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Februar 2013</time></span> </div> </header> <p>Bei den aktuellen <a title="DH Awards 2012 - voting" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://dhawards.org/dhawards2012/voting/" target="_blank">DH Awards</a> (jeder ist aufgerufen, mit abzustimmen!) sind betrüblicherweise nur 2,5 Kandidaten aus dem deutschprachigen Raum nominiert. Neben dem <a title="Blog von Anne Baillot" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://digitalintellectuals.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank">Blog von Anne Baillot</a>, der immerhin in Berlin “spielt” sind das das <a title="IDE Website" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://www.i-d-e.de/" target="_blank">Institut für Dokumentologie und Editorik (IDE)</a> und – für die Kategorie “Best DH visualization or infographic” – eine Visualisierung aus dem <a title="Das altägyptische Totenbuch - ein digitales Textzeugenarchiv" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://totenbuch.awk.nrw.de/" target="_blank">“Totenbuch-Projekt” der Universität Bonn</a>, welches von der <a title="Düsseldorfer Akademie der Wissenschaften" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://www.awk.nrw.de/" target="_blank">Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a> gefördert und vom <a title="CCeH-Website" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://cceh.uni-koeln.de/" target="_blank">Cologne Center for eHumanities (CCeH)</a> DH-seitig begleitet wird. Die <a title="Visualisierung der Nachbarschaften" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/http://totenbuch.awk.nrw.de/uebersicht/sprueche#NachbarschaftAbsolut" target="_blank">Visualisierung ist ein recht komplexes “Ding”</a> so dass es sich vielleicht lohnt, auch hier noch einmal ein paar erklärende Worte dazu zu verlieren.</p> <div id="attachment_1316" style="width: 1057px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/gesamt-klein.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1316" class="size-full wp-image-1316" title="Totenbuch-Gesamtvisualisierung" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/gesamt-klein.png" alt="" width="1047" height="196"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1316" class="wp-caption-text">Totenbuch-Gesamtvisualisierung</p></div> <p>Worum geht es? Es geht um das altägyptische Totenbuch. Das altägyptische Totenbuch ist ein Textkorpus. Eine Sammlung von Sprüchen, die über einen langen Zeitraum hinweg immer wieder zusammengestellt und aufgeschrieben wurden, um sie einem/r Verstorbenen mit ins Grab zu geben auf dass die Sprüche ihm oder ihr beim Übergang in das Reich der Toten helfen mögen. Das Totenbuch-Projekt dokumentiert die überlieferten Textzeugen (ca. 3000 Totenbücher mit ca. 30.000 einzelnen Spruchnachweisen) und leistet Grundlagenarbeit für die weitere Erforschung des Totenbuchs. Dazu gehört auch, dass man sich einen Gesamteindruck von den einzelnen Sprüchen und ihrer Überlieferung verschaffen möchte.</p> <div id="attachment_1319" style="width: 1172px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/haeufig_selten.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1319" class="size-full wp-image-1319" title="Häufig und selten überlieferte Sprüche" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/haeufig_selten.png" alt="" width="1162" height="279"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1319" class="wp-caption-text">Häufig und selten überlieferte Sprüche</p></div> <p>Die hier zu diskutierende Grafik zeigt zunächst die von der Forschung “kanonisierten” Sprüche in ihrer kanonisierten Reihenfolge. Dabei steht jeder blaue Punkt für einen Spruch. Die Größe des Punktes steht für die Häufigkeit der Überlieferung des Spruches. <span id="more-1315"></span>Man erkennt auf einen Blick, welche Sprüche und Spruchgruppen breit überliefert sind und welche nicht.</p> <p>Innerhalb des digitalen Textzeugenarchivs als Web-Präsentation des Projekts wird ausgiebig Gebrauch von Visualisierungen gemacht, um die Strukturen und die quantitativen Eigenschaften der überlieferten Textzeugen zu veranschaulichen. Bei dieser Grafik steht eine speziellere Fragestellung im Hintergrund, die einen Schritt in die eher analytische Dimension der Visualisierung markiert. Die Frage lautet: Entspricht die durch die Forschung etablierte kanonische Ordnung der Sprüche (die hauptsächlich auf einem Leitzeugen beruht) der Wirklichkeit der Gesamtüberlieferung? Wie gut entspricht sie ihr? Und wie kanonisch ist die Abfolge der Sprüche auf den Textzeugen wirklich?