterior restoration by Félix Duban"><img alt="The eastern façade of the Petite Galerie following its extensive exterior restoration by Félix Duban" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg/396px-Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg/595px-Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg/792px-Petite_Galerie%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_February_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="2006" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The eastern façade of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a> following its extensive exterior restoration by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Duban" title="Félix Duban">Félix Duban</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Demolition of the last buildings on the Place du Carrousel in 1852, with the Tuileries Palace and the Pavillon de Marsan in the background"><img alt="Demolition of the last buildings on the Place du Carrousel in 1852, with the Tuileries Palace and the Pavillon de Marsan in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg/322px-Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg/484px-Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg/644px-Demolition_of_houses_for_the_Place_du_Carrousel_in_1852_%E2%80%93_Christ_1949_Fig134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1858" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demolition of the last buildings on the Place du Carrousel in 1852, with the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a> in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North (Richelieu) Wing under construction, with the Pavillon de Flore and the Tuileries in the background"><img alt="The North (Richelieu) Wing under construction, with the Pavillon de Flore and the Tuileries in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg/288px-%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg/433px-%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg/576px-%C3%89tat_actuel_de_la_place_du_Carrousel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5412" data-file-height="4230" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North (Richelieu) Wing under construction, with the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> and the Tuileries in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_Richelieu,_the_Louvre,_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The brand-new Pavillon Richelieu photographed in the late 1850s"><img alt="The brand-new Pavillon Richelieu photographed in the late 1850s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg/164px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg/247px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg/329px-Pavillon_Richelieu%2C_the_Louvre%2C_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1844" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The brand-new Pavillon Richelieu photographed in the late 1850s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tuileries Palace was set afire by the Communards during the suppression of the Paris Commune in May 1871"><img alt="The Tuileries Palace was set afire by the Communards during the suppression of the Paris Commune in May 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg/325px-Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg/489px-Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Tuileries_Palace_in_1871_after_the_burning_during_the_fights_of_the_Commune_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="443" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tuileries Palace was set afire by the Communards during the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> in May 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuileries_Palace;_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tuileries (left) and Pavillon de Flore (right) damaged after the 1871 fire, showing the greater damage to the former than to the latter"><img alt="The Tuileries (left) and Pavillon de Flore (right) damaged after the 1871 fire, showing the greater damage to the former than to the latter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png/294px-Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png/442px-Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png/588px-Tuileries_Palace%3B_Pavillon_de_Flore_WDL1252.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tuileries (left) and Pavillon de Flore (right) damaged after the 1871 fire, showing the greater damage to the former than to the latter</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gambetta%27s_monument,_Paris,_France,_ca._1890-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg/220px-Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg/330px-Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg/440px-Gambetta%27s_monument%2C_Paris%2C_France%2C_ca._1890-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>The Gambetta monument in the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> A tall <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Gambetta_Monument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Gambetta Monument (page does not exist)">monument to Léon Gambetta</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_%C3%A0_L%C3%A9on_Gambetta_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Monument à Léon Gambetta (Paris)">fr</a>] was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in front of the two gardens on what is now the Cour Napoléon. That initiative carried heavy political symbolism, since <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a> was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic, and his outsized celebration in the middle of Napoleon III's landmark thus affirmed the final victory of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a> nearly a century after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Most of the monument's sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupying forces</a>. What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre</a></div> Some long unfinished parts of Lefuel's expansion were only completed in the early 20th century, such as the Decorative Arts Museum in the Marsan Wing, by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Redon" title="Gaston Redon">Gaston Redon</a>, and the arch between the Escalier Mollien and Salle Mollien, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Auguste_Blavette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Auguste Blavette (page does not exist)">Victor-Auguste Blavette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor-Auguste_Blavette" class="extiw" title="fr:Victor-Auguste Blavette">fr</a>] and built in 1910–1914.<a href="#cite_note-Bresc-33">[33]</a>: 122  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Courtyard,_Looking_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/300px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/450px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg/600px-Louvre_Courtyard%2C_Looking_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15359" data-file-height="5730" /></a><figcaption>The Napoleon Courtyard, with Ieoh Ming Pei's pyramid in its center, at dusk</figcaption></figure> Aside from the interior refurbishment of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> in the 1960s, there was little change to the Louvre's architecture during most of the 20th century. The most notable was the initiative taken in 1964 by minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> to excavate and reveal the basement level of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>, thus removing the Jardin de la Colonnade and giving the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Louvre" title="Place du Louvre">Place du Louvre</a> its current shape.<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> In September 1981, newly elected French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre</a> plan to move the Finance Ministry out of the Richelieu Wing, allowing the museum to expand dramatically. American architect <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> was awarded the project and in late 1983 proposed a modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard. The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> and its underground lobby, the Hall Napoléon, opened to the public on 29 March 1989.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A second phase of the Grand Louvre project, completed in 1993, created underground space below the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a> to accommodate car parks, multi-purpose exhibition halls and a shopping mall named <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a>. Daylight is provided at the intersection of its axes by the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Louvre Inverted Pyramid</a> (la pyramide inversée), "a humorous reference to its bigger, right-side-up sister upstairs."<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-23">[23]</a>: 41  The Louvre's new spaces in the reconstructed Richelieu Wing were near-simultaneously inaugurated in November 1993. The third phase of the Grand Louvre, mostly executed by the late 1990s, involved the refurbishment of the museum's galleries in the Sully and Denon Wings where much exhibition space had been freed during the project second phase. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (May 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The renovation of the Carrousel Garden was also completed in 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Whereas the name "Louvre Palace" refers to its intermittent role as a monarchical residence, this is neither its original nor its present function. The Louvre has always been associated with French state power and representation, under many modalities that have varied within the vast building and across its long history. <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> thus captured something of the long-term identity of the Louvre when they described it in 1833 as "viewed as the shrine of [French] monarchy, now much less devoted to the usual residence of the sovereign than to the great state functions, pomp, festivities, solennities and public ceremonies."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Except at the very beginning of its existence, as a fortress, and at the very end (nearly exclusively) as a museum building, the Louvre Palace has continuously hosted a variety of different activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_facility">Military facility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military facility">edit</a>]</div> The Louvre started as a military facility and retained military uses during most of its history. The initial rationale in 1190 for building a reinforced fortress on the western end of the new fortifications of Paris was the lingering threat of English-held <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>. After the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V" title="Wall of Charles V">Wall of Charles V</a>, the Louvre was still part of the defensive arrangements for the city, as the wall continued along the Seine between it and the Tour du Bois farther west, but it was no longer on the frontline. In the next centuries, there was no rationale for specific defenses of the Louvre against foreign invasion, but the palace long retained defensive features such as moats to guard against the political troubles that regularly engulfed Paris. The Louvre hosted a significant <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a> in the 15th and most of the 16th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 11  until its transfer in 1572 to the facility that is now the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 24  From 1697 on, the French state's collection of <a href="/wiki/Plan-relief" title="Plan-relief">plans-reliefs</a> was stored in the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, of which it occupied all the space by 1754 with about 120 items placed on wooden tables.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 16  The plans-reliefs were used to study and prepare defensive and offensive siege operations of the fortified cities and strongholds they represented. In 1777, as plans started being made to create a museum in the Grande Galerie, the plans-reliefs were removed to the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a>, where most of them are still displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Plans-Reliefs" title="Musée des Plans-Reliefs">Musée des Plans-Reliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Meanwhile, a collection of models of ships and navy yards, initially started by naval engineer <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau" title="Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau">Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a>, was displayed between 1752 and 1793 in a Salle de Marine next to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a>'s rooms on the first floor of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>. That collection later formed the core of the maritime museum created in 1827, which remained at the Louvre until 1943 and is now the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">Musée national de la Marine</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>, the new building program included barracks for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_III)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)">Imperial Guard</a> in the new North (Richelieu) Wing,<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 35  and for the <a href="/wiki/Cent-gardes_Squadron" title="Cent-gardes Squadron">Cent-gardes Squadron</a> in the South (Denon) Wing.<a href="#cite_note-Galignani-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_apex">Feudal apex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Feudal apex">edit</a>]</div> The round keep of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a>'s Louvre Castle became the symbolic location from which all the king's <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> depended. The traditional formula for these, that they "depended on the king for his great keep of the Louvre" (relevant du roi à cause de sa grosse tour du Louvre) remained in use until the 18th century, long after the keep itself had been demolished in the 1520s.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archive">Archive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archive">edit</a>]</div> Philip II also created a permanent repository for the royal archive at the Louvre, following the loss of the French kings' previously itinerant records at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fr%C3%A9teval" title="Battle of Fréteval">Battle of Fréteval</a> (1194). That archive, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_des_Chartes" title="Trésor des Chartes">Trésor des Chartes</a>, was relocated under <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> in 1231. A number of state archives were again lodged in the Louvre's vacant spaces in the 18th century, e.g. the minutes of the Conseil des Finances in the attic of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>, and the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">Conseil du Roi</a> in several ground-floor rooms in the late 1720s.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68  The kingdom's diplomatic archives were kept in the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a> until their transfer to Versailles in 1763, after which the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Maison_du_Roi" title="Maison du Roi">Maison du Roi</a> and of the Bureau de la Ville de Paris soon took their place. In 1770, the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Chambre_des_Comptes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambre des Comptes">Chambre des Comptes</a> were placed in the Louvre's attic, followed by the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Marshals_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshals of France">Marshals of France</a> in 1778 and those of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> in 1780.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 76  In 1825, after the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a> had been relocated to the Lemercier Wing, its archives were moved to the entresol below the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, near the Bibliothèque du Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 90  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison">Prison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prison">edit</a>]</div> The Louvre became a high-profile prison in the immediate aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a> in July 1214, as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Ferdinand, Count of Flanders">Ferdinand, Count of Flanders</a> was taken into captivity by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a>. Ferdinand stayed there for 12 years. Other celebrity inmates included <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_IV_de_Coucy" title="Enguerrand IV de Coucy">Enguerrand IV de Coucy</a> in 1259,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy of Flanders">Guy of Flanders</a> in 1304, Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guichard_de_Troyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guichard de Troyes (page does not exist)">Guichard de Troyes</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guichard_de_Troyes" class="extiw" title="fr:Guichard de Troyes">fr</a>] in 1308–1313, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Louis I, Count of Flanders">Louis de Dampierre</a> in 1310, <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_de_Marigny" title="Enguerrand de Marigny">Enguerrand de Marigny</a> in 1314,<a href="#cite_note-Vidal-51">[51]</a>: 126  <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a> in 1341–1345, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II of Navarre</a> in 1356,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 5  and <a href="/wiki/Jean_III_de_Grailly" title="Jean III de Grailly">Jean III de Grailly</a> from 1372 to his death there in 1375.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 8  The Louvre was reserved for high-ranking prisoners, while other state captives were held in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Grand Châtelet">Grand Châtelet</a>. Its use as a prison declined after the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> in the 1370s, but was not ended: for example, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Chabannes" title="Antoine de Chabannes">Antoine de Chabannes</a> was held at the Louvre in 1462–1463, <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="John II, Duke of Alençon">John II, Duke of Alençon</a> in 1474–1476, and <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Dori" title="Leonora Dori">Leonora Dori</a> in 1617 upon the assassination of her husband <a href="/wiki/Concino_Concini" title="Concino Concini">Concino Concini</a> at the Louvre's entrance following <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>'s orders.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 38  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasury">Treasury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Treasury">edit</a>]</div> Under Philip II and his immediate successors, the royal treasure was kept in the Paris precinct of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, located at the present-day <a href="/wiki/Square_du_Temple" title="Square du Temple">Square du Temple</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> created a second treasury at the Louvre, whose first documented evidence dates from 1296.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">suppression of the Templars' Order</a> by the same Philip IV in the early 14th century, the Louvre became the sole location of the king's treasury in Paris, which remained there in various forms until the late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 5  In the 16th century, following the reorganization into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%A9sor_de_l%27%C3%89pargne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trésor de l'Épargne (page does not exist)">Trésor de l'Épargne</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sorier_de_l%27%C3%89pargne" class="extiw" title="fr:Trésorier de l'Épargne">fr</a>] in 1523, it was kept in one of the remaining medieval towers of the Louvre Castle, with a dedicated guard.