ADW: Brugia malayi: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Brugia malayi: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Brugia_malayi/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Brugia_malayi/" /> <meta content="Brugia malayi" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Brugia malayi" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Brugia malayi on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Brugia_malayi/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; 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In open swamp and irrigated fields and hill forests of South and East Asia, <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> uses the mosquitoes of the genera <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Aedes/">Aedes</a>, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a>. In the intermediate host, <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> occupies the stomach, thorax muscles, and the proboscis. When the mosquito bites a human, monkey, domestic cats, or forest carnivores, which are the only definitive hosts it enters the wound where it migrates to the lymphatic system through the blood stream were it remains throughout its adult life. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#788df17a6b866a1abc708ce602183add" class="citation">Anderson, 1992</a>; <a href="#324c3548248187becf8b1d95231d69cf" class="citation">Despommier, et al., 1995</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145598">tropical</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145747">freshwater</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145828">forest</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145487">rainforest</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145818">mountains</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Wetlands</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145363">marsh</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145679">swamp</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145688">urban</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145386">suburban</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Adult <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Brugia malayi</span> are long and slender with a smooth <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/nematodxsec.jpg/medium.jpg">cuticle</a>, kinked, and has a long cephalic space having a length:width ratio of about 2:1. The head is slightly swollen and has two circles of well-defined <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/nematodanter.jpg/medium.jpg">papillae</a>. The tail of <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> is ventrally curved. Sexual dimorphism exists with the adult female <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> being approximately 8 cm long by 0.3 mm wide and the male about 2 cm long and 0.1 mm wide. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#dd2d27036825e4e0976dda1727ffe646" class="citation">Strickland, 1991</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916125902">heterothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>2 to 8 cm</dd> <dd class="english">0.79 to 3.15 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The reproductive cycle of <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> begins when a mosquito, the intermediate host which may include species in the genera <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Aedes/">Aedes</a>, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a>, acquires the sheathed microfilaria parasite in its blood meal. The microfilariae penetrate the gut wall of the mosquito where they lose their sheath and migrate to the muscles of the thorax. After 10 to 20 days, in which they undergo three molts, they develop into the infective third larval stage. Once the third larval stage is complete the <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> migrate to the proboscis of the mosquito. During the mosquito's blood meal the larvae enter the wound of the definitive host, which consist of <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">humans</a>, monkeys, domestic <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Felis_silvestris/">cats</a>, and forest carnivores. The larvae then migrate through the subcutaneous tissue to the lymphatic vessels of the definitive host. Within about a year they develop into mature adults. The sheathed microfilariae produced after copulation, then enter the blood stream allowing the intermediate host to acquire the microfilaria repeating the cycle again.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">In general, the worms molt before becoming adults, two molts occurring before they hatch from the eggs. Most all adult structures except certain reproductive parts are found in the young just before hatching. As adults, the worms will not molt, but can grow in size. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#788df17a6b866a1abc708ce602183add" class="citation">Anderson, 1992</a>; <a href="#a10d2bfc4a74c9fe4bf9cd2ad7929e00" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>; <a href="#324c3548248187becf8b1d95231d69cf" class="citation">Despommier, et al., 1995</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematode</a> females may produce a phermomone to attract males. The male <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/nematodcopul.jpg/thumbnail.jpg">coils around</a> a female with his curved area over the female genital pore. The gubernaculum, made of cuticle tissue, guides spicules which extend through the cloaca and anus. Males use spicules to hold the female during copulation. <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematode</a> sperm are amoeboid-like and lack flagella. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#a10d2bfc4a74c9fe4bf9cd2ad7929e00" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There is no parental investment beyond egg-laying.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">A defining characteristic of <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span>, as with all <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">nematodes</a>, is that they only have longitudinal muscles, therefore they exhibit an S-shaped motion during locomotion.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are two forms of <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span>, the periodic one, in which the microfilariae show a marked nocturnal presence in the blood (10 p.m. - 2 a.m.), and the subperiodic form in which the microfilariae are present throughout the day in the blood of the definitive host. The former is transmitted by species of <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a> mosquitoes, which bite mainly at night in Southeast Asia, and use humans as the typical reservoir host. The later is found in South and East Asia and is transmitted by species of <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Aedes/">Aedes</a>, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a> mosquitoes that feed at any time of the day. