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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elements of dependability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements_of_dependability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements of dependability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_dependability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Means" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Means"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Means</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Means-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Persistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependability_of_information_systems_and_survivability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependability_of_information_systems_and_survivability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dependability of information systems and survivability</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dependability</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measure in systems engineering</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <b>dependability</b> is a measure of a system's <b>availability</b>, <b>reliability</b>, <b>maintainability</b>, and in some cases, other characteristics such as <b>durability</b>, <b>safety</b> and <b>security</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a>, <b>dependability</b> is the ability to provide services that can be trusted within a time-period.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service guarantees must hold even when the system is subject to attacks or natural failures. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), via its Technical Committee <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission#External_links" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">TC 56</a> develops and maintains international standards that provide systematic methods and tools for dependability assessment and management of equipment, services, and systems throughout their life cycles. The IFIP Working Group 10.4<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on "Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance" plays a role in synthesizing the technical community's progress in the field and organizes two workshops each year to disseminate the results. </p><p>Dependability can be broken down into three elements: </p> <ul><li><b>Attributes</b> - a way to assess the dependability of a system</li> <li><b>Threats</b> - an understanding of the things that can affect the dependability of a system</li> <li><b>Means</b> - ways to increase a system's dependability</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources hold that word was coined in the nineteen-teens in Dodge Brothers automobile print advertising. But the word predates that period, with the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> finding its first use in 1901. </p><p>As interest in fault tolerance and system reliability increased in the 1960s and 1970s, dependability came to be a measure of [x] as measures of <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a> came to encompass additional measures like safety and integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1980s, Jean-Claude Laprie thus chose <i>dependability</i> as the term to encompass studies of fault tolerance and system reliability without the extension of meaning inherent in <i>reliability</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of dependability has evolved from these beginnings to be an internationally active field of research fostered by a number of prominent international conferences, notably the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Dependable_Systems_and_Networks" title="International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks">International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SRDS" class="mw-redirect" title="SRDS">International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISSRE" title="ISSRE">International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, dependability for a system incorporates <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">maintainability</a> but since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> have been added to measures of dependability.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_dependability">Elements of dependability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements of dependability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributes">Attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dep-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dep-1.svg/220px-Dep-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dep-1.svg/330px-Dep-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dep-1.svg/440px-Dep-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Taxonomy showing relationship between Dependability & Security and Attributes, Threats and Means (after Laprie et al.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Attributes are qualities of a system. These can be assessed to determine its overall dependability using <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative data">Qualitative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative property">Quantitative</a> measures. Avizienis et al. define the following Dependability Attributes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a> - readiness for correct service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a> - continuity of correct service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a> - absence of catastrophic consequences on the user(s) and the environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a> - absence of improper system alteration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">Maintainability</a> - ability for easy maintenance (repair)</li></ul> <p>As these definitions suggested, only Availability and Reliability are quantifiable by direct measurements whilst others are more subjective. For instance Safety cannot be measured directly via metrics but is a subjective assessment that requires judgmental information to be applied to give a level of confidence, whilst Reliability can be measured as failures over time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</a>, i.e. <i>the absence of unauthorized disclosure of information</i> is also used when addressing security. Security is a composite of <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a>. Security is sometimes classed as an attribute <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the current view is to aggregate it together with dependability and treat Dependability as a composite term called Dependability and Security.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practically, applying security measures to the appliances of a system generally improves the dependability by limiting the number of externally originated errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Threats are things that can affect a system and cause a drop in Dependability. There are three main terms that must be clearly understood: </p> <ul><li>Fault: A fault (which is usually referred to as a bug for historic reasons) is a defect in a system. The presence of a fault in a system may or may not lead to a failure. For instance, although a system may contain a fault, its input and state conditions may never cause this fault to be executed so that an error occurs; and thus that particular fault never exhibits as a failure.