</p> <p>Dazu visualisiert die Grafik die Nachbarschaftsverhältnisse zwischen Sprüchen. Es wird ausgezählt, wer die Nachbarn eines Spruches auf einem Textzeugen sind. Auf den überlieferten Objekten häufig benachbarte Sprüche werden in der Grafik durch Linien verbunden. Je dicker die Linie, desto häufiger ist eine Nachbarschaft belegt. Gäbe es eine deterministische Reihenfolge im Textkorpus, dann gäbe es nur eine einzige Verbindungslinie durch alle Sprüche. Wäre die Reihenfolge ganz beliebig, dann gäbe es eine große Zahl unterschiedlichster Verbindungslinien zwischen den Sprüchen. Die Gesamtvisualisierung liefert hier ein recht deutliches Signal: wenn man bedenkt, dass die Überlieferung einen langen Zeitraum (2.300 Jahre), eine große geografische Spannweite (17 Breitengrade), unterschiedlichste materielle Objekte (von Papyrus über Mumienbinden bis zu Grabinschriften) und verschiedenste Überlieferungszustände umfasst, dann ist die Abfolge als durchaus wenig variant zu betrachten. Und sie steht zunächst nicht im Widerspruch zu der Abfolge, mit der die Forschung selbst arbeitet. Ein genauerer Blick kann aber weitere Fragen anstoßen, die diesen Gesamteindruck bestätigen oder relativieren.</p> <div id="attachment_1322" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Scheinausreisser.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1322" class="size-full wp-image-1322" title="Scheinausreißer" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Scheinausreisser.png" alt="" width="300"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1322" class="wp-caption-text">Scheinausreißer</p></div> <p>Schnell fallen dabei einige dicke Linien auf, die der These einer relativ festen Abfolge zu widersprechen scheinen. Dies ist aber manchmal darauf zurückzuführen, dass aus inhaltlichen Gründen im Projekt Sprüche zusammengelegt wurden, die einen ähnlichen Text bieten. Die stärkste Verbindung von Spruch 47 scheint z.B. nach oben ganz woanders hin zu gehen, tatsächlich zielt sie aber auf Spruch 10/48. Hätte man die beiden nicht zusammengelegt, dann wäre die Reihe durchaus intakt. Das gleiche gilt für die nach unten gehende Linie bei Spruch 50, die auf Spruch 11/49 zielt.</p> <div id="attachment_1323" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/interessant_136.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1323" class="size-full wp-image-1323" title="Was ist hier los?" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/interessant_136.png" alt="" width="300"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1323" class="wp-caption-text">Was ist hier los?</p></div> <p>Andere Fälle erklären sich nicht in der gleichen Weise von selbst. So ist die Reihung von 136 zu 137 möglicherweise fragwürdig. Denn ein unmittelbarer Nachbar von 136/136A bzw 136B ist nur in 14 Fällen Spruch 137. Dagegen folgt auf 136B allein 49 mal Spruch 149 und auf 136/136A allein 47 mal Spruch 138 oder 139. Allerdings bedeutet das immer noch nicht, dass eine andere Reihung zu einem “glatteren” System führen würde. Hier wäre vielleicht in einem nächsten Schritt eine differenziertere Untersuchung anzusetzen, die z.B. Zeitstufen oder andere Gruppierungsmerkmale in den Blick nehmen könnte, um der Sache auf den Grund zu gehen.<br/> Dies sind nur willkürliche Beispiel dafür, wie die Gesamtgrafik gelesen werden kann. Sie kann nichts weiter sein als ein ersten Schritt zu einem Verständnis der Gesamtstruktur und erste Einblicke in Details bieten. Dazu bedient sie sich mit der Berücksichtigung nur unmittelbarer Nachbarschaften eines sehr einfachen Modells, das methodisch durchaus fragwürdig ist und ggf. weiter zu verfeinern wäre.<br/> Eines der hier leitenden Designziele ist das Konzept von “Overview & Detail”: man will zugleich einen Gesamteindruck herstellen UND bei näherer Betrachtung (am Bildschirm muss man wohl vom “reinzoomen” sprechen) immer feinere Details erkennbar machen. Das hat, wenn man es konsequent verfolgt, durchaus Nachteile und Kosten: Die Grafik ist recht groß. Zu groß für einen Monitor. Das aber ist Absicht. Es geht um eine Gesamtvisualisierung mit dem Potential für lokale Detailstudien.