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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regency (Indonesia)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regentskap_(Indonesi%C3%AB)" title="Regentskap (Indonesië) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regentskap (Indonesië)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ريجنسي (إندونيسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريجنسي (إندونيسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupat%C3%A9n" title="Kabupatén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kabupatén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupatin" title="Kabupatin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kabupatin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE_%C3%AA_ko%C4%81n" title="Ìn-nî ê koān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-nî ê koān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erregentzia_(Indonesia)" title="Erregentzia (Indonesia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erregentzia (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%8C%8C%ED%85%90" title="카부파텐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카부파텐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggenze_dell%27Indonesia" title="Reggenze dell'Indonesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reggenze dell'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupat%C3%A8n" title="Kabupatèn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kabupatèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regentschap_(Indonesi%C3%AB)" title="Regentschap (Indonesië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regentschap (Indonesië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8C_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2)" title="県 (インドネシア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="県 (インドネシア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Округ (Индонезия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Округ (Индонезия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" title="Regencies of Indonesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Regencies of Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupat%C3%A9n" title="Kabupatén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kabupatén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อำเภอของประเทศอินโดนีเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อำเภอของประเทศอินโดนีเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Регентство (Індонезія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регентство (Індонезія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy%E1%BB%87n_(Indonesia)" title="Huyện (Indonesia) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Huyện (Indonesia)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%A3_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E)" title="縣 (印度尼西亞) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="縣 (印度尼西亞)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupat%C3%A8n" title="Kabupatèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kabupatèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kabupaten" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3191695#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Subdivisions of Indonesia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ffdead"> Level 1</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a> (<i>provinsi</i> or <i>daerah istimewa</i>)</li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">poverty rate</a>); <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_islands_by_population" title="List of Indonesian islands by population">Island population</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ffdead"> Level 2</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regencies</a> (<i>kabupaten</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Cities</a> (<i>kota</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">Metropolitan</a> (<i>metropolitan</i>)</li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">full list</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian cities by GDP">cities by GDP</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_regencies_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian regencies by GDP">regencies by GDP</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">cities by population</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_regencies_by_population" title="List of Indonesian regencies by population">regencies by population</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ffdead"> Level 3</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul> (<i>kecamatan</i>, <i>distrik</i>, <i>kapanewon</i>, or <i>kemantren</i>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ffdead"> Level 4</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia" title="Villages of Indonesia">Rural or urban villages</a></li></ul> (<i>desa</i> or <i>kelurahan</i>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ffdead"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_warga" title="Rukun warga">Rukun warga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_tetangga" title="Rukun tetangga">Rukun tetangga</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia_sidebar" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Indonesia sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia_sidebar" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Indonesia sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Indonesia sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> A <b>regency</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">kabupaten</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sometimes incorrectly referred to as a <b>district</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, directly under a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> and on the same level with <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">city</a> (<i>kota</i>). Regencies are divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">districts</a> (<i>Kecamatan</i>, <i>Distrik</i> in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Kapanewon</i> and <i>Kemantren</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>). The average area of Indonesian regencies is about 4,578.29 km<sup>2</sup> (1,767.69 sq mi), with an average population of 670,958 people. </p><p>The English name "regency" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial period</a>, when regencies were ruled by <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> (or <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a>) and were known as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">regentschap</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (<span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">kabupaten</i></span> in Javanese and subsequently Indonesian).