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The Impact of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Incidence – Infectious Diseases
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class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-109" class="post-109 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-lyme-disease tag-borrelia-burgdorferi tag-climate-change tag-environmental-factors tag-lyme-disease tag-preventive-measures tag-public-health tag-tick-ecology tag-tick-habitats tag-tick-borne-illness" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://infect.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Lyme-disease-Incidence-min-scaled-e1729078769909.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">The Impact of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Incidence</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-16T17:09:36+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 16, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://infect.blog/archive/author/infect/" title="View all posts by infect" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">infect</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lyme disease is an emerging tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which has become a serious health concern in many regions, particularly North America and Europe. Though usually perceived as a neglected illness, in the previous decades, it has revealed growth in humongous proportions, which triggered mammoth research into the potential drivers of the increase. One important factor explaining the rise of Lyme cases is the change in climate. The wider habitats of ticks and their hosts conferred by rising temperatures have allowed Lyme disease to geographically spread. In this paper, we review how climate change is affecting the distribution of Lyme disease, tending towards the interaction between environmental changes, tick ecology, and the effect on public health.</span></p> <h3><b>Climate Change and Tick Ecology</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The primary vector in disease transmission is the black-legged tick known as Ixodes scapularis. These small, red arachnids require warmth, humidity, and appropriate hosts on which they depend, like small mammals, birds, and deer, to survive and thrive. The climate is changing dramatically, and the nature of these conditions, from temperature to moisture, is increasingly favorable for many types of ticks. Warmer temperatures and milder winters allow for more ticks to survive and reproduce, increasing their rate of development.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Further, the geographic range of ticks is expanding as they invade newer territories, which earlier were not fit for them because of cold climatic conditions. In places, such as the northern parts of the United States and parts of Canada, where winter temperatures used to be too cold for the survival of ticks, rising temperatures are allowing them to take a foothold and multiply. This is particularly concerning because it subjects the populations within the newly academic regions to Lyme disease, where public health preparedness and healthcare systems are not effective enough to manage the disease.</span></p> <h3><b>Altered Ticks and Host Activities</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Climate change is further disturbing the yearly activity patterns of the ticks. Primarily, warm months are when ticks are most active throughout the year, usually from spring through early fall. However, increases in temperature cause the ticks to be active earlier in the spring and late into the fall. This extended period for tick feeding increases the time of contact between people and animals with ticks and, consequently, Lyme disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Environmental factors, along with climate change, have influenced both the tick hosts behavior and habitats. For example, the white-footed mouse is known to be the major reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi and is negatively affected by global warming, which has resulted in an increase in their population and a northern expansion of their territory. Another important part of adult tick hosts is the deer. With climate change and environmental conditions leading to a change in their habitat, they are now moving to new areas. With the ticks, the hosts, and the interaction with humans in the new areas, more cases of Lyme disease have been reported.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://infect.blog/publication-trends/index/lyme disease" target="_blank" title="lyme disease - yearwise publication trends">lyme disease</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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A known hotspot for Lyme disease, the northeastern United States has had this problem for decades. Climate change is making things worse. But increased numbers of ticks and expanding their range are the knock-on effects of climate change. States such as Pennsylvania and New York, once peripheral to Lyme disease hotspots, now experience higher incidences of this disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, the upper Midwest and parts of Canada, where there have historically been few or no reported illnesses of Lyme disease, are currently being racked by outbreaks of their own as the ticks migrate northward. For example, the northward expansion of the disease into these regions poses a new problem to those in charge of public health, and they have to, therefore, direct considerable effort toward increasing Lyme disease awareness, enhancing diagnostic testing, and implementing prevention measures in these regions that were previously free of the disease.</span></p> <h3><b>The Role of Precipitation and Humidity</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although temperature proves to be a significant determinant of the survival of ticks and the spread of Lyme disease, bacteria, precipitation, and humidity also play critical roles. The tick is an extremely desiccation-sensitive arthropod, a characteristic that means it needs moisture for survival. Climatic change leads to increased precipitation, which ends up raising the humidity levels in some regions, other than favoring the multiplication of ticks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Increased precipitation can facilitate the growth of more dense vegetation, creating a richer environment for ticks and their hosts. Dense vegetation also offers them shelter from climatic conditions and gives them easy access to an uninterrupted blood meal supply. In this way, regions with increased rainfall and humidity have become breeding grounds for ticks, intensifying the spread of Lyme’s disease.