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 14  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_of_worship">Place of worship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Place of worship">edit</a>]</div> By contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> with its soaring <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, the religious function was never particularly prominent at the Louvre. The royal household used the nearby <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Babelon-1">[1]</a> A chapel of modest size was built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> in the 1230s in the western wing, whose footprint remains in the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s lower main room. In the 1580s, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> projected to build a large chapel and then a convent in the space between the Louvre and the Seine, but only managed to demolish some of the existing structures on that spot.<a href="#cite_note-GF-39">[39]</a>: 21  At the time when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> resided at the Louvre, a new chapel was established on the first floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a> and consecrated on 18 February 1659 as Our Lady of Peace and of Saint Louis, the reference to peace being made in the context of negotiation with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> that resulted later that year in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier9-27">[27]</a>: 17  This room was of double height, including what is now the pavilion's second floor (or attic). In 1915, the Louvre's architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Auguste_Blavette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Auguste Blavette (page does not exist)">Victor-Auguste Blavette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor-Auguste_Blavette" class="extiw" title="fr:Victor-Auguste Blavette">fr</a>] considered restoring that volume to its original height of more than 12 meters, but did not complete that plan.<a href="#cite_note-charpente-53">[53]</a> On 2 April 1810, <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a> temporarily redecorated and converted into a chapel for the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of Austria">Marie Louise of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Meanwhile, in planning the Louvre's expansion and reunion with the Tuileries, Napoleon insisted that a major church should be part of the complex. In 1810 Percier and Fontaine made plans to build it on the northern side of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>. Its entrance would have been through a new protruding structure now known as the Rotonde de Beauvais, facing the symmetrical entrance of the Louvre museum on the southern side in the Rotonde d'Apolon. The church was to be dedicated to Saint Napoleon, a hitherto obscure figure promoted by Napoleon as patron saint of his incipient dynasty (Napoleon also instituted a national holiday on his birthday on 15 August and called it the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Napol%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Napoléon (page does not exist)">Saint-Napoléon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Napol%C3%A9on" class="extiw" title="fr:Saint-Napoléon">fr</a>]). It was intended to "equal in greatness and magnificence that of the Château de Versailles" (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Chapels_of_Versailles" title="Chapels of Versailles">Palace Chapel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Percier and Fontaine initiated work on the Rotonde de Beauvais, which was completed during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>, but the construction of the main church building was never started. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_of_national_representation">Home of national representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Home of national representation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyre_Menipp%C3%A9e_de_la_vertu_du_catholicon_d%27Espagne,_et_de_la_tenue_des_etats_de_Paris._A_laquelle_est_ajo%C3%BBt%C3%A9_un_Discours_sur_l%27interpr%C3%A9tation_du_mot_de_Higuerio_del_infierno,_and_qui_en_est_l%27auteur._(14592338047).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satyre_Menipp%C3%A9e_de_la_vertu_du_catholicon_d%27Espagne%2C_et_de_la_tenue_des_etats_de_Paris._A_laquelle_est_ajo%C3%BBt%C3%A9_un_Discours_sur_l%27interpr%C3%A9tation_du_mot_de_Higuerio_del_infierno%2C_and_qui_en_est_l%27auteur._%2814592338047%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satyre_Menipp%C3%A9e_de_la_vertu_du_catholicon_d%27Espagne%2C_et_de_la_tenue_des_etats_de_Paris._A_laquelle_est_ajo%C3%BBt%C3%A9_un_Discours_sur_l%27interpr%C3%A9tation_du_mot_de_Higuerio_del_infierno%2C_and_qui_en_est_l%27auteur._%2814592338047%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satyre_Menipp%C3%A9e_de_la_vertu_du_catholicon_d%27Espagne%2C_et_de_la_tenue_des_etats_de_Paris._A_laquelle_est_ajo%C3%BBt%C3%A9_un_Discours_sur_l%27interpr%C3%A9tation_du_mot_de_Higuerio_del_infierno%2C_and_qui_en_est_l%27auteur._%2814592338047%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Satirical representation of the 1593 Estates General meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s first-floor main room (since 2021 the salle étrusque), from the <a href="/wiki/Satire_M%C3%A9nipp%C3%A9e" title="Satire Ménippée">Satire Ménippée</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png/220px-Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png/330px-Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png/440px-Les_S%C3%A9ance_Royal_pour_l%27Ouverture_de_la_Session_des_Chambres_au_Louvre.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the annual legislative session by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> on 28 January 1823, in the same room restored by <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg/220px-Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg/330px-Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg/440px-Salle_des_%C3%A9tats_in_palais_des_tuileries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon III's salle des Etats in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">newly built Denon Wing</a>, anonymous photograph ca. 1860</figcaption></figure> In 1303, the Louvre was the venue of the second-ever meeting of France's <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>, in the wake of the first meeting held the previous year at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>. The meeting was held in the Grande Salle on the ground floor of the castle's western wing.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier3-10">[10]</a> In 1593, another session of the Estates General was held in the Louvre, one floor up compared with 1303 following reconstruction as the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>. That session, however, was without the presence of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> and organized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> with a view to replacing him.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The next session of the Estates General in 1614–1615 was held in the larger room of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a>, in effect a contiguous dependency of the Louvre at that time. During the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, the same first-floor room that had been used for the 1593 meeting, recreated by <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> as the Salle des Séances, was used for the yearly ceremonial opening of the legislative session, which was attended by the king in person – even though ordinary sessions were held in other buildings, namely the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, the yearly opening session was located at the Palais Bourbon, but it was brought back to the Louvre under the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>. From 1857 onwards, the new Salle des États in the South (Denon) Wing of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a> was used for that purpose. In the 1860s Napoleon III and Lefuel planned a new venue to replace the Salle des Etats in the newly purpose-built Pavillon des Sessions, but it was not yet ready for use at the time of the Empire's fall in September 1870. That role of the Louvre disappeared following the end of the French monarchy in 1870. As a legacy of the temporary relocation of both assemblies in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> in the 1870s, their <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_French_Parliament" title="Congress of the French Parliament">joint sessions</a> have been held there ever since, in a room that was purpose-built for that use (salle des séances) and completed in 1875 in the Versailles palace's South Wing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_residence">Royal residence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Royal residence">edit</a>]</div> For centuries, the seat of executive power in Paris had been established at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a>, at or near the spot where <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> had been proclaimed Roman Emperor back in 360 CE. The political turmoil that followed the death of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>, however, led to the emergence of rival centers of power in and around Paris, of which the Louvre was one. In 1316 <a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a>, the widow of recently deceased king <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a>, spent much of her pregnancy at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a> but resided at the Louvre when she gave birth to baby King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a> on 15 November 1316, who died five days later. John was thus both the only king of France born at the Louvre, and almost certainly the only one who died there (<a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> is now generally believed to have died before his carriage arrived at the Louvre following his fatal stabbing in the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Ferronnerie" title="Rue de la Ferronnerie">rue de la Ferronnerie</a> on 14 May 1610<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a> occasionally resided at the Louvre, as documented by some of his letters in mid-1328.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a> is also likely to have resided at the Louvre in 1347, since his daughter <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre">Joan of Valois</a> was betrothed there to Henry of Brabant on 21 June 1347, and his short-lived daughter Marguerite was born at the Louvre on 20 September 1347. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>, who had survived the invasion of the Cité by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marcel" title="Étienne Marcel">Étienne Marcel</a>'s partisans in 1358, decided that a less central location would be preferable for his safety. In 1360 he initiated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Saint-Pol" title="Hôtel Saint-Pol">Hôtel Saint-Pol</a>, which became his main place of residence in Paris. Upon becoming king in 1364, he started transforming the Louvre into a permanent and more majestic royal residence, even though he stayed there less often than at the Hôtel Saint-Pol. After Charles V's death, his successor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a> also mainly stayed at the Hôtel Saint-Pol, but as he was incapacitated by mental illness, his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a> resided in the Louvre and ruled from there.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 11  Later 15th-century kings did not reside in the Louvre, nor did either <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> even as they partly converted the Louvre as a Renaissance palace. The royal family only came back to reside in the newly rebuilt complex following <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>'s abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Tournelles" title="Hôtel des Tournelles">Hôtel des Tournelles</a> after her husband Henry II's traumatic death there in July 1559. From then, the king and court would stay mainly in the Louvre between 1559 and 1588 when <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> escaped Paris, then between 1594 and 1610 under <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>. Beyond his minority, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> did not much reside in the Louvre and preferred the suburban residences of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> was born on 5 September 1638, and where <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> himself died on 14 May 1643) and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> (where Louis XIII had been born on 27 September 1601).<a href="#cite_note-JCD-4">[4]</a>: 30  Louis XIV stayed away from the Louvre during <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a> between 1643 and 1652, and departed from there following the death of his mother in 1666. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> only briefly resided in the Louvre's Appartement d'été d'Anne d'Autriche in 1719, as the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a> were undergoing refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68  Both <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in the 1660s<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 60  and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the 1810s made plans to establish their main residence in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Colonnade Wing</a>, but none of these respective projects came to fruition. Napoleon's attempt led to <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a>'s creation of the two monumental staircase on both ends of the wing, but was abandoned in February 1812.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 630  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Library">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_of_Salisbury,_Policraticus_(French).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg/220px-John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg/330px-John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg/440px-John_of_Salisbury%2C_Policraticus_%28French%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> pictured with a precious book, miniature of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Policraticus" title="Policraticus">Policraticus</a>, 1372</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> was renowned for his interest in books (thus his moniker "le sage" which translates as "learned" as well as "wise"), and in 1368 established a library of about 900 volumes on three levels inside the northwestern tower of the Louvre, then renamed from Tour de la Fauconnerie to Tour de la Librairie. The next year he appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Mallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Mallet (page does not exist)">Gilles Mallet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Mallet" class="extiw" title="fr:Gilles Mallet">fr</a>], one of his officials, as the librarian. This action has been widely viewed as foundational, transitioning from the kings' prior practice of keeping books as individual objects to organizing a collection with proper cataloguing; as such, Charles V's library is generally considered a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Library">French National Library</a>, even though it was dismantled in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cruse-26">[26]</a> In 1767, a project to relocate the Royal Library from its site on <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">rue de Richelieu</a> into the Louvre was presented by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a>, endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Abel-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poisson" title="Abel-François Poisson">Superintendent de Marigny</a> and approved by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, but remained stillborn for lack of funds.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 76  A similar project was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> from February 1805,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 83  for which <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> planned a new Library wing as the centerpiece of their program to fill the space between Louvre and Tuileries, but it was not implemented either. A separate and smaller Bibliothèque du Louvre was formed from book collections seized during the Revolution and grew during the 19th century's successive regimes. Initially located in the Tuileries in 1800, it was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Entresol" class="mw-redirect" title="Entresol">entresol</a> in 1805. In 1860 it was moved to a new space created by Lefuel on the second floor of the new North (Richelieu) Wing of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>, whose main pavilion on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a> was accordingly named Pavillon de la Bibliothèque. The new library was served by an elegant staircase, now Escalier Lefuel, and was decorated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Victor_Eloi_Biennourry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Victor Eloi Biennourry (page does not exist)">François Victor Eloi Biennourry</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Victor_Eloi_Biennourry" class="extiw" title="fr:François Victor Eloi Biennourry">fr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Dominique_Denuelle" title="Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle">Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 102  It was destroyed by arson in May 1871 at the same time as the Tuileries, and only a few of its precious holdings could be saved.<a href="#cite_note-Fantomes-60">[60]</a> Yet another library, the Bibliothèque Centrale des Musées Nationaux (BCMN), was gradually developed by the curators, mainly during the 20th century, and located on half of the attic of the Cour Carrée's southern wing, on the river-facing side. The transfer of its collections to the new <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_d%27Histoire_de_l%27Art" title="Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art">Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art</a> was planned in the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-Fantomes-60">[60]</a> and executed in early 2016 after much delay.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Several smaller libraries remain in the Louvre: a Centre Dominique-Vivant Denon in the BCMN's former spaces, open to the public;<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> a specialized scholarly library on art of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, located on the Cour Lefuel and thus known as the Bibliothèque Lefuel; and two other specialized libraries, respectively on painting in the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Flore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Flore">Aile de Flore</a> and decorative arts in the Aile de Rohan.