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Bupati</i></span> had been regional lords under the precolonial monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not, strictly speaking, "native rulers" because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, but in practice, they had many of the attributes of petty kings, including elaborate regalia and palaces and a high degree of impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Javaanse_Regent_in_gala-uniform._TMnr_60042311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Javanese regent in gala uniform (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indonesian title of <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> is originally a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, a shortening of the Sanskrit title <i>bhumi-pati</i> (<i>bhumi</i> भूमि '(of the) land' + <i>pati</i> पति 'lord', hence <i>bhumi-pati</i> 'lord of the land').<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indonesia, <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> was originally used as a <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> title for regional rulers in precolonial kingdoms, its first recorded usage being in the <a href="/wiki/Telaga_Batu_inscription" title="Telaga Batu inscription">Telaga Batu inscription</a>, which dates to the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> period, in which <i>bhupati</i> is mentioned among the titles of local rulers who <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">paid allegiance</a> to Sriwijaya's kings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are <i>adipati</i> ('duke') and <i>senapati</i> ('lord of the army' or 'general'). </p><p>Regencies as we know them today were first created January 28, 1892, when the Dutch East Indies government established the Landarchief. The first landarchivasis was confirmed the next day and lasted until 1905. Officially, Indonesia's current regencies were established with the proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-independence_period">Pre-independence period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-independence period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sosroningrat,_regent_van_Djapara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/220px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/330px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/440px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Sosroningrat, Regent of <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a> 1881–1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into <i>residencies</i> headed by exclusively European residents. This term hinted that the residents had a quasi-diplomatic status in relation to the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> (and indeed they had such a relationship with the native rulers who continued to prevail in much of Indonesia outside Java), but in practice the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> had to follow Dutch instructions on any matter of concern to the colonial authorities. Like the current system of government in Indonesia, the system of historical times is still in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between those sides was ambivalent: while legal and military <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> rested with the Dutch government (or, for a long time, with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>) under a Governor General in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> on Java, the regents held higher protocollary rank than the assistant-resident who supposedly advised them and held day-to-day sway over the population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bupati</i></span> and <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">kabupaten</i></span> were applied throughout the archipelago to the administrative unit below the residency (<i>karesidenan</i>). </p><p>In the Telaga Batu inscription, which was found in the village near <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> and contains a worship of the king of Srivijaya, there may be the word <i>bhupati</i>. The inscription is estimated to be from the end of the 7th century AD, Indonesia inscription expert Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis translated <i>bhupati</i> with the term <i>head</i> (<i>hoofd</i> in Dutch), the word <i>bhupati</i> is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Ligor_inscription" title="Ligor inscription">Ligor inscription</a>, which was found in the <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. In the 17th century, Europeans called the area <i>Ligor</i>. this inscription was identified in 775 AD 7th century AD, the term <i>bhupati</i> was used to refer to the king of Srivijaya Hujunglangit in the 9th century AD<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">Reform Era</a> in 1998 a remarkable secession of regency governments has arisen in Indonesia. The process has become known as <i>pemekaran</i> (division). Following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Soeharto" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Soeharto">fall of Soeharto</a> in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies (and cities) from around 300 at the end of 1998 to 514 in 2014 sixteen years later. This secession of new regencies, welcome at first, has become increasingly controversial within Indonesia because the administrative fragmentation has proved costly and has not brought the hoped-for benefits. </p><p>Senior levels of the administration expressed a general feeling that the process of <i>pemekaran</i> needed to be slowed (or even stopped for the time being), although local politicians at various levels across government in Indonesia continue to express strong populist support for the continued creation of new regencies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, no further regencies or independent cities have been created since 2014, with the last being <a href="/wiki/Central_Buton_Regency" title="Central Buton Regency">Central Buton</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Buton_Regency" title="South Buton Regency">South Buton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Muna_Regency" title="West Muna Regency">West Muna</a> regencies in Southeast Sulawesi, all created on 23 July. However, a paper on fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality in 2019 argued that that fiscal decentralization reduces regional income inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, a large portion of governance have been delegated from central government in Jakarta to local regencies, with regencies now playing important role in providing services to Indonesian people.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct elections for regents and mayors began in 2005, with the leaders previously being elected by local legislative councils.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2020, there are 416 regencies in Indonesia, and 98 cities. 