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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications_and_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Publications and inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exploration years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_as_an_academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_as_an_academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Life as an academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_as_an_academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after_Edmond_Halley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_Edmond_Halley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Named after Edmond Halley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_Edmond_Halley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_and_spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_and_spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronunciation and spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_and_spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmond Halley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="إدموند هالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدموند هالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="এডমাণ্ড হেলি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এডমাণ্ড হেলি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ادموند هالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادموند هالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="এডমান্ড হ্যালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডমান্ড হ্যালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эдмунд Галлей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эдмунд Галлей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эдмунд Галей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдмунд Галей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эдмунд Галей – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдмунд Галей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Едмънд Халей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едмънд Халей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Έντμουντ Χάλλεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντμουντ Χάλλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ادموند هالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادموند هالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="에드먼드 핼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드먼드 핼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Էդմունդ Հալլեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդմունդ Հալլեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="אדמונד האלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמונד האלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಡ್ಮಂಡ್ ಹ್ಯಾಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡ್ಮಂಡ್ ಹ್ಯಾಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ედმუნდ ჰალეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედმუნდ ჰალეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эдмунд Галлей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдмунд Галлей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эдмунд Галлей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдмунд Галлей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundus_Halley" title="Edmundus Halley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edmundus Halley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonds_Halejs" title="Edmonds Halejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edmonds Halejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Едмонд Халеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едмонд Халеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="എഡ്മണ്ട് ഹാലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്മണ്ട് ഹാലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="एडमंड हॅली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडमंड हॅली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ედმონდ ჰალეი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედმონდ ჰალეი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="ادموند هالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادموند هالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="အက်မော ဟေလီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်မော ဟေလီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="エドモンド・ハレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドモンド・ハレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_Edmund" title="Galley Edmund – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galley Edmund" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%92" title="ایڈمنڈ ہیلے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈمنڈ ہیلے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Галлей, Эдмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галлей, Эдмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/makademecay_nipatalu_ayaw_a_kamu_ni_Haley" title="makademecay nipatalu ayaw a kamu ni Haley – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="makademecay nipatalu ayaw a kamu ni Haley" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="ئێدمۆند ھاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدمۆند ھاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Едмунд Халеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едмунд Халеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="எட்மண்டு ஏலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்மண்டு ஏலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="ఎడ్మండ్ హేలీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎడ్మండ్ హేలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เอ็ดมันด์ แฮลลีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็ดมันด์ แฮลลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Едмонд Галлей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едмонд Галлей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley" title="Edmund Halley – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edmund Halley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edmond Halley" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7" title="爱德蒙·哈雷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德蒙·哈雷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7" title="哈雷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈雷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7" title="愛德蒙·哈雷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛德蒙·哈雷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edmond Halley</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Halley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edmund_Halley.jpg/220px-Edmund_Halley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edmund_Halley.jpg/330px-Edmund_Halley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edmund_Halley.jpg/440px-Edmund_Halley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="3724" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Halley (c. 1690)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">8 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 October] 1656<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haggerston" title="Haggerston">Haggerston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1742 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 14 January 1741] (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Lee" title="St Margaret's, Lee">St. Margaret's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee,_London" title="Lee, London">Lee, South London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary Tooke</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1682)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Halley_072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Halley_072.jpg/220px-Edmond_Halley_072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Halley_072.jpg/330px-Edmond_Halley_072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Halley_072.jpg/440px-Edmond_Halley_072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Phillips_(English_painter)" title="Richard Phillips (English painter)">Richard Phillips</a>, before 1722</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Edmond</b><sup id="cite_ref-edmond_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or <b>Edmund</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-ICQ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICQ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Halley</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-jones_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kenyon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 8 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 October] 1656 – 25 January 1742 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 14 January 1741])<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. He was the second <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a> in Britain, succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a> in 1720. </p><p>From an observatory he constructed on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> in 1676–77, Halley catalogued the <a href="/wiki/Southern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Southern celestial hemisphere">southern celestial hemisphere</a> and recorded a <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a> across the Sun. He realised that a similar <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> could be used to determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun. Upon his return to England, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">fellow of the Royal Society</a>, and with the help of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, was granted a master's degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>. </p><p>Halley encouraged and helped fund the publication of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s influential <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (1687). From observations Halley made in September 1682, he used <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> to compute the periodicity of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in his 1705 <i>Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mystery_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mystery-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named after him upon its predicted return in 1758, which he did not live to see. </p><p>Beginning in 1698, Halley made sailing expeditions and made observations on the conditions of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>. In 1718, he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">"fixed" stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin2017267_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin2017267-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halley was born in <a href="/wiki/Haggerston" title="Haggerston">Haggerston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>. His father, Edmond Halley Sr., came from a <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> family and was a wealthy soap-maker in London. As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he developed his initial interest in astronomy, and was elected captain of the school in 1671.