</p> <div id="attachment_1327" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/kueche.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1327" class="size-full wp-image-1327 " title="Das Ding in meiner Küche" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/kueche.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="229"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1327" class="wp-caption-text">Das Ding in meiner Küche</p></div> <div id="attachment_1328" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/besprechungsraum.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1328" class="size-full wp-image-1328" title="Das Ding im Besprechungsraum" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/besprechungsraum.jpg" alt="" width="300"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1328" class="wp-caption-text">Das Ding im Besprechungsraum</p></div> <p>Deshalb war das Ziel von Anfang an nicht eine Darstellung in den Grenzen eines Browserfensters. Tatsächlich sind die größeren Fassungen auch gar nicht vollständig in normalen Browserfenstern darstellbar, weil z.B. Firefox nur ein 7-faches Herauszoomen ermöglicht – und damit ist man immer noch nicht weit genug weg. Die Grafik ist trotzdem auf eine Breite von 210cm ausgelegt worden. Denn hier geht es nicht nur um die Digitalisierung einer materiellen Überlieferung, sondern auch um die Materialisierung digitaler Daten! Die Grafik funktioniert am Bildschirm als Werkzeug für Detailstudien. Hier offenbart auch jede Verbindungslinie beim onmouseover Start- und Endpunkt sowie die absoluten Fallzahlen. Für das Paradigma des Overview&Detail aber muss man seinen Schreibtischstuhl verlassen und die Maus loslassen. Ihre eigentliche heuristische Kraft entfaltet “die Tür”, wie wir den Ausdruck auf einer Forex-Platte nennen erst, wenn man sich vor sie stellt, sie abschreitet und vor- und zurücktritt. Erst diese körperliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem materiellen Objekt, sei es (derzeit, leihweise) in meiner Küche oder im Besprechungsraum des Instituts, entspricht der Informations- und Interaktionsintention der Visualisierung.</p> <p>Die Menschen dahinter? Die Programmierung lag bei Ulrike Henny, ausgehend von und in einem Prozess der Konzeption und Diskussion mit anderen Kollegen vom CCeH. Wirklich “gemacht” haben aber vor allem die Daten, auf denen alles beruht, eine große Zahl ägyptologischer Fachwissenschaftler, zuletzt unter der Leitung von Marcus Müller, die alle Informationen in den letzten 20 Jahren zusammengetragen haben. Ohne diese Arbeit wüssten wir nichts und könnten nichts sehen.</p> <p>Die Technik dahinter? Eine xQuery-Abfrage auf den Daten in einer XML-Datenbank (eXist) schreibt eine SVG …</p> <div id="attachment_1324" style="width: 857px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/sequenz_xml.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1324" class="size-full wp-image-1324" title="Ausgangsdaten, lokales XML" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/sequenz_xml.png" alt="" width="847" height="301"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1324" class="wp-caption-text">Ausgangsdaten, lokales XML</p></div> <div id="attachment_1325" style="width: 706px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/xquery.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1325" class="size-full wp-image-1325" title="xQuery schreibt ..." src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109im_/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/xquery.png" alt="" width="696" height="409"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-1325" class="wp-caption-text">xQuery schreibt …</p></div> <div id="attachment_1331" style="width: 873px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173109/https://dhd-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/svg-snippet2.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1331" class="size-full wp-image-1331" title="... 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