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_venue">Ceremonial venue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ceremonial venue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610,_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg/220px-Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg/330px-Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg/440px-Henry_IV_of_France_as_he_lay_in_state_after_his_murder_in_the_year_1610%2C_engraving_after_Quesnel_-_Gallica_2010_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="3989" /></a><figcaption>Wax effigy of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> displayed in the Louvre's lower main room on 10–21 June 1610, engraving after a painting by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnel" title="François Quesnel">François Quesnel</a></figcaption></figure> On the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>'s visit to Paris in 1377–1378, the main banquet was held at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> but the French king used the Louvre's Grande Salle on the next day to give a major speech on his political position in the conflict now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cruse-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">medieval Louvre</a>'s western wing was where the ceremonial spaces were located, and that geography did not change with the 16th century's reconstruction as <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>. Following the latter, most major functions were held either on the lower main room now known as Salle des Caryatides, or in the upper main room then known under various names (see above) and now as the Salle Etrusque. A number of betrothals and weddings were concluded and celebrated at the Louvre. These included the betrothal of Henry of Brabant and <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre">Joan of Valois</a> on 21 June 1347, the weddings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Orléans">Charles of Orléans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a> on 9 November 1389, of <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John V, Duke of Brittany">John of Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of France</a> on 30 July 1397, of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a> on 18 December 1413, of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Nevers" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I, Duke of Nevers">Francis of Nevers</a> and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche on 19 January 1538, of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a> on 19 April 1558, of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles III, Duke of Lorraine">Charles III, Duke of Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France_(1547%E2%80%931575)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude of France (1547–1575)">Claude of France</a> on 19 January 1559; the betrothal of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a> on 20 June 1559; the weddings of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a> on 19 August 1572, of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">François de Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Coesme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Coesme">Jeanne de Coesme</a> on 17 December 1582, of <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Louis, Grand Condé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claire-Cl%C3%A9mence_de_Maill%C3%A9-Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé">Claire-Clémence de Maillé</a> on 7 February 1641, of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Amadeus,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours">Charles Amadeus of Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_Bourbon" title="Élisabeth de Bourbon">Élisabeth de Bourbon</a> on 11 July 1643, of <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand de Bourbon">Armand de Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Martinozzi" title="Anne Marie Martinozzi">Anne Marie Martinozzi</a> on 21 February 1654, and of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Jules,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henri Jules, Prince of Condé">Henri Jules of Condé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Henriette_of_Bavaria" title="Anne Henriette of Bavaria">Anne Henriette of Bavaria</a> on 11 December 1663. Another grimmer occasion was just after the assassination of King Henry IV, when the King's coffin was put to lay in state in the Salle des Caryatides of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>. One of the more recent ceremonial gatherings in the Louvre was a candlelit dinner given in the Salle des Caryatides on 10 April 1957 in honor of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, hosted by French President <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> at the end of their weeklong visit in Paris. An after-dinner reception was then given in the appartement d'été d'Anne d'Autriche.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A few years later, minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> started a tradition of public ceremonies in the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> to celebrate recently deceased French cultural luminaries. These were held in honor of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> on 3 September 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> on 1 September 1965, with Malraux delivering the <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> of Malraux himself on 27 November 1976, with eulogy by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a>;<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soulages" title="Pierre Soulages">Pierre Soulages</a> on 2 November 2022, with eulogy by president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guest_residence_for_foreign_sovereigns_and_royals">Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Guest residence for foreign sovereigns and royals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/220px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/330px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg/440px-Banquet_de_Charles_V_le_Sage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>King Charles V (center right) hosting Emperor Charles IV (center left) in Paris in early 1378. Both monarchs stayed at the Louvre after the banquet depicted here<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg/220px-Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg/330px-Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg/440px-Carlos_V_Francis_I_Taddeo_Zuccari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>King Francis I and Emperor Charles V enter Paris together on 1 January 1540, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Zuccari" title="Taddeo Zuccari">Taddeo Zuccari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a>. Charles spent his first Parisian night at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> and the following five at the Louvre, spruced up for the occasion<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 15 </figcaption></figure> The Louvre was the Parisian accommodation of the Emperors who came to visit France: <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> stayed there in early 1378;<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-Cruse-26">[26]</a> Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a> from June 1400 to November 1402, using it as his base for several trips across Europe;<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in March and April 1416;<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> on 2–7 January 1540.<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 66  In the late 1640s as the royal family had temporarily left the Louvre, Queen <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria</a> of England spent some of her Parisian exile in the apartment of the Queen Mother, on the ground floor of the southern wing of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>, where in early February 1649 she learned about the execution of her husband <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1717, the Appartement d'été d'Anne d'Autriche was made available to <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> during his visit in Paris, but the Tsar preferred to stay in the less grandiose <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Lesdigui%C3%A8res_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Lesdiguières (Paris) (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Lesdiguières</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Lesdigui%C3%A8res_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôtel de Lesdiguières (Paris)">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68  In 1722, the same apartment became the temporary residence of Infanta <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria of Spain</a>, who was promised to marry the young <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> (she then moved to Versailles, and in 1725 returned to Spain following the cancelation of the marriage project). This episode remains in the name of the garden in front of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie</a>, known since as the Jardin de l'Infante. The courtyard on the other side of the wing, previously known as Cour de la Reine, was also known as the Cour de l'Infante for much of the 18th century (and later Cour du Musée, now Cour du Sphinx). In the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> decided to create a prestige apartment for visiting sovereigns in the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Flore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Flore">Aile de Flore</a>, close to his own apartment in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>. Lefuel designed it with a monumental escalier des Souverains, the decoration of which he led between 1873 and 1878 even though the monarchy had fallen in the meantime. That project, however, was left unfinished, and in 1901–1902 its richly decorated upper section was repurposed into a room which is now the study gallery of the Louvre's department of graphical arts.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_house">Court house</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Court house">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG/220px-Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG/330px-Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG/440px-Palais_du_Louvre_-_Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_-_%27Salle_des_S%C3%A9ances_-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> granting the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a> to grateful France, 1827 painting by <a href="/wiki/Merry-Joseph_Blondel" title="Merry-Joseph Blondel">Merry-Joseph Blondel</a> in the Salle des Séances du Conseil d'Etat, Lemercier Wing</figcaption></figure> The Louvre has traditionally not had much of a judiciary role, since royal justice was strongly associated with the much older <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a>, and local judicial functions under the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9v%C3%B4t_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Prévôt de Paris">Prévôt de Paris</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9v%C3%B4t_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:Prévôt de Paris">fr</a>], including torture and incarceration, were mainly located at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Grand Châtelet">Grand Châtelet</a>. In 1505, as the Châtelet underwent renovation works, its judicial functions were temporarily hosted in the Louvre. Given the castle's prestige it was deemed unsuitable for torture, which was instead carried out during that period in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petit_Ch%C3%A2telet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petit Châtelet (page does not exist)">Petit Châtelet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Ch%C3%A2telet" class="extiw" title="fr:Petit Châtelet">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 261  Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> was summoned by the king to hold sessions at the Louvre rather than at its traditional venue of the Palais de la Cité.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Louvre again hosted a judiciary institution when the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a> was located there between 1824 and 1832. It was awarded the first floor of the Lemercier Wing On the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>, and remained there until 1832. The painted ceilings of that era, installed in 1827, are still preserved with allegorical themes related to French history and legislation. The space to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s Lower Great Hall (now Salle des Caryatides), created by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a> in phases between 1546 and the late 1550s and later remodeled, is known as the tribunal. This word, however, refers to its architectural setting, providing a monumental stand for the royal family to watch and dominate the functions held in the Great Hall, and not to a judicial role.<a href="#cite_note-Fayard1-76">[76]</a>: 159  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution_site">Execution site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Execution site">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillotine_0332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Guillotine_0332.jpg/220px-Guillotine_0332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Guillotine_0332.jpg/330px-Guillotine_0332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Guillotine_0332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>First execution with guillotine at Place du Caroussel, August 1792</figcaption></figure> The Louvre was the scene of capital punishment on various occasions. On 4 December 1591, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Guise">Charles de Guise</a> had four members of the 16-member <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_des_Seize" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil des Seize">Conseil des Seize</a> hung from the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s lower main room, now the Salle des Caryatides. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> between 21 August 1792 and 11 May 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> was installed on the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>. It was relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> (then known as Place de la Révolution), first on a one-off basis for the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of Louis XVI</a> on 21 January 1793, and then permanently in May of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_venue">Entertainment venue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Entertainment venue">edit</a>]</div> Entertainment performances such as tournaments, games, balls and theater were a core part of court life at the time when the Louvre was a royal residence. On the night of 5 February 1606, a torch-lit carrousel was performed in the Louvre's courtyard between midnight and 5 am, with the monarchs and courtiers watching from their apartments' windows.<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 71  In 1610, a gladiator-style fight between a man and a lion was organized in the courtyard, which King Henry IV also watched from inside the building.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 35  In February 1625 and 1626 respectively, two major ballets <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesques</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rabel" title="Daniel Rabel">Daniel Rabel</a> were performed in the Louvre's Lower Great Room (now Salle des Caryatides), with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> himself appearing as one of the dancers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Theatrical representations were particularly significant in the period following the return of the court to the Louvre in 1652. <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> first performed in front of the king in the large first-floor room of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> on 24 October 1658, playing his Nicomède and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9pit_amoureux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Dépit amoureux (page does not exist)">Le Dépit amoureux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9pit_amoureux" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Dépit amoureux">fr</a>]. Following that performance's success, he was granted use of a space first in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Petit-Bourbon" title="Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon">Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon</a> and then, after the latter's demolition to make space for the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>. Molière again performed at the Louvre on 29 January 1664 when he directed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Mariage_forc%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Mariage forcé (page does not exist)">Le Mariage forcé</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mariage_forc%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Mariage forcé">fr</a>], with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> himself playing a cameo role as an Egyptian, in the main room of the Queen Mother on the ground floor of the Cour Carrée's southern wing. On 17 November 1667, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Andromaque" title="Andromaque">Andromaque</a> was created at the Louvre in Louis XIV's presence. Some lavish entertainment performances left such a mark on collective memory that parts of the Louvre came to be named after them. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a> preserves the memory of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Carrousel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Carrousel (page does not exist)">Grand Carrousel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Carrousel" class="extiw" title="fr:Grand Carrousel">fr</a>] of 5–6 June 1662, and the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> is named after the Ballet de Flore that was first performed there on 13 February 1669.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier11-45">[45]</a>: 16-20  <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> decided to build a new venue for the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a> as part of his project to complete the Louvre and its reunion with the Tuileries. In 1810 <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a> planned a new opera house north of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, on a similar footprint to the present-day Passage Richelieu, with main entrance on the northern side facing the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>. That project, however, was not implemented.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Nor was <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s plan in the 1860s to build a large theater room in the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a> as a symmetrical counterpart to the Pavillon des Sessions he created in the southern <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Flore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Flore">Aile de Flore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 102  In the 1960s, a theater appears to have operated in the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a>, known as the Théâtre du Pavillon de Marsan. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s play named <a href="/wiki/Play_(play)" title="Play (play)">Play</a> (French: Comédie) had its French premiere there on 11 June 1964, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Serreau" title="Jean-Marie Serreau">Jean-Marie Serreau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> opened the Studio-Théâtre in the underground spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a>, its third venue (after its main <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> facility and the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Vieux-Colombier" title="Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier">Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_of_artists_and_craftsmen">Residence of artists and craftsmen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Residence of artists and craftsmen">edit</a>]</div> On 22 December 1608, Henry IV published <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> heralding his decision to invite hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the floors under the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 10  Simultaneously, Henry established a tapestry factory there, which remained until its transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a> in 1671. Creators who lived under the Grande Galerie in the 17th and 18th centuries included <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophraste_Renaudot" title="Théophraste Renaudot">Théophraste Renaudot</a> from 1648 to 1653,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle" title="Jean-Baptiste Pigalle">Jean-Baptiste Pigalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pajou" title="Augustin Pajou">Augustin Pajou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude-Joseph_Vernet" title="Claude-Joseph Vernet">Claude-Joseph Vernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carle_Vernet" title="Carle Vernet">Carle Vernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a> (who was born there), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baedeker-82">[82]</a>: 89  Following the departure of the royal court to Versailles in the 1670s, a number of individuals, many of which were artists, obtained the privilege to establish their residence in parts of the formerly royal palace. These included <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> in the southeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo" title="Charles-André van Loo">Charles-André van Loo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>. On 20 August 1801, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had the artists and others who lived in the Cour Carrée all expelled,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier8-38">[38]</a>: 16  and in 1806 put a final end to the creators' lodgings under the Grande Galerie.