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Halley's mother, Anne (probably <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Robinson) died.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1673,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he began studying at <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley took a twenty-four-foot (7.3 m) long telescope with him, apparently paid for by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740–41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740–41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still an undergraduate, Halley published papers on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunspots">sunspots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_1998_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1675, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a> (England's first), telling him that the leading published tables on the positions of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> were erroneous, as were some of <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>'s star positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications_and_inventions">Publications and inventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications and inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg/220px-Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg/330px-Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg/440px-Halley%27s_Observatory_2020_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Site of Halley's Observatory on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1676, Flamsteed helped Halley publish his first paper, titled "A Direct and Geometrical Method of Finding the Aphelia, Eccentricities, and Proportions of the Primary Planets, Without Supposing Equality in Angular Motion", about planetary <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Flamsteed's project to compile a catalogue of stars of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Northern celestial hemisphere">northern celestial hemisphere</a>, Halley proposed to do the same for the <a href="/wiki/Southern_sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern sky">southern sky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dropping out of school to do so. He chose the south Atlantic island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> (west of Africa), from which he would be able to observe not only the southern stars, but also some of the northern stars with which to cross-reference them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199742_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199742-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> supported his endeavour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley sailed to the island in late 1676, then set up an observatory with a large <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> with telescopic sights. Over a year, he made observations with which he would produce the first telescopic catalogue of the southern sky,<sup id="cite_ref-Ridpath_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridpath-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observed a <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a> across the Sun. Focusing on this latter observation, Halley realised that observing the <a href="/wiki/Solar_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar parallax">solar parallax</a> of a planet—more ideally using the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a>, which would not occur within his lifetime—could be used to <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometrically</a> determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Horrocks_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Society_(Great_Britain)-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First page to volume I of Miscellanea curiosa published by the Royal Society (1705), in which Halley wrote "An estimate of the quantity of vapours raised out of the sea, derived from experiment"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg/150px-Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg/225px-Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg/300px-Royal_Society_%28Great_Britain%29-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="4745" /></a><figcaption>First page to volume I of <i>Miscellanea curiosa</i> published by the Royal Society (1705), in which Halley wrote "An estimate of the quantity of vapours raised out of the sea, derived from experiment"</figcaption></figure> <p>Halley returned to England in May 1678, and used his data to produce a <a href="/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart">map</a> of the southern stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford would not allow Halley to return because he had violated his residency requirements when he left for Saint Helena. He appealed to Charles II, who signed a letter requesting that Halley be unconditionally awarded his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree, which the college granted on 3 December 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199745_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199745-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a few days before,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley had been elected as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">fellow of the Royal Society</a>, at the age of 22.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1679, he published <i>Catalogus Stellarum Australium</i> ('A catalogue of the stars of the South'), which includes his map and descriptions of 341 stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> presented the catalogue to the Royal Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199744_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199744-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1679, Halley went to Danzig (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) on behalf of the Society to help resolve a dispute: because astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a>' observing instruments were not equipped with <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sights</a>, Flamsteed and Hooke had questioned the accuracy of his observations; Halley stayed with Hevelius and checked his observations, finding that they were quite precise.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1681, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> had told Halley of his theory that comets were objects in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1682, Halley carried out a series of observations of what became known as <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>; his name became associated with it because of his work on its orbit and predicting its return in 1758<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which he did not live to see). In early 1686, Halley was elected to the Royal Society's new position of secretary, requiring him to give up his fellowship and manage correspondence and meetings, as well as edit the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1686, Halley published the second part of the results from his Helenian expedition, being a paper and chart on <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>. The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations. In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> motions. He also established the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometric pressure</a> and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Information_visualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualisation">information visualisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halley spent most of his time on lunar observations, but was also interested in the problems of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a>. In August 1684, he went to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> to discuss this with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, much as John Flamsteed had done four years earlier, only to find that Newton had solved the problem, at the instigation of Flamsteed with regard to the orbit of comet <a href="/wiki/Kirch%27s_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirch's Comet">Kirch</a>, without publishing the solution. Halley asked to see the calculations and was told by Newton that he could not find them, but promised to redo them and send them on later, which he eventually did, in a short treatise titled <i><a href="/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum" title="De motu corporum in gyrum">On the motion of bodies in an orbit</a></i>. Halley recognised the importance of the work and returned to Cambridge to arrange its publication with Newton, who instead went on to expand it into his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> published at Halley's expense in 1687.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley's first calculations with comets were thereby for the orbit of comet Kirch, based on Flamsteed's observations in 1680–1681.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was to accurately calculate the orbit of the comet of 1682, he was inaccurate in his calculations of the orbit of comet Kirch. They indicated a periodicity of 575 years, thus appearing in the years 531 and 1106, and presumably heralding <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">the death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in a like fashion in 45 BC. It is now known to have an orbital period of circa 10,000 years. </p><p>In 1691, Halley built a <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-spums_hx_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spums_hx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet (18 m) in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, and remained there for over an hour and a half. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he made improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley suffered one of the earliest recorded cases of middle ear <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spums_hx_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spums_hx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Halley introduced a rudimentary working model of a magnetic <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> using a liquid-filled housing to damp the swing and wobble of the magnetised needle.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1691, Halley sought the post of <a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Astronomy" title="Savilian Professor of Astronomy">Savilian Professor of Astronomy</a> at Oxford. While a candidate for the position, Halley faced the animosity of the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> questioned his religious views,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely on the grounds that he had doubted the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's age">Earth's age</a> as given in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199762_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199762-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Flamsteed wrote to Newton to rally support against Halley, Newton wrote back in hopes of reconciliation, but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199762_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199762-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley's candidacy was opposed by both the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Bishop Stillingfleet</a>, and the post went instead to <a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="David Gregory (mathematician)">David Gregory</a>, who had Newton's support.