</li> <li>Error: An error is a discrepancy between the intended behavior of a system and its actual behavior inside the system boundary. Errors occur at runtime when some part of the system enters an unexpected state due to the activation of a fault. Since errors are generated from invalid states they are hard to observe without special mechanisms, such as debuggers or debug output to logs.</li> <li>Failure: A failure is an instance in time when a system displays behavior that is contrary to its specification. An error may not necessarily cause a failure, for instance an exception may be thrown by a system but this may be caught and handled using fault tolerance techniques so the overall operation of the system will conform to the specification.</li></ul> <p>It is important to note that Failures are recorded at the system boundary. They are basically Errors that have propagated to the system boundary and have become observable. Faults, Errors and Failures operate according to a mechanism. This mechanism is sometimes known as a Fault-Error-Failure chain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general rule a fault, when activated, can lead to an error (which is an invalid state) and the invalid state generated by an error may lead to another error or a failure (which is an observable deviation from the specified behavior at the system boundary).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a fault is activated an error is created. An error may act in the same way as a fault in that it can create further error conditions, therefore an error may propagate multiple times within a system boundary without causing an observable failure. If an error propagates outside the system boundary a failure is said to occur. A failure is basically the point at which it can be said that a service is failing to meet its specification. Since the output data from one service may be fed into another, a failure in one service may propagate into another service as a fault so a chain can be formed of the form: Fault leading to Error leading to Failure leading to Error, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Means">Means</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Means"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mechanism of a Fault-Error-Chain is understood it is possible to construct means to break these chains and thereby increase the dependability of a system. Four means have been identified so far: </p> <ol><li>Prevention</li> <li>Removal</li> <li>Forecasting</li> <li>Tolerance</li></ol> <p>Fault Prevention deals with preventing faults being introduced into a system. This can be accomplished by use of development methodologies and good implementation techniques. </p><p>Fault Removal can be sub-divided into two sub-categories: Removal During Development and Removal During Use.<br /> Removal during development requires verification so that faults can be detected and removed before a system is put into production. Once systems have been put into production a system is needed to record failures and remove them via a maintenance cycle. </p><p>Fault Forecasting predicts likely faults so that they can be removed or their effects can be circumvented.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fault_Tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault Tolerance">Fault Tolerance</a> deals with putting mechanisms in place that will allow a system to still deliver the required service in the presence of faults, although that service may be at a degraded level. </p><p>Dependability means are intended to reduce the number of failures made visible to the end users of a system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistence">Persistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on how faults appear or persist, they are classified as: </p> <ul><li>Transient: They appear without apparent cause and disappear again without apparent cause</li> <li>Intermittent: They appear multiple times, possibly without a discernible pattern, and disappear on their own</li> <li>Permanent: Once they appear, they do not get resolved on their own</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dependability_of_information_systems_and_survivability">Dependability of information systems and survivability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dependability of information systems and survivability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some works on dependability <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use structured <b><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a></b>, e.g. with <a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">SOA</a>, to introduce the attribute <b><a href="/wiki/Survivability" title="Survivability">survivability</a></b>, thus taking into account the degraded services that an Information System sustains or resumes after a non-maskable failure. </p><p>The flexibility of current frameworks encourage system architects to enable reconfiguration mechanisms that refocus the available, safe resources to support the most critical services rather than over-provisioning to build failure-proof system. </p><p>With the generalisation of networked information systems, <b><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a></b> was introduced to give greater importance to users' experience. </p><p>To take into account the level of performance, the measurement of <b>performability</b> is defined as "quantifying how well the object system performs in the presence of faults over a specified period of time".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Dependable_Systems_and_Networks" title="International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks">International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks</a> – Computer networking conference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_injection" title="Fault injection">Fault injection</a> – Testing how computer systems behave under unusual stresses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a> – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a> – Mathematical program specifications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">List of system quality attributes</a> – Non-functional requirements for system evaluation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RAMS">RAMS</a> – Engineering characterization of a product or system<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a> – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a> – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilfredo Torres-Pomales: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.108.7270">Software Fault Tolerance: A Tutorial</a></i>, 2002</li> <li>Stefano Porcarelli, Marco Castaldi, Felicita Di Giandomenico, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bondavalli" title="Andrea Bondavalli">Andrea Bondavalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola_Inverardi" title="Paola Inverardi">Paola Inverardi</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/events/conf/2003/wads/Proceedings/porcarelli.pdf">An Approach to Manage Reconfiguration in Fault-Tolerant Distributed Systems</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>International Symposium on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN):<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flagship conference of the community, annually held since 1970.</li> <li>International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS):<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 40th offering is in 2021.