<a href="#cite_note-Baedeker-82">[82]</a>: 89  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_mint">Royal mint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Royal mint">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_par_Varin_C_des_M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>Medal of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Varin" title="Jean Varin">Jean Varin</a> (1666), made at the Louvre mint</figcaption></figure> In July 1609, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> transferred the <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> to a space the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>, from its previous location on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>. The Louvre mint specialized in the production of medals, tokens and commemorative coins, and was correspondingly known as the monnaie des médailles, whereas common coin kept being produced at the monnaie des espèces on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_la_Monnaie_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de la Monnaie (Paris) (page does not exist)">rue de la Monnaie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_la_Monnaie_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue de la Monnaie (Paris)">fr</a>] behind <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a> as had been the case since the 13th century. The Louvre's medals mint was led by prominent artists that included <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Dupré">Guillaume Dupré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Varin" title="Jean Varin">Jean Varin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Ballin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Ballin (page does not exist)">Claude Ballin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ballin" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Ballin">fr</a>]. It closed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> but was revived in 1804 by <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>. By imperial decree of 5 March 1806, it was relocated from the Louvre to the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies,_Paris" title="Hôtel des Monnaies, Paris">Hôtel des Monnaies</a> where the monnaie des espèces had moved in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_of_senior_courtiers_and_officials">Residence of senior courtiers and officials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Residence of senior courtiers and officials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/220px-Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/330px-Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg/440px-Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dining room of the Appartement Napoleon III</figcaption></figure> In the 17th century, the second floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a> was the home of <a href="/wiki/Charles_d%27Albert,_duc_de_Luynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes">Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes</a> until 1621, then of <a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a>, and from 1652 of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> who also established his nieces in the second-floor attic of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 49 . <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> similarly lived on the upper floors of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>, above the King's bedchamber.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 49  New prestige apartments for regime dignitaries were created as part of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>. The main one, in the North (Richelieu) Wing, became the apartment of the Finance Minister after 1871, and as such featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Depardon" title="Raymond Depardon">Raymond Depardon</a>'s documentary <a href="/w/index.php?title=1974,_une_partie_de_campagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974, une partie de campagne (page does not exist)">1974, une partie de campagne</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974,_une_partie_de_campagne" class="extiw" title="fr:1974, une partie de campagne">fr</a>], shot during the presidential election campaign of then minister <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> in early 1974. The apartment was renovated in the early 1990s and is now a part of the Louvre's decorative arts department, known as Appartement Napoléon III. Another official apartment was created for the imperial "Great <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">Equerry</a>" (grand écuyer) <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_F%C3%A9lix_Fleury" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Félix Fleury">Émile Félix Fleury</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_F%C3%A9lix_Fleury" class="extiw" title="fr:Émile Félix Fleury">fr</a>], in the South (Denon) Wing, with entrance through an ornate portico in the Cour Lefuel.<a href="#cite_note-GF-39">[39]</a>: 49  Part of that large apartment was converted in the 1990s into the museum's exhibition space for northern European sculpture, while another part has been used since 1912 as offices for the Louvre's director and their staff.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 108 <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Lefuel also created two successive apartments for the Louvre's director <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milien_de_Nieuwerkerke" title="Émilien de Nieuwerkerke">Émilien de Nieuwerkerke</a>, the first in former rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_peinture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie de peinture">Académie de peinture</a>, and when these had to be demolished to build the <a href="/wiki/Escalier_Daru" title="Escalier Daru">Escalier Daru</a>, on the first floor of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>'s northern wing.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 103  Several <a href="/wiki/Tied_cottage" title="Tied cottage">tied cottages</a> still exist in the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a>, including one for the museum's Director.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 721  Other apartments in the same pavilion are reserved for senior personnel tasked with the museum's security and maintenance, so that they stay close in case their presence is needed for an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 552  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_printing_house">National printing house</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: National printing house">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png/220px-Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png/330px-Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png/440px-Poin%C3%A7on_Imprimerie_Royale_-_Labyrinte_de_Versailles.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of the Royal Printing House located at the Louvre, 1677</figcaption></figure> A first printing workshop appeared in the Louvre in the 1620s. In 1640, superintendent <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sublet_de_Noyers" title="François Sublet de Noyers">François Sublet de Noyers</a> established it as a royal printing house, the Imprimerie du Louvre, putting an end to the monarchy's prior practice of subcontracting its printing tasks to individual entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Estienne</a>. The royal printing house, soon known as Imprimerie Royale, was first led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9bastien_Cramoisy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sébastien Cramoisy (page does not exist)">Sébastien Cramoisy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Cramoisy" class="extiw" title="fr:Sébastien Cramoisy">fr</a>] and his descendants, then by members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anisson-Duperron_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anisson-Duperron family (page does not exist)">Anisson-Duperron family</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_Anisson-Duperron" class="extiw" title="fr:Famille Anisson-Duperron">fr</a>] throughout the 18th century until 1792. It was relocated to the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse" title="Hôtel de Toulouse">Hôtel de Toulouse</a> in 1795, then the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Rohan_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Rohan (Paris) (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Rohan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rohan_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôtel de Rohan (Paris)">fr</a>] in 1809. In the early 1850s in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a>, projects were made to relocate the national printing house (then known as Imprimerie Impériale) in the new building of the Louvre, now the Richelieu Wing. These plans were criticized by <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Vitet" title="Ludovic Vitet">Ludovic Vitet</a> among others,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and were not implemented. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_and_educational_facility">Academic and educational facility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Academic and educational facility">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national,_1796,_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg/220px-Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg/330px-Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg/440px-Premi%C3%A8re_s%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Institut_national%2C_1796%2C_MRF_-_Vizille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Inaugural session of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> in the Salle des Caryatides, 24 October 1795</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg/220px-Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg/330px-Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg/440px-Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Rohan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Amphithéâtre Rohan of the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole du Louvre">Ecole du Louvre</a>, after renovation in 2014</figcaption></figure> In the late 17th century, the Louvre started to become the seat of the French royal academies. First, in 1672 Colbert allowed the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> to meet on the ground floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>, in the Guards' Room of the former Queen Mother's apartment. Soon the Académie moved to the ground floor of the Lemercier Wing on the Cour Carrée, and also maintained its library there. The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Inscriptions">Académie des Inscriptions</a> joined it in nearby rooms. The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture</a> had been established in the Grande Galerie until 1661, and returned to the Louvre in 1692, establishing itself in the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a> and the nearby wing built by Le Vau on the Cour de la Reine, next to the Cabinet du Roi where a number of the king's paintings were kept.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 66-67  The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_d%27architecture" title="Académie royale d'architecture">Académie royale d'architecture</a> moved to the Queen's apartment (in the southern wing of the Cour Carrée) in 1692.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 67  After a fire in 1740 it moved to the ground floor of the north wing.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68  The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a> also moved to the Louvre in the 1690s, and in 1699 moved from the ground-floor Bibliothèque du Roi to the former king's room, namely the Chambre de Parade, the Salle Henri II (antechamber) and the former Salle des Gardes (now Salle des Bronzes which was partitioned at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 14 <a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68 <a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 14  The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_politique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie politique (page does not exist)">Académie politique</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_politique" class="extiw" title="fr:Académie politique">fr</a>], a diplomats' training school, took over in the 1710s the large room on the third floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a> (now partitioned into offices).<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 68  From 1725, the <a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a>, recently vacated with the return to Spain of the child Mariana Victoria, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture</a> for its yearly exhibition, which took from it its name of <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier2-28">[28]</a>: 19  From 1763, the Académie also overtook the <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 67  During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, all academies were deemed to be fatally tainted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a> associations and terminated on 8 August 1793. Barely more than two years later, however, they were recreated as the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> on 24 October 1795, ceremonially inaugurated in the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a>'s ground-floor room (the Louvre's Salle des Caryatides) on 4 April 1796.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 80  On 20 March 1805 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> decided to relocate the Institut from the Louvre to its current seat at the former <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a>, which had been closed in 1791. The <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon</a> restarted on a yearly basis in the Salon Carré, until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a>. That year, the Louvre's energetic new director <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Auguste_Jeanron" title="Philippe-Auguste Jeanron">Philippe-Auguste Jeanron</a> had it relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a>, so that the Salon Carré could be fully devoted to the museum's permanent exhibition. From 1857 the salon moved on from there to the newly built <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_l%27Industrie" title="Palais de l'Industrie">Palais de l'Industrie</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre" title="École du Louvre">École du Louvre</a> was created in 1882 with the mission to "extract from the collections the knowledge they contain, and to train curators, missionaries and excavators". The school's curriculum originally focused on <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> but soon expanded to related disciplines, such as <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museography" class="mw-redirect" title="Museography">museography</a>. In the early years, the school's sessions were held in the Cour Lefuel in two rooms of the former apartment of the great equerry,<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 108  with entrance from the quayside.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A large underground classroom, the amphithéâtre Courajod named after art historian and Louvre curator <a href="/wiki/Louis_Courajod" title="Louis Courajod">Louis Courajod</a>, was built in 1932 on architect Albert Ferran's design under the Cour du Sphinx. It was replaced in the 1990s by the still larger amphithéâtre Rohan, also underground on the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a>. The former amphithéâtre Courajod was then transformed into exhibition rooms in which the Louvre's <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a> collection is now displayed, including the architectonic pieces from <a href="/wiki/Bawit" title="Bawit">Bawit</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum">Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Museum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securities_exchange">Securities exchange</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Securities exchange">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">national securities exchange</a> (or Bourse) was located at the Louvre between 10 May 1795 and 9 September 1795, in Anne of Austria's former summer apartment on the ground floor of the Petite Galerie.<a href="#cite_note-Hillairet2-13">[13]</a>: 73 <a href="#cite_note-Vidal-51">[51]</a> This followed nearly two years of closure during which off-exchange speculation on <a href="/wiki/Assignat" title="Assignat">Assignats</a> went wild, after decades of operation of the Bourse in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Nevers_(rue_de_Richelieu)" title="Hôtel de Nevers (rue de Richelieu)">Hôtel de Nevers</a> from 24 September 1724 to 27 June 1793. In September 1795 the Bourse again closed for a few months; it reopened in January 1796 in the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires</a> where it stayed until 1807.<a href="#cite_note-Vidal-51">[51]</a>: 118-119  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_office_building">Administrative office building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Administrative office building">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, administrative staff numbers in the machinery of government remained small and were dwarfed by the number of courtiers and domestic servants. That changed in the 19th century as the administrative arms of the state became increasingly significant, and the Louvre as a quintessential government building reflected that new reality. The installation of the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a> in the Lemercier Wing between 1824 and 1832 was a first step, since that body has administrative as well as judiciary competencies. The office footprint within the Louvre increased considerably with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's expansion</a>. The new North (Richelieu) Wing included offices for use by various ministries: <ul><li>Plans were made for the short-lived <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_et_des_Colonies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies (page does not exist)">ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_et_des_Colonies" class="extiw" title="fr:ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies">fr</a>] (1858–1860)<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier4-42">[42]</a>: 18  to be located in the Pavillon de Rohan and the adjacent wing to the west, but that department was terminated before the office space was made available;<a href="#cite_note-archive-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Plans were also made to locate the Directorate of Telegraphs and relocate the <a href="/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprimerie nationale">national printing office</a> in the northern wing,<a href="#cite_note-Aulanier4-42">[42]</a>: 18  but were not implemented.