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1692, Halley put forth the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">hollow Earth</a> consisting of a shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that atmospheres separated these shells, and that each shell had its own <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field#Magnetic_poles" title="Earth's magnetic field">magnetic poles</a>, with each sphere rotating at a different speed. Halley proposed this scheme to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged each inner region as having an <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and being <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminous</a> (and possibly inhabited), and speculated that escaping gas caused the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora borealis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested, "Auroral rays are due to particles, which are affected by the magnetic field, the rays parallel to Earth's magnetic field."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1693 Halley published an article on <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuities</a>, which featured an analysis of age-at-death on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> statistics <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neumann" title="Caspar Neumann">Caspar Neumann</a> had been able to provide. This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial science</a>. The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by <a href="/wiki/John_Graunt" title="John Graunt">John Graunt</a>, is now seen as a major event in the history of <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>. </p><p>The Royal Society censured Halley for suggesting in 1694 that the story of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's flood">Noah's flood</a> might be an account of a cometary impact.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2021)">failed verification</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Edmond_Halley#1694_censure" title="Talk:Edmond Halley">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tollmann%27s_bolide_hypothesis" title="Tollmann's bolide hypothesis">A similar theory</a> was independently suggested three centuries later, but is generally rejected by geologists.<sup id="cite_ref-DeutschOthers1993_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeutschOthers1993-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1696, Newton was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Warden_of_the_Royal_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warden of the Royal Mint">warden of the Royal Mint</a> and nominated Halley as deputy comptroller of the Chester mint. Halley spent two years supervising coin production. While there, he caught two clerks pilfering precious metals. He and the local warden spoke out about the scheme, unaware that the local master of the mint was profiting from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1698, the Czar of Russia (later known as <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>) was on a visit to England, and hoped Newton would be available to entertain him. Newton sent Halley in his place. He and the Czar bonded over science and brandy. According to one disputed account, when both of them were drunk one night, Halley jovially pushed the Czar around <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a> in a wheelbarrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767–68_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767–68-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_years">Exploration years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exploration years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg/260px-Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg/390px-Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg/520px-Halley_isogonic_1701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6640" data-file-height="7776" /></a><figcaption>Halley's 1701 map showing <a href="/wiki/Isogonic_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Isogonic lines">isogonic lines</a> of equal magnetic declination in the Atlantic Ocean.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1698, at the behest of King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, Halley was given command of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Paramour_(1694)" title="HMS Paramour (1694)"><i>Paramour</i></a>, a 52 feet (16 m) <a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">pink</a>, so that he could carry out investigations in the South Atlantic into the laws governing the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">variation of the compass</a>, as well as to refine the coordinates of the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">English colonies in the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199768_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199768-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 August 1698, he took command of the ship and, in November 1698, sailed on what was the first purely scientific voyage by an English naval vessel. Unfortunately problems of <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a> arose over questions of Halley's competence to command a vessel. Halley returned the ship to England to proceed against officers in July 1699. The result was a mild rebuke for his men, and dissatisfaction for Halley, who felt the court had been too lenient.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley thereafter received a temporary commission as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, recommissioned the <i>Paramour</i> on 24 August 1699 and sailed again in September 1699 to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>. This task he accomplished in a second Atlantic voyage which lasted until 6 September 1700, and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south. The results were published in <i>General Chart of the Variation of the Compass</i> (1701).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which <a href="/wiki/Isogon_(geomagnetism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isogon (geomagnetism)">isogonic</a>, or Halleyan, lines appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_1998_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of such lines inspired later ideas such as those of isotherms by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> in his maps.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1701, Halley made a third and final voyage on the <i>Paramour</i> to study the tides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1702, he was dispatched by Queen <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> on diplomatic missions to other European leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg/280px-Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg/420px-Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg/560px-Edmond_Halley_plaque_in_Westminster_Abbey_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Comet-like plaque to Halley in the South Cloister of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The preface to <a href="/wiki/Awnsham_Churchill" title="Awnsham Churchill">Awnsham and John Churchill</a>'s collection of voyages and travels (1704), supposedly written by John Locke or by Halley, valourised expeditions such as these as part of a grand expansion of European knowledge of the world: </p> <blockquote><p> What was cosmography before these discoveries, but an imperfect fragment of a science, scarce deserving so good a name? When all the known world was only Europe, a small part of Africk, and the lesser portion of Asia; so that of this terraqueous globe not one sixth part had ever been seen or heard of. Nay so great was the ignorance of man in this particular, that learned persons made a doubt of its being round; others no less knowing imagin'd all they were not acquainted with, desart and uninhabitable. But now geography and hydrography have receiv'd some perfection by the pains of so many mariners and travelers, who to evince the rotundity of the earth and water, have sail’d and travell'd round it, as has been here made appear; to show there is no part uninhabitable, unless the frozen polar regions, have visited all other countries, tho never so remote, which they have found well peopl'd, and most of them rich and delightful…. Astronomy has receiv'd the addition of many constellations never seen before. Natural and moral history is embelish'd with the most beneficial increase of so many thousands of plants it had never before receiv'd, so many drugs and spices, such variety of beasts, birds and fishes, such rarities in minerals, mountains and waters, such unaccountable diversity of climates and men, and in them of complexions, tempers, habits, manners, politicks, and religions…. To conclude, the empire of Europe is now extended to the utmost bounds of the earth, where several of its nations have conquests and colonies. These and many more are the advantages drawn from the labours of those, who expose themselves to the dangers of the vast ocean, and of unknown nations; which those who sit still at home abundantly reap in every kind: and the relation of one traveler is an incentive to stir up another to imitate him, whilst the rest of mankind, in their accounts without stirring a foot, compass the earth and seas, visit all countries, and converse with all nations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg/220px-Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg/330px-Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg/440px-Tombstone_of_Edmond_Halley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Edmond Halley's tombstone, re-positioned at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>; he is not buried there, but at <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Lee" title="St Margaret's, Lee">St Margaret's, Lee</a>, some 30 minutes' walk away to the south</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_as_an_academic">Life as an academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life as an academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1703, Halley was appointed <a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Geometry" title="Savilian Professor of Geometry">Savilian Professor of Geometry</a> at the University of Oxford, his theological enemies, <a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Bishop Stillingfleet</a> having died. In 1705, applying <a href="/wiki/Historical_astronomy" title="Historical astronomy">historical astronomy</a> methods, he published the paper <i><a href="//archive.org/details/jstor-102980" class="extiw" title="iarchive:jstor-102980">Astronomiae cometicae