</li></ul> <p>More regionally focused conferences: </p> <ul><li>Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing (LADC): Its 10th offering is in 2021.</li> <li>Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC): Its 25th offering is in 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Dependable_and_Secure_Computing" title="IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing">IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC)</a> is the flagship journal that comes under the purview of the IEEE Technical Committee on Fault Tolerant Computing (TCFTC).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prognosticsjournal.com">Prognostics Journal</a> is an open access journal that provides an international forum for the electronic publication of original research and industrial experience articles in all areas of systems dependability and prognostics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/ijccbs">International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J.C. Laprie, <i>Dependability: Basic Concepts and Terminology</i>, Springer-Verlag, 1992. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-82296-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-82296-8">0-387-82296-8</a></li> <li>Daniel P. Siewiorek, Robert S. Swarz, <i>Reliable Computer Systems : Design and Evaluation</i>, A K Peters/CRC Press, 1998. ISBN 978-1568810928</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_projects">Research projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deserec.eu">DESEREC</a>, <i>DEpendability and Security by Enhanced REConfigurability</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Framework_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Framework Programme">FP6</a>/IST integrated project 2006–2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nodes.imm.dtu.dk:8080">NODES</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Network on DEpendable Systems</i></li> <li>ESFORS, <i>European security Forum for Web Services, Software, and Systems</i>, FP6/IST coordination action</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908131928/http://www.hidenets.aau.dk/">HIDENETS</a> <i>HIghly DEpendable ip-based NETworks and Services</i>, FP6/IST targeted project 2006–2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resist-noe.org">RESIST</a> FP6/IST Network of Excellence 2006–2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rodin.cs.ncl.ac.uk">RODIN</a> Rigorous Open Development Environment for Complex Systems FP6/IST targeted project 2004–2007</li> <li>SERENITY <i>System Engineering for Security and Dependability</i>, FP6/IST integrated project 2006–2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031232813/http://dependability.cs.virginia.edu/research/willow/">Willow Survivability Architecture</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118013735/http://dependability.cs.virginia.edu/info/STILT">STILT</a>, <i>System for Terrorism Intervention and Large-scale Teamwork</i> 2002–2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aniketos.eu">ANIKETOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202064516/http://www.aniketos.eu/">Archived</a> 2019-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Dependable and Secure Service Composition</i>, FP7/IST integrated project 2010–2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependability&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> IEC, <i>Electropedia del 192 Dependability</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.electropedia.org">http://www.electropedia.org</a>, select 192 Dependability, see 192-01-22 Dependability.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A._Avizienis,_J_pp._11-33_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Avizienis, J.-C. Laprie, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a>, and C. Landwehr, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1335465/;jsessionid=5317E92E5D540F870144B8C0A0492C1E?&arnumber=1335465">Basic Concepts and Taxonomy of Dependable and Secure Computing</a>," IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 1, pp. 11-33, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dependability.org/">"Dependable Systems and Networks"</a>. <i>www.dependability.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dependability.org&rft.atitle=Dependable+Systems+and+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dependability.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADependability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a>, "Software Dependability: A Personal View", in the Proc of the 25th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS-25), California, USA, pp 35-41, June 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.C. Laprie. "Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance: Concepts and terminology," in Proc. 15th IEEE Int. Symp. on Fault-Tolerant Computing, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Avizienis, J.-C. Laprie and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cert.org/research/isw/isw2000/papers/56.pdf">Fundamental Concepts of Dependability</a></i>. Research Report No 1145, <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Analysis_and_Architecture_of_Systems" title="Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems">Lydford g DrAAS-CNRS</a>, April 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Sommerville, Software Engineering: Addison-Wesley, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Avizienis, V. Magnus U, J. C. Laprie, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a>, "Fundamental Concepts of Dependability," presented at ISW-2000, Cambridge, MA, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoradiVan_AckerVanherpenDenil2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moradi, Mehrdad; Van Acker, Bert; Vanherpen, Ken; Denil, Joachim (2019). Chamberlain, Roger; Taha, Walid; Törngren, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/Model-Implemented_Hybrid_Fault_Injection_for_Simulink_Tool_Demonstrations_/12479930">"Model-Implemented Hybrid Fault Injection for Simulink (Tool Demonstrations)"</a>. <i>Cyber Physical Systems. Model-Based Design</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. <b>11615</b>. Cham: Springer International Publishing: <span class="nowrap">71–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23703-5_4">10.1007/978-3-030-23703-5_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23703-5"><bdi>978-3-030-23703-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195769468">195769468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyber+Physical+Systems.+Model-Based+Design&rft.atitle=Model-Implemented+Hybrid+Fault+Injection+for+Simulink+%28Tool+Demonstrations%29&rft.volume=11615&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195769468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-23703-5_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-23703-5&rft.aulast=Moradi&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft.au=Van+Acker%2C+Bert&rft.au=Vanherpen%2C+Ken&rft.au=Denil%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fpreprint%2FModel-Implemented_Hybrid_Fault_Injection_for_Simulink_Tool_Demonstrations_%2F12479930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADependability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/3374138.3374170">"Optimizing fault injection in FMI co-simulation through sensitivity partitioning | Proceedings of the 2019 Summer Simulation Conference"</a>. <i>dl.acm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine 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