</li> <li>Most of the northern wing was used by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_State_(Second_French_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of State (Second French Empire) (page does not exist)">ministère d'Etat</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministre_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ministre d'État (France)">fr</a>], including the prestige apartment for the minister;<a href="#cite_note-archive-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur was separated from the ministère d'Etat in 1860,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and located in the spaces previously reserved for the Algeria Ministry;<a href="#cite_note-archive-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The short-lived ministère des Beaux-Arts led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Richard_(French_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Richard (French politician) (page does not exist)">Maurice Richard</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Richard_(homme_politique,_1832%E2%80%931888)" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Richard (homme politique, 1832–1888)">fr</a>] from May to September 1870 was also located in the northern wing.<a href="#cite_note-Vidal-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a> formed on 4 September 1870, the Fine Arts administration relocated to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Rochechouart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Rochechouart (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Rochechouart</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rochechouart" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôtel de Rochechouart">fr</a>] under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of Public Instruction</a>, where it remained until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a> in 1959.</li></ul> On 29 May 1871, a mere few days after the Tuileries' fire, France's government head <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> attributed all administrative offices and barracks space in the Louvre's northern wing to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France)">French Finance Ministry</a>, whose buildings further west on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a> had been entirely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The Finance Ministry remained there for more than a century, until the late 1980s. A meeting of finance ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> countries, hosted at the Louvre on 22 February 1987, gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Accord" title="Louvre Accord">Louvre Accord</a>. Further west, projects were made in the 1880s to relocate the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit (France)">National Court of Audit</a> (cour des comptes) – whose previous offices in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_d%27Orsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais d'Orsay">Palais d'Orsay</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> now stands, had also been burned down – in the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a> which had just been reconstructed and expanded by Lefuel. Only archives of the Court were deposited there in 1884, however,<a href="#cite_note-archive-87">[87]</a> and these spaces were eventually attributed in 1897 to what is now the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts Décoratifs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Overseas_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Overseas (France)">Ministry of Colonies</a> was installed in the Flore Wing from 1893 to 1909.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baedeker-82">[82]</a>: 65  The museum then planned to expand into the Flore Wing but that was thwarted during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as the facility was used by the wartime bond issuance service.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 108  The Finance Ministry, together with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Lottery_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Lottery (France) (page does not exist)">National Lottery</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loterie_nationale_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Loterie nationale (France)">fr</a>] it created in 1933, remained there and stayed until 1961.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Louvre museum itself keeps offices in various parts of the building, e.g. in the former apartment of the Great Equerry (museum direction), on the top floors of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-charpente-53">[53]</a> and in part of the <a href="/wiki/Entresol" class="mw-redirect" title="Entresol">entresol</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 108  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_Hall_of_Paris">City Hall of Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: City Hall of Paris">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Paris_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris City Hall">Paris City Hall</a> was arsoned at the end of the Commune in May 1871, the Municipal Council of Paris and Prefect of the Seine first moved to the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> across the Seine, but they had to leave that building in 1878 as the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">French Senate</a> prepared to move back from their previous temporary location in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, and relocated for several years in the aile de Flore of the Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-Verne2-2">[2]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Hautecoeur-3">[3]</a>: 106  The new City Hall was formally inaugurated on 13 July 1882 but it took significantly longer to finish the interior works, with some ceremonial rooms only completed in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> While in the Louvre the Municipal Council's meetings were held in Napoleon III's unfinished Salle des Etats of the Pavillon des Sessions, from 1878 to 1883. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque de l'hôtel de ville de Paris (page does not exist)">Bibliothèque de l'hôtel de ville de Paris</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque de l'hôtel de ville de Paris">fr</a>] left the Louvre in 1887 to its current City Hall location. The offices of the Prefecture and apartment of Préfet <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Poubelle" title="Eugène Poubelle">Eugène Poubelle</a> remained in the Pavillon de Flore until 1893, when they were replaced by the Ministry of Colonies, despite an 1883 order (décret) that had transferred the entire aile de Flore to the museum.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture_garden">Sculpture garden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sculpture garden">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg/220px-Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg/330px-Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg/440px-Ferdinand-Philippe_dOrl%C3%A9ans_Carlo_Marochetti_All%C3%A9e_du_Cheval_Eu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a>'s Duke of Orléans, placed in 1845 in the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a> and now at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Eu" title="Château d'Eu">Château d'Eu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg/220px-Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg/330px-Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg/440px-Poissy_-_statue_Meissonier1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Merci%C3%A9" title="Antonin Mercié">Antonin Mercié</a>'s Meissonier, placed in 1895 in the Jardin de l'Infante, now in Poissy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></div> While the Louvre is rich with <a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">architectural sculpture</a>, its position in the midst of a bustling city neighborhood was long unfavorable to the display of freestanding sculpture, with few exceptions that included the temporary display of a colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a> in the Louvre's courtyard during <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>'s visit in 1540.<a href="#cite_note-Chatelet-95">[95]</a> In the early 17th century, a bronze sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bordoni" title="Francesco Bordoni">Francesco Bordoni</a> was erected at the center of the Queen's garden (jardin de la Reine), now jardin de l'Infante to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GF-39">[39]</a>: 31  During the 19th century, the Louvre's open spaces multiplied and the public taste for sculpture and monuments simultaneously increased. An early project was made in the late 1820s to place the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Tanis" title="Great Sphinx of Tanis">Great Sphinx of Tanis</a> in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> but was not implemented. Instead, on 28 October 1845 an equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a> was placed on that spot, itself a second cast of a monument by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a> erected in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> earlier that year. But that did not last long, and the statue was relocated to Versailles shortly after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a> (it was moved again in 1971 to its present location at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Eu" title="Château d'Eu">Château d'Eu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the early <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>, plans were made to erect equestrian statues of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> in the Cour Carrée and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> respectively in the two squares of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>. A plaster model of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Cl%C3%A9singer" title="Auguste Clésinger">Auguste Clésinger</a>'s equestrian Francis I was placed in the Cour Carrée between December 1855 to February 1856, when it was transferred to <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hill" title="Sydenham Hill">Sydenham Hill</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-JCD-4">[4]</a>: 244  On 15 January 1863 Clésinger was also tasked to create the statue of Charlemagne, on which he worked until 1871. The statue of Napoleon was commissioned on 26 August 1862 from then-prominent sculptor <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Guillaume">Eugène Guillaume</a>, who apparently only produced several small-scale models.<a href="#cite_note-JCD-4">[4]</a>: 273  Sculpted monuments mushroomed around the Louvre in the late 19th and early 20th century. Most of them were removed in 1933 on the initiative of Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a>, due to changing tastes:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <ul><li>Marble monument to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Aub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Paul Aubé">Jean-Paul Aubé</a> (1890), in the Jardin de la Colonnade, removed in 1933 and now at the Municipal Museum in <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a></li> <li>Equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Fr%C3%A9miet" title="Emmanuel Frémiet">Emmanuel Frémiet</a> (1892), in the Jardin de la Colonnade, relocated in 1933 to the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Casa de Velázquez">Casa de Velázquez</a> in Madrid and destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>Marble version of the group titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quand_m%C3%AAme_!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quand même ! (page does not exist)">Quand même !</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quand_m%C3%AAme_!" class="extiw" title="fr:Quand même !">fr</a>], a celebration of the resistance of <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Merci%C3%A9" title="Antonin Mercié">Antonin Mercié</a>, installed in 1894 in the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrousel Garden">Carrousel Garden</a>, removed in 1933 and now at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a></li> <li>Marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Meissonier" title="Ernest Meissonier">Ernest Meissonier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Merci%C3%A9" title="Antonin Mercié">Antonin Mercié</a> (1895), in the Jardin de l'Infante, removed in 1966 and relocated in 1980 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_Meissonier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc Meissonier (page does not exist)">Parc Meissonier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Meissonier" class="extiw" title="fr:Parc Meissonier">fr</a>] at <a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a></li> <li>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Raffet" title="Auguste Raffet">Auguste Raffet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Fr%C3%A9miet" title="Emmanuel Frémiet">Emmanuel Frémiet</a> (1896), in the Jardin de la Colonnade, bronze parts melted in the early 1940s during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">German occupation</a>, the rest removed in 1966<a href="#cite_note-Lorente-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> sculpting his Gladiators, by <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Morot" title="Aimé Morot">Aimé Morot</a> (1909), in the Jardin de l'Oratoire, removed in 1967 and now at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li>Marble statue of Paris during the War 1914–1918 by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bartholom%C3%A9" title="Albert Bartholomé">Albert Bartholomé</a> (1921), removed in 1933 and kept in a damaged state in the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul> In 1907 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Dujardin-Beaumetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz (page does not exist)">Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dujardin-Beaumetz" class="extiw" title="fr:Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz">fr</a>], then an undersecratary of state in charge of France's fine arts policy, fostered the creation of a sculpture garden in the western octagonal garden of the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, dubbed the "campo santo".<a href="#cite_note-Chatelet-95">[95]</a> The monumental bronze group Le Temps et le Génie de l'Art by <a href="/wiki/Victor_S%C3%A9goffin" title="Victor Ségoffin">Victor Ségoffin</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> was placed in the center in 1908. Around it were allegorical and commemorative sculptures: <ul><li>The sons of Cain, bronze by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Landowski" title="Paul Landowski">Paul Landowski</a> (1906), now in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li> <li>Architecture, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(escarpment)" title="Côte d'Or (escarpment)">Côte-d'Or stone</a>, also by Landowski (1908), since 1933 on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Nicaise_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Nicaise Hill (page does not exist)">Saint-Nicaise Hill</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_Saint-Nicaise_(Reims)" class="extiw" title="fr:Butte Saint-Nicaise (Reims)">fr</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>Painting, marble by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aim%C3%A9_Octobre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aimé Octobre (page does not exist)">Aimé Octobre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Octobre" class="extiw" title="fr:Aimé Octobre">fr</a>] (1909), now at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_Tess%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée de Tessé (page does not exist)">Musée de Tessé</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Tess%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée de Tessé">fr</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bouchard" title="Henri Bouchard">Henri Bouchard</a> (1909), since 1935 in a public garden next to the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Colombe" title="Michel Colombe">Michel Colombe</a>, bronze by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Boucher_(artist)" title="Jean Boucher (artist)">Jean Boucher</a> (1909), moved to Tours in 1933 and melted in 1942<a href="#cite_note-Lorente-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puget" title="Pierre Puget">Puget</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9on_Sicard" title="François-Léon Sicard">François-Léon Sicard</a> (1910), since 1933 on Place Leverrier in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussin" class="mw-redirect" title="Poussin">Poussin</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Constant_Roux" title="Constant Roux">Constant Roux</a> (1911), since 1934 in <a href="/wiki/Les_Andelys" title="Les Andelys">Les Andelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardouin-Mansart" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardouin-Mansart">Hardouin-Mansart</a>, bronze by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Henri_Dubois" title="Ernest Henri Dubois">Ernest Henri Dubois</a> (1908), since the 1930s at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_de_l%27Intendant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin de l'Intendant (page does not exist)">Jardin de l'Intendant</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_de_l%27Intendant" class="extiw" title="fr:Jardin de l'Intendant">fr</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Watteau">Watteau</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Henri-%C3%89douard_Lombard" title="Henri-Édouard Lombard">Henri-Édouard Lombard</a> (1909), since 1937 in front of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Valenciennes" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdon">Houdon</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gasq" title="Paul Gasq">Paul Gasq</a> (1909), since 1935 in <a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corot" class="mw-redirect" title="Corot">Corot</a>, marble by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Raoul_Larche" title="François-Raoul Larche">François-Raoul Larche</a> (1908), since 1935 in <a href="/wiki/Ville-d%27Avray" title="Ville-d'Avray">Ville-d'Avray</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li></ul> Two more memorials, of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">François Rude</a> by Sicard and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a> by Larche, were commissioned but not completed.