synopsis</a></i> (<i>A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets</i>); in this, he stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were of the same comet, and that it would return in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766–67_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766–67-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mystery_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mystery-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halley did not live to witness the comet's return, but when it did, the comet became generally known as Halley's Comet. </p><p>By 1706 Halley had learned <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and completed the translation started by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernard" title="Edward Bernard">Edward Bernard</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Books V–VII of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a>'s <i>Conics</i> from copies found at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at Oxford. He also completed a new translation of the first four books from the original Greek that had been started by the late <a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="David Gregory (mathematician)">David Gregory</a>. He published these along with his own reconstruction of Book VIII<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the first complete Latin edition in 1710. The same year, he received an honorary degree of doctor of laws from Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1716, Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a>. In doing so, he was following the method described by <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">James Gregory</a> in <i>Optica Promota</i> (in which the design of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_telescope" title="Gregorian telescope">Gregorian telescope</a> is also described). It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1717–18 he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of the "fixed" stars (publishing this in 1718)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by comparing his <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometric</a> measurements with those given in Ptolemy's <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> were two noted to have moved significantly, the latter having progressed 30 arc minutes (about the diameter of the moon) southwards in 1800 years.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1720, together with his friend the <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a>, Halley participated in the first attempt to scientifically date <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>. Assuming that the monument had been laid out using a magnetic compass, Stukeley and Halley attempted to calculate the perceived deviation introducing corrections from existing magnetic records, and suggested three dates (460 BC, AD 220 and AD 920), the earliest being the one accepted. These dates were wrong by thousands of years, but the idea that scientific methods could be used to date ancient monuments was revolutionary in its day.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg/220px-Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg/330px-Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg/440px-Halley_Edmund_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Halley's grave</figcaption></figure> <p>Halley succeeded John Flamsteed in 1720 as Astronomer Royal, a position Halley held until his death in 1742 at the age of 85.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the graveyard of the old church of St Margaret's, Lee (since rebuilt), at <a href="/wiki/Lee,_London" title="Lee, London">Lee</a> Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred in the same vault as the Astronomer Royal <a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a>; the unmarked grave of the Astronomer Royal <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss" title="Nathaniel Bliss">Nathaniel Bliss</a> is nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His original <a href="/wiki/Tombstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstone">tombstone</a> was transferred by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> when the original Lee church was demolished and rebuilt – it can be seen today on the southern wall of the <a href="/wiki/Camera_Obscura" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera Obscura">Camera Obscura</a> at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. His marked grave can be seen at St Margaret's Church, Lee Terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the persistent misconception that Halley received a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a>, it is not the case. The idea can be tracked back to American astronomical texts such as <a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Augustus Norton">William Augustus Norton</a>'s 1839 <i>An Elementary Treatise on Astronomy</i>, possibly due to Halley's royal occupations and connections to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halley married Mary Tooke in 1682 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>. The couple had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Named_after_Edmond_Halley">Named after Edmond Halley</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Named after Edmond Halley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png/280px-Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Halley's map of the path of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_3_May_1715" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of 3 May 1715">Solar eclipse of 3 May 1715</a> across England</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> (orbital period (approximately) 75 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_(lunar_crater)" title="Halley (lunar crater)">Halley (lunar crater)</a></li> <li>Halley (Martian crater)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley Research Station</a>, Antarctica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_method" title="Halley's method">Halley's method</a>, for the numerical solution of equations</li> <li>Halley Street, in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn,_Victoria" title="Blackburn, Victoria">Blackburn, Victoria</a>, Australia</li> <li>Edmund Halley Road, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Science_Park" title="Oxford Science Park">Oxford Science Park</a>, Oxford, OX4 4DQ UK</li> <li>Edmund Halley Drive, <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, United States</li> <li>Edmund Halley Way, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsula" title="Greenwich Peninsula">Greenwich Peninsula</a>, London</li> <li>Halley's Mount, Saint Helena (680m high)</li> <li>Halley Drive, <a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack</a>, New Jersey, intersects with Comet Way on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Hackensack_High_School" title="Hackensack High School">Hackensack High School</a>, home of the Comets</li> <li>Rue Edmund Halley, Avignon, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Halley_Academy" title="The Halley Academy">The Halley Academy</a>, a school in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li>Halley House School, Hackney London (2015)</li> <li>Halley Gardens, Blackheath, London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_and_spelling">Pronunciation and spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pronunciation and spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three pronunciations of the surname <i>Halley</i>. These are <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>. As a personal surname, the most common pronunciation in the 21st century, both in Great Britain<sup id="cite_ref-jones_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-kenyon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> (rhymes with "valley"). This is the personal pronunciation used by most Halleys living in London today.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is useful guidance but does not, of course, tell us how the name should be pronounced in the context of the astronomer or the comet. The alternative <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> is much more common in the latter context than it is when used as a modern surname. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ronan" title="Colin Ronan">Colin Ronan</a>, one of Halley's biographers, preferred <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>. Contemporary accounts spell his name <i>Hailey, Hayley, Haley, Haly, Halley, Hawley</i> and <i>Hawly</i>, and presumably pronunciations varied similarly.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for his given name, although the spelling "Edmund" is quite common, "Edmond" is what Halley himself used, according to a 1902 article,<sup id="cite_ref-edmond_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a 2007 <i>International Comet Quarterly</i> article disputes this, commenting that in his published works, he used "Edmund" 22 times and "Edmond" only 3 times,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several other variations used as well, such as the Latinised "Edmundus". Much of the debate stems from the fact that, in Halley's own time, English spelling conventions were not yet standardised, and so he himself used multiple spellings.<sup id="cite_ref-ICQ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICQ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Halley is voiced by <a href="/wiki/Cary_Elwes" title="Cary Elwes">Cary Elwes</a> in the 2014 documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Spacetime_Odyssey" title="Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey">Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey</a></i>.</li> <li>A fictional version of Halley appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnus_Archives" title="The Magnus Archives">The Magnus Archives</a></i>, a horror podcast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Weaver" title="Fritz Weaver">Fritz Weaver</a> portrayed a fictional version of Halley in <i>Comet Watch</i>, a second-season episode of the anthology series <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Darkside" title="Tales from the Darkside">Tales from the Darkside</a></i>.