</span></p> <h3><b>Environmental Complexities</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The relationship between climate change and Lyme disease incidence is complicated by several factors. Conditions of high temperature and humidity generally favor the survival of ticks, while the opposite conditions depress that survival. However, this impact is most often short-lived, and the rebound in tick populations occurs as soon as the unfavorable horoscopic conditions ameliorate.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, the timing and distribution of such environmental changes may also vary quite significantly between different regions, which in itself will lead to unpredictable patterns of Lyme disease incidence. For instance, a light winter in an area followed by a wet spring would stagger an area with a hike in tick activity and Lyme diseases, while another area with the same trends in its climate may not see the effect because of differences in vegetation, host availability, or other local factors. </span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://infect.blog/recent-publications/index/lyme disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="lyme disease - yearwise publication list">lyme disease</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://infect.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "The challenges of living with Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT) - A qualitative study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945055", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Characterization of the family-level Borreliaceae pan-genome and development of an episomal typing protocol.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947078", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A rodent and tick bait for controlling white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), the respective pathogen host and vector of the Lyme disease spirochetes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38852539", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Pathogens associated with ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and mammals in the Orinoquia region of Colombia: An approach to understanding vector-pathogen-host interactions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38861832", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Antibody-mediated immunological memory correlates with long-term Lyme veterinary vaccine protection in mice.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38937181", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Strain-Dependent Assessment of Powassan Virus Transmission to Ticks.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932123", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The crucial role of immunoblots in distinguishing lyme disease from tick-borne relapsing fever.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39113363", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Tick hazard in the South Downs National Park (UK): species, distribution, key locations for future interventions, site density, habitats.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38881864", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Spatiotemporal patterns of Lyme disease in North Carolina: 2010-2020.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38883560", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Lyme disease: A rare cause of infective endocarditis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38899081", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A Comprehensive Review of Lyme Disease: A Focus on Cardiovascular Manifestations.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38910626", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Addressing Climate Change-Induced Tick-borne Lyme Disease Patterns Through Data-Driven \\\\\\'One Health\\\\\\' Policy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38870383", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Retrospective validation of a rapid Lyme fluorescent immunoassay in differentiating Lyme arthritis from other musculoskeletal presentations in children in a Lyme-endemic region.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38682930", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A Rare Presentation of Lyme Disease in an Immunocompromised Patient.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38770473", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Characteristics of patients consulted for suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis in an endemic area.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38761786", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Epidemiologic and tick exposure characteristics among people with reported Lyme disease - Minnesota, 2011-2019.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38807328", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "P66 is a bacterial mimic of CD47 that binds the anti-phagocytic receptor SIRP\u03b1 and facilitates macrophage evasion by .", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38746193", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Development of a sequence-based OspA typing method for .", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38787376", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Reply to Shah, J.S.; Ramasamy, R. Target Antigens in Western and Line Immunoblots for Supporting the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. Comment on \\\\\\\"Porwancher et al. Immunoblot Criteria for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease: A Comparison of CDC Criteria to Alternative Interpretive Approaches. 2023, , 1282\\\\\\\".", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38787205", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Phenology of five tick species in the central Great Plains.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38722854", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Lyme disease","climate change","tick-borne illness","public health","tick ecology","Borrelia burgdorferi","environmental factors","tick habitats","preventive measures"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Public Health Impact</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Climate change-associated trends in the increasing incidence of Lyme disease impact public health in significant ways. In regions that already have academic occurrences of Lyme disease, health systems must manage a rise in the number of cases and the healthcare costs incurred. This also involves added public health expenses for public education campaigns that raise awareness regarding tick prevention as well as the symptoms of Lyme disease itself.