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#788df17a6b866a1abc708ce602183add" class="citation">Anderson, 1992</a>; <a href="#dd2d27036825e4e0976dda1727ffe646" class="citation">Strickland, 1991</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145585">sedentary</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Nematoda/">Nematodes</a> in general have papillae, <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/nematodanter.jpg/thumbnail.jpg">setae and amphids</a> as the main sense organs. Setae detect motion (mechanoreceptors), while amphids detect chemicals (chemoreceptors). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#a10d2bfc4a74c9fe4bf9cd2ad7929e00" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145769">pheromones</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Brugia malayi</span> feeds on blood and lymphatic tissue and fluid of its definitive host. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#788df17a6b866a1abc708ce602183add" class="citation">Anderson, 1992</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>eats body fluids</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>blood</span> </li> <li> <span>body fluids</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">These parasites are probably not preyed on directly, but are ingested from host to host. Larval mortality is high as most of the parasites do not reach appropriate hosts.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Intermediate hosts include species in the genera <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Aedes/">Aedes</a>, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a>. During the mosquito's blood meal the larvae enter the wound of the definitive host, which consist of <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">humans</a>, monkeys, domestic <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Felis_silvestris/">cats</a>, and forest carnivores.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Species Used as Host</strong> <br /> <ul> <li> <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Mansonia/">Mansonia</a> </li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Aedes/">Aedes</a>, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a></li> <li> <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Anopleles</span> </li> <li> <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Culex/">Culex</a> </li> <li>humans, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a> </li> <li>domestic cats, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Felis_silvestris/">Felis silvestris</a> </li> <li>monkeys</li> <li>forest carnivores</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The economic impact of <span class="taxon-link rank-species">B. malayi</span> comes in the form of physical and mental disabilities. The physical disabilities come in the form of the inflammation of the lymph nodes, typically located from the waist and below, due to the blockage of the lymphatic circulation. This condition is often called elephantiasis due to the excessive inflammation and enlargment of the appendage. Because of the possible disfigurements, it can affect a person's quality of life and impair their ability to work. The mental disabilities primarily come in the form of depression due to society outcasting them because of their physical deformity. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#beb294401a24b58fc00a446137913562" class="citation">Rauyajin, et al., 1995</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Negative Impacts</li> <li> <span>injures humans</span> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145449">causes disease in humans</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Renee Sherman Mulcrone (editor). </p> <p>Kensey Amaya (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Teresa Friedrich (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145449"> <dl> <dt>causes disease in humans</dt> <dd> <p>an animal which directly causes disease in humans. For example, diseases caused by infection of filarial nematodes (elephantiasis and river blindness).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145828"> <dl> <dt>forest</dt> <dd> <p>forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145747"> <dl> <dt>freshwater</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in water that is not salty.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916125902"> <dl> <dt>heterothermic</dt> <dd> <p>having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145363"> <dl> <dt>marsh</dt> <dd> <p>marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145818"> <dl> <dt>mountains</dt> <dd> <p>This terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra-like vegetation.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001348"> <dl> <dt>oriental</dt> <dd> <p>found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145767"> <dl> <dt>parasite</dt> <dd> <p>an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145769"> <dl> <dt>pheromones</dt> <dd> <p>chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145487"> <dl> <dt>rainforest</dt> <dd> <p>rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145585"> <dl> <dt>sedentary</dt> <dd> <p>remains in the same area</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145386"> <dl> <dt>suburban</dt> <dd> <p>living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145679"> <dl> <dt>swamp</dt> <dd> <p>a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145598"> <dl> <dt>tropical</dt> <dd> <p>the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145688"> <dl> <dt>urban</dt> <dd> <p>living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="788df17a6b866a1abc708ce602183add">Anderson, R. 1992. <span style="font-style: italic">Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates Their Development and Transmission</span>. Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International. </p> <p id="a10d2bfc4a74c9fe4bf9cd2ad7929e00">Barnes, R. 1987. <span style="font-style: italic">Invertebrate Zoology</span>. Orlando Florida: Dryden Press. </p> <p id="25aca9f2cb0a8384682ddaa2b956f5ab">Brusca, R., G. Brusca. 2003. <span style="font-style: italic">Invertebrates</span>. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.. </p> <p id="324c3548248187becf8b1d95231d69cf">Despommier, D., R. Gwadz, P. Hotez. 1995. <span style="font-style: italic">Parasitic Diseases</span>. Spriner-Verlag. </p> <p id="eaf656d98bdbd72e12c6f4a81b89d25b">Edington, G., H. Gilles. 1969. <span style="font-style: italic">Pathology in the Tropics</span>. London, UK: Edward Arnold LTD. </p> <p id="beb294401a24b58fc00a446137913562">Rauyajin, O., B. Kamthornawachara, P. Yablo. 1995. Socio-cultural and Behavioral Aspects of Mosquito-Borne Lymphatic Filariasis in Thailand: A qualitative Analysis. <span style="font-style: italic">Soc. Sci. Med</span>, 41: 1705-1713. </p> <p id="dd2d27036825e4e0976dda1727ffe646">Strickland, T. 1991. <span style="font-style: italic">Hunter鈥檚 Tropical Medicine</span>. Philidelphia, PA: W.B. 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ADW: Brugia malayi: INFORMATION