</li> <li>Actor <a href="/wiki/John_Wood_(English_actor)" title="John Wood (English actor)">John Wood</a> was cast as Edmond Halley in the TV series, <i><a href="/wiki/Longitude_(TV_series)" title="Longitude (TV series)">Longitude</a></i> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Halley is a major figure in <a href="/wiki/David_Williamson" title="David Williamson">David Williamson</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Nearer_the_Gods" title="Nearer the Gods">Nearer the Gods</a></i>, about <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a></li> <li>The pronunciation <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> was used by <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a>, who called his <a href="/wiki/Backing_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Backing band">backing band</a> his "Comets" after the common pronunciation of Halley's Comet in the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Halley is one of the side characters in novels <i>Taivaanpallo</i> (The Celestial Sphere, Otava 2018) and <i>Merenpeitto</i> (The Art of Living under Water, Otava 2019) by the Finnish writer <a href="/wiki/Olli_Jalonen" title="Olli Jalonen">Olli Jalonen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geomagnetism" title="History of geomagnetism">History of geomagnetism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mystery-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mystery_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mystery_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This was perhaps the first astronomical mystery solved using Newton's laws by a scientist other than Newton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He wrote as late as 1716 in hopes of a future expedition to make these observations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199760_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199760-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This contribution caused Flamsteed to nickname Halley "the southern Tycho".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tycho had catalogued the stars observed by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his payment, he was given 75 unsold copies of the Society's unsuccessful book <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Fish">The History of Fish</a></i>, which it had depleted its funds on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halley asked Newton to obtain Flamsteed's observations for him, as his own relationship with the older astronomer had deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199764_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199764-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"To what extent Halley's failure was due the animosity of John Flamsteed or to his stout defence [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] of his religious belief that not every iota of scripture was necessarily divinely inspired is still a matter of some argument. All Oxford appointees had to assent to the Articles of Religion and be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Halley's religious views could not have been too outlandish because the University was happy to grant him another chair 12 years later. ... Halley held liberal religious views and was very outspoken. He believed in having a reverent but questioning attitude towards the eternal problems and had little sympathy for those who unquestioningly accepted dogma. He was certainly not an atheist." <a href="#CITEREFHughes1985">Hughes 1985</a>, pp. 198, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halley had noticed that observable geological processes take much longer than implied by the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>. In attempt to <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">explain</a> the biblical account, Halley had theorized that the gravity of a passing comet could have suddenly raised the oceans in a certain area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199759_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199759-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his failure to obtain the professorship, he investigated ocean <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> as an indicator of the Earth's age, since salt is carried to the ocean by rivers. He estimated the Earth to be over 100 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199763_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199763-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCook2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cook_(physicist)" title="Alan Cook (physicist)">Cook, Alan</a> (2012) [2004]. "Halley, Edmond". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12011">10.1093/ref:odnb/12011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halley%2C+Edmond&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12011&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmond-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edmond_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmond_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (London) <i>Notes and Queries</i> No. 254, 8 November 1902 p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICQ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICQ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICQ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesGreen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, David W.; Green, Daniel W. E. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/hughes_icq29_7t14.pdf">"Halley's First Name: Edmond or Edmund"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Comet Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: 14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ICQ....29....7H">2007ICQ....29....7H</a>. <q>Might we suggest... simply recogniz[ing] both forms, noting that—in the days when Halley lived—there was no rigid <a href="/wiki/English-language_spelling_reform#History" title="English-language spelling reform">'correct' spelling</a>, and that this particular astronomer seemed to prefer the 'u' over the 'o' in his published works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Halley%27s+First+Name%3A+Edmond+or+Edmund&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ICQ....29....7H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Green%2C+Daniel+W.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2Fhughes_icq29_7t14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesGimson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Gimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred C. Gimson">Gimson, Alfred C.</a> (1977) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everymansenglis000jone"><i>Everyman's English Pronunciation Dictionary</i></a>. Everyman's Reference Library (14 ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-03029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-03029-9"><bdi>0-460-03029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyman%27s+English+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.series=Everyman%27s+Reference+Library&rft.edition=14&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-460-03029-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Gimson%2C+Alfred+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverymansenglis000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenyon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kenyon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenyon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyonKnott1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Samuel_Kenyon" title="John Samuel Kenyon">Kenyon, John S.</a>; Knott, Thomas A. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00keny"><i>A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English</i></a>. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-047-7"><bdi>0-87779-047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pronouncing+Dictionary+of+American+English&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Inc.&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-87779-047-7&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Knott%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpronouncingdicti00keny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source of the dates of birth and death is a biography of Edmond Halley written shortly after his death: Biographia Britannica, vol. 4, 1757, pp. 2494–2520. On his tombstone at Lee near Greenwich his year of birth and his year of death were inscribed as follows: Natus est A.C. MDCLVI. Mortuus est A.C. MDCCXLI. Before 1752 the Julian calendar was used in England. Also, the year began on 25 March.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_halley.html">"Halley, Edmond"</a>. <i>astro.uni-bonn.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astro.uni-bonn.de&rft.atitle=Halley%2C+Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastro.uni-bonn.de%2F~pbrosche%2Fpersons%2Fpers_halley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin2017267-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribbinGribbin2017267_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGribbinGribbin2017">Gribbin & Gribbin (2017)</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Halley, Edmund"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Halley,_Edmund">"Halley, Edmund" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halley%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=856&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clerke&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740–41-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740–41_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook_1998-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_1998_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_1998_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cook_(physicist)" title="Alan Cook (physicist)">Cook, Alan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edmondhalleychar0000cook"><i>Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 54–59, 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198500319" title="Special:BookSources/0198500319"><bdi>0198500319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmond+Halley%3A+Charting+the+Heavens+and+the+Seas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54-59%2C+282&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0198500319&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedmondhalleychar0000cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC" class="citation web cs1">BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/halley_edmond.shtml">"Edmond Halley (1656–1742)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmond+Halley+%281656%E2%80%931742%29&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fhalley_edmond.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199742-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199742_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cook_(physicist)" title="Alan Cook (physicist)">Cook, Alan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13">"Edmond Halley and Visual Representation in Natural Philosophy"</a>. In Lefèvre, Wolfgang; Renn, Jürgen; Schoepflin, Urs (eds.). <i>The Power of Images in Early Modern Science</i>. Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 251–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8099-2_13">10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-8099-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-8099-2"><bdi>978-3-0348-8099-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley+and+Visual+Representation+in+Natural+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Images+in+Early+Modern+Science&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=251-262&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8099-2_13&rft.isbn=978-3-0348-8099-2&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8099-2_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridpath-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ridpath_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ridpath" title="Ian Ridpath">Ridpath, Ian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/halley.html">"Edmond Halley's southern star catalogue"</a>. <i>Star Tales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tales&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley%27s+southern+star+catalogue&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fhalley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrocks-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639, Allan Chapman 2004 Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001225">10.1017/S1743921305001225</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199760-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199760_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanas2012" class="citation book cs1">Kanas, Nick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bae3LP4tfP4C&pg=PA123"><i>Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography</i></a> (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.: Springer. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0917-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-0917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Maps%3A+History%2C+Artistry%2C+and+Cartography&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0917-5&rft.aulast=Kanas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbae3LP4tfP4C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199745-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199745_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2000" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/">"Edmond Halley - Biography"</a>. <i>Maths History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810080811/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maths+History&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley+-+Biography&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHalley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2018" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, Tim (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html">"Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214093053/http://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley%3A+An+Extraordinary+Scientist+and+the+Second+Astronomer+Royal&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F24682-edmond-halley-biography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1985202_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1985">Hughes 1985</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Jones, Harold Spencer</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530833">"Halley as an Astronomer"</a>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1957.0008">10.1098/rsnr.1957.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149">0035-9149</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530833">530833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202574705">202574705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Halley+as+an+Astronomer&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202574705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1957.0008&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Harold+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199744-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199744_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster-Brown1985" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster-Brown, Peter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halleyhiscomet00pete/page/76"><i>Halley & His Comet</i></a>. Blandford Press. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1447-6"><bdi>0-7137-1447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halley+%26+His+Comet&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7137-1447-6&rft.aulast=Lancaster-Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalleyhiscomet00pete%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halley E. (1686), "An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and Near the Tropicks, with an Attempt to Assign the Phisical Cause of the Said Winds", <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>, <b>16</b>:153–168 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1686.0026">10.1098/rstl.1686.0026</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Ackroyd. <i>Newton.</i> Great Britain: Chatto and Windus, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199764-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199764_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spums_hx-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spums_hx_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spums_hx_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds,_CarlLowry,_CPennefather,_John" class="citation journal cs1">Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014013941/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5894">"History of Diving"</a>. <i>South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (2). 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Taylor, 1994, <i>The impact-flood connection: Does it exist?</i> Terra Nova. v. 6, pp. 644–650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767–68-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199767–68_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199768-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199768_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalley1982" class="citation book cs1">Halley, Edmond (1982). <i>The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in the Paramore, 1698–1701</i>. UK: Hakluyt Society. pp. 129–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904180-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-904180-02-6"><bdi>0-904180-02-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Voyages+of+Edmond+Halley+in+the+Paramore%2C+1698%E2%80%931701&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-904180-02-6&rft.aulast=Halley&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531953">"Edmond Halley and the Magnetic Field of the Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Records_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London">Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 473–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0158">10.1098/rsnr.2001.0158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149">0035-9149</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531953">531953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122788971">122788971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley+and+the+Magnetic+Field+of+the+Earth&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473-490&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122788971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0158&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonWallis1967" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, A. H.; Wallis, Helen M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/caj.1967.4.2.119">"Humboldt's Map of Isothermal Lines: A Milestone in Thematic Cartography"</a>. <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 119–123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967CartJ...4..119R">1967CartJ...4..119R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fcaj.1967.4.2.119">10.1179/caj.1967.4.2.119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7041">0008-7041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&rft.atitle=Humboldt%27s+Map+of+Isothermal+Lines%3A+A+Milestone+in+Thematic+Cartography&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-123&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0008-7041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fcaj.1967.4.2.119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967CartJ...4..119R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Helen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2Fcaj.1967.4.2.119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199770_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halley or Locke,'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rabk_wcv4IC&pg=PR73">A Collection of Voyages and Travels, some now first printed from manuscript</a>', <i>Preface</i>, p.lxxiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766–67-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766–67_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199766_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaganDruyan1997">Sagan & Druyan 1997</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.B. Hall, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4H2fESItCVIC&pg=PA154">Arabick Learning in the Correspondence of the Royal Society, 1660–1677</a>', <i>The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in 17th-Century England</i>, p.154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael N. Fried, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcmg3M3K8awC">Edmond Halley's Reconstruction of the Lost Book of Apollonius's Conics: Translation and Commentary</a>', Spring 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefieldPress2005" class="citation book cs1">Wakefield, Julie; Press, Joseph Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309095945"><i>Halley's Quest: A Selfless Genius and His Troubled Paramore</i></a>. USA: National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0309095948" title="Special:BookSources/0309095948"><bdi>0309095948</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halley%27s+Quest%3A+A+Selfless+Genius+and+His+Troubled+Paramore&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0309095948&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Press%2C+Joseph+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780309095945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken1942" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_Aitken" title="Robert Grant Aitken">Aitken, Robert G.</a> (October 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1942ASPL....4..103A">"Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific_Leaflets" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets">Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets</a></i>. <b>4</b> (164). SAO/NASA <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a> (ADS): 108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942ASPL....4..103A">1942ASPL....4..103A</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span> – via Harvard.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific+Leaflets&rft.atitle=Edmund+Halley+and+Stellar+Proper+Motions&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=164&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1942-10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942ASPL....4..103A&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1942ASPL....4..103A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Holberg, Jay B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zc3zw-YgOPkC&pg=PA41"><i>Sirius: Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky</i></a>. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48941-4"><bdi>978-0-387-48941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sirius%3A+Brightest+Diamond+in+the+Night+Sky&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-48941-4&rft.aulast=Holberg&rft.aufirst=Jay+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzc3zw-YgOPkC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Anthony, <i>Solving Stonehenge, The New Key to an Ancient Enigma</i>(Thames & Hudson 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05155-9">978-0-500-05155-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=2054">"Location of Edmond Halley's tomb"</a>. <i>shadyoldlady.com</i>. The Shady Old Lady's guide to London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shadyoldlady.com&rft.atitle=Location+of+Edmond+Halley%27s+tomb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shadyoldlady.com%2Flocation.php%3Floc%3D2054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halley's gravesite is in a cemetery at the junction of Lee Terrace and Brandram Road, across from the Victorian Parish Church of St Margaret. The cemetery is a 30-minute walk from the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Observatory">Greenwich Observatory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flamsteed.org/fashstmar.htm">"Photograph of Edmond Halley's Tombstone"</a>. <i>flamsteed.org</i>. Flamsteed Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flamsteed.org&rft.atitle=Photograph+of+Edmond+Halley%27s+Tombstone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flamsteed.org%2Ffashstmar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfern2004" class="citation book cs1">Redfern, Dave (Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flamsteed.org/fashstmar.htm"><i>Doing the Halley Walk</i></a> (Issue 14 ed.). London: Horizons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+the+Halley+Walk&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Issue+14&rft.pub=Horizons&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Redfern&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flamsteed.org%2Ffashstmar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeldEdgar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenfeld, Randall; Edgar, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2010JRASC.104...28R/0000028.000.html">"2010JRASC.104...28R Page 28"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JRASC.104...28R">2010JRASC.104...28R</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=2010JRASC.104...28R+Page+28&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JRASC.104...28R&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=Edgar%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2F2010JRASC.104...28R%2F0000028.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/halley/halley3.html#hallo">"Saying Hallo to Halley"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saying+Hallo+to+Halley&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fhalley%2Fhalley3.html%23hallo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/14/science/q-a-237647.html">"Science: Q&A"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 May 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Q%26A&rft.date=1985-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F05%2F14%2Fscience%2Fq-a-237647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesGreen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, David W.; Green, Daniel W. E. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/hughes_icq29_7t14.pdf">"Halley's First Name: Edmond or Edmund"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Comet Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: 7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ICQ....29....7H">2007ICQ....29....7H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Halley%27s+First+Name%3A+Edmond+or+Edmund&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ICQ....29....7H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Green%2C+Daniel+W.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2Fhughes_icq29_7t14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movie-dude.com/%5bFilm%5d%20Longitude%20(1999).htm">"Longitude © (1999)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longitude+%C2%A9+%281999%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovie-dude.com%2F%5BFilm%5D%2520Longitude%2520%281999%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121031553/http://oldies.about.com/od/rockabill1/p/billhaley.htm">"Guide Profile: Bill Haley"</a>. Oldies.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldies.about.com/od/rockabill1/p/billhaley.htm">the original</a> on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+Profile%3A+Bill+Haley&rft.pub=Oldies.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldies.about.com%2Fod%2Frockabill1%2Fp%2Fbillhaley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribbinGribbin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gribbin" title="John Gribbin">Gribbin, John</a>; Gribbin, Mary (2017). <i>Out of the shadow of a giant: Hooke, Halley and the birth of British science</i>. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-822059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-822059-4"><bdi>978-0-00-822059-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966239842">966239842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+shadow+of+a+giant%3A+Hooke%2C+Halley+and+the+birth+of+British+science&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966239842&rft.isbn=978-0-00-822059-4&rft.aulast=Gribbin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gribbin%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hughes_(astronomer)" title="David Hughes (astronomer)">Hughes, David W.</a> (August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985JBAA...95..193H&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf%7Cbibcode%20=%201985JBAA...95..193H">"Edmond Halley, Scientist"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>95</b> (5). London, UK: British Astronomical Association: 193. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JBAA...95..193H">1985JBAA...95..193H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley%2C+Scientist&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1985-08&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985JBAA...95..193H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3F1985JBAA...95..193H%26amp%3Bdata_type%3DPDF_HIGH%26amp%3Bwhole_paper%3DYES%26amp%3Btype%3DPRINTER%26amp%3Bfiletype%3D.pdf%257Cbibcode%2520%3D%25201985JBAA...95..193H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaganDruyan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Druyan, Ann</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC"><i>Comet</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-0105-0"><bdi>978-0-3078-0105-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3078-0105-0&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Druyan%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhkoowKFaTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage,_Angus1966" class="citation book cs1">Armitage, Angus (1966). <i>Edmond Halley</i>. London: Nelson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmond+Halley&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Armitage%2C+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColey,_Noel1986" class="citation journal cs1">Coley, Noel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/noel-coley/halley-and-post-restoration-science">"Halley and Post-Restoration Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>36</b> (September): 10–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Halley+and+Post-Restoration+Science&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=September&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Coley%2C+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fnoel-coley%2Fhalley-and-post-restoration-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_Alan_H.1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Alan H. (1998). <i>Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ehch.book.....C">1998ehch.book.....C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmond+Halley%3A+Charting+the+Heavens+and+the+Seas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ehch.book.....C&rft.au=Cook%2C+Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrigol,_Olivier2012" class="citation book cs1">Darrigol, Olivier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImM62wvWE_cC&pg=PA76"><i>A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191627453" title="Special:BookSources/9780191627453"><bdi>9780191627453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Optics+from+Greek+Antiquity+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191627453&rft.au=Darrigol%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImM62wvWE_cC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span> Halley is noted as the first to publish the algebraic version of the <a href="/wiki/Thin_lens" title="Thin lens">thin lens equation</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan,_Colin_A.1969" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Colin A. (1969). <i>Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse</i>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmond+Halley%2C+Genius+in+Eclipse&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Ronan%2C+Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyour,_Ian1996" class="citation journal cs1">Seyour, Ian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212012117/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000361197">"Edmond Halley – explorer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>46</b> (June): 39–44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000361197">the original</a> on 12 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley+%E2%80%93+explorer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=June&rft.pages=39-44&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Seyour%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D5000361197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Irving2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sarah Irving (2008). "Natural science and the origins of the British empire (London,1704), 92–93". <i>A Collection of Voyages and Travels</i>. <b>3</b> (June): 92–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Collection+of+Voyages+and+Travels&rft.atitle=Natural+science+and+the+origins+of+the+British+empire+%28London%2C1704%29%2C+92%E2%80%9393&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=June&rft.pages=92-93&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Sarah+Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edmond_Halley" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edmond_Halley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/halley.html">Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624032215/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/HalleyParallax.html">Edmond Halley's 1716 paper</a> describing how transits could be used to measure the Sun's distance, translated from Latin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830092717/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/6745/OdysseyI.htm">A Halley Odyssey</a></li> <li>The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Halley: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/">Search the collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219023458/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/">Archived</a> 19 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Halley, Edmond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1693-mortality.html">An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)</a></li> <li>Halley, Edmond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasoncolavito.com/halley-on-noahs-comet.html">Some Considerations about the Cause of the Universal Deluge (1694)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/synopsisofastron00hall/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>A synopsis of the astronomy of comets By Edmund Halley, Savilian Professor of Geometry, at Oxford; And Fellow of the Royal Society. Translated from the Original, printed at Oxford</i></a>. Oxford: John Senex. 