<a href="#cite_note-Lorente-100">[100]</a> All these sculptures, except Landowski's Sons of Cain, were also removed in 1933. Ségoffin's group was transferred to the southern French town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gaudens,_Haute-Garonne" title="Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne">Saint-Gaudens</a> in 1935, and melted down during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Landowski's Sons of Cain was eventually moved in 1984 to its current location on the terrasse du bord de l'eau of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>. In the eastern octagonal garden, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equestrian_statue_of_La_Fayette_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equestrian statue of La Fayette (Paris) (page does not exist)">equestrian statue of La Fayette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_La_Fayette_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Statue équestre de La Fayette (Paris)">fr</a>], by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wayland_Bartlett" title="Paul Wayland Bartlett">Paul Wayland Bartlett</a>, was erected in 1908. This initiative had been sponsored in 1899 by American diplomat Robert John Thompson in gratitude of the French gift of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>, and originally intended for a dedication at <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>'s grave at the <a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Exposition Universelle (1900)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre</a> remodeling, the Lafayette monument was moved in 1985 to its current location on the <a href="/wiki/Cours-la-Reine" title="Cours-la-Reine">Cours-la-Reine</a>. In 1964, Culture Minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> decided to install in the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrousel Garden">Carrousel Garden</a> 21 bronze sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a> which had been donated to the French state by the sculptor's former model and muse, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Vierny" title="Dina Vierny">Dina Vierny</a>, including casts of <a href="/wiki/Air_(Maillol)" title="Air (Maillol)">Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_in_Chains" title="Action in Chains">Action in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_(Maillol)" title="The Mountain (Maillol)">The Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Rivi%C3%A8re_(Maillol)" title="La Rivière (Maillol)">The River</a>. The Maillol statues were rearranged during the overhaul of the garden in the 1990s. Most recently, as part of the Grand Louvre project designed by <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, a cast made in lead in 1986 of the marble <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Equestrian statue of Louis XIV (Bernini)">Equestrian statue of Louis XIV</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> has been placed in the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a> and marking the end of Paris's <a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a>. This was intended as a tribute to Bernini's past role as architect of the Louvre in 1664–1666, even though his plans were not executed. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bain_News_Service,_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre,_Paris,_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Lafayette Monument in the Cour Napoléon, early 20th century"><img alt="Lafayette Monument in the Cour Napoléon, early 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif/lossy-page1-88px-Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif/lossy-page1-132px-Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif/lossy-page1-176px-Bain_News_Service%2C_Statue_of_Lafayette_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Louvre%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Library_of_Congress.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="5792" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lafayette Monument in the Cour Napoléon, early 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris,_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landowski's Sons of Cain in the Cour Napoléon, 1968"><img alt="Landowski's Sons of Cain in the Cour Napoléon, 1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg/120px-Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg/180px-Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg/240px-Paul_Landowski_-_Die_S%C3%B6hne_Kains_1900_-_Paris%2C_Cour_du_Carrousel_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="686" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landowski's Sons of Cain in the Cour Napoléon, 1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maillol's Les Trois Grâces"><img alt="Maillol's Les Trois Grâces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg/80px-Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg/120px-Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg/160px-Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="5052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maillol's Les Trois Grâces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol,_Tuileries_garden,_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maillol's L'Air"><img alt="Maillol's L'Air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg/120px-L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg/180px-L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg/240px-L%27Air_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Tuileries_garden%2C_Paris_11_August_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2385" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maillol's L'Air</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maillol's Ile-de-France"><img alt="Maillol's Ile-de-France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg/120px-Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg/180px-Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg/240px-Jardin_du_Carrousel_du_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maillol's Ile-de-France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maillol's Monument aux morts de Port-Vendres"><img alt="Maillol's Monument aux morts de Port-Vendres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg/120px-Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg/180px-Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg/240px-Monument_aux_morts_de_Port-Vendres_by_Aristide_Maillol_%28Tuileries%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3433" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maillol's Monument aux morts de Port-Vendres</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernini's Louis XIV in the Cour Napoléon"><img alt="Bernini's Louis XIV in the Cour Napoléon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg/120px-Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg/180px-Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg/240px-Louis_XIV_Bernin_r%C3%A9plique_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="2224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bernini's Louis XIV in the Cour Napoléon</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_facility">Research facility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Research facility">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGLAE_(Laboratoire_du_C2RMF)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg/220px-AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg/330px-AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg/440px-AGLAE_%28Laboratoire_du_C2RMF%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The C2RMF's particle accelerator <a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur_Grand_Louvre_d%27analyse_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire" title="Accélérateur Grand Louvre d'analyse élémentaire">AGLAE</a>, located under the <a href="/wiki/Cour_du_Carrousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour du Carrousel">Cour du Carrousel</a></figcaption></figure> The Laboratoire du département des peintures du Musée du Louvre was created in 1932 to support research on paintings and leverage new analysis techniques. In 1968 it became the Laboratoire de recherche des Musées de France, with a national mandate but still located at the Louvre. In 1998, this laboratory merged with the Service de restauration des Musées de France to form the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_and_Restoration_of_Museums_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France">Center for Research and Restoration of Museums of France</a> (C2RMF), located in the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dining_and_shopping_venue">Dining and shopping venue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Dining and shopping venue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cafe_Marly,_Louvre_Museum,_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg/220px-The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg/330px-The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg/440px-The_Cafe_Marly%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_28_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Café Marly and the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, photographed in 2010</figcaption></figure> The Louvre Palace is host to several restaurants and cafés. As of 2021, the most prominent is the Café Marly, opened in 1994 in the Richelieu Wing with a terrace on the <a href="/wiki/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Cour Napoléon">Cour Napoléon</a>, named after the Louvre's nearby Cour Marly and designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Gagn%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Gagnère (page does not exist)">Olivier Gagnère</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Gagn%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Gagnère">fr</a>]<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> It was created by restaurateur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Costes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Costes (page does not exist)">Gilbert Costes</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Costes" class="extiw" title="fr:Gilbert Costes">fr</a>] on a <a href="/wiki/Concession_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession contract">concession contract</a> from the museum.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 171  Inside the museum are the Café Richelieu, opened in 1993 and designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Raynaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Raynaud (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Raynaud</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raynaud" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Pierre Raynaud">fr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Buren" title="Daniel Buren">Daniel Buren</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 171  and Café Mollien, redesigned in 2016 by Mathieu Lehanneur;<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> the intimate Café Denon that had opened in 1998 on a quiet corner of the Cour Lefuel<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-14">[14]</a>: 170  closed in the 2010s. Close to the Louvre Palace's northwestern tip, the restaurant Loulou opened in 2016 in the <a href="/wiki/Aile_de_Marsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aile de Marsan">Aile de Marsan</a> with a terrace on the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrousel Garden">Carrousel Garden</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dirand" title="Joseph Dirand">Joseph Dirand</a> and replacing a previous restaurant on the same spot, Le Saut du Loup.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A high-end restaurant named Le Grand Louvre opened in 1989 on the mezzanine of the Hall Napoléon, under the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a>, and was operated by chef Yves Pinard; its inaugural event was the dinner of the <a href="/wiki/15th_G7_summit" title="15th G7 summit">15th G7 summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The underground <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a> shopping mall is home to fast food outlets grouped in one of the first <a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">food courts</a> in Paris, opened in 1993 and rebranded in 2009 as Restaurants du monde. From 1608 to 1806, the ground floor of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a> hosted a number of shops in which artists and artisans peddled their creations. They were closed by order of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. Aside from museum shops, the Louvre experienced a revival of retail commercial activity with the opening in 1993 of the <a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a> shopping mall, whose largest slot was initially leased by a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastore" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Megastore">Virgin Megastore</a> until 2012, and by <a href="/wiki/Printemps" title="Printemps">Printemps</a> since 2014. France's first <a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Apple Store</a> was also located there and operated from 2009 to 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronological_plan_of_the_construction_of_the_Louvre">Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Chronological plan of the construction of the Louvre">edit</a>]</div> The oldest part of the above-ground Louvre is the southwest corner of the square block that faces the center of Paris to the east. This corner section, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a> (1) and the north side of the western part of the south wing (2), was designed and constructed in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a>, who replaced the corresponding wings of the medieval Louvre (not shown). Later that century, the Petite Galerie (4) was added, connecting the Louvre to the section of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Charles_V" title="Wall of Charles V">wall of Charles V</a> which ran along the north bank of the Seine toward the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> (3, 5, 8, 11, 14; destroyed by fire in 1871). Around 1600, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, the wall along the river was replaced with the Grande Galerie (6, 7), which provided a covered passage from the Louvre to Tuileries Palace and later was the first part of the Louvre to become a museum. The Lescot Wing was expanded north with the Lemercier Wing (9) under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>, and in the second half of the 17th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the Petite Galerie was enlarged (10, 13) and the remaining wings around the Square Court (12, 16) were constructed, but not totally completed until the first part of the 19th century under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, who also added the <a href="/wiki/Arc_du_Carrousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc du Carrousel">Arc du Carrousel</a> (17) and parts of the north wing (17) along the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">rue de Rivoli</a>. Later in the 19th century, the north wing was slightly extended (18) by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>. From 1852 to 1857, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> connected the north wing to the buildings surrounding the Square Court with the Richelieu Wing (19, north part) and enlarged the Grande Galerie with the Denon Wing (19, south part). In 1861–1870 his architect <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> carried out further work, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a> and the western section of the Grande Galerie (7) and adding the Pavillon des Sessions (20, also known as the Pavillon des États). In 1874–1880 he replaced the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a> (15) and extended the south facade of the adjacent Marsan Wing (21). <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ,_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Louvre and Tuileries by stage of construction"><img alt="Plan of Louvre and Tuileries by stage of construction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg/800px-Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg/1200px-Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg/1600px-Plan_of_Louvre_and_Tuileries_-_Yvan_Christ%2C_Le_Louvre_et_les_Tuileries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Louvre and Tuileries by stage of construction</figcaption></figure> <table width="800" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin: 10px auto"> <caption>Plan of Louvre and Tuileries by stage of construction </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Time </td> <th>King </th> <th>Architect </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1545–1549 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1559–1574 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Poland_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry III of Poland and France">Henry III</a> </td> <td>Pierre Lescot </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1564–1570 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Delorme" class="mw-redirect" title="Philibert Delorme">Philibert Delorme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1566 –1999 </td> <td>Catherine de' Medici </td> <td>Pierre Lescot </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1570–1572 </td> <td>Catherine de' Medici </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1595–1610 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau" title="Louis Métezeau">Louis Métezeau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1595–1610 </td> <td>Henry IV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_II_Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1595–1610 </td> <td>Henry IV </td> <td>Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1624–1654 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1653–1655 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1659–1662 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vigarani" title="Carlo Vigarani">Carlo Vigarani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1659–1664 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1661–1664 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1664–1666 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1664–1666 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1667–1670 </td> <td>Louis XIV </td> <td>Louis Le Vau, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1806–1811 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François Léonard Fontaine">Pierre Fontaine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1816–1824 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> </td> <td>Pierre Fontaine </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1852–1857 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1861–1870 </td> <td>Napoleon III </td> <td>Hector Lefuel </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  </div> </td> <td>1874–1880 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> </td> <td>Hector Lefuel </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photo_gallery">Photo gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Photo gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French sculpture in the Cour Marly in the renovated Richelieu wing of the Grand Louvre, viewed toward the west"><img alt="French sculpture in the Cour Marly in the renovated Richelieu wing of the Grand Louvre, viewed toward the west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg/495px-Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg/743px-Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg/990px-Paris_-_The_Musee_Du_Louvre_main_hall_by_night_-_2884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French sculpture in the Cour Marly in the renovated Richelieu wing of the Grand Louvre, viewed toward the west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 498px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 496px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_Carr%C3%A9e,_Louvre_Museum,_2_April_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Cour Carrée, from the central courtyard fountain toward the west"><img alt="Panoramic view of the Cour Carrée, from the central courtyard fountain toward the west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg/744px-Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="496" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg/1116px-Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg/1487px-Cour_Carr%C3%A9e%2C_Louvre_Museum%2C_2_April_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3551" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of the Cour Carrée, from the central courtyard fountain toward the west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 333.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 331.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cour Carrée of the "Old Louvre" looking west (Left to right: Aile Lescot, Pavillon Sully (de l'Horloge), Aile Lemercier)"><img alt="The Cour Carrée of the "Old Louvre" looking west (Left to right: Aile Lescot, Pavillon Sully (de l'Horloge), Aile Lemercier)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg/497px-Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg/745px-Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg/993px-Louvre_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Cour Carrée of the "Old Louvre" looking west (Left to right: Aile Lescot, Pavillon Sully (de l'Horloge), Aile Lemercier)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 670.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 668.