120 of these are in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, 85 are in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, 37 are in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a>, 47 are in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, 70 are in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, 17 are in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, and 40 in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">City status in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Subdivisions of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_seat" title="Regency seat">Regency seat</a></li> <li>Other similar administrative divisions found outside Indonesia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts of Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">Old spelling</a> <i>keboepatén</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example of this incorrect usage is in machine translation services such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>. "District" to refer to regencies is incorrect as "districts" legally refers to <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">what is called <i>kecamatan</i> or <i>distrik</i> in Indonesian</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/44901/uu-no-21-tahun-2001">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua</a> [Republic of Indonesia Law Number 21 of Year 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province] (Law Number 21). LN (in Indonesian). Vol. 135. Indonesia (published 2001). 21 November 2001. ch. 1 § 1.k.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Undang-Undang+Republik+Indonesia+Nomor+21+Tahun+2001+tentang+Otonomi+Khusus+Bagi+Provinsi+Papua&rft.place=Indonesia&rft.series=LN&rft.pages=ch.+1+%C2%A7+1.k&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperaturan.bpk.go.id%2FHome%2FDetails%2F44901%2Fuu-no-21-tahun-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/38685/uu-no-23-tahun-2014">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah</a> [Republic of Indonesia Law Number 23 of Year 2014 concerning Regional Government] (Law Number 23). LN (in Indonesian). Vol. 244. Indonesia (published 2014). 2 October 2014. ch. 1 § 1.24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Undang-Undang+Republik+Indonesia+Nomor+23+Tahun+2014+tentang+Pemerintah+Daerah&rft.place=Indonesia&rft.series=LN&rft.pages=ch.+1+%C2%A7+1.24&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperaturan.bpk.go.id%2FHome%2FDetails%2F38685%2Fuu-no-23-tahun-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia_Departemen_Dalam_Negeri1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indonesia Departemen Dalam Negeri (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MioSAAAAMAAJ&q=Kabupaten+pembagian+wilayah+indonesia"><i>Departemen Dalam Negeri, tugas, fungsi dan peranannya dalam pemerintah di Daerah</i></a> (in Indonesian). Departemen Dalam Negeri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Departemen+Dalam+Negeri%2C+tugas%2C+fungsi+dan+peranannya+dalam+pemerintah+di+Daerah&rft.pub=Departemen+Dalam+Negeri&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Indonesia+Departemen+Dalam+Negeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMioSAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKabupaten%2Bpembagian%2Bwilayah%2Bindonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoesoemahatmadja1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koesoemahatmadja, Djenal Hoesen (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RF0tAQAAIAAJ&q=Sejarah+Bupati+Hindia+Belanda"><i>Perkembangan fungsi dan struktur pamong praja ditinjau dari segi sejarah</i></a> (in Indonesian). Alumni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perkembangan+fungsi+dan+struktur+pamong+praja+ditinjau+dari+segi+sejarah&rft.pub=Alumni&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Koesoemahatmadja&rft.aufirst=Djenal+Hoesen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRF0tAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DSejarah%2BBupati%2BHindia%2BBelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuwarno1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suwarno, P. J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stIjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sejarah+Bupati+Hindia+Belanda"><i>Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang</i></a> (in Indonesian). Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789798109010" title="Special:BookSources/9789798109010"><bdi>9789798109010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+birokrasi+pemerintahan+Indonesia+dahulu+dan+sekarang&rft.pub=Penerbitan+Universitas+Atma+Jaya+Yogyakarta&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789798109010&rft.aulast=Suwarno&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstIjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSejarah%2BBupati%2BHindia%2BBelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaharjoMunandar1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raharjo, Supratikno; Munandar, Agus Aris (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpJQCwAAQBAJ&q=Sejarah+perkembangan+Bupati&pg=PA15"><i>Sejarah Kebudayaan Bali: Kajian Perkembangan dan Dampak Pariwisata</i></a> (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Kebudayaan+Bali%3A+Kajian+Perkembangan+dan+Dampak+Pariwisata&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.aulast=Raharjo&rft.aufirst=Supratikno&rft.au=Munandar%2C+Agus+Aris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpJQCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSejarah%2Bperkembangan%2BBupati%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoesponegoro1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjRfRCdfk8QC&q=Sejarah+Bupati+Hindia+Belanda"><i>Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kebangkitan nasional dan masa akhir Hindia Belanda</i></a> (in Indonesian). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+nasional+Indonesia%3A+Jaman+kebangkitan+nasional+dan+masa+akhir+Hindia+Belanda&rft.pub=Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Poesponegoro&rft.aufirst=Marwati+Djoened&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjRfRCdfk8QC%26q%3DSejarah%2BBupati%2BHindia%2BBelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubis2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lubis, Nina Herlina (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmFwAAAAMAAJ&q=Sejarah+Bupati+Hindia+Belanda"><i>Tradisi dan transformasi sejarah Sunda</i></a> (in Indonesian). Humaniora Utama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799231338" title="Special:BookSources/9789799231338"><bdi>9789799231338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradisi+dan+transformasi+sejarah+Sunda&rft.pub=Humaniora+Utama+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789799231338&rft.aulast=Lubis&rft.aufirst=Nina+Herlina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmFwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSejarah%2BBupati%2BHindia%2BBelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoesoemahatmadja1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koesoemahatmadja, Djenal Hoesen (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RF0tAQAAIAAJ&q=Sejarah+perkembangan+Bupati"><i>Perkembangan fungsi dan struktur pamong praja ditinjau dari segi