1705 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+synopsis+of+the+astronomy+of+comets+By+Edmund+Halley%2C+Savilian+Professor+of+Geometry%2C+at+Oxford%3B+And+Fellow+of+the+Royal+Society.+Translated+from+the+Original%2C+printed+at+Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=John+Senex&rft.date=1705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsynopsisofastron00hall%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Halley, Edmund, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPR3vEzN694C"><i>A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets</i> (1715)</a> annexed on pages 881 to 905 of volume 2 of <i>The Elements of Astronomy</i> by David Gregory</li></ul></li> <li>Material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life & Work of Statisticians site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm#h">Halley, Edmond</a></li> <li>Halley, Edmund, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1942ASPL....4..103A">Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718)</a> – Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, <i>Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions</i> (1942)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley.html">"Edmond Halley"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHalley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmond+Halley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0180%2FRGO%202">Online catalogue of Halley's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021035642/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0180%2FRGO%202">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Halley, Edmond (1724) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2435">"Some considerations about the cause of the universal deluge, laid before the Royal Society, on the 12th of December 1694"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015155301/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2435">Archived</a> 15 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2439">"Some farther thoughts upon the same subject, delivered on the 19th of the same month"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015155301/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2439">Archived</a> 15 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Vol. 33</i> p. 118–125. – digital facsimile from <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11637">Works by Edmond Halley</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Savilian_Professors" title="Template:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Savilian_Professors" title="Template talk:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Savilian_Professors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Savilian_Professors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Savilian Professors</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Chairs established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Savile_(Bible_translator)" title="Henry Savile (Bible translator)">Sir Henry Savile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Astronomy" title="Savilian Professor of Astronomy">Savilian Professors<br />of Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bainbridge_(astronomer)" title="John Bainbridge (astronomer)">John Bainbridge</a> (1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greaves" title="John Greaves">John Greaves</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)">Seth Ward</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernard" title="Edward Bernard">Edward Bernard</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="David Gregory (mathematician)">David Gregory</a> (1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caswell" title="John Caswell">John Caswell</a> (1709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keill" title="John Keill">John Keill</a> (1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hornsby" title="Thomas Hornsby">Thomas Hornsby</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Robertson" title="Abraham Robertson">Abraham Robertson</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rigaud" title="Stephen Peter Rigaud">Stephen Rigaud</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnson_(priest)" title="George Johnson (priest)">George Johnson</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fishburn_Donkin" title="William Fishburn Donkin">William Donkin</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hall_Turner" title="Herbert Hall Turner">Herbert Turner</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hemley_Plaskett" title="Harry Hemley Plaskett">Harry Plaskett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Blackwell" title="Donald Blackwell">Donald Blackwell</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Silk" title="Joseph Silk">Joseph Silk</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Balbus" title="Steven Balbus">Steven Balbus</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Geometry" title="Savilian Professor of Geometry">Savilian Professors<br />of Geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)" title="Henry Briggs (mathematician)">Henry Briggs</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turner_(mathematician)" title="Peter Turner (mathematician)">Peter Turner</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallis" title="John Wallis">John Wallis</a> (1649)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmond Halley</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss" title="Nathaniel Bliss">Nathaniel Bliss</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Betts" title="Joseph Betts">Joseph Betts</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(anatomist_and_chemist)" title="John Smith (anatomist and chemist)">John Smith</a> (1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Robertson" title="Abraham Robertson">Abraham Robertson</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rigaud" title="Stephen Peter Rigaud">Stephen Rigaud</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Powell_(mathematician)" title="Baden Powell (mathematician)">Baden Powell</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Stephen_Smith" title="Henry John Stephen Smith">Henry John Stephen Smith</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Esson" title="William Esson">William Esson</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">Edward Charles Titchmarsh</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_James" title="Ioan James">Ioan James</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hitchin" title="Nigel Hitchin">Nigel Hitchin</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Kirwan" title="Frances Kirwan">Frances Kirwan</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomers_Royal" title="Template:Astronomers Royal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomers_Royal" title="Template talk:Astronomers Royal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomers_Royal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomers Royal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomers_Royal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomers Royal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a> (1675)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmond Halley</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss" title="Nathaniel Bliss">Nathaniel Bliss</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a> (1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Christie_(astronomer)" title="William Christie (astronomer)">William Christie</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Watson_Dyson" title="Frank Watson Dyson">Frank Watson Dyson</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley" title="Richard van der Riet Woolley">Richard van der Riet Woolley</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Graham-Smith" title="Francis Graham-Smith">Francis Graham-Smith</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wolfendale" title="Arnold Wolfendale">Arnold Wolfendale</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Martin Rees</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomers_Royal" title="Category:Astronomers Royal">Category:Astronomers Royal</a> </b></li> <li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Portal:Astronomy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrVJRVjjPt7rw8wykFKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118720066">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Halley, Edmond, 1656-1742"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50018459">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119960783">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119960783">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Halley, Edmond"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V430884">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35164286">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091836&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1469639">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1338583">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068645619">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90288764">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000043276">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=169412">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gkpdrn04xsgd9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646261105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/113289">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262233205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527403806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14822197">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05605698?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=234543">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:halley.edmond">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/227987">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/848076">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118720066.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118720066">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027718247">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j0nmh">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/33673">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&oldid=1258106872">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&oldid=1258106872</a>"</div></div> 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