CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136665288d240aa',cH: 'rTRWt7jnC.RxFwXj1tm0lKegqRjlNBw3TybHpo8Gtgs-1739801833-1.2.1.1-GXV7N5rixWsHZzRR1sreteXjlcZqi3orGOYGhma.3A8UCl2Q.YpO7VjsYK.Qfds7',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=muscle%20torque&__cf_chl_tk=wM5b.EuIb3HG1J39cal5xGoBuaM2RJynZcLrxdXnZRQ-1739801833-1.0.1.1-mY7c_oy1NwRhum8Vb7lqcH8c1D7E4WmKX3GPDd3rMP0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739801833',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=muscle%20torque&__cf_chl_f_tk=wM5b.EuIb3HG1J39cal5xGoBuaM2RJynZcLrxdXnZRQ-1739801833-1.0.1.1-mY7c_oy1NwRhum8Vb7lqcH8c1D7E4WmKX3GPDd3rMP0",md: "1bPJ00rY9NvgcPhJYEYfHBUP2_LwVn8glXucwgGzheE-1739801833-1.2.1.1-jnsotZNq9wg28urRruFS6kAmp06G11UYHgUfVWHXRjzeSAsOkLRMobX4iACcgpt5I_pz13mrUV39uQbRZm4IttyYrOTzzFQNwDGXwY2nyId35oPpdtslrdD_dQZSahdRlfLAExUQpYBOf01d2i.0XC9HOk7hjLg9m0g7IEsZ7CyyHo4f92mGtwyyy1jO6LrHkVa2Z_iaTfsnkZXnuXI_f4SHwIyug1iwmnP.ldThvwBNIQkUVUdDTCeQEfYbZiX4vSLZmJGd_E0WR.KXDgIuDTkkcFk4G0aAmITpclWxVT63BeaEqko7tDG9kxIVWDvY__RYO0YZC2_twGPKZGVFztDYogVdcOcoUS4LLkJAL7xpzy84m1Yus1wF_Yv.ziAfR4.eIS44thyxPBIGNIKXy22RGxwNt.YjxiV9ES6NEnitdWWjaVn.82V9tZHALH82KJU6yzqeMVhRr3RKiygEAgHRlcqxpaGoGnabvK1f4OcK0Q7zOPsrq51WFTV2nNeqcjOBxWzcqS4hp3JgGkZlmAciHv2oTt8a4MRY5at8bJG2XM_B9f1y8u8seA.xgZN5oYBMitYPGcuoQUjfGOfcDbjw155UMq5ULMJ4UXWrvYL9xrGLYhzfzGOhUvPP8cK2dRM4QVj4S_EjPek0J9d2Bwr4lyMOw.D1Dl2faG.psyMp.nTPz2cFOKzUhP05U0Yu8ZONuKbggYFYUE0KbCMsOMO3U9XjGGfYT46o2qHhtoINGLE_E7im4krjB7NZVwbgtsO_fMKLv23i5MC_j6USnAHL3VIuGLVfDyQzi8Lkab.KC6B2mBuumvLqy9OppkSgHyK1MyBujnpEwF_hOsJdxTv0Pco.wOvZia3tcHJKtLTjUUcFTBvcwZb6A57pBArAPPOpTQVgxn1GIPQvvcShHFfDCF5CJrdkoiigrFCmJKwFEls_xrTsOTXu0isBSKxUUaXxhRKHVsqrriRxe4FlT38pEhfRNwZOP3RQRP73LrJb4oxciRkfIOLVp4ghuClfdD2EG1W5wy8ZUpxG85_oNXd7EXsl6Ia47uaEmwtB22AbQR_ZIIBDadDqkRUUVWNcjS4mFUnia1xBSJSpIEPJSZi_1fVrRE0klgHWIe.jF5gWDscl5bC1u.j1IcS.4P3Zx7Ogk_Lxtt_eK378D2U9.CEVDK4yScqdhmOwZnta_TZ0yhn4dsg6.jQriAGRs5.ADEseBm4Nvu7sVWc6tER.8lF5eVcEu8O38O4Ip5_Bx96aWJ73T0mFbRv160FQCuWHe8vXMlyLNKYqOtmHeI8ire66.SqIaZgjkRjxwzPXDhjSD0JFxsy6xE_0wBmSl5KNsXyso8V95ZEbRwgHMe9UL4XQe1htq7JMFjDkmyCoIW4Eb1LQF3obscydChp4JJbTNLgweAX3l3jJftbRKV_TsLqrahRbwoSMH_ubdel5X31YQStgrsIw34bcsAtCcjy7dxTNqNV_YkL.Cs0G0dj.XiVsNjd794FLMx6UJYoigujRYbLYETqU657RZrrATNc0pOWo_rQHINS6Yk7ea6MW8sgVLhvcssn7Jg7vhBboZZYeV8Vin5Azx1JhTIGXidPXj606AcqKdaf4y7WQQGz3L453X1sbeM97SX9o.gSymhnhoNTvYbPny6iTp4C66qBzOqFrEbv59C1WonUeh9a6wY0iz3MRpQDdPFOT9NV.a9DAZSB9EI_uebDPZwcTiQbuHye5EuF3cxsk0zasdKYhZMUAst6VNEmfXXIKX3efabbTRxPHB6375_HbW8AXZdbX6.8ZdYJcI5J6xEzPA.KhF9mGKSz30rGUk_xN.oMWXGli3ywH9kXHIR2iKRSmFa0yxCcpYzSrFXJUa.YpWwffbLpe0VT._ZiYPXympDOSg33Ug.IUHHmV1Y6ONZVdQoW55MZTBXW96ueZFxKs5Rfqccs3U113I2U0XixxxFGQaUM",mdrd: "vMfFtViFqORBJHzKRqfV4XLv8F_wvo8pbVuy7aeZQjY-1739801833-1.2.1.1-YeVc4A_kHViJqXrUtioEBdLP_0jN5o7Qk.uZCx3ON5TGzKG02Lviry2irJvy0xApHFrut8QxP7tw6ORIsY79vttEQ_keW3y_gfc8.H5T1BUu..yeg93P.1c__njlGQdevXvaKjNGAZqJjcRgq5NEFJ19zESFhSYtKBtfM2xjP4SSeeJdd807y3Edupaif1wHQ6UzByRlv9Vl1fSTyHjF69zZuUD2u83IeZx2j6xMuhIZLBuzOk_2ZHcqIBAK38.ZS2.AMN_0yr7eAqXMg6O4EuX7dhAUh.p9e5nURrxc2AnkeVmkAhMbE3TTIZYOOB4OFRQ1KeERd6Qge1IPkis4s4aGjnfKKp9twx2BFTwXe21cLxbV0PwCazpjbIDu.WCzTz0Wz.EfiIxxTfv4QTuKEdK05g6KBgXb3H164G7Rs4wjd1IupMZ8sP79Ir7dCputou9CBu8JhFrix.cmNmzvoDQD2OylHQ0PiuFuy0ldOsBFerxzX65OmZSvo42a83Hq4ygBHbl2qAeb0r_CXm5kB0T_Bp54TVl3uxZ3thThAi_uPvhirh9CLqfD00SfbIWldOWPsuQExr63H17W_VlxHesA_C8qWLhvfpkYADVneofU3eGSsNMGzeEljIlaUx17xw14CxTzvScrr.e2tOTEPxREdo5jQ3jFgffit_X2GOpONikRV5ZUqxdog6JZiapqB0X_5yX26GSx.uGOPwGh0Pl7Sa5e5Y4nPsCQ5At10S0_52jNK4LqBC2p0GlvZIYMzfAxI.wCFJEkmQ3UpE2Hjz0eK.1s7xdNWEUe0gHRCQAYrLsSf0jcu1sdEGO21wewuerAglnuQYJnOeh5NfCp_onSIrSF5iAmrFmqAZervgDMX__ArH90snfkZa4JwCHqTLltaiDsJ3NbgG5ET0_2CFbzmx.yP4KeVDwelGnzFgmbIaQjkuC9.wXK7pdAVaG0qFRsHTqPeBuDmWHVSWGbiD4_MyIzIPrzxgTRlMrmtuylnNY1VAazRgbsfrZ4rRGZ9Qo0Cc0__FARj90kox9yTzDhBw4j5d3_8qluS9yuORrffx_M9Q4kd_npVBS9Xq_sFRheuuIdSwdBPIdjQnwyTp1FR3aM2kMt8RQQpg2sKHgQD6OX9DTY.f.We3uHFhtnYtqE4WX.oka9SOH_.BAa1ET61EnGiC1gyNj6oIuuM7p8Bg7oyvZNMsrQhJQz8NSUDW2lBu_pvbu98aVFO6yPCVsWyaNUKOkpL1KqTmLeRswArqBofUrZEFaRmsR06vM3fiPkeH2tR_0jyqgdHSYJvkScXI2dVpPeRcCP7zoBka9Oz7Q_70RsBadEXh30x82q3EXka3XA08XfbosIb_LK_ScmVbPWx7WOyq_37w_s1vm7GHTtOtpm_UdCfREB4beVGUqxaiLi1JG4jZ.TAPva7cjM2o70iLXuGjIkDGGv4d9_PZcuPspA9JLpFGJXzzemM9VK.fIYbYdOWFE7xs2aXYDu9zn5JpmbFcFVe1m2efaMQg9gIFKMA2VoEW3JrwmEXLW7l7912.cwB5UbLIHmg7dqOw78BMTVVwZDFUFgvNaFmtx54.fYsmTXQRd4WRkw.AkJrRgeD9Kp55pjhEt0tUL1BRmeGtd0DGGTl.ArNJ3jhdN9xt_TnAaR_d.5Q1Q8dA7qc_IcwnUxdhdxR5MsMsx_CXOUhFkZiil8FsrlhbOqqt3LrBzdtMKSp8BXGXZYceW0BP.MoYD0OcC0nhLYdmwQUQDyWxLv.H.0NDZXXH0UWrC8Jy7kJ7rrauZYmzchJDy7CgYSZQb2n9DxlOs6eGVPRxwGb2GasEyuHASOQ1.PytVKocJ4TPkojHzBTmHY29SCCsDY6Hbo55AUbUBZRHX9jzPMUyK7Jqh0TXPhLcresFGXWrodExI5C3mwM66qj7l6Eca.i9oyJzX07.DgGYujA3kYJqnobKhhHqffxFggoBi5b29VKD_cDzkw8HLx"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136665288d240aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=muscle%20torque&__cf_chl_rt_tk=wM5b.EuIb3HG1J39cal5xGoBuaM2RJynZcLrxdXnZRQ-1739801833-1.0.1.1-mY7c_oy1NwRhum8Vb7lqcH8c1D7E4WmKX3GPDd3rMP0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>