sejarah</i></a> (in Indonesian). Alumni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perkembangan+fungsi+dan+struktur+pamong+praja+ditinjau+dari+segi+sejarah&rft.pub=Alumni&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Koesoemahatmadja&rft.aufirst=Djenal+Hoesen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRF0tAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DSejarah%2Bperkembangan%2BBupati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetiawan2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Setiawan, Irfan (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJBiDwAAQBAJ&q=bupati+sriwijaya&pg=PA134"><i>Handbook Pemerintahan Daerah</i></a> (in Indonesian). Wahana Resolusi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786025775185" title="Special:BookSources/9786025775185"><bdi>9786025775185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+Pemerintahan+Daerah&rft.pub=Wahana+Resolusi&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.isbn=9786025775185&rft.aulast=Setiawan&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJBiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbupati%2Bsriwijaya%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casparis, J.G., (1956), <i>Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D.</i>, Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anri.go.id/profil/sejarah">"Sejarah"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanri.go.id%2Fprofil%2Fsejarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakan2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pakan, Djon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S25wAAAAMAAJ&q=hubungan+residen+bupati+hindia+belanda"><i>Kembali ke jatidiri bangsa: Sumpah Pemuda Indonesia, Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945, Pancasila, dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : sejarah, filsafat, dan refleksi pemikiran kebangsaan</i></a> (in Indonesian). Millennium Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799437525" title="Special:BookSources/9789799437525"><bdi>9789799437525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kembali+ke+jatidiri+bangsa%3A+Sumpah+Pemuda+Indonesia%2C+Proklamasi+17+Agustus+1945%2C+Pancasila%2C+dan+Undang-Undang+Dasar+1945+%3A+sejarah%2C+filsafat%2C+dan+refleksi+pemikiran+kebangsaan&rft.pub=Millennium+Publisher&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789799437525&rft.aulast=Pakan&rft.aufirst=Djon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS25wAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhubungan%2Bresiden%2Bbupati%2Bhindia%2Bbelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdiwilaga2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adiwilaga, Rendy (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GchcDwAAQBAJ&q=hubungan+residen+bupati+hindia+belanda&pg=PA197"><i>Kepemimpinan Pemerintahan Indonesia: Teori dan Prakteknya</i></a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786024751227" title="Special:BookSources/9786024751227"><bdi>9786024751227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kepemimpinan+Pemerintahan+Indonesia%3A+Teori+dan+Prakteknya&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.isbn=9786024751227&rft.aulast=Adiwilaga&rft.aufirst=Rendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGchcDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhubungan%2Bresiden%2Bbupati%2Bhindia%2Bbelanda%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPusat_Studi_Sunda2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pusat Studi Sunda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzBwAAAAMAAJ&q=hubungan+residen+bupati+hindia+belanda"><i>Bupati di Priangan: dan kajian lainnya mengenai budaya Sunda</i></a> (in Indonesian). Pusat Studi Sunda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bupati+di+Priangan%3A+dan+kajian+lainnya+mengenai+budaya+Sunda&rft.pub=Pusat+Studi+Sunda&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pusat+Studi+Sunda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzBwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhubungan%2Bresiden%2Bbupati%2Bhindia%2Bbelanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatmadji2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hatmadji, Tri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqCHCgAAQBAJ&q=hubungan+%22asisten+residen%22+bupati&pg=PA162"><i>Ragam Pusaka Budaya Banten</i></a> (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799932402" title="Special:BookSources/9789799932402"><bdi>9789799932402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragam+Pusaka+Budaya+Banten&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789799932402&rft.aulast=Hatmadji&rft.aufirst=Tri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqCHCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhubungan%2B%2522asisten%2Bresiden%2522%2Bbupati%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompasiana.com/jatikumoro/5fec498dd541df6b12392cc3/prasasti-ligor-jejak-historis-raja-jawa-di-semenanjung-melayu-pada-abad-kedelapan-masehi#:~:text=Isi%20pokok%20tulisan%20prasasti%20Ligor,Caitya%20untuk%20Padmapani%2C%20Sakyamuni%2C%20dan">"Prasasti Ligor, Jejak Historis Raja Jawa di Semenanjung Melayu pada Abad Kedelapan Masehi"</a>. 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prasasti+Ligor%2C+Jejak+Historis+Raja+Jawa+di+Semenanjung+Melayu+pada+Abad+Kedelapan+Masehi&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompasiana.com%2Fjatikumoro%2F5fec498dd541df6b12392cc3%2Fprasasti-ligor-jejak-historis-raja-jawa-di-semenanjung-melayu-pada-abad-kedelapan-masehi%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIsi%2520pokok%2520tulisan%2520prasasti%2520Ligor%2CCaitya%2520untuk%2520Padmapani%252C%2520Sakyamuni%252C%2520dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/05/30/204231679/kerajaan-sriwijaya-letak-raja-raja-masa-kejayaan-dan-peninggalan?page=all">"Kerajaan Sriwijaya: Letak, Raja-raja, Masa Kejayaan, dan Peninggalan Halaman all"</a>. 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerajaan+Sriwijaya%3A+Letak%2C+Raja-raja%2C+Masa+Kejayaan%2C+dan+Peninggalan+Halaman+all&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.com%2Fstori%2Fread%2F2021%2F05%2F30%2F204231679%2Fkerajaan-sriwijaya-letak-raja-raja-masa-kejayaan-dan-peninggalan%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rasindogroup.com/prasasti-hujung-langit/">"Prasasti Hujung Langit -"</a>. 