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_(20081008).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre Palace looking west across the Cour Napoleon and the Louvre Pyramid"><img alt="The Louvre Palace looking west across the Cour Napoleon and the Louvre Pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg/1003px-Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="669" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg/1504px-Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg/2006px-Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_from_the_southeast_%2820081008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7212" data-file-height="2374" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Louvre Palace looking west across the Cour Napoleon and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 388px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 386px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden,_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavillon de Flore as seen from the Tuileries Garden"><img alt="Pavillon de Flore as seen from the Tuileries Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg/579px-Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="386" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg/869px-Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg/1158px-Pavillon_de_Flore_from_the_Tuileries_Garden%2C_Paris_5_November_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6688" data-file-height="3812" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Pavillon de Flore as seen from the Tuileries Garden</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Palace">Versailles Palace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Babelon-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babelon_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Babelon1987" class="citation cs2">Jean-Pierre Babelon (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rvart_0035-1326_1987_num_78_1_347665">"D'un fossé à l'autre. Vingt ans de recherches sur le Louvre"</a>, Revue de l'Art, 78: 5–25, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frvart.1987.347665">10.3406/rvart.1987.347665</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Art&rft.atitle=D%27un+foss%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27autre.+Vingt+ans+de+recherches+sur+le+Louvre&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frvart.1987.347665&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Babelon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frvart_0035-1326_1987_num_78_1_347665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verne2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verne2_2-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri_Verne1923" class="citation book cs1">Henri Verne (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6R5PAAAAYAAJ">Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III</a>. 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Khan Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Claude+Perrault%2C+East+facade+of+the+Louvre&rft.au=Paul+A.+Ranogajec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Frenaissance-reformation%2Fbaroque-art1%2Ffrance%2Fa%2Fclaude-perrault-east-facade-of-the-louvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Goldberger2019" class="citation web cs1">Paul Goldberger (16 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/16/obituaries/im-pei-dead.html">"I.M. Pei, Master Architect Whose Buildings Dazzled the World, Dies at 102"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.M.+Pei%2C+Master+Architect+Whose+Buildings+Dazzled+the+World%2C+Dies+at+102&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.au=Paul+Goldberger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F16%2Fobituaries%2Fim-pei-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Rothstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Edward Rothstein (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-louvre-palace-as-palimpsest-11601072431">"The Louvre: Palace as Palimpsest"</a>. 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Stuttgart and London: Edition Axel Menges. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783930698967" title="Special:BookSources/9783930698967"><bdi>9783930698967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Paris&rft.place=Stuttgart+and+London&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783930698967&rft.au=Andrew+Ayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Hayot2015" class="citation journal cs1">Denis Hayot (September–October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-371/paris-moyen-age/sous-sols-louvre-l-identification-chapelle-basse.38572.php#article_38572">"Les sous-sols du Louvre et l'identification de la " chapelle basse ""</a>. Dossiers de l'archéologie (371): 56‑59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dossiers+de+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.atitle=Les+sous-sols+du+Louvre+et+l%27identification+de+la+%22+chapelle+basse+%22&rft.issue=371&rft.pages=56%E2%80%9159&rft.date=2015-09%2F2015-10&rft.au=Denis+Hayot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dossiers-archeologie.com%2Fnumero-371%2Fparis-moyen-age%2Fsous-sols-louvre-l-identification-chapelle-basse.38572.php%23article_38572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballon15-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Ballon15_25-0">^</a> Ballon 1991, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruse-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruse_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruse_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruse_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruse_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Cruse2014" class="citation cs2">Mark Cruse (Summer 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26378893">"The Louvre of Charles V: Legitimacy, Renewal, and Royal Presence in Fourteenth-Century Paris"</a>, L'Esprit Créateur, 54:2 (2), Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 19–32, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26378893">26378893</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Esprit+Cr%C3%A9ateur&rft.atitle=The+Louvre+of+Charles+V%3A+Legitimacy%2C+Renewal%2C+and+Royal+Presence+in+Fourteenth-Century+Paris&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=54%3A2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26378893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mark+Cruse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26378893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulanier9-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier9_27-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Aulanier1964" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Aulanier (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711869756.pdf">Le Pavillon de l'Horloge et le Département des Antiquités Orientales</a> (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Pavillon+de+l%27Horloge+et+le+D%C3%A9partement+des+Antiquit%C3%A9s+Orientales&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Christiane+Aulanier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782711869756.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulanier2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier2_28-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Aulanier1950" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Aulanier (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711869541.pdf">Le Salon Carré</a> (PDF). Editions des Musées Nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Salon+Carr%C3%A9&rft.pub=Editions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Christiane+Aulanier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782711869541.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Drawing by architect Henri Legrand (1868) based on historical documents reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Berty" title="Adolphe Berty">Adolphe Berty</a> 1868, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6517964w/f287">after p. 168 (at Gallica)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Figure from Berty 1868, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6517964w/f102">after p. 56 (at Gallica)</a>; discussed and reproduced in Lowry 1956, pp. 61–62 (c. 1560, date of completion of the Pavillon du Roi; Lescot wing completed in 1553); Fig. 20, discussed on p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulanier5-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier5_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier5_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier5_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Aulanier1955" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Aulanier (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711869633.pdf">La Petite Galerie / Appartement d'Anne d'Autriche / Salles romaines</a> (PDF). 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Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9e+Charles+X+et+le+D%C3%A9partement+des+Antiquit%C3%A9s+Egyptiennes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Christiane+Aulanier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782711869725.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GF-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GF_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GF_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume_Fonkenell2018" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume Fonkenell (2018). Le Louvre : Le palais à travers les siècles. 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Réunion des musées nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C3%A9union+des+mus%C3%A9es+nationaux&rft.atitle=All%C3%A9gorie+de+la+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.photo.rmn.fr%2Farchive%2F14-512360-2C6NU0ALX94I7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> In French: "Les visiteurs de toutes les parties du monde accourraient à ce monument comme à une Mecque de l'intelligence. Vous auriez ainsi transformé le Louvre. Je dis plus, vous n'auriez pas seulement agrandi le palais, vous auriez agrandi l'idée qu'il contenait." </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulanier4-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier4_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier4_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier4_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier4_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Aulanier1953" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Aulanier (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711877263.pdf">Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III</a> (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Nouveau+Louvre+de+Napol%C3%A9on+III&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Christiane+Aulanier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782711877263.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Héron_de_Villefosse1959" class="citation book cs1">René Héron de Villefosse (1959). Histoire de Paris. Bernard Grasset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Bernard+Grasset&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+H%C3%A9ron+de+Villefosse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/271a4b7f24c2fb57dc2c8f576137057713295435">"Pavillon et aile de Flore"</a>. France Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Archives&rft.atitle=Pavillon+et+aile+de+Flore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrancearchives.fr%2Ffr%2Ffacomponent%2F271a4b7f24c2fb57dc2c8f576137057713295435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulanier11-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier11_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulanier11_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Aulanier1971" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Aulanier (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711869817.pdf">Le Pavillon de Flore</a> (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux. pp. 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Pavillon+de+Flore&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Editions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Christiane+Aulanier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782711869817.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1989" class="citation news cs1">Markham, James M. (30 March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/30/arts/mobs-delight-and-a-president-for-guide-as-the-louvre-pyramid-opens-to-the-public.html">"Mobs, Delight and a President for Guide As the Louvre Pyramid Opens to the Public"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mobs%2C+Delight+and+a+President+for+Guide+As+the+Louvre+Pyramid+Opens+to+the+Public&rft.date=1989-03-30&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F03%2F30%2Farts%2Fmobs-delight-and-a-president-for-guide-as-the-louvre-pyramid-opens-to-the-public.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> French text: "considéré comme le sanctuaire de la monarchie, désormais consacré beaucoup moins à la demeure habituelle du souverain qu'aux grandes réceptions, aux pompes, aux fêtes, aux solennités et aux cérémonies publiques." cited in Léon Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon, Paris, Plon, 1905, page 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museedesplansreliefs.culture.fr/le-musee/presentation-de-la-collection/histoire">"Histoire de la collection"</a>. Musée des Plans-Reliefs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+des+Plans-Reliefs&rft.atitle=Histoire+de+la+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museedesplansreliefs.culture.fr%2Fle-musee%2Fpresentation-de-la-collection%2Fhistoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galignani-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Galignani_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galignani%27s+New+Paris+Guide%2C+for+1870%3A+Revised+and+Verified+by+Personal+Inspection%2C+and+Arranged+on+an+Entirely+New+Plan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=A.+and+W.+Galignani+and+Co&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierry_Dutour2022" class="citation book cs1">Thierry Dutour (2022). La France hors la France : L'identité avant la nation. Vendémiaire. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+hors+la+France+%3A+L%27identit%C3%A9+avant+la+nation&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Vend%C3%A9miaire&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Thierry+Dutour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidal-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidal_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuel_Vidal1910" class="citation cs2">Emmanuel Vidal (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/nmc/nmc_573_1910.pdf">The History and Methods of the Paris Bourse</a> (PDF), Washington D.C.: U.S. Senate National Monetary Commission</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Methods+of+the+Paris+Bourse&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Senate+National+Monetary+Commission&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Emmanuel+Vidal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraser.stlouisfed.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Fhistorical%2Fnmc%2Fnmc_573_1910.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulien_Havet1884" class="citation cs2">Julien Havet (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/bec.1884.447244">"Compte du trésor du Louvre (Toussaint 1296)"</a>, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 45: 237–299, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbec.1884.447244">10.3406/bec.1884.447244</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27%C3%A9cole+des+chartes&rft.atitle=Compte+du+tr%C3%A9sor+du+Louvre+%28Toussaint+1296%29&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=237-299&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbec.1884.447244&rft.au=Julien+Havet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3406%2Fbec.1884.447244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charpente-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charpente_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charpente_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_GoutalGaëtan_GenèsSoline_Bonneval2017" class="citation web cs1">Michel Goutal; Gaëtan Genès; Soline Bonneval (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/92_Goutal-Genes-Bonneval_FBC2017.pdf">"Pavillon de l'horloge – Musée du Louvre"</a> (PDF). Forum Bois Construction. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forum+Bois+Construction&rft.atitle=Pavillon+de+l%27horloge+%E2%80%93+Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Michel+Goutal&rft.au=Ga%C3%ABtan+Gen%C3%A8s&rft.au=Soline+Bonneval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum-boisconstruction.com%2Fconferences%2F92_Goutal-Genes-Bonneval_FBC2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarine_Huguenaud2010" class="citation web cs1">Karine Huguenaud (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/the-religious-marriage-of-napoleon-i-and-marie-louise-in-the-salon-carre-at-the-louvre-on-2-april-1810/">"The Religious Marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise in the Salon Carré at the Louvre, on 2 April, 1810"</a>. 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Come to Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Come+to+Paris&rft.atitle=H%C3%B4tel+de+Ville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cometoparis.com%2Ffre%2Fdecouvrir-paris%2Fmonuments-de-paris%2Fhotel-de-ville-s935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55801475/f1.textePage">"Recueil général des lois et des arrêts : En matière civile, criminelle, commerciale et de droit public... / Par J.-B. Sirey"</a>. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recueil+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+lois+et+des+arr%C3%AAts+%3A+En+mati%C3%A8re+civile%2C+criminelle%2C+commerciale+et+de+droit+public...+%2F+Par+J.-B.+Sirey&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k55801475%2Ff1.textePage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatelet-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chatelet_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatelet_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiliane_Châtelet-Lange1987" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Liliane Châtelet-Lange (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/bulmo_0007-473x_1987_num_145_3_2988_t1_0328_0000_5.pdf">"Sculptures des jardins du Louvre, du Carrousel et des Tuileries (Notes et documents des Musées de France, 12), par Geneviève Bresc-Bautier et Anne Pingeot avec la collaboration d'Antoinette Le Normand-Romain"</a> (PDF), Bulletin Monumental, 145:3: 328–330</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Monumental&rft.atitle=Sculptures+des+jardins+du+Louvre%2C+du+Carrousel+et+des+Tuileries+%28Notes+et+documents+des+Mus%C3%A9es+de+France%2C+12%29%2C+par+Genevi%C3%A8ve+Bresc-Bautier+et+Anne+Pingeot+avec+la+collaboration+d%27Antoinette+Le+Normand-Romain&rft.volume=145%3A3&rft.pages=328-330&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Liliane+Ch%C3%A2telet-Lange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fbulmo_0007-473x_1987_num_145_3_2988_t1_0328_0000_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1828" class="citation book cs1">Lebrun (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mofKq-p6GKUC">Manuel complet du voyageur dans Paris, ou Nouveau guide de l'étranger dans cette capitale</a>. Paris: Roret. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+complet+du+voyageur+dans+Paris%2C+ou+Nouveau+guide+de+l%27%C3%A9tranger+dans+cette+capitale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Roret&rft.date=1828&rft.au=Lebrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmofKq-p6GKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_&_Peter_van_der_Krogt" class="citation web cs1">René & Peter van der Krogt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=frhn004">"Ferdinand duc d'Orléans"</a>. Statues – Hither and Thither.