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Public health agencies in countries with emerging threats of Lyme disease must quickly build surveillance mechanisms and educate health care providers that preventive measures are the most important in stopping the disease from the very beginning. Early detection and appropriate treatment are of prime importance for the control of Lyme disease, as postponed detection not only causes increased or more severe symptoms but also makes it chronic.</span></p> <h3><b>Prevention and future strategies</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The progression of climate change is expected to continue, and it is expected to develop and implement plans that will mitigate the overall impact of Lyme disease. Preventative efforts at the individual level, such as those classified under personal protection and chemical controls, remain most effective in reducing the risk of Lyme disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Calls need to be made for the generation of community and policy interventions that are about reducing tick habitats through landscape management mechanisms that remove leaf litter, trim excess overgrowth, and establish home’safe zones’ from ticks, all that combined with public health campaigns that, of almost importance, the value of these practices in areas where Lyme disease is becoming more prevalent.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also hopeful that, with further studies, vaccines and conventional drugs can work to diminish the prevalence of Lyme disease. While a vaccine for the prevention of Lyme disease was once available to humans and then removed, the new vaccine technologies are all very exciting. Continued research on pathogens transmitted by ticks and their interaction with climate change is important in forecasting future trends and getting prepared for newly emerging threats.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is no doubt that climate change has contributed to the increased incidence of Lyme disease. Climate change affects not only the habitats of ticks but also their behaviors and hosts and might even expand the range of tick populations geographically, in turn contributing to more transmission of this crippling disease. This public health challenge will have to be met with a three-pronged approach, including individual preventive measures, community-based interventions, and research into new threats in an evolving environment with respect to Lyme disease.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Rutz, H., Hogan, B., Hook, S., Hinckley, A. and Feldman, K., 2018. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zph.12446">Exploring an alternative approach to Lyme disease surveillance in Maryland.</a> <i>Zoonoses and public health</i>, <i>65</i>(2), pp.254-259.</li> <li>White, J., Noonan‐Toly, C., Lukacik, G., Thomas, N., Hinckley, A., Hook, S. and Backenson, P.B., 2018. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zph.12307">Lyme disease surveillance in New York State: an assessment of case underreporting.</a> <i>Zoonoses and public health</i>, <i>65</i>(2), pp.238-246.</li> <li>Schiffman, E.K., McLaughlin, C., Ray, J.A.E., Kemperman, M.M., Hinckley, A.F., Friedlander, H.G. and Neitzel, D.F., 2018. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zph.12291">Underreporting of lyme and other tick‐borne diseases in residents of a high‐incidence County, Minnesota, 2009. </a><i>Zoonoses and public health</i>, <i>65</i>(2), pp.230-237.</li> <li>Schwartz, A.M., 2017. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6622a1.htm?s">Surveillance for lyme disease—United States, 2008–2015.</a> <i>MMWR. Surveillance Summaries</i>, <i>66</i>.</li> <li>Zbrzeźniak, J., Rosolak, A. and Paradowska-Stankiewicz, I., 2021. <a href="https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A1%3A3853569/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A153108915&crl=c">Lyme disease in Poland in 2019.</a> <i>Epidemiological Review/Przegląd Epidemiologiczny</i>, <i>75</i>(2).</li> <li>Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Hou, X., Li, H., Yang, X., Chen, T., Fu, X., Miao, G., Hao, Q. and Li, S., 2021. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009158">Prevalence and prediction of Lyme disease in Hainan province. </a><i>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</i>, <i>15</i>(3), p.e0009158.</li> <li>von Fricken, M.E., Rolomjav, L., Illar, M., Altantogtokh, D., Hogan, K.M., Uyanga, B., Ganbold, D. and Tsogbadrakh, N., 2019. <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/vbz.2018.2421">Geographic Range of Lyme Borreliosis in Mongolia. </a><i>Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases</i>, <i>19</i>(9), pp.658-661.</li> <li>Wang, Y., Li, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Cai, Y. and Liu, Q., 2019. <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/vbz.2018.2316">Prevalence and identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in ticks from Northeastern China.</a> <i>Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases</i>, <i>19</i>(5), pp.309-315.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">lyme disease</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://infect.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://infect.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://infect.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "p6nUK4wBWBy50K-r2TeY": { "aid": "p6nUK4wBWBy50K-r2TeY", "name": "I. 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Norris", "citation_count": 9217, "hindex": 53, "paper_count": 187, "affiliation": "Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA ", "email": "Steven.J.Norris@uth.tmc.edu", "slug_tail": "s-norris" }, "SL-bK4wBWBy50K-rSZX0": { "aid": "SL-bK4wBWBy50K-rSZX0", "name": "D. Rock", "citation_count": 9176, "hindex": 52, "paper_count": 123, "affiliation": "Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 2001 S Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA. ", "email": "dlrock@illinois.edu", "slug_tail": "d-rock" }, "akvAK4wBWBy50K-rOhjr": { "aid": "akvAK4wBWBy50K-rOhjr", "name": "R. Do", "citation_count": 25635, "hindex": 51, "paper_count": 157, "affiliation": "The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA. 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