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prasasti+Hujung+Langit+-&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frasindogroup.com%2Fprasasti-hujung-langit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitomorang2010" class="citation web cs1">Sitomorang, Yosua (9 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928141937/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/strategic-asia-when-it-comes-to-regional-autonomy-in-indonesia-breaking-up-should-be-harder-to-do/377006">"Strategic Asia: When it comes to Regional Autonomy in Indonesia, Breaking Up Should be Harder to Do'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/strategic-asia-when-it-comes-to-regional-autonomy-in-indonesia-breaking-up-should-be-harder-to-do/377006">the original</a> on 28 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Strategic+Asia%3A+When+it+comes+to+Regional+Autonomy+in+Indonesia%2C+Breaking+Up+Should+be+Harder+to+Do%27&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft.aulast=Sitomorang&rft.aufirst=Yosua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fopinion%2Fstrategic-asia-when-it-comes-to-regional-autonomy-in-indonesia-breaking-up-should-be-harder-to-do%2F377006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiburian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Siburian, Matondang Elsa (2020). "Fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality: evidence from Indonesia". <i>Applied Economics Letters</i>. <b>27</b> (17): 1383–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504851.2019.1683139">10.1080/13504851.2019.1683139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211438210">211438210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Economics+Letters&rft.atitle=Fiscal+decentralization+and+regional+income+inequality%3A+evidence+from+Indonesia&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=1383-6&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13504851.2019.1683139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211438210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Siburian&rft.aufirst=Matondang+Elsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation cs2">Hill, Hal (18 September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/power-shift-in-indonesia/story-e6frgd0x-1226721251403"><i>Power shift in Indonesia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+shift+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=The+Australian&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fopinion%2Fpower-shift-in-indonesia%2Fstory-e6frgd0x-1226721251403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwok2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Kwok, Yenni (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3431596/indonesia-regional-direct-elections-democracy-prabowo-subianto-joko-jokowi-widodo/">"Indonesia Scraps Regional Elections"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>pushed to have district chiefs, mayors and governors indirectly voted in by local parliaments, as they were in 2005.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Scraps+Regional+Elections&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Yenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3431596%2Findonesia-regional-direct-elections-democracy-prabowo-subianto-joko-jokowi-widodo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutri2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Putri, Arum Sutrisni (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/01/08/150000469/jumlah-kabupaten-dan-provinsi-di-indonesia?page=all">"Jumlah Kabupaten dan Provinsi di Indonesia"</a>. <i>KOMPAS.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KOMPAS.com&rft.atitle=Jumlah+Kabupaten+dan+Provinsi+di+Indonesia&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Putri&rft.aufirst=Arum+Sutrisni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.com%2Fskola%2Fread%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2F150000469%2Fjumlah-kabupaten-dan-provinsi-di-indonesia%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_Asian_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_Asian_countries" title="Template:Articles on second-level administrative divisions of Asian countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_Asian_countries" title="Template talk:Articles on second-level administrative divisions of Asian countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_Asian_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Articles on second-level administrative divisions of Asian countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_on_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_Asian_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles on second-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> of Asian countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh" title="Districts of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Bhutan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan" title="Gewogs of Bhutan">block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromde" title="Thromde">municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukims_of_Brunei" title="Mukims of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cambodian_districts_and_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cambodian districts and sections">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" title="Prefecture-level divisions of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Egypt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of municipalities in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_of_Japan" title="Subprefectures of Japan">subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Jordan" title="Districts of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities of South Korea">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_(administrative_division)" title="Gun (administrative division)">county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu (administrative division)">district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Kuwait" title="Areas of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Districts of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Laos" title="Districts of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mongolia" title="Districts of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Myanmar" title="Districts of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Oman" title="Provinces of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_Qatar" title="Zones of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Russia_by_federal_subject" title="Category:Districts of Russia by federal subject">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Taiwan" title="Counties of Taiwan">county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">provincial city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tajikistan" title="Districts of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of East Timor">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Turkmenistan" title="Districts of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Vietnam" title="List of districts of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Yemen" title="List of districts of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:2px 0"><div><sup>1</sup>Country spanning more than one continent<div style="width:100%;background:#fafafa;height:2px;margin:2px 0;"></div><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&oldid=1257943742">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regency_(Indonesia)&oldid=1257943742</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regencies_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Regencies of Indonesia">Regencies of 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