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statues+%E2%80%93+Hither+and+Thither&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+duc+d%27Orl%C3%A9ans&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+%26+Peter+van+der+Krogt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatues.vanderkrogt.net%2Fobject.php%3Fwebpage%3DST%26record%3Dfrhn004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paris1900.lartnouveau.com/paris01/louvre/jardins_louvre_1900.htm">"Les jardins Louvre dans les années 1900 – Paris 1e"</a>. paris1900.lartnouveau.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paris1900.lartnouveau.com&rft.atitle=Les+jardins+Louvre+dans+les+ann%C3%A9es+1900+%E2%80%93+Paris+1e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparis1900.lartnouveau.com%2Fparis01%2Flouvre%2Fjardins_louvre_1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Perchet2012" class="citation web cs1">Dominique Perchet (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-diego-velasquez-madrid-detruit-et-remplace/">"Monument à Diego Velasquez – Madrid (détruit et remplacé)"</a>. e-monumen.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-monumen.net&rft.atitle=Monument+%C3%A0+Diego+Velasquez+%E2%80%93+Madrid+%28d%C3%A9truit+et+remplac%C3%A9%29&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.au=Dominique+Perchet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-monumen.net%2Fpatrimoine-monumental%2Fmonument-a-diego-velasquez-madrid-detruit-et-remplace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorente-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorente_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorente_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorente_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesús_Pedro_Lorente2014" class="citation cs2">Jesús Pedro Lorente (December 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296905571">"Monuments devoted to artists in public spaces around museums: A nineteenth-century strategy to enhance the urban space of art districts"</a>, RIHA Journal, 99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIHA+Journal&rft.atitle=Monuments+devoted+to+artists+in+public+spaces+around+museums%3A+A+nineteenth-century+strategy+to+enhance+the+urban+space+of+art+districts&rft.volume=99&rft.date=2014-12&rft.au=Jes%C3%BAs+Pedro+Lorente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F296905571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Fantelin2011" class="citation web cs1">André Fantelin (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parismyope.blogspot.com/2011/05/les-pierres-blanches-de-bartholome-2.html">"Les Pierres Blanches de Bartholomé. 2"</a>. Paris myope.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paris+myope&rft.atitle=Les+Pierres+Blanches+de+Bartholom%C3%A9.+2&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Fantelin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparismyope.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fles-pierres-blanches-de-bartholome-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/1199">"Le Temps et le Génie de l'Art, devenu le Monument à l'Amitié franco-américaine"</a>. Musée d'Orsay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft.atitle=Le+Temps+et+le+G%C3%A9nie+de+l%27Art%2C+devenu+le+Monument+%C3%A0+l%27Amiti%C3%A9+franco-am%C3%A9ricaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr%2Findex.php%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F1199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Verbicaro2014" class="citation web cs1">Tony Verbicaro (26 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhebdoduvendredi.com/article/18287/le-premier-architecte-de-landowski-aurait-du-etre-une-premiere">"Le Premier Architecte de Landowski aurait dû être une première"</a>. L'hebdo du vendredi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27hebdo+du+vendredi&rft.atitle=Le+Premier+Architecte+de+Landowski+aurait+d%C3%BB+%C3%AAtre+une+premi%C3%A8re&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.au=Tony+Verbicaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhebdoduvendredi.com%2Farticle%2F18287%2Fle-premier-architecte-de-landowski-aurait-du-etre-une-premiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/4524">"Monument à Pierre de Montereau, dit aussi de Montreuil dit aussi Le Maître d'oeuvre"</a>. À nos Grands Hommes – Collection France Debuisson / Musée d'Orsay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%80+nos+Grands+Hommes+%E2%80%93+Collection+France+Debuisson+%2F+Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft.atitle=Monument+%C3%A0+Pierre+de+Montereau%2C+dit+aussi+de+Montreuil+dit+aussi+Le+Ma%C3%AEtre+d%27oeuvre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr%2Findex.php%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F4524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/5114">"Monument au sculpteur Houdon"</a>. À nos Grands Hommes – Collection France Debuisson / Musée d'Orsay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%80+nos+Grands+Hommes+%E2%80%93+Collection+France+Debuisson+%2F+Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft.atitle=Monument+au+sculpteur+Houdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr%2Findex.php%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F5114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/5064">"Monument à Jean-Baptiste Corot"</a>. À nos Grands Hommes – Collection France Debuisson / Musée d'Orsay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%80+nos+Grands+Hommes+%E2%80%93+Collection+France+Debuisson+%2F+Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay&rft.atitle=Monument+%C3%A0+Jean-Baptiste+Corot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr%2Findex.php%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F5064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce_Rivet1988" class="citation web cs1">Luce Rivet (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corronsac.fr/fr/le-village/l-histoire-du-village/victor-segoffin-sculpteur.html">"Victor Ségoffin, sculpteur"</a>. Corronsac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corronsac&rft.atitle=Victor+S%C3%A9goffin%2C+sculpteur&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Luce+Rivet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corronsac.fr%2Ffr%2Fle-village%2Fl-histoire-du-village%2Fvictor-segoffin-sculpteur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.0180410a/">"St. Paul, Minn., September 23rd, 1898. Mr. Robert Thompson, Secretary, Lafayette Memorial Commission, Chicago, Ills. Dear Sir. [Regarding Lafayette memorial] John Ireland Archbishop of St. Paul"</a>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=St.+Paul%2C+Minn.%2C+September+23rd%2C+1898.+Mr.+Robert+Thompson%2C+Secretary%2C+Lafayette+Memorial+Commission%2C+Chicago%2C+Ills.+Dear+Sir.+%5BRegarding+Lafayette+memorial%5D+John+Ireland+Archbishop+of+St.+Paul.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Frbpe.0180410a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Poiret2012" class="citation web cs1">Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://next.liberation.fr/design/2012/11/28/les-terres-cuites-d-olivier-gagnere-valorisent-vallauris_863811">"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris"</a>. Libération.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Les+terres+cuites+d%27Olivier+Gagn%C3%A8re+valorisent+Vallauris&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.au=Dominique+Poiret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnext.liberation.fr%2Fdesign%2F2012%2F11%2F28%2Fles-terres-cuites-d-olivier-gagnere-valorisent-vallauris_863811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Magalhaes2016" class="citation web cs1">F. Magalhaes (24 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designlimitededition.com/cafe-mollien-louvre-new-light-mathieu-lehanneur/">"Café Mollien: the Louvre Under New Light by Mathieu Lehanneur"</a>. Design Limited Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Design+Limited+Edition&rft.atitle=Caf%C3%A9+Mollien%3A+the+Louvre+Under+New+Light+by+Mathieu+Lehanneur&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.au=F.+Magalhaes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.designlimitededition.com%2Fcafe-mollien-louvre-new-light-mathieu-lehanneur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoline_Delos2016" class="citation cs2">Soline Delos (July–August 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loulou-paris.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Loulou-2016-06-211269@ELLE_DECORATION.pdf">"Joseph Dirand"</a> (PDF), Elle Decoration</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elle+Decoration&rft.atitle=Joseph+Dirand&rft.date=2016-07%2F2016-08&rft.au=Soline+Delos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floulou-paris.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FLoulou-2016-06-211269%40ELLE_DECORATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2017/05/16/2575128-disparition-d-yves-pinard-le-chef-historien-de-la-cuisine.html">"Tarbes. Disparition d'Yves Pinard le chef "historien de la cuisine""</a>. La Dépêche. 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche&rft.atitle=Tarbes.+Disparition+d%27Yves+Pinard+le+chef+%22historien+de+la+cuisine%22&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2Farticle%2F2017%2F05%2F16%2F2575128-disparition-d-yves-pinard-le-chef-historien-de-la-cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouvre+Palace" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783930698967" title="Special:BookSources/9783930698967">9783930698967</a>.</li> <li>Ballon, Hilary (1991). The Paris of Henri IV: Architecture and Urbanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02309-2">978-0-262-02309-2</a>.</li> <li>Berger, Robert W. (1993). The Palace of the Sun: The Louvre of Louis XIV. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271008479" title="Special:BookSources/9780271008479">9780271008479</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berty,_Adolphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Berty, Adolphe">Berty, Adolphe</a> (1868). Topographie historique du vieux Paris. Région du Louvre et des Tuileries. Tome 2. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6517964w/f7.image">Copy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>.</li> <li>Bezombes, Dominique, editor (1994). The Grand Louvre: History of a Project. Paris: Moniteur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782281190793" title="Special:BookSources/9782281190793">9782281190793</a>.</li> <li>Biasini, Émile; Lebrat, Jean; Bezombes, Dominique; Vincent, Jean-Michel (1989). The Grand Louvre: A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993. Paris: Electa Moniteur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782866530662" title="Special:BookSources/9782866530662">9782866530662</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt,_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt, Anthony">Blunt, Anthony</a>; Beresford, Richard (1999). Art and architecture in France, 1500–1700. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07748-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07748-3">0-300-07748-3</a>.</li> <li>Bresc-Bautier, Genevieve (1995). The Louvre: An Architectural History. New York: The Vendome Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865659636" title="Special:BookSources/9780865659636">9780865659636</a>.</li> <li>Briggs, Keith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithbriggs.info/documents/Briggs_LVVRE_offprint_JEPNS_40.pdf">"The Domesday Book castle LVVRE"</a>. Journal of the English Place-Name Society, vol. 40, pp. 113–118. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</li> <li>Christ, Yvan (1949). Le Louvre et les Tuileries : Histoire architecturale d'un double palais. [Paris]: Éditions "Tel". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122966">1122966</a>.</li> <li>Edwards, Henry Sutherland (1893). Old and New Paris: Its History, Its People, and Its Places. Paris: Cassell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdJ1YyELlgsC&dq=history+of+the+word+louvre&pg=PA194">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2008.</li> <li>Hanser, David A. (2006). Architecture of France. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313319020" title="Special:BookSources/9780313319020">9780313319020</a>.</li> <li>Hautecoeur, Louis (1940). Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1940, 2nd edition. Paris: Administration provisoire d'imprimerie. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433847563">433847563</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174906288">174906288</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowry,_Bates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowry, Bates">Lowry, Bates</a> (1956). Palais du Louvre, 1528–1624: The Development of a Sixteenth-Century Architectural Complex (thesis/dissertation). University of Chicago. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/214308093">214308093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dissexpress.umi.com/dxweb/results.html?QryTxt=&By=bates+lowry&Title=louvre+1528&pubnum=">ProQuest</a></li> <li>Mignot, Claude (1999). The Pocket Louvre: A Visitor's Guide to 500 Works. New York: Abbeville Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789205785" title="Special:BookSources/0789205785">0789205785</a>.</li> <li>Ochterbeck, Cynthia Clayton, editor (2009). The Green Guide Paris, pp. 168–201. Greenville, South Carolina: Michelin Maps and Guides. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906261375" title="Special:BookSources/9781906261375">9781906261375</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauval,_Henri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauval, Henri">Sauval, Henri</a> (1724). Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris, vol. 2, Paris: C. Moette and J. Chardon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdzvCzvi1-IC&pg=PP9">Copy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Sturdy, David (1995). Science and social status: the members of the Académie des sciences 1666–1750. Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K.: Boydell Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085115395X" title="Special:BookSources/085115395X">085115395X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLsNxkRXiNAC&dq=francois+I+keep+Louvre&pg=RA1-PA42">Preview</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Palace&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palais_du_Louvre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palais du Louvre">Palais du Louvre</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00085992">Palais du Louvre et jardin des Tuileries</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331223305/http://www.virtualparis.fr/en/guide/displayVisit/19">A virtual visit of the Louvre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-360.com/front/fiche/8-cour-napol%E9on---pyramide-du-louvre.html">Panoramic view of the pyramid and the Cour Napoléon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louvre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louvre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Louvre_and_Tuileries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The Louvre and Tuileries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CCDDFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Branch_museums" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Branch museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvre-Lens" title="Louvre-Lens">The Louvre-Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi" title="Louvre Abu Dhabi">The Louvre Abu Dhabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CCDDFF;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palais du Louvre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Sections in detail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Castle">Louvre Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lescot_Wing" title="Lescot Wing">Lescot Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi" title="Pavillon du Roi">Pavillon du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre" title="Petite Galerie of the Louvre">Petite Galerie of the Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Galerie" title="Grande Galerie">Grande Galerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Cour Carrée">Cour Carrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge" title="Pavillon de l'Horloge">Pavillon de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9" title="Salon Carré">Salon Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalier_Daru" title="Escalier Daru">Escalier Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre" title="Carrousel du Louvre">Carrousel du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Louvre Inverted Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_du_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond du Temple (page does not exist)">Raymond du Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_II_Chambiges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre II Chambiges (page does not exist)">Pierre II Chambiges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau" title="Louis Métezeau">Louis Métezeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androuet_du_Cerceau" title="Androuet du Cerceau">Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orbay" title="François d'Orbay">François d'Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Brebion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilien Brebion (page does not exist)">Maximilien Brebion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Cheval_de_Saint-Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert (page does not exist)">Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Arnaud_Raymond" title="Jean-Arnaud Raymond">Jean-Arnaud Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre François Léonard Fontaine">Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Duban" title="Félix Duban">Félix Louis Jacques Duban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector-Martin Lefuel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Jean_Baptiste_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume (page does not exist)">Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Redon" title="Gaston Redon">Gaston Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Auguste_Blavette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Auguste Blavette (page does not exist)">Victor-Auguste Blavette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camille_Lef%C3%A8vre_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camille Lefèvre (architect) (page does not exist)">Camille Lefèvre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ferran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ferran (page does not exist)">Albert Ferran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CCDDFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Palais des Tuileries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Sections in detail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore" title="Pavillon de Flore">Pavillon de Flore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Tuileries" title="Théâtre des Tuileries">Théâtre des Tuileries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme" title="Philibert de l'Orme">Philibert de l'Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CCDDFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Jardin des Tuileries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Sections in detail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#CCDDFF">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_royal_residences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Residences_in_France" title="Template:Royal Residences in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Residences_in_France" title="Template talk:Royal Residences in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Residences_in_France" 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href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louvre Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Marly" title="Château de Marly">Château de Marly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Meudon" title="Château de Meudon">Château de Meudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130